...... s Richard III Society, Inc. Volume XXXVI No. 3 Fall, 2006

The King’s Mother-in-Law

— Geoffrey Wheeler REGISTER STAFF

EDITOR: Carole M. Rike 48299 Stafford Road • Tickfaw, LA 70466 (985) 350-6101 • (504) 952-4984 (cell) email: [email protected] ©2006 Richard III Society, Inc., American Branch. No part may be RICARDIAN READING EDITOR: Myrna Smith reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means — mechanical, electrical or photocopying, recording or information storage retrieval — 2784 Avenue G • Ingleside, TX 78362 without written permission from the Society. Articles submitted by (361) 332-9363 • email: [email protected] members remain the property of the author. The Ricardian Register is published four times per year. Subscriptions are available at $20.00 ARTIST: Susan Dexter 1510 Delaware Avenue • New Castle, PA • 16105-2674 annually. In the belief that many features of the traditional accounts of the CROSSWORD: Charlie Jordan character and career of Richard III are neither supported by sufficient [email protected] evidence nor reasonably tenable, the Society aims to promote in every possible way research into the life and times of Richard III, and to secure a re-assessment of the material relating to the period, and of the role in English history of this monarch

The Richard III Society is a nonprofit, educational corporation. Dues, grants and contributions are tax-deductible to the extent In This Issue allowed by law.

Dues are $35 annually for U.S. Addresses; $40 for international. Message from the Chair Each additional family member is $5. Members of the American Wayne Ingalls ...... 4 Society are also members of the English Society. Members also The King’s Mother In Law receive the English publications. All Society publications and items Susan Higginbotham ...... 5 for sale may be purchased either direct at the U.K. Member’s price, or Commemorative Plaque in Cromer ...11 via the American Branch when available. Papers may be borrowed from the English Librarian, but books are not sent overseas. When a Ricardian Puzzle U.S. Member visits the U.K., all meetings, expeditions and other Charlie Jordan ...... 12 activities are open, including the AGM, where U.S. Members are Four Saints of Northumbria welcome to cast a vote. Pamela Butler ...... 14 Advertise in The Ricardian Register Richard III 2007 Tour ...... 15 Your ad in the Register will reach an audience of demonstrated mail Journal of the 2006 Ricardian Tour buyers and prime prospects for books on the late medieval era, as well Loretta Parks ...... 20 as for gift items and other merchandise relating to this period. They Are You Descended from the Plantagents are also prospects for lodging, tours and other services related to travel Ricardus Rex, Victoria Branch ....22 in England or on the continent. Classified advertising rates for Jerome Howrd Klein, In Memoriam one-time insertions: Full Page: $150; Half Page: $75; Quarter Page: $50. Judith Pimental ...... 23 Scattered Standards Send copy with your remittance payable to Richard III Society, Eileen Prinsen ...... 24 48299 Stafford Road, Tickfaw, LA 70466. E-mail inquiries or digital Ricardian Reading files to [email protected]. Myrna Smith ...... 26 Generous Ricardians...... 29 Copy Deadlines: Dubious Ancestry, Spring March 15 Mid Anglia Group ...... 31 Summer June 15 Chapter Contacts...... 32 Fall September 15 Membership Application ...... 32 Winter December 15

Society Internet address: http://www.r3.org [email protected]

Changes of address and dues payments to: Pamela J. Butler 11000 Anaheim Ave. NE • Albuquerque, NM 87122-3102 Address changes may be made on-line at http://www.r3.org/form/address.htm.

Fall, 2006 Page 2 Ricardian Register EXECUTIVE BOARD Editorial License CHAIRMAN: Bonnie Battaglia 5191 Hanks Exchange Road • Placerville, CA 95667 (530) 622-6470 • email: [email protected] Carole Rike VICE CHAIRMAN: Jacqueline Bloomquist Susan Higginbotham debuts in this issue with an article on 1829 Corleone Dr. • Sparks, NV 89434 (775) 355-1704 • email: [email protected] the King’s Mother-in-Law, the little known Countess of Warwick. Susan’s historical novel about Edward II, The SECRETARY: Laura V. Blanchard 2041 Christian St. • Philadelphia, PA 19146 • (215) 985-1445 Traitor’s Wife, won the silver award for historical FAX (215) 985-1446 • email: [email protected] fiction in ForeWord Magazine‘s 2005 Book of the Year Awards. TREASURER: Maria Torres 3216 Fillmore Avenue • Brooklyn, NY 11234 Geoffrey Wheeler did his usual yeo man’s job of pro - email: [email protected] ducing short-notice artwork for the cover. Thanks to both Su san and Geoffrey for their efforts. MEMBERSHIP CHAIRMAN: Pamela J. Butler 11000 Anaheim Ave. NE • Albuquerque, NM 87122-3102 Myrna is here, in her usual rare form, with a theme (505) 856-6186 (Leave Message) • email: [email protected] of sum mer vaca tions and Charlie Jordan and his helpers

IMMEDIATE PAST CHAIRMAN: Dr. Sharon D. Michalove have produced an other Ricardian puzzle for your ed u ca- 309 Gregory Hall • 810 Wright St. • Urbana, IL 61801 tion and en ter tain ment. (217) 333-4145 • email: [email protected] We have some news from the Chapters, a diary of the 2006 Ricardian Tour and a word from our new Chair - COMMITTEES man, who of fi cially took of fice on Oc to ber 2. I have contin ued to list the old board (at left), as this is the last CHAPTERS ADVISOR: Eileen C. Prinsen 16151 Longmeadow Drive • Dearborn MI 48120 is sue of that board’s year; the Win ter is sue, due shortly, (313) 271-1224 • email: [email protected] will feature the new board.

LIBRARIAN: Audio/Visual: Yvonne Saddler Look for re newed en ergy and in volve ment from your 719 Apple Brook Lane • Poulsbo, WA 98370 newly elected board. We have had an all-fe male board (360) 697-1278 • email: [email protected] for a number of years; while I firmly be lieve that if you LIBRARIAN: Fiction: Gilda E. Felt need a job done, get a woman, this may have not have 3054 Lantana Court SE • Kentwood, Michigan 49512 been best for us. I suspect we badly needed an infu sion email: [email protected] of ener getic male partic i pa tion. I use the word “suspect” to pro tect me from my fel low sex and pro vide wig gle LIBRARIAN: Research & Non-Fiction: Brad Verity room just in case I’m all wet! 425 S. Sunrise Way # H7 • PMB 115 On a per sonal note, we are now mostly set tled in our Palm Springs, CA 92262-7663 new home, al though I con tinue to miss New Or leans email: [email protected] Phone: (310) 313-4480 and many facets of my old life. I am learning all the joys (and problems!) of coun try life. Among what I miss the ON-LINE MEMBER SERVICES: Pamela J. Butler most is hav ing an or derly li brary — and peo ple to talk to 11000 Anaheim Ave. NE • Albuquerque, NM 87122-3102 who read books. (505) 856-6186 (Leave Message) • email: [email protected] We are al most caught up with the Reg is ter. Thanks RESEARCH OFFICER: Dr. Sharon D. Michalove for hanging in there. 309 Gregory Hall • 810 Wright St. • Urbana, IL 61801 (217) 333-4145 • email: [email protected]

SALES OFFICER: On the Cover www. r3. org /sales • email: [email protected]

SCHALLEK MEMORIAL/GRAD: Laura V. Blanchard 2041 Christian St. • Philadelphia, PA 19146 • (215) 985-1445 Anne Beauchap, Countess of Warwick, from the Rous FAX (215) 985-1446 • email: [email protected] Role (English Version - British Library)

VOLUNTEER CO-ORDINATOR: Peggy Allen 1421 Wisteria • Metairie, LA 70005 Lower right, detail from the family tree drawing in “The (504) 837-0974 • email: [email protected] Beauchamp Pageant” (British Library) WEBMASTER: Laura V. Blanchard 2041 Christian St. • Philadelphia, PA 19146 • (215) 985-1445 FAX (215) 985-1446 • email: [email protected]

Ricardian Register Page 3 Fall, 2006 Message from the Chair

Greetings fellow Ricardians! The Ameri can Branch has faced signif i cant challenges in recent years. Hurri cane Ka trina, busy schedules and compet ing prior i ties have each taken their toll upon our member shi p. While these are setbacks , we are not defeated . King Edward IV and our Richard faced exile in Burgundy , yet they did not give up — and neither shall we do so. While the Amer i can Branch was un able to con duct our An nual Gen eral Meet ing (AGM) in 2006, the Exec u tive Board submit ted their reports and these will be in- cluded in the Winter issue. The Board was hard at work and the Soci ety remains strong. On an even more en cour ag ing note, as a re sult of the first board meet ing of 2007 I am happy to re port that we are moving forward on four key fronts: revi tal iz ing the non-fiction and fiction librar ies; working on the 2007 AGM; building our member ship; and raising our public profile. I encour age each of you to get involved in the Soci ety in some way. If you have internet access , there is al- most al ways at least one in ter est ing thread be ing dis cussed on the Rich ard III mem bers-only listserv. Con sider get ting involved with your local Chapter. If you have several lo cal members, but no local Chapter, consider starting a local Chapter. Buy and wear a Ricardian pin or a t-shirt and be pre pared to answer questions about “the Real Rich ard III.” Put an “In Memoriam” ad in your local newspa per this 25th of August. Write an ar ti cle for this pub li cation. Set up a Ricardian booth at a lo cal Re nais sance Faire. In volve ment in the So ci ety or in promot ing Ricardian themes can only be lim ited by your own imag i na tion. The future of the Amer ican Branch is bright be cause of the dedi ca tion of its member ship. I look forward to a year of renewal and resur gence in the Richard III Soci ety, Amer ican Branch. Loyaulte me Lie, Wayne Ingalls Chairman

