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The Northern Clergy and the Pilgrimage of Grace Keith Altazin Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected]

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The Northern Clergy and the Pilgrimage of Grace Keith Altazin Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Daltazin@Lsu.Edu Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2011 The northern clergy and the Pilgrimage of Grace Keith Altazin Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Altazin, Keith, "The northern clergy and the Pilgrimage of Grace" (2011). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 543. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/543 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. THE NORTHERN CLERGY AND THE PILGRIMAGE OF GRACE A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of History by Keith Altazin B.S., Louisiana State University, 1978 M.A., Southeastern Louisiana University, 2003 August 2011 Acknowledgments The completion of this dissertation would have not been possible without the support, assistance, and encouragement of a number of people. First, I would like to thank the members of my doctoral committee who offered me great encouragement and support throughout the six years I spent in the graduate program. I would especially like thank Dr. Victor Stater for his support throughout my journey in the PhD program at LSU. From the moment I approached him with my ideas on the Pilgrimage of Grace, he has offered extremely helpful advice and constructive criticism. I dare say that I would not have been able to complete this task without his quiet and steady support throughout this undertaking. Equally important throughout this process were the other members of my committee—Dr. Christine Kooi, Dr. Maribel Dietz, and Dr. Meredith Veldman. Each offered invaluable assistance in the completion of this dissertation. I thank Dr. Kooi for her consistent advice, particularly in proof reading the rough draft of this dissertation. I also wish to thank Dr. Veldman for her suggestions, which have made this work much stronger. Thanks also to Dr. Dietz for her advice on organization and formatting. I deeply appreciate the strong and enthusiastic support that each member of my doctoral committee offered throughout out this journey. ii Along with the members of my committee, I would also like to extend my sincere thanks to several members of the Southeastern Louisiana University faculty. First, I owe a great deal to Dr. Bill Robison who mentored me through the M.A. program at Southeastern. It was Bill who started me on this path by suggesting that I enter the doctoral program at LSU. Dr. Craig Saucier, a fellow English history enthusiast, has provided not only constant support but also his friendship throughout. At University High School, the entire social studies department has bent over backward to support me throughout this long and arduous process, especially Cynthia Edmonston, whose enthusiasm for this project has been strong throughout. There were times when I felt like walking away from this endeavor and she was always there to lift my spirits with her inspiration. Patsy Scates, Stephen Dale, Andy Martin, and Dr. Emily Tarver all offered constant encouragement and accommodated my grouchiness when I got frustrated. I am blessed to work with such great teachers and tremendous people. I have a number of friends who have stuck with me throughout this process and I would be remiss if I failed to acknowledge them. Larry and Buffy Grayson, two of my oldest and dearest friends, thought I was crazy to undertake this task but supported me throughout. The Gail Drive gang—Patty Weatherly, Gwen Ware, Emmet and Sandra Buras—have all been great throughout this long journey. Triche Saucier, wife of Dr. Saucier, has also been a strong supporter this endeavor throughout. Last, and most importantly, I must thank my fantastic family. My mother, Rosa Lee Altazin, who always said I should be a professor, would have been so proud of this, but unfortunately, she is not here to share this with me. My three children, Kelley, Ryan, and Paul, have been my inspiration throughout. Then there is my beautiful wife, Valerie. I would have iii truly been lost in this journey without her untiring support and enthusiasm throughout this odyssey. I cannot begin to repay her for her unwavering support, unceasing encouragement, and boundless faith in my ability to complete this dissertation. Without her, none of this would have been possible. iv Table of Contents Acknowledgements . ii Abstract . v Chapter 1: Introduction . 1 Chapter 2: Historiography . 10 Chapter 3: Royal Assault . 58 Chapter 4: Resistance, Rumors, and Rebellion . 92 Chapter5: The Lincolnshire Prelude . 136 Chapter 6: The Pilgrimage of Grace . 173 Chapter 7: The Defeat of the Pilgrimage of Grace . 237 Chapter 8: The Stirrers of ―this Pestilent Sedition‖ . 283 Selected Bibliography . 310 Appendix 1. The York Articles . 316 2. The Pontefract Articles . 318 3. The General and Free Pardon for the Participants in the Pilgrimage of Grace . 321 4. Clergy Executed for Involvement in the Post-pardon Revolts . 323 Vita . 325 v Abstract This dissertation examines the Pilgrimage of Grace and the Lincolnshire rebellion. Both rebellions occurred in England in 1536 during the reign of Henry VIII. The rebellions were primarily risings of the commons and occurred as the result of several causes. Much of the recent historiography has focused primarily on the causes of the rebellions and the motives of those involved. Most contemporary interpretations of the Pilgrimage of Grace have cast it primarily as either an economic rebellion or a result of social conflict between the commons and gentry. Practically no analysis of the role of the clergy exists, although it is clear that the religious reforms instituted by Henry VIII beginning in 1534 caused widespread disaffection. These reforms attacked traditional religious practice and worship, affecting the entire clergy and laity. The argument put forth in this dissertation is that the clergy—priests, friars, and monks— supported, stirred, and spread the rebellion throughout Lincolnshire and the North Country of England. In addition, this dissertation supports the argument that both the Lincolnshire rebellion and the Pilgrimage of Grace were essentially religious rebellions. Research makes it clear that a significant number of the clergy of northern England had the means, motives, and opportunity to incite the commons to rebel against the Henrician Reformation. Many of the available sources indicate that a significant number of priests, friars, and monks offered stiff resistance to the Henrician reforms. It is also clear that many members of the clergy opposed the royal supremacy as well as the reforms that attacked traditional practice and vi worship. Evidence also exists that members of the clergy initiated and spread a series of rumors throughout England. These rumors are important because they played a significant role in causing both the Pilgrimage of Grace and the Lincolnshire rebellion. Extant sources also indicate that many clergymen supported the rebels with words, money, and food. There is also evidence that several priests, friars, and monks stirred and spread rebellion. By addressing the role of the clergy in stirring, this dissertation adds a new approach to the historiography of the Pilgrimage of Grace. vii Chapter One: Introduction On 18 September 1541, several local officials of the city of York, among them the mayor and recorder, along with a large number of citizens and the gentry of the wapentake of the Ainsty, gathered to welcome King Henry VIII.1 The visit, originally scheduled for the summer of 1537 to meet the participants in the Pilgrimage of Grace demand for a northern parliament, marked Henry‘s only trip to York. The original purpose of the visit no longer mattered in 1541, but unfinished business needed addressing. For the mayor and his associates, this proved a most unpleasant moment. The source of this unpleasantness resulted from the events of the fall and winter of 1536-7. In October 1536, the city of York, after dispatching desperate letters to the king begging for aid, surrendered to the rebel leader Robert Aske and his so-called Pilgrims without a siege, witnessed their attendance at mass in the Minster, and then at the end of November hosted the rebels‘ council of war. With this knowledge in mind, a group of citizens of York, both gentry and yeomen, approached the king and begged his forgiveness for their duplicity in the Pilgrimage of Grace.2 1 A wapentake is a variant term for hundred or ward. It represented the largest public division of the shire, an administrative unit for the collection of the subsidy and the organization of the militia. 2 R.W. Hoyle, The Pilgrimage of Grace and the Politics of the 1530s (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), here after cited as Politics of the 1530s; 1-2; A.G. Dickens, ―The Yorkshire Submissions to Henry VIII, 1541,‖ English Historical Review April (1938): 267-268. Here after cited as ―The Yorkshire Submissions.‖ 1 2 This act of acquiescence amounted to the final episode of the Pilgrimage of Grace. The submission of York represented only one such display as Henry made his progress north during the autumn of 1541. Although ultimately a failure, the Pilgrimage of Grace represented the single greatest threat Henry VIII faced during his long and tumultuous reign. The rebellion raged throughout the north of England during the last months of 1536 and early 1537, engulfing most of the northern counties. The risings were large-scale—seven counties constituting about one- third of England openly rebelled.
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