Notes Prologue 1.P.Laslett, The World We Have Lost ,2nd edn, London, 1971), p.127. 2.All figures are vague: see S.M.Jack, Towns in Tudor and Stuart Britain ,Basingstoke, 1996), p.173. 3.E.Kerridge, The Agricultural Revolution ,London, 1967); The Farmers of Old England ,London, 1973). 4.J.V.Beckett, The Agricultural Revolution ,London, 1991), p.40. 5.First proven use was in Dorset in 1608: M.Overton, Agricultural Revolution in England ,Cambridge, 1996), p.112. 6.A.Macfarlane, The Origins of English Individualism ,Oxford, 1978), pp.165ff. 1 The Wars of the Roses 1.S.B.Chrimes, Lancastrians,Yorkists and Henry VII ,London, 1966), p.xiv.R.L.Storey, The End of the House of Lancaster ,1st edn, London, 1966), p.6. 2.K.Dockray, `The Origins of the Wars of the Roses', in A.J.Pollard ,ed.), The Wars of the Roses ,New York, 1995), p.82. 3.Dockray, `The Origins of the Wars of the Roses', pp.76±8. 4.Storey, End, p.162. 5.R.A.Griffiths, The Reign of King Henry VI ,London, 1981), p.772. 6.The emblems refer to York, Norfolk, Salisbury and Warwick. 7.Griffiths, Henry VI, p.822. 8. The Times ,London, 17 Oct.1997). 9.From `readept' to recover. 10.F.Hepburn, Portraits of the Later Plantagenets ,Woodbridge, 1986), pp.56ff and plates 41, 44. 11.C.Ross, The Wars of the Roses, ,London, 1976), p.43. 12.J.R.Lander, Crown and Nobility,1450±1509 ,London, 1976), p.62. 13.A.Goodman, Wars of the Roses ,London, 1981), pp.227±8. 14.A.J.Pollard, The Wars of the Roses ,New York, 1988), pp.74±5. 15.R.H.Britnell,`The Economic Context' in A.J.Pollard ,ed.), The Wars of the Roses ,New York, 1995), p.46. 16.J.Gillingham, The Wars of the Roses ,London, 1981), p.1. 17.Goodman, Wars of the Roses, p.209. 18.K.B.McFarlane, `Extinction and Recruitment', in his The Nobility of Later Medieval England ,Oxford, 1973), p.147. 402 Notes 403 19.The third Duke of Buckingham and the fifth Earl of Northumber- land. 20.K.B.McFarlane, `The Wars of the Roses', Proceedings of the British Academy, l ,1964), p.115. 2 The Restored Monarchy, 1461±1509: Edward IV, Richard III and Henry VII 1.R.A.Griffiths,in K.Morgan ,ed.), The Oxford History of Britain ,Oxford, 1988), p.236. 2.A.Goodman, The New Monarchy: England,1471±1534 ,Oxford, 1988). 3.J.Watts, ` ``A newe ffundacion of is crowne'': Monarchy in the Age of Henry VII', in B.Thompson ,ed.), The Reign of Henry VII ,Stamford, 1995), pp.31±53. 4.C.Ross, Edward IV ,London, 1974), pp.306±7. 5.C.Carpenter, The Wars of the Roses ,Cambridge, 1997), p.187. 6.Ross, Edward IV, pp.331±41. 7.Ross, Edward IV, p.334. 8.Carpenter, Wars of the Roses, pp.182±95. 9.R.Horrox, Richard III: a Study of Service ,Cambridge, 1989), pp.92±3; C.Richmond, `1483: the Year of Decision', in J.Gilling- ham ,ed.), Richard III. A Medieval Kingship ,London, 1993), pp. 44±7. 10.Horrox, Richard III, pp.111±12. 11.C.T.Wood, `Richard III, William Lord Hastings and Friday the Thirteenth', in R.A. Griffiths and J. Sherborne ,eds), Kings and Nobles in the Later Middle Ages ,Gloucester, 1986), pp.157ff. 12.J.Potter, Good King Richard? ,London, 1983), pp.41±4. 13.M.O'Regan,`The Pre-contract and its Effect on the Succession in 1483', in J.Petre ,ed.), Richard III Crown and People ,London, 1985), pp.51±6. 14.A.Weir, The Princes in the Tower ,London, 1992), p.253. 15.Horrox, Richard III, pp.166±77; C.Ross, Richard III ,London, 1981), pp.105ff.,esp.111±12. 16.Horrox, Richard III, pp.282±3. 17.C.Richmond,`The Battle of Bosworth', History Today, 35 ,August 1985), pp.17±22; P.J.Foss, `The Battle of Bosworth: Towards a Reassessment', Midland History, 13 ,1988), 21±33. 18.Bacon did criticise Henry's avariciousness. 19.For an unpersuasive revisionist view of Henry VII and a caricature of Tudor historiography, see Carpenter, Wars of the Roses, pp.219ff. 20.S.B.Chrimes, Henry VII ,London, 1972), p.183. 21.M.Condon,`Ruling Elites in the Reign of Henry VII', in C.Ross ,ed.), Patronage,Pedigree and Power in Late Medieval England ,Glou- cester, 1979), p.130. 404 Notes 22.J.Currin, `Henry VII and the Treaty of Redon ,1489): Plantagenet Ambitions and Early Tudor Foreign Policy', History, 81 ,1996), 343± 58. 23. T.B.Pugh, `Henry VII and the English Nobility', in G.W.Bernard ,ed.), The Tudor Nobility ,Manchester, 1992), pp.77, 82. 24.C.Carpenter, `Henry VII and the English Polity', in Thompson, Reign of Henry VII, p.22. 25.Pugh, `Henry VII', p.78. 26.Storey, Henry VII, p.213; Carpenter, Wars of the Roses, p.248. 3 The Reign of Henry VIII, 1509±47 1.L.BaldwinSmith, Henry VIII. The Mask of Royalty ,London, 1971), p.23. 2.P.Gwyn, The King's Cardinal: the Rise and Fall of Thomas Wolsey ,London, 1990), p.23; S.M.Jack, `Henry VIII's Attitude Towards Royal Finance: Penny Wise and Pound Foolish?', in C.Giry-Deloi- son ,ed.), FrancËois I et Henri VIII. Deux Princes de la Renaissance ,Lille, 1996), pp.145±63. 3.Gwyn, King's Cardinal, pp.11±12. 4.D.Starkey, The Reign of Henry VIII ,London, 1985), pp.76±81. 5.G.Walker, `The ``expulsion of the minions'' of 1519 reconsidered', Historical Journal, 32 ,1989), pp.1±16; Gwyn, King's Cardinal, pp. 555±61. 6.G.R.Elton, Reform and Reformation ,London, 1977), p.49. 7. J.J.Scarisbrick, Henry VIII ,London, 1968), p.240. 8.J.Guy, The Cardinal's Court: the Impact of Wolsey in Star Chamber ,Hassocks, 1977). 9. J.J.Scarisbrick, `Cardinal Wolsey and the Common Weal', in E.W. Ives et al.,eds), Wealth and Power in Tudor England ,London, 1978), pp.45±67. 10.With personal meetings between Henry and the Emperor in Eng- land ,May 1520), and with Francis at the Field of Cloth of Gold, near Calais , June 1520). 11.A.F.Pollard, Wolsey ,London, 1965 reprint), pp.121, 124. 12.D.S.Chambers,`Cardinal Wolsey and the Papal Tiara', Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, 38 ,1965), pp.20±30. 13.Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, p.139. 14.P.Gwyn,`Wolsey's Foreign Policy: the Conferences of Calais and Bruges Reconsidered', Historical Journal, 23 ,1980), pp.755±72. Gwyn, King's Cardinal, pp.147ff. 15.G.W.Bernard, War,Taxation and Rebellion in Tudor England: Henry VIII,Wolsey and the Amicable Grant of 1525 ,Brighton, 1986), p.24. 16.Gwyn, King's Cardinal, p.399. 17.Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, p.229. 18.Starkey, Reign of Henry VIII, pp.99±100. Notes 405 19.E.Ives,`The Fall of Wolsey', in S.J.Gunnand P.G.Lindley,eds), Cardinal Wolsey: Church,State and Art ,Cambridge, 1991), p.288. 20.Gwyn, King's Cardinal, pp.633ff; G.W.Bernard, `The Fall of Wolsey Reconsidered', Journal of British Studies, 35 ,1996), pp. 277±310. 21.Gwyn, King's Cardinal, pp.599±639. 22.G.R.Elton, England under the Tudors ,3rd edn, London, 1991), p. 127. 23.G.W.Bernard,`Elton's Cromwell', History, 83 ,1998), pp.587±607. 24.J.Guy, `Wolsey, Cromwell and the Reform of Government', in D. MacCulloch ,ed.), The Reign of Henry VIII ,Basingstoke, 1995), pp. 48±53. 25. P.R.Roberts, `The English Crown, the Principality of Wales and the Council in the Marches', in B.Bradshaw and J.Morrill ,eds), The British Problem,c.1534±1707 ,Basingstoke, 1996), pp.123±9. 26.For the debate see: G.Bernard,`The Fall of Anne Boleyn' English Historical Review, 106 ,1991), pp.584±610; E.Ives, `The Fall of Anne Boleyn Reconsidered', English Historical Review, 107 ,1992), pp.561±4; G.Bernard's `Rejoinder', English Historical Review, 107, ,1992), pp.665±74. 27.E.Ives,`Faction at the Court of Henry VIII: the Fall of Anne Boleyn', History, 57 ,1972), pp.169±88; Anne Boleyn ,Oxford, 1986). 28.R.Warnicke, `The Fall of Anne Boleyn', History, 70 ,1985), pp.1± 15, esp.p.3. 29.Starkey, Reign of Henry VIII, pp.108±15. 30.Retha Warnicke, The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn ,Cambridge, 1989), pp.191±204, 246. 31.Elton, Reform and Reformation, p.297. 32.Smith, Henry VIII, p.23. 33.E.A.Bonner, `The Genesis of Henry VIII's ``Rough Wooing'' of the Scots', Northern History, 33 ,1997), pp.11±14. 34.A.F.Pollard, England under the Protector Somerset ,London, 1900), pp.1±38. 35.L.B.Smith,`The Last Will and Testament of Henry VIII: a Ques- tion of Perspective', Journal of British Studies, 2 ,1962), pp.14±27; Smith, Henry VIII, Ch.12. 36.Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, pp.487±95. 37.Starkey, Reign of Henry VIII, p.167. 38.E.Ives,`Henry VIII's Will ± a Forensic Conundrum', Historical Journal, 35 ,1992), pp.779±804.Debate with R.Houlbrooke, His- torical Journal, 37 ,1994), pp.891±914. 4 The Henrician Reformation 1.A.G.Dickens, The English Reformation ,London, 1964), p.107. 406 Notes 2.This statute attempted to curb the power of the church courts vis-aÁ- vis the royal courts, and was a product of the tensions between Church and state in the later Middle Ages.It was not normally invoked when Church and state were in harmony.