Research & Fiction Book Donations Librarians Appointed The Board plans to des ignate a new po si tion to ac cept Book Sev eral out stand ing vol un teers volunteered for the Dona tions. posi tions of librar ian. The Board’s final choice was We have several recent offers heavily weighted to wards those in proxim ity to the old of books do nated to the So ci - librar i ans and able to assist with inven tory trans fer. The ety, which al ways pres ents a cost of ship ping books from one place to another can be trans por ta tion prob lem and quite expen sive for the Society. a need to match the do na - New librar i ans are Brad Verity (Research) and Gilda tions with what we have in Felt (Fic tion). our library, culling dupli cates. Many thanks to Ananaia O’Leary and Jean Kvam for The plan is to hold a Si lent Auction on their past ser vice. The librar ies are a seri ous those which are du plicates or deemed other wise not commitment for a mem ber to un der take and carry the suitable to include in our librar ies; the pro ceeds of the dual re spon si bil ity for the safe keep ing of So ci ety prop- auction will bene fit the librar ies and af ford us to con- erty, as well as service to the mem bershi p. tinue to add new of fer ings as published. Thanks also to Helen Maurer, past Research Li brar- ian, who assisted the Board in planning and selec tion of More details will be avail able in the next Reg is ter. new of fi cers.

Fall, 2006 Page 4 Ricardian Register The King’s Mother-in-Law: Anne Beauchamp, Countess of Warwick

Susan Higginbotham ife to a kingmaker and mother to a queen, Anne vio lent storms. Their voyage is recalled in The Beauchamp WBeauchamp, Count ess of Warwick, is none the - Pag eant, which pic tures the three of them lashed to a less one of the more shad owy fig ures caught up in the mast of the ship and pray ing might ily, along with the sail- . Yet her life in ter sected with those ors be low. Anne is nei ther pic tured on the ship nor men - of the most pow erful men of the time, and her wealth tioned in the ac com pa nying text; per haps she had would be much de sired by some of those men. re mained in England. If she did, she never saw her father The Bride again, for on April 30, 1439, Rich ard Beauchamp died at Rouen Castle, aged fifty-seven. His body was carried to Anne was the daughter of Richard Beauchamp, Earl of St. Mary’s Church near , where his effigy Warwick, and his second wife, Isabel le Despenser, who can still be seen in all of its bronze splen dor. Isabel re - married at Hanley Castle on November 26, 1423. Richard turned with the body of her hus band to Eng land in Oc to - Beauchamp had served V and later served as tutor to ber 1439, but fell ill and went to the Convent of the the young Henry VI, a role in which he carried the king to Minoresses in Lon don, where she died on De cem ber 1 of his . The earl would continue to serve Henry VI that same year, after having been vis ited during her last as an adult. ill ness by Henry VI him self. Isabel chose burial at Though Richard’s mar riage was one of state—Isabel Tewkes bury Ab bey with her first hus band and her was sole heir ess to the Despenser family fortune—it evi - Despenser fore bears; the chan try she es tab lished there dently was not without its senti men tal side. Rich ard was still survives. Isabel left a will giving pre cise details as to in spired to write a bal lad in honor of Isabel, twenty years the design of her effigy . She directed: his ju nior, though the work may be that of his sec re tary John Shir ley. One stanza reads: And my Image to be made all naked, and no thing on my hede but myn here cast bakwardys . . . and at my hede her flourying youthe in lustynesse Mary Mawdalen leyng my handes a-crosse, And seynt grownded in vertuous humblesse Iohn the Evangelyst on the ryght syde of my hede; and on causeth that she cleped is mystresse the left syde Seynt Anton, and at my fete a Skochen of my I yow ensure1 Armes departyed with my lordys . . .2 Isabel her self was a pa tron ess of John Lydgate, who wrote “Fif teen Joys of Our Lady” at her com mis sion. Sadly, if Isabel’s tomb was made to her speci fi ca tions, Richard had mar ried Isabel in hopes of beget ting a it no lon ger sur vives. son, and Isabel soon obliged by pro duc ing Henry, who With both Richard Beauchamp and Isabel le was born on March 22, 1425 at Hanley Castle. Anne, Despenser dead, Henry Beauchamp entered the house - born at Caver sham, followed in Septem ber 1426. With hold of Henry VI. Anne presum ably went to live with the pros pect of in her it ing the Beauchamp and her young hus band’s fam ily, if she had not been liv ing Despenser estates, little Henry was a very attrac tive with them already. When Anne and Richard began liv- catch, and he was soon snapped up by Richard Neville, ing to gether as a mar ried cou ple is not known; their first Earl of Salis bury, as a husband for his daughter Cecily. child was not born un til 1451. In 1449, how ever, their Henry did not come cheap: the Neville family paid the lives changed dra mat i cally. Henry Beauchamp died in Beauchamp family 4,700 marks for the marriage, and 1446, survived by a young daughter, Anne, who died agreed to another match to boot: that between Anne her self in 1449. Within days of the girl’s death, Rich ard Beauchamp and Rich ard Neville. Michael Hicks places Neville became Earl of Warwick in the right of Anne the dou ble wedding at Abergavenny at about May 1436. Beauchamp. Anne Beauchamp would have been nine; her hus band, Both of Anne’s par ents had been great land owners. born on No vem ber 22, 1428, seven. Anne’s right to their land was not un con tested, as she Where the prepu bes cent Anne stayed after her mar- had half-sis ters or their issue from both her parents’ first riage does not seem to be known. Rich ard Beauchamp marriages. Michael Hicks in Warwick the Kingmaker and having been appoin ted as Henry VI’s lieuten ant in elsewhere has described the machi na tions with regard to France, he, Isabel, and Henry sailed there in 1437 amid the Beauchamp-Despenser in her i tance in pains tak ing

Ricardian Register Page 5 Fall, 2006 The King’s Mother-in-Law detail, and to even sum marize it here would take pages. daughters, accom pa nied him. She was most likely still Suffice it to say that owing largely to the fact that Anne there when Warwick, hav ing returned to England, and was her brother’s only sib ling of the full blood, most of other lead ing Yorkists staged an upris ing and were the land ended up un der Warwick’s control and stayed routed at Ludford. Warwick, his father the Earl of Salis- there un til his death at the Bat tle of Barnet. Richard bury, and the Earl of March—the future Edward Neville and Anne Beauchamp had not only be come an IV—fled to Calais, where they arrived in Novem ber earl and a countess, but a very wealthy cou ple. 1459. In June 1460, the three earls returned to Eng land, What was their marriage like? Was Anne loyal and and the Yorkists had soon seized con trol of the gov ern - lov ing, or sul len and subser vi ent? Nothing, sadly, tells us. ment. Warwick found time in Au gust 1460 to hasten Warwick was not always faithful to his wife, for he had at back to Calais and bring both his wife and his mother, least one out-of-wedlock child, Marga ret, who married and presum ably his daughters, back to England. Anne Sir Richard Huddleston in 1464, Warwick having pro- went to Warwick Castle, where she perhaps stayed for vided a mar riage por tion of two hun dred pounds and the next few months. They must have been terri fy ing some land. (Marga ret would attend her half-sis ter Anne ones as England erupted into war again after the Duke Neville when the latter became Queen of England. ) Male of York tried to claim the crown. Warwick’s father was in fi del ity, how ever, was not re garded with the op pro - exe cuted af ter the Bat tle of Wakefield, while the Duke brium that at tended fe male in fi del ity (even the cen so ri ous of York was killed in the battle. Ulti mately, though, the Richard III pro duced two and possi bly three bastards), so Yorkists prevailed. By March 1461 a new king, Edward it is more likely than not that Anne Beauchamp ac cepted IV, was on the throne. her husband’ s stray ing, on whatever scale it was, with res- Anne’s life over the next few years would be a quiet, igna tion. Still, the Earl of Warwick was duti ful in honor - some what shad owy one. Warwick’s house hold was fa - ing the mem ory of his wife’s par ents, and Anne would be mous for its open-handed, os ten ta tious hos pi tal ity; pre - by his side through out the events of his later ca reer, facts sumably the countess played her part in mak ing certain that tend to suggest that their marriage was at least a each morning’s five oxen were duly prepared. By 1465, com pan ion able one. her future son-in-law Richard, the Duke of Glouces ter, Anne Beauchamp ev i dently had dif fi culty con ceiv ing had arrived in the Warwick household , where he would children, as would her daugh ter Anne Neville. It was not re main until 1468 or early 1469. Anne, her husband, her un til Sep tem ber 1451 that the count ess gave birth to her daughters, and young Glouces ter are all recorded as be- el dest daugh ter, Isabel, in Warwick Castle. Anne was ing at the Septem ber 1465 enthro nement of George twenty-five at the time, a late age to start childbear ing Neville as Archbisho p of York. Other than this, little is when noble girls routinely married in their early teens known about Anne’s where abouts. and began having babies soon thereaf ter. She may well Tension s were building between Ed ward IV and have suffered miscar riages or still births, for in 1453 she Warwick, however. For some time, Warwick and Ed- obtained a papal dispen sa tion to eat eggs and meat in ward IV’s brother George, Duke of Clarence, had been Lent because she was “weakened by former illness es and discuss ing a match between George and Warwick’s oldest the birth of children.” It was not until June 1456 that daughter, Isabel. A papal dispen sa tion was obtained in Anne Neville was born, also at Warwick Castle. March 1469, de spite Edward IV’s objec tion to the match, Child-bear ing, however, was not Anne’s only preoc - and in July 1469, the wedding took place in Calais. Both cupa tion during this time. Her resi dence at Warwick Anne and her husband witness ed the cere mony . Castle would have allowed her to super vise closely the Anne’s next trip over seas, in April 1470, would be far con struc tion of her fa ther’s tomb and chan try at nearby differ ent. This time, her husband and Clarence were on St. Mary’s Church. The work, which was com pleted by the run from Ed ward IV, and they took Anne and her 1460, was an enor mously ex pen sive un der tak ing—2,400 daughters, includ ing the heavily pregnant Isabel, with pounds for the cha pel and 720 pounds for the them. While the fam ily was still aboard ship, Isabel went tomb—and the im pressive results can still be seen today. into la bor. Anne Beauchamp, de scribed by John Rous as Cer tainly the most signif i cant events for Anne at this “glad to be at and with women that travailed of child,” stage in her life, though, was the po liti cal strife between would be sorely tasked on this oc ca sion; the boy, Anne the houses of Lan cas ter and York that had en gulfed the Beauchamp’s first grand child, was still born on April 16, nation, a conflict in which her husband was increas ingly 1470, and had to be buried at sea, the fugi tives having playing a leading role. been turned away from the harbor at Calais. It was a bad In May 1457, Warwick’s appoint ment as captain of portent; not quite a year later, Anne Beauchamp would Calais took him over seas. Anne, and proba bly her be a widow.

Fall, 2006 Page 6 Ricardian Register In the meantime, Warwick re grouped. Landing in France, he soon al lied him self with his old en emy Mar - garet of Anjou, arrang ing as part of their agreement that his youn ger daugh ter, Anne Neville, should marry Henry VI and Mar garet’s seven teen-year-old-so n, Ed- ward, Prince of Wales. Warwick and his countess have been casti gated for making such a match, partic u larly by his tor i cal nov el ists who por tray Anne Neville and Rich - ard of Glouces ter as child hood sweethearts and Prince Edward as a brute, but Anne Neville, the co-heiress to a fortune and the daughter of a couple who them selves Re mains of Bealieu Abbey, Hampshire had married well before their teens, would not have been Afer the , Queen Marga ret and the Count- brought up to ex pect to marry for love. And had her fa - ess of Warwick took refuge here. The Queen stayed only a ther’s plans for her succeeded, she would have been mar- few days, the Count ess re mained for 14 years ried to no mean catch—a fu ture king. In any case, though Prince Ed ward was de scribed by one wit ness as Though the war was already over for Anne always talking about cutting off heads—perhaps an un- Beauchamp, the last gasp of the Lancastrian cause came der stand able state of mind for a youth who had been de - several weeks later at the Battle of Tewkes bury, where prived of his birth right as heir to the throne—there is no Prince Ed ward was killed. Henry VI met his death, pre- indi ca tion that he ever included Anne Neville in the list sumably through murder, soon thereaf ter, in May 1471. of those he in tended to axe. With victory came spoils for Edward IV’s younger broth ers. Anne’s other son-in-law, George, Duke of With Edward and Anne Neville betrothed and await- Clar ence, promptly set about claiming Warwick’s and his ing a dispen sa tion, Warwick rejoined his fleet in Au- widow’s lands, dis re garding the rights of his sis ter-in-law, gust. He would never see his wife or daughters again. Anne Neville, and his mother-in-law, Anne Beauchamp. Anne Beauchamp and her daugh ters remained with Rich ard, Duke of Glou ces ter, not one to sit by and let his Mar garet. By Septem ber, Warwick and his son-in-law brother collect all the Warwick spoils, then pressed for Clar ence had ar rived in Eng land, forcing Edward IV to the widowed Anne Neville’s hand in marriage. Thus be- flee abroad. Henry VI was once again the king, though a gan a sor did ep i sode out of which Anne Beauchamp nom i nal one con trolled by his coun cil ors. would emerge without an acre of land to call her own. Anne Neville married Prince Edward on Decem ber The Widow 13, 1470, at Amboise. Along with Mar ga ret of Anjou, Gloucester’s role in the disinheritance of Anne Beauchamp Anne Beauchamp was present at the cere mony. Marga - has been downplayed by his defenders, most notably Paul ret, Edward, Anne Neville, and Anne Beauchamp re - Murray Kendall, who paints a touching picture of Richard mained in France, though Isabel left to join Clar ence in settling for a paltry share of the Warwick inheritance before England. By March, Marga ret and the rest were ready to marrying his sweetheart Anne Neville and escaping court “to embark for England, but the weather had other plans and breathe the free air of the moors.”3 Richard then gallantly kept them there until April 13, 1471, when they finally rescues his mother-in-law from Beaulieu and has her taken set sail. north. When Anne Beauchamp, trav el ing sep a rately from The real ity was rather differ ent. Glou cester may well Marga ret and the new lyweds, arrived in Portsmouth, it have had an affec tion for Anne Neville, whom he had was to a changed world. Edward IV had returned to Eng- pre sum ably known when he was stay ing in her fa ther’s land; Clarence had de serted Warwick’s cause. Worse was house hold, but he was hardly a love sick boy help less to come with her husband’s death at the Battle of Barnet against the machi na tions of Clarence. Instead, he argued on April 14, 1471, Easter Sunday. Hearing the news, vig or ously for his share of the in her i tance, im press ing the Anne Beauchamp did not join Marga ret’s party, which Crowland chron i cler, who wrote, “All who stood around, had landed at Weymouth. In stead, she headed for even those learned in the law, mar veled at the pro fusion , where she claimed sanctu ary. The Earl of the argu ments which the princes produced for their of Warwick’s body, along with that of his brother, was own cases.”4 Richard, meanwhile, took care to preserve taken to St. Paul’s Ca thedral. There the broth ers’ bodies his rights in Anne Neville’s lands; should their marriage were stripped ex cept for loin cloths and ex posed to public be dissolved, he would retain a life inter est in her es tates, view for three days be fore finally being taken to Bisham provided that he re mained sin gle. Abbey, the resting place of their family, for burial. While others were carving up her estates, Anne

Ricardian Register Page 7 Fall, 2006 The King’s Mother-in-Law Beauchamp re mained in Beaulieu Ab bey. She was very left with noth ing. She would be ut terly de pend ent on her much aware that she was the rightful owner of the son-in-law for her welfare for years to come. Beauchamp and Despenser lands that she had in her ited The count ess was not the only Neville who was from her par ents, as well of her jointure and dower rights stripped of her property. Glouces ter also bene fited from in her hus band’s lands. From sanc tu ary, she wrote a pe ti - a 1475 act of Parlia ment, this time depriv ing George tion to Par lia ment, re mind ing it, in absence of clerks, she Neville, Duke of Bed ford and son to the John Neville hath written let ters in that behalf to the king’s highness who had died at Barnet, of his share in the Neville lands. with her own hand, and not only mak ing such la bours, The 1475 act was the ti dy ing up of old busi ness: Glou - suits, and means to the king’s highness, soothly also to the cester had already received most of the Neville land in queen’s good grace, to my right redoubted lady the king’s 1471, though as neither the Earl of Warwick nor John mother, to my lady the king’s eldest daughter, to my Neville had been attainted, the lands were rightfully lords the king’s breth ren, to my la dies the king’s sis ters, ’s. Now Parlia ment decreed that Richard to my lady of Bedford, mother to the queen, and to other and his heirs would hold the Neville lands as long as ladies noble of this realm; in which labours , suits, and there was any male heir of John Neville alive. Further means, she hath con tin ued hith erto, and so will con - fleec ing of George Neville took place in 1478, when tinue, as she owes to do, till it may please the king, of his George was stripped of his duke dom. Glou ces ter had most good and no ble grace, to have con sid er ation that, con trol of George’s wardship and marriage; though dur ing the life of her said lord and hus band, she was co - Kendall viewed this as an other instan ce of benev o lence vert baron, which point she re mits to your great on Glou ces ter’s part, Glou ces ter had sound rea sons for wisdoms, and that after his decease, all the time of her want ing to keep a close eye on the shorn sheep that was be ing in the said sanc tu ary, she hath duly kept her fi del - George Neville, lest the youth grow into a man un happy ity and liegeance, and obeyed the king’s com mand - about the loss of his lands. As it turned out, George ments. Howbeit, it hath pleased the king’s high ness, by Neville never did marry, and died without male heirs some sin is ter in for ma tion to his said high ness made, to shortly be fore Glou ces ter took the throne as Richard III. di rect his most dread let ters to the ab bot of the mon as - Anne Beauchamp’s next years are a blank. Where she tery of Beaulieu, with right sharp command ment that lived and how closely she was kept are unknown. Rous such per sons as his high ness sent to the said mon as tery would later accuse Richard of having locked her up, and should have guard and strait keeping of her person, she might well have been un der some sort of house ar- which was and is to her great heart’s grievance. rest, though presum ably of a gen teel sort. Alexandra The count ess went on to ask Par lia ment “to pon der Sinclair re ports that a ser vant of hers is recorded as buy- and weigh in your con sciences her right and true ti tle of ing goods in York, but this says noth ing about the size of her inher i tance, as the earldom of Warwick and the house hold she was al lowed to keep. Spencer’s lands, to which she is right fully born by lin eal The countess’ s older daugh ter, Isabel, died in 1476 suc ces sion, and also her join ture and dower of the earl - and was buried in Tewkes bury Abbey, the burial place of dom of Salis bury afore said.”5 Anne Beauchamp’s mother and her Despenser fore - The pe ti tion went for naught, and the lands were par - bears. Whether Anne Beauchamp had any contact with ti tioned be tween the count ess’s sons-in-law, though nei - Isabel be fore the lat ter’s death is un known, as are her ther Clarence nor Glouces ter was happy with his shares. thoughts when Clar ence had Isabel’s ser vant Ankarette The squab bling was still go ing on in June 1473, when Twynyho hung on charges of poi soning Isabel. James Tyrell fi nally con veyed Anne Beauchamp out of Even af ter her youngest daughter became queen in sanctu ary to Rich ard’s es tates, giving rise to rumors that 1483, Anne Beauchamp re mained in obscu rity. She Ed ward IV might be stow all of her lands upon Glou ces - played no role in the cor o na tion and is not re corded as ter. Glouces ter might have been moti vated partly out of being present. Accord ing to Michael Hicks, however, family feeling, and Anne Beauchamp may have found liv- on July 1, 1484, she was al lo cated eighty pounds a year, ing in his house hold more con ge nial than liv ing in sanc - an allow ance that Hicks believes meant that she was re - tu ary, but a change of scene was all she gained from the leased from Rich ard III’s custody and al lowed to set up move. In deed, in an act of Parlia ment in 1474, she was her own house hold. This was a pal try sum given the declared natu rally dead, thereby allow ing her daughters wealth that she had once com manded, es pe cially since it — and, more impor tant, her sons-in-law — to hold her would have been in Rich ard’s power as king to treat her es tates as if by in her i tance. Glou ces ter, though he did not more gen er ously. gain all of her estates as rumored, did gain a more satis - The Count ess of Warwick, how ever, had not for got - factory share than he had before. Anne Beauchamp was ten her birthright. After Richard III’s death at Bosworth,

Fall, 2006 Page 8 Ricardian Register she succeeded in getting a grant of 500 marks per year Illustrated in pen and ink by an unknown artist, the Pageant’s from Henry VII in 1486, and in the Parlia ment of 1487, text is thought by some to be the work of John Rous. Rous she was re stored to her estates. This resto ra tion was ev i - was a chantry priest in Guy’s Cliffe, a foundation established dently only a straw arrange ment, for she promptly re - by Anne Beauchamp’s father, and he was well acquainted grant ed her lands to the Crown, ex cept for the manor of with Anne’s family. Rous had presented The Rous Roll, a Erdington, which she re served for her self and her heirs. It history of the Earls of Warwick, to Richard III and his has been pointed out that this re sulted in the disin her i - queen. tance of her grand son, the young Edward, Earl of Kathleen Scott suggests that the Pag eant was pre- Warwick, but it is highly un likely that she had any choice sented to Henry VII by Anne Beauchamp as part of her in the matter. at tempt to be restored to her es tates. As Alexandra The count ess had two sur viv ing grand chil dren at the Sinclair points out, however, the manuscript depicts a time, both by her daugh ter Isabel. Ed ward had been or - crowned (and humpless) Richard III in a page devoted to dered confined to the Tower in 1486, so his im pris on- ge neal ogy, a touch Henry VII was unlikely to appre ciate. ment would have prob a bly warned Anne Beauchamp of The in clu sion of the both er some young Earl of Warwick the ne ces sity of mov ing cau tiously around the new king. and his sis ter, less threat en ing only be cause of her gen der, The young earl con tin ued to be the heir to his Montague would not have appealed to the inse cure new king either. es tates, though, so Anne Beauchamp may have hoped that he would be eventu ally be released and restor ed to Anne Sutton and Livia Visser-Fuchs, later echoed by the rest of his in her i tance as well. She had no way of Alexandra Sinclair, sug gest an al ter na tive ex pla na tion: know ing, of course, that by 1499, Warwick would be ex e - that the manu script was commis sioned by Anne cuted, os ten si bly for his in volve ment with Perkin Beauchamp for the ben e fit of Rich ard III’s son Ed ward as Warbeck, more likely to reas sure Ferdinand and Isabella, an exam ple of the “chival ric virtues of mari tal prowess whose daugh ter was to marry Henry VII’s son Ar thur, and ser vice to king and country” 6 ex em pli fied by Rich ard that Arthur would have a safe hold on the throne. On the Beauchamp. Sinclair also points out that some of the other hand, Anne Beauchamp would have seen her roundrels and shields in the gene al ogy have been left grand daugh ter Mar ga ret liv ing com fort ably at court; the blank and that this unfin ished state of affairs can be ex- young girl was present at the christen ing of Prince Arthur plained by the prince’s sudden death in 1484. in 1486 and at the cor ona tion of Eliz a beth of York in Cit ing Anne Beauchamp’s im pov er ished con di tion af- 1487. Sometime during this period, Marga ret married Sir ter the Battle of Barnet, Pamela Tudor-Craig dis putes Rich ard Pole. Anne could not have foreseen either that the idea that the count ess com mis sioned the Pag eant. this grandchild too would die at an exe cutioner’s hands, at She suggests that the king and queen themselves were the the com mand of Henry VIII in 1541. patrons. While this cannot be ruled out, it seems likely Anne Beauchamp’s fortunes improved further in De- that Anne Beauchamp, as a living connec tion to Richard cember 1489, when she was granted many of her an cestral Beauchamp, would have played a role in the Pag eant’s lands for life and appointed princi pal keeper of the forest cre ation, if not as patron, then at least as a consul tant. of Wychwood. The last years of her life were un eventful, Moreover, if the Pageant was in deed in tended for the though there was a plan to drag the countess back into the prince, it is quite pos sible that the expens es the count ess world of con spiracy once more in 1491. In that year, John incurred for the project would have been subsi dized by Taylor, who was attempt ing to pro voke an upris ing in fa- the king and queen. The possi bil ity that Anne vor of the Earl of Warwick, wrote a letter to a co-con spir- Beauchamp com mis sioned the Pag eant for her own eyes a tor sug gest ing that Anne Beauchamp be solic ited to aid and that its comple tion was inter rupted by Rous’s death the move ment by writ ing to the King of France for his in Jan u ary 1492 may be wor thy of con sid er ation also, support. If the aged countess ever received such a request, given the lack of any hard evi dence as to its date. noth ing in di cates that she was so fool ish as to act on it. It is a pity that the Pag eant cannot be traced deci sively She died before Septem ber 20, 1492, having out lived to a spe cific pa tron or pur pose, for know ing def i nitely both her daughters and her sons-in-law and having lived that it was commis sioned by Anne Beauchamp for her through all or part of the reigns of Henry VI, Edward IV, grand son would tend to in di cate that there was at least Richard III, and Henry VII. domes tic harmony , if not great affec tion, be tween Anne The Beauchamp Pageant Beauchamp and her royal son-in-law and daugh ter fol- Several historians have credited Anne Beauchamp with low ing her dis pos ses sion from her estate s. As it is, its commissioning The Beauchamp Pageant, a pictorial prov e nance re mains an other me di eval puz zle miss ing a fi- celebration of the life of Anne’s father, Richard Beauchamp. nal piece.

Ricardian Register Page 9 Fall, 2006 The King’s Mother-in-Law The Countess in Fiction ar rive in the cou ple’s house hold than she picks a fight Where historians have to speculate and speak in terms of with her daughter, who takes the oppor tu nity to heap probabilities, novelists can happily fill in blanks. As Richard guilt upon her mother by in form ing her that her forced III remains a popular subject for fiction, the women marriage with Edward has made it dif ficult for her to en- surrounding him have come in for their fair share of joy sex ual re la tions with Rich ard as well as she should. attention too, most often in a manner that shows the king in Though Penman’ s novel is well research ed, she, like other the best possible light. Ricardian novel ists, largely glosses over the epi sode of the living-dead countess, treat ing Richard as the chief injured Though usu ally a bit player in such nov els, the Count - party in the trans action and Clar ence as the only brother ess of Warwick is the hero ine of one work of histor i cal mo ti vated by greed. fic tion, San dra Wil son’s Wife to the Kingmaker. As chil - dren, Anne and Warwick loathe each other on first sight Reay Tannahill’s The Sev enth Son is a wel come excep - and eventu ally settle into a chilly marriage, consum mated tion to the Ricardian party line. Though Tannahill is forcibly by Warwick at his father’s in sistence. Rather more sympa thetic to Richard than other wise, she portrays abruptly, the couple’s feel ings shift from dis taste for each Richard as Clarence’s match in land-grabbing. Richard other to love. Nonethe less , Anne, feeling neglected , lays claim not only to the estates of the Countess of strays into an af fair with her brother-in-law John Neville, Warwick, but to those of the Count ess of Ox ford. (“An - though conscience and a re vival of her love for Warwick other old lady!” he mut ters at one point.) Richard has lead her to end the liai son. A lovelorn John drunkenly re- Anne Beauchamp fetched out of sanctu ary to humor the veals the affair to Edward IV, who uses the secret to ter- preg nant Anne Neville, but makes no bones about his de - ror ize Anne into keep ing quiet about her knowl edge of sire for his mother-in-law’s es tates and sends her off to a Ed ward’s mar riage to El ea nor But ler. Wid owed, Anne faraway manor to get her out of his hair. The Countess of spends a whop ping six years in Beaulieu Ab bey be fore Warwick, refresh ingly, is quite the op posite of grate ful Ed ward IV, trust ing to her good faith and to his ex e cu - when she ar rives in the Glou ces ter house hold: “You and tion of Clarence to keep Anne silent, agrees to release her your appall ing brother George have sto len every thing into the care of the self less Rich ard. The novel ends with from me,” she snaps at Glou ces ter. Tannahill’s view of the count ess hap pily on her way north to the home of her Rich ard as a ruth less young man not squea mish about daughter Anne and her son-in-law Richard. run ning rough shod over oth ers’ rights when it suits his Other novels in which Anne appears as a charac ter pur pose, though not one that will en dear her to hard core take a simi lar tack, follow ing Kendall in treat ing Anne’s Ricardians, is prob a bly close to the truth—at least as far stay with Richard as an in stance of his gen er os ity of char - as the Count ess of Warwick was con cerned. ac ter and ig nor ing or min i miz ing the loss of Anne’s lands. The most florid of the bunch, Rose mary Haw ley Jarman’s Conclusion We Speak No Trea son, contains a mov ing scene in which Like many women of her time, Anne Beauchamp is known the Countess of Warwick, aged and feeble, totters into to us chiefly because of the men associated with her—her Richard’s great hall fol lowing her stay in sanctu ary, her knightly father, her ambitious husband, her covetous ar rival there having been arranged as a sur prise for Anne sons-in-law. Even when her younger daughter became Neville. (His tor i cally, the dod der ing count ess would have Queen of England, Anne Beauchamp remained in the been only in her for ties at the time of her arrival in Rich- shadows. Nonetheless, she left an impression on one man, ard’s house hold.) who left us with an enduring description of a woman he Sharon Pen man’s por trait of Anne Beauchamp in The probably knew well. Writing that the “good lady had in her Sunne in Splen dour is somewhat more devel oped than days great tribulation for her lord’s sake,” John Rous most, though strangely un sym pa thetic for an au thor who concluded that the countess was ever a full devout lady in usually summons up some feeling for even her most prob - God’s service, free of her speech, to every person familiar lematic charac ters. Anne is portrayed as a blindly de voted according to her and their degree, glad to be at and with wife and as an in dif fer ent mother who cal lously pro motes women that travailed of child, full comfortable and her husband’ s ambi tions by forc ing Anne into marriage plenteous then of all things that should be helping to them, with Prince Edward, and she is condemned for heading and in her tribulations she was ever to the great pleasure of to sanc tu ary rather than to her daugh ters’ side follow ing God full patient, to the great merit of her own soul and the Battle of Barnet. Once she is in sanc tu ary, she makes example of all others that were vexed with any adversity. She her situ ation worse by writing blis tering letters to Anne was also gladly ever companionable and liberal and in her Neville and Rich ard, who are so high-minded that they own person seemly and beauteous, and to all that drew to her res cue her from sanc tu ary any way. No sooner does Anne ladyship, as the deed showed, full good and gracious.72

Fall, 2006 Page 10 Ricardian Register Sources Rous, John. The Rous Roll. Intro. Charles Ross. Glou ces ter: Arthurson, Ian. The Con spir acy 1491–1499. Alan Sutton, 1980. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Alan Sutton, 1994. Sinclair, Alexandra, ed. The Beauchamp Pageant . Brindley, David. Rich ard Beauchamp: Me di eval Eng land’s Donington: The Richard III and Yorkist History Great est Knight. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tem pus, Trust, 2003. 2001. Scott, Kathleen L. The Caxton Mas ter and His Pa trons. Given-Wil son, Chris, gen. ed. The Par lia ment Rolls of Me - Cam bridge: Cam bridge Bib lio graph i cal So ci ety, dieva l England . CD-ROM. Leicester, 2005. 1976. Hicks, Mi chael. Anne Neville, Queen to Richard III. Stroud, Sutton, Anne E., and Livia Visser-Fuchs. Rich ard III’s Gloucestershire: Tempus, 2006. Books: Ide als and Re al ity in the Life and Li brary of a Me di eval Prince. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton, Hicks, Mi chael. Warwick the Kingmaker. Oxford: 1997. Blackwell, 1998. Tu dor-Craig, Pamela. Rich ard III. London: The Boydell Kendall, Paul Murray, Richard the Third. New York: W. Press, 1977. W. Norton, 2002 (re is sue). Wood, Mary Anne Everett. Let ters of Royal and Il lus tri ous King, Pamela. “’My Im age to Be Made All Na ked’: Ca- La dies of Great Britain . London: Henry Colburn, daver Tombs and the Com mem ora tion of Women 1846. in Fif teenth-Cen tury Eng land.” The Ricardian, Vol ume XIII, 2003. References Laynesmith, J. L. The Last Medieval Queens: English 1. Brindley, p. 110. Queens: 1445–1503. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2. King, p. 309. 2004. 3. Kendall, p. 128. Meale, Carol M., ed. Women and Liter a ture in Britain, 4. Quoted in Hicks, Anne Neville, p. 137. 1100–1500. Cam bridge: Cam bridge Uni ver sity 5. Wood, 100-04. Press, 1993. 6. Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, p. 148. Pierce, Hazel. Mar ga ret Pole, Count ess of Salis bury, 7. In tro duc tion, The Rous Roll, p. xviii. The modern 1473–1541: Loyalty, Lin eage and Leader shi p. Car- Eng lish is that of Charles Ross. diff: Univer sity of Wales Press, 2003. Pol lard, A. J. Richard III and the Princes in the Tower. New About the Author York: St. Martin’s, 1991. Susan Higginbotham has worked as an attorney and an Ross, Charles. Ed ward IV. New Ha ven and Lon don: Yale editor and currently works for a legal publisher. Her Uni ver sity Press, 1997. historical novel, The Traitor’s Wife: A Novel of the Reign of Ross, Charles. Rich ard III. Berkeley and Los Angeles: Uni- Edward II, was published in 2005 and is about one of Anne ver sity of Cal i for nia Press, 1981. Beauchamp’s maternal ancestors, Eleanor de Clare. New Richard III Society Commemorative Plaque in Cromer On Sat ur day 2 June the Nor folk Branch plans to in - The new plaque will be un veiled in the early after - au gu rate a new Richard III Soci ety plaque at Cro mer, noon of Sat ur day 2 June 2007, thus giv ing mem bers of on the north Nor folk coast. The plaque will com mem o - the Soci ety from other parts of the country, plenty of rate the arrival of Edward IV and his brother, Richard time to reach Cro mer. Trains to Cro mer run regu larly Duke of Glouces ter, at Cro mer on 12 June 1471, on from Norwich sta tion, and if vis i tors need help with their return from exile in the Low Countries. All mem - plan ning their jour ney, the Nor folk Branch will be glad bers of the soci ety are warmly invited to attend this to provide this. In addi tion to in au gu rating the new event. plaque, we plan also to visit parts of old Cro mer, in clud - Cro mer was a well-known port in the fifteenth cen- ing the parish church, completed in 1437 — a landmark tury, and we know the names of a num ber of Cro mer which Ed ward IV and his brother must have seen in merchants and ship-owners (and their vessels) which 1471, whether or not they landed. There will also, of had dealings with Sir John Howard in the 1460s. When course, be time for tea! Edward IV and his brother Richard were re turning from exile in the Low Countries at the begin ning of March John Ashdown-Hill, 8 Thurlston Close, 1471, they made straight for the coast of loyal, Yorkist COLCHESTER CO4 3HF Nor folk, hop ing to land at Cro mer. email [email protected], by Saturday 5 May 2007

Ricardian Register Page 11 Fall, 2006 Offices & Titles

The Ricardian Puzzlers are Charlie Jordan, Lorraine Pickering, Marion Davis, and Nancy Northcott. The Ricardian crossword puzzles are intended as a fun method of learning about Richard and his life and times. Each puzzle will have a theme and clues are drawn from widely available sources. Suggestions are welcomed; please send comments to Charlie at [email protected].

Solution on page 31

Fall, 2006 Page 12 Ricardian Register Offices & Titles

Across dukes of Norfolk since mid-1300s. 1. Henry _____, D. of Buckingham, served as Lord Great 30. ______of the household; this was the 3rd most Chamberlain. One of the great offices of England powerful role in the household. The officer worked ranked below Lord Privy Seal and largely associated with the treasurer of the household and supervised with the earls of Oxford during 12th through 16th accounts. Modern spelling varies. centuries. Distinct from Lord Chamberlain, which was a household office. Down 2. Francis Lovell also served as the Chief ______of 1. William Catesby served as Richard’s _____ of the House England for Richard III. This office ensured that 1483-84. proper quantity and quality of wine were available to 3. John de la Pole, E. of Lincoln, served as Richard’s _____ the king and household. of Ireland. 4. This earl served two terms as Edward IV’s Lord High 5. William Catesby served as Richard’s chancellor of the Treasurer. He was Henry Bourchier, earl of ______; this office is not the same as that of Lord ______. High Chancellor. 6. This office ranked as one of the great offices, but was 7. Edward IV appointed England’s first ______. largely unused after 1421 except during the trial of peers or at . John Howard, D. of Norfolk, 9. ____ of the household. In charge of all receipts for the served as ______at Richard’s coronation. Not to be king’s household. confused with steward of the household. 10. William Berkeley, E. of Nottingham, served as Grand 8. John Gunthorpe was keeper of the ______for Richard _____ at Richard’s coronation. This official oversaw III. One of the great offices of state. distribution of charity. Distinct from King’s _____. 12. Yeomen of the ______performed a variety of tasks 11. In Norman times, this office was part of the King’s including caring for Edward IV’s books whenever the Household. Over time, the position gained King’s household moved. independence, a new title, and permanent quarters in London. By the fifteenth century, the ______was 14. Shire-reeve one of England’s three chief government offices. 15. ______, Bishop of Ely, and his nephew both served 13. Sir John Howard received a salary of 40 pounds a year Edward IV as master of the Rolls of Chancery. when he served Edward IV as ______. 17. ______was Richard III’s Master of the Mint. 16. John Kendall was a “senior officer” in Richard’s 18. This official was responsible for an important center of household. He held the position of King’s ______. English trade. He was the Marshal of ______. 17. John ______, Bishop of Lincoln served as Richard’s 20. The parliament of 1482-83 made Richard, Duke of Lord High Chancellor. Gloucester, ______of the West March for life. 19. The core of the King’s Council consisted of three chief 21. ____ of the household. Preeminent role in the officers of state: the Chancellor, the Keeper of the household, this person is responsible for the household Privy Seal, and the ______, who acted as President of and is “juge of lyf and lym” in the household. the Council in the king’s absence. Separate office from 22. John Tuchet, Lord ______, became Richard III’s that of ____ of the household. Lord High Treasurer in 1484. 23. Francis ______served as chamberlain of the household, 25. In 1483, the Duke of Norfolk replaced the Duke of not to be confused with Lord Great Chamberlain. Gloucester as ______of England. 24. ______of the Chamber were responsible for guarding 27. In 1483, the Duke of Buckingham replaced the Duke of the king and his possessions during the Yorkist era. Gloucester as Constable of ______. 26. Dick Whittington served as one. 29. John Howard, D. of Norfolk served not only as 28. Thomas Borough was made Master of the ______in treasurer of the royal household from 1467 to 1474, but 1480. This officer was responsible for overseeing the also as ______. Associated with the earls and king’s stable.

Ricardian Register Page 13 Fall, 2006 Four Saints of Northumbria

Pam Butler n the year 635 AD, Oswald, who had spent some of made their way to Glastonbury Ab bey. Ihis early years in St. Columba’s mon as tery on the At the very moment of Aidan’s death, a shep herd at isle of Iona, became King of Northumbria (uniting Melrose saw a vision: light broke through the darkness of Bernicia to the north and Deira to the south) and sum - night and a “heavenly host” claimed a spirit of brightness moned Aidan, an Irish monk also from Iona, to start a and returned with it heaven wards. The shepherd, mo nas tic com mu nity on the is land of Lin dis farne. Cuthbert, soon learned of this co inci dence and concluded Aidan became its first Bishop. Aidan and he and the that he’d seen Aidan being lifted to Heaven by angels. monks he brought with him picked the shel tered south - This in spired him towards reli gious life, but this had to west area of the island to build the monas tery. They wait until he’d served some time as a soldier. Af ter this, he worked as mission ar ies, walking the lanes and talking to became a monk at the ab bey in Melrose, where he became people; because they spoke Gaelic and had diffi culty re nowned for his pi ety and learn ing. He also helped to with the native Northumbrian language, King Oswald found a mon as tery in Ripon in 657 AD. often served as transla tor for the listen ers. Aidan estab - In 658 AD, was elected abbot at Ripon and lished a school to train twelve Northumbrian boys, in - in sisted on prac tic ing Ro man-style Chris tian ity as op- cluding the future St. Chad, to continue his good posed to Celtic-style. Wilfred, about the same age as works. Cuthbert, had spent some of his early years at Lin dis farne A legend involv ing Oswald and Aidan occurred at an under the patron age of King Oswiu’s wife, Queen Eastertide dinner at Bamburgh. Shortly after the prayer Enflaeda. He found fault with the Celtic tradi tions and had been given, starv ing beggars appeared at the door and wanted to go to Rome to learn ec cle sias ti cal doctrine. The King Oswald re sponded by picking up a large sil ver plat - Queen encour aged him, and he went to Canter bury ter and heaping it with meat for the un fortu nate ones. (where the Ro man style of wor ship was used). He re - Aidan was so im pressed that he prayed that the king’s arm turned to England and was overbear ing in impos ing his would never decay, and the incor rupt ible arm was said to views on the re luc tant monks of Melrose. have remained intact for nine centu ries. Celtic Chris tianity was slightly differ ent from the Ro- In 642 AD, Oswald was killed in battle and his body man style of Chris tian ity, mostly pres en ta tional. A great dismem bered. His head was even tually taken to a church dispute arose between the fac tions favor ing the practices near Bamburgh, where it stayed for some time until taken of the Celtic church in Northumbria and those who ad vo - to Lin dis farne. He was suc ceeded as king by his brother cated the ways of the Ro man church, which dom i nated Oswiu (or Oswy) in the north (Bernicia) and by Oswin in practice in the south of the country. It was centered on the south (Deira), with whom Aidan be came af fil i ated. the timing of Easter festi val and was consid ered a major King Oswin gave Aidan a magnif i cent horse, perhaps con tro versy. This dis pute was me di ated by King Oswiu at as a testa ment to the latter’s dignity or to give ease and the Great Synod at Whitby in 664 AD. The main sup- speed to his jour neys. But Aidan’s motto was, “If you are porters of the Celtic Christian ity at Whitby were Colman to meet people, you need to have your feet on the of Lin dis farne, Hilda of Whitby and Cedd Bishop of ground,” and he would n’t have wanted wealth or the ad - Essex. Wilfrid defended the Roman Chris tian cause and verse at ten tion it would have. When a poor man met him per suaded the Northumbrian King Oswiu to con vert and asked for alms, Aidan gave him the horse. Northumbria to Roman Chris tianity. He ar gued that the Soon af ter King Oswiu of Bernicia had King Oswin Ro man ways of St. Pe ter, which were fol lowed by the vast mur dered, Aidan went to Bamburgh, presum ably in order major ity of the Christian world, were supe rior because to denoun ce the ac tion, but he suddenly became ill. He Christ had said that St. Pe ter was the rock upon which his died in a tent pitched against the western wall of the par- church was built, and that St.Peter would have the keys to ish church on 31st Au gust 651 A.D., with his head lean - the King dom. Since the same could not be said for St. ing against a post that served as a but tress. The church Columba, and because King Oswiu feared that a vengeful was burned twice in the days follow ing, but each time this St. Peter would refuse him admis sion to heaven if he re- post escaped the fire — a fact that was natu rally set down fused the Roman ways, Wilfrid prevailed. as mirac u lous. His body was bur ied at Lin dis farne, but St. Colman of Mayo, Bishop of Lin dis farne resign ed parts were transferred to Iona by Bishop Colman upon in a huff and re turned to Scot land with all who would his res ig na tion in AD 664. Other rel ics seemed to have — continued, pagea 27

Fall, 2006 Page 14 Ricardian Register 15th Annual Tour Of The Richard III Society

In the Footsteps of Richard III

June 23 – July 3, 2007 Come join our lit tle band of rec om mended for their tasty food. Your en thu si as tic tour Ricardians on a marvel ous adven ture, as we ex plore the co or di na tor/es cort and host will be long-time mem ber England of Richard III! This de lightfully dif ferent tour fits Linda Treybig, who has planned and led 15 pre vious the bill perfectly if you are a socia ble person with a keen Ricardian tours. inter est in Rich ard and in me dieval England! Sites we will Group size is limited to a maxi mum of 12 (min imum visit hav ing as so ci a tions with Rich ard III in clude, among of 7) with space available on a “first-come, first-served” oth ers, , Bolton, Warwick, Corfe and Arundel basis . Prefer ence will be given to mem bers of the Rich ard cas tles and the par ish churches of Middleham, Sutton III So ciety, but other inter ested person s are wel come as Cheyney, and Bere Regis, as well as glori ous Wells well. Several members are already com mitted to the 2007 Ca thedral. Our travels will also include a full day at leisure in tour, so please regis ter as early as possi ble and join us for a the ancient city of York, where you can explore the truly memo ra ble tour! mag nif i cent Minster and enjoy your choice of York’s many LAND TOUR RATE & PAY MENT SCHED - other treasures. And, of course, we will make our annual ULE: $2,950.00. (Single Supple ment: $350.00). Dead - pilgrim age to Bosworth Battle field where Richard lost his line for res er va tion form and de posit of $300.00 is crown and his life. Af ter hanging our annual memo rial Febru ary 20, 2007. Balance in full is payable by April 15, wreath at Sutton Cheyney Church, we will be treated to an 2007. Air fare and London hotel are not in cluded in rate. excel lent guided tour — of even greater in terest now that it Please see Gen eral Infor ma tion. also in cludes in for ma tion on the al ter na tive bat tle field site of Dadlington. We hope to con clude this spe cial day with a Cancellation Fees: short jaunt to the nearby city of Leicester to visit the superb • 60 days or more before depar ture: Loss of de posit plus statue of Richard III in the castle gardens. any non-re cov er able pay ments made on cli ent’s be half. • Also fea tured in the tour will be many other choice 45-59 days be fore depar ture: 35% of tour cost plus any non-re cov er able pay ments made on cli ent’s venues – histor i cal Berkeley Cas tle, the unique clois tered be half. ru ins of Mt. Grace Pri ory, two engag ing medi eval manor • 30-44 days before depar ture: 50% of tour cost plus any houses, leg end ary Glastonbury Ab bey, the fas ci nat ing non-re cov er able pay ments made on cli ent’s be half. “plague vil lage” of Eyam, and Had don Hall, England’s • most outstand ing medi eval stately home. From time to Less than 30 days before depar ture: Nonrefundable (but any recov er able monies may be returned to client. ) time, we will be accom pa nied during our sightsee ing by Ricardian friends from vari ous English branches and CANCELLATION PENALTIES APPLY, SO TRIP groups ¾ always special occa sions for all of us! On our CANCELLATION INSURANCE IS STRONGLY 2007 tour, we will enjoy a rare excur sion into the Eng- RECOMMENDED! PLEASE ASK FOR DETAILS. land’s West Country, where we’ll meet friends from the friendly Devon & Cornwall Branch and will visit (among The Itinerary oth ers) Buckfast Abbey, home to Sir Walter Drake. And, June 23: Welcome to Richard III’s England! A very special as a final touch, add the oppor tu nity to visit the fa mous journey is in store for you on arrival at Manchester Airport. “Mary Rose” one of Henry VIII’s fin est ships, re cov ered Boarding our coach, we will transfer to our attractive hotel in from the wa tery deep! Yorkshire. You’ll have the rest of the day free so you can A truly unique tour, The Last Plantagenet King is a settle in, get a little catch-up sleep, do some exploring on su perb al ter na tive to the large, im per sonal “pack age” tour your own, and begin (or resume!) your acquaintance with or the has sle of self-drive. Just sit back and enjoy 11 days this fabulous country. Tonight, we’ll enjoy the first of many of lei surely tour ing and real ca ma ra de rie in our com fort - delectable dinners together. OVER NIGHT (3 nights): able, mid-size coach. Our lodgings, mainly lo cated in at- Harrogate/Knaresborough area tractive market towns or villages, will be in charm ing June 24: Richard’s favor ite dwelling in all England must smaller hotels and coach ing inns where you’ll be met with claim high prior ity in the itiner ary of any Ricardian! So our a cordial welcome, a comfort able room with full ameni - first day of sightsee ing will begin in the charming little town ties, and deli cious meals. Most of our lunches will be at of Middleham, where we’ll greet old friends from the pictur esque vil lage or country side pubs that are Yorkshire Branch and spend the morning explor ing the

Ricardian Register Page 15 Fall, 2006 ex ten sive ru ins of Rich ard’s mighty cas tle, as well as the exhibition for a small charge. After a satisfying lunch in the parish church. Af ter a lei surely lunch together, we will make greatly appreciated new cafeteria on the premises, we hope to the short drive to Bolton Castle, home of the Scrope family pay a brief visit to the splendid statue of Richard III in the (fol low ers and friends of Rich ard III) and one-time prison of nearby city of Leicester before returning to our comfortable Mary Queen of Scots. Clas sified as a forti fied manor house, lodgings. this im pres sive struc ture re ally is more cas tle than manor June 28: A gentle journey southwards this morning brings us house (even having the requi site dungeon! ) and offers to famous Warwick Castle, a World Heritage site and home breath-taking views out across Wens ley dale. Our second of Warwick, the Kingmaker. Birthplace of Anne Neville day will conclude with a visit to Mt. Grace Priory, a rare and (Richard’s queen), Warwick Castle was the setting for many quite fas ci nat ing me di eval foun da tion of the Carthusian historical events over the centuries and also played host to order, in which monks lived a soli tary life in self-contained, Richard III during his coronation progress. Our stop in lit tle apart ments, somewhat like medi eval condos! Standing Warwick will also include the notable Beauchamp Chapel. in a fully restored unit, one can gain some insight into This afternoon will include a leisurely trip through the medi eval monas tic life as lived up through Richard’s era. mellow, golden countryside of the (oh, so quaint!) The stunning Dales scenery adds the crowning touch to a Cotswolds, as well as a visit to Berkeley Castle. Full of wonderful day! history (most notably the imprisonment and death of June 25: A whole day in York is yours to spend as you choose! Edward II) and owned by the same family for over 800 years, In this timeless, eminently walkable city, well known to Berkeley Castle features both a medieval kitchen and Richard III, you can stroll through a maze of medieval magnificent Great Hall and is surrounded by a fine terraced streets, walk the ancient walls, browse in fine shops, and visit Elizabethan garden. OVERNIGHT (1 night): Bath / many worthy attractions. You shouldn’t’ miss glorious York Bristol area Minster (250 years in the building!) or the Merchant June 29: We kick off this Friday morning with an easy Adventurers Hall, Europe’s most outstanding medieval journey south to the old market town of Wells and its guildhall (with which Richard was doubtless well glorious cathedral. This architectural gem is still surrounded acquainted). This wonderful small city also boasts the ruins by much of its medieval complex – both the old and new of Clifford’s Castle, the National Railway Museum, the Bishop’s palaces and the fine chapter house, as well as a one-of-a-kind Castle Museum, and much, much more. charming little lane of medieval cottages called Vicar’s Close, Enjoy! many inhabited today by the cathedral choristers. Having June 26: Up bright and early, we will board our coach and say explored the cathedral and its precincts, we will make our farewell to Yorkshire. Our journey today will deliver us to way to ancient Glastonbury Abbey. Rich in religious and two prime sites in Derbyshire. Our first venue today will be historical connections and one of England’s earliest centers the little “plague village“ and church of Eyam, with its of Christianity, Glastonbury Abbey is believed to be the touching story of bravery and self-sacrifice. (You will learn burial site of King Arthur and Queen Guinevere – altogether about the origin of one of our most well-known nursery an intriguing place to visit. Finally, heading for the West rhymes.) This afternoon, we will visit one of England’s most Country, we settle into our comfortable hotel on the unique homes — beautiful Haddon Hall. This rare 12th outskirts of dramatic Dartmoor (shades of “The Hound of century structure, home to the Dukes of Rutland and the Baskervilles”!). OVERNIGHT (2 nights): South possibly the earliest of co-called “stately homes” in the Devon country, has undergone amazingly few changes through June 3 Joined by members of the Devon and Cornwall restoration and modernization over the centuries. Set Branch, our first venue today will be Cothele, a splendid amidst heavenly gardens and surrounded by lovely example of a medieval knight’s home near Plymouth. (At countryside, it never fails to charm its visitors. We arrive at one time owned by Sr. Richard Edgecumbe who fought with our attractive hotel in the West Midlands in the late the Lancastrians at the Battle of Bosworth, Cothele can afternoon. OVERNIGH T (2 nights): Leicestershire therefore claim a slight Ricardian association.) Following an June 27: Today we pay homage to the life and death of afternoon visit to Buckfast Abbey (converted to an unique Richard III with our annual visit to Bosworth Battlefield. home for St. Walter Drake), we will enjoy a traditional This hallmark day begins with the hanging of our American Devonshire clotted cream tea and end the day with a stop at Branch memorial wreath at little Sutton Cheyney church, the interesting ruins of Hound Tor Medieval Village on followed by an excellent guided tour of the battlefield, during Dartmoor. which there are sure to be both lively discussions as to the July 1: On this relax ing day, we will make our way into course of the battle and moments of quiet reflection. Those pasto ral Somerset. Here, in a peaceful rural setting are the who wish will also have an opportunity to visit the battlefield in ter est ing ru ins of Muchelney Ab bey, the Priest’s House

Fall, 2006 Page 16 Ricardian Register and unique parish church. (See if you can spot the sur prise in take part in a top-notch Ricardian excursion! DO say you’ll one of the win dows!) Next on our agenda is the en chant ing join us! Traveling through England’s beautiful countryside medi eval manor house of Lytes Cary, where one can still and villages with a small group of friendly fellow Ricardians detect strong echoes of family life as lived during that era. who share your interest in the man called Richard III, Also in cluded will be a stop to view Cadbury Castle (a hill enriching your knowledge of him and his times, exploring fort believed to be the most likely site of Came lot), a relax ing fascinating places off the beaten track, discovering the best of lunch in a coun try pub, and a look at the fa mous Cerney both medieval and contemporary England = AN Abbas Giant, Dorset’s ancient hillside chalk figure in all his UNFORGETTABLE EXPERIENCE! glory! OVER NIGHT (2 nights): Dorset or Hamp shire July 2 Today, our sightseeing in Dorset begins with a visit to General Information the dramatic ruins of Corfe Castle. Set on a hill above its Cost of land tour: $2,950.00 in shared room attractive stone village, Corfe Castle has a colorful history. It (Single Supple ment: $350.00) — Air extra (see below) also has specific connections to King John and was also once Land tour includes: in the keeping of a young Richard III as Constable and later • 11 days of touring in com fortable midi-coach (smaller of . This afternoon, our first venue ve hicle for less than 8) will be Athelhampton, a beautiful late medieval home with • Ser vices of driver/cou rier and tour co or di na tor/es cort gardens and an excellent dovecote. The day will conclude through out tour with a visit to Bere Regis, birthplace of Cardinal John • 11 nights’ ac com mo da tion Morton, later Bishop of Ely. Morton built the tower and • Full English break fast daily painted roof of the nave in the fine church. Probably the • 9 three-course dinners most famous of Bere Regis’s residents were the Turbeville • All admis sions , entrance fees, and do nations to family, whom Thomas Hardy selected as the basis for the churches included in the itiner ary D’Urbeville family in his great novel, “Tess of the • Full bag gage handling during the course of the tour D’Urbevilles.” • All service charges and value added taxes on the above July 3: This, the final day of our tour, will include three sites Driver’s gratu ity (a gener ous group tip) of great interest. First on our agenda will be venerable Not in cluded: Air fare (tick ets ar ranged by your es cort Winchester Cathedral. The first king of all England, as a courtesy if desired) Egbert, was crowned in Winchester in 829 AD, as was Lunches, snacks, or bev er ages not in cluded in price of Alfred the Great and many of his successors. It was the meals capital of Saxon England and, until the medieval era, vied 2 eve ning meals (1 in York shire & 1 in London) with London in administrative importance. The cathedral Re turn air port trans fers (as sis tance pro vided with in- (with the longest nave in England) features an unrivaled di vid ual ar range ments) series of chantries, fine Pre-Raphaelite stained glass, a Laun dry, tele phone calls, room ser vice, in di vid ual tips, modern shrine of St. Swithin, and other marvelous features or other per sonal ex penses too numerous to list (but those of you who are Jane Austen fans will want to search out her tomb)! On to Portsmouth to Additional Information view the fabulous Mary Rose, the only 16th century warship Air arrangements: The land tour begins at Manchester in the world on display and a favorite of Henry VIII’s. And Airport, where we’ll all meet on the morning of June 23, and finally, we will visit mighty Arundel Castle, hereditary home officially ends in London on July 3. Linda Treybig will be of the Howard family (friends and loyal supporters of pleased to help you make your air arrangements, whether you Richard III). Then, we’re off to London, arriving at our prefer to join other group members for the flight to England hotel in the late afternoon. Regrettably, all good things must or travel independently. OR you are free to make your own come to an end but, before we go our separate ways, you are air arrangements if you like. Please note: Dates of departure all invited to join your escort at a restaurant near our hotel for and return are flexible. a farewell dinner tonight. As you return to your home, you Pre/Post-tour arrangements: If you would like to spend are sure to carry with you many fond memories of a delightful more time on your own in England either before or after the odyssey following in the footsteps of Richard III! tour, you will be offered assistance with all your OVER NIGHT (1 night): Cen tral Lon don arrangements, including itinerary suggestions, hotel or bed To help you enjoy your sightseeing to its fullest, each tour & breakfast recommendations, and public transportation or member will be provided with a packet of background car rental. information on every site we plan to visit. Lunches: Lunches are not included in the price of the tour, A FINAL WORD . . . . . DON”T miss this opportunity to so that each person may choose from a varied menu

Ricardian Register Page 17 Fall, 2006 according to his or her appetite. (Your expense budget should allow at least £6.00 to £6.50 per day for lunch.)

Booking Conditions Reservations are only considered confirmed on receipt of deposit of $300.00 per person. Reservations and deposit must be received by February 20, 2007, but it is wise to book as early as possible. DEPOSIT IS NONREFUNABLE. Tour balances are due and payable by April 15, 2007. If later bookings are accepted, pay ment in full is re quired at time of book ing. PAY MENTS MUST BE BY MONEY ORDER OR BY CHECK MADE PAY- ABLE TO LINDA TREYBIG. Re gret ta bly, credit cards can not be ac cepted.

Responsibility Clause The Richard III Society, Inc. and Linda Treybig, tour coordinator/escort (who acts only as agent in arranging transportation, hotel accommodation and all other services included in this tour) decline all liability or responsibility for any loss or damage to personal property, personal injury, or any expense connected with the provision of services for this tour. The tour coordinator reserves the right to accept or reject any person as a tour participant and to make changes in the itinerary whenever deemed necessary for the convenience, comfort or safety of the tour participants. Luggage and personal articles are at the owner’s risk unless insured. Should the number of participants not meet the minimum number stated (7), the tour coordinator reserves the right to adjust the tour price or to cancel the tour. However, the tour will not be cancelled less than six (6) weeks before the scheduled date of departure. If the tour should be cancelled, the limit of liability is the return of monies paid by the tour participant.

Amalee Mahoney and Joann Endress at the Lakes Renais sance Faire

Fall, 2006 Page 18 Ricardian Register Ricardian Register Page 19 Fall, 2006 A JOURNAL OF THE 2006 RICARDIAN TOUR

Loretta Park The annual Ricardian tour for the American Branch of visit to the lit tle church at Sher iff Hutton (just in the the Richard III Society in 2006 was a great success. We case the al a bas ter tomb there does in deed con tain the stayed at many charming hotels and B&Bs and had lunch bones of Rich ard’s son Ed ward), we ar rived at York. in equally charming pubs, many of the pubs dating back Linda, our tour coor di nator, being a wise woman, hundreds of years. After meeting at Manchester, our left us to do as we pleased on our day in York which destination was North Yorkshire. At Leyburn we were meant we all went off in a gazillion di rec tions, try ing to treated to a view of the Yorkshire Dales from our B&B. fit in as much as pos si ble. York Min ster was on ev ery - Next day at we were met by several one’s list, and some were lucky enough to attend Even - members of the Yorkshire Branch of the Society who song there. Other must-sees were the Shambles, added much to our tour by describing life at the castle. Clif ford’s Tower, the Mer chant Ad ven tur ers Hall, One interesting bit regarded the rabbit warren, which Bar ley Hall, and the var i ous Bars, es pe cially could still be seen from the castle bailey. Meat for supper Micklegate Bar where the heads of Rich ard’s fa ther was readily at hand; all that was necessary was to send a and brother Edmund were put on dis play af ter their beagle to the warren to flush a rabbit into the waiting bag de feat at the Bat tle of Wakefield. Many of us tried to of the cook’s assistant. walk all the walls around York—some suc ceeded, some At Saint Akelda and Saint Mary’s church, we came close. Other places of in terest were Fairfax viewed the Richard III memo rial window installed by House which was re cently re fur bished and opened to the UK So ci ety and gazed in awe at the beau ti ful ar chi - the pub lic, and last but not least, the Cas tle Mu seum tecture. This sense of awe never seemed to fade—it and the York shire Mu seum, home of the fa mous only grew. Even so, even tu ally some of us be gan to . (One of the charm ing things we think, ho-hum, an other ca the dral, or an other ab bey; had picked up on by now was the Brit’s way of ask ing but upon ar rival, we would be fas ci nated by the stun - ‘How are you?’ Only they say ‘Are you all right?’) ning ar chi tec ture and the vi sion and skill that went Next day be gan with Conisburgh Cas tle, birth place into creat ing these edi fi ces. of Rich ard’s grandfa ther and possi bly his father as well. Af ter a de light ful show at the Birds of Prey Cen tre, The in ter est ing circu lar keep was fur nished on each where we heard the kooka burra’s laugh, we had time to floor to show how it might have looked when it was visit Rich mond Cas tle and climb the keep. The spi ral oc cu pied. staircase here is very nar row and you found your self Hardwick Hall, a stun ning mas ter piece built in the brush ing the sides (well, some of us did) as you 16th cen tury is amazingl y well pre served. Bess of climbed. Hardwick and her hus band were given the oner ous The next day be gan with Rievaulx Abbey, an espe - task of guard ing Mary, Queen of Scots, for 15 years at cially beauti ful site dat ing back to the 12th cen tury. We their own ex pense. The stress of this bur den even tu - de spaired at the de struc tion of the many ab beys we vis - ally led to the break down of their mar riage where upon ited, that such beauty meant so lit tle to those in power Bess threw her self into build ing this mag nif i cent at the time. Amaz ingly beau ti ful tiles cov ered the floor home. of Rievaulx at one time—some are still in place—and Af ter vis it ing Hardwick Hall, we made a brief stop the mu seum there explains how they were made. to view the cas tle at Ashby de la Zouche, once the Could our advanced soci ety do as well under the same home of Wil liam Lord Hastings. One of our mem bers cir cum stances? was intro duced there to sting ing net tles, and we all At Cas tle Howard, which was the lo cation for the learned that dock neu tral izes the sting and can al ways BBC series, Brideshead Re vis ited, we had the bene fit be found grow ing in the same area. of ex ten sive knowl edge re gard ing the house and its From Lichfield the fol low ing day, we made our way items of in ter est from tour guides in each room, some to Bosworth Bat tle field—a haunting place for some of in pe riod cos tume. The grounds were equally beau ti - us. Our guide, Pau line, was de light ful, hav ing that dry ful, with pea cocks that seemed just as anxious to show Eng lish wit and the abil ity to pres ent Bosworth’s his - off their plum age as we were to see it. After a brief tory suc cinctly and in ter est ingly. Three white roses

Fall, 2006 Page 20 Ricardian Register were placed at the me mo rial where it is thought Rich - look up, and be lifted up. ard was slain. At Rich ard’s Well, Pau line offered Wend ing our way back to Eng land next day, we some his tory few of us were aware of. Upon her mar - stopped at the National His tory Mu seum near Car diff. riage to Henry VII, Eliz abeth of York took as her per- Build ings rep re sent ing var i ous pe ri ods of Welsh his - sonal atten dants fam ily mem bers of both Catesby and tory have been moved here to make a marvel ous Ratcliffe – strange be hav ior to ward the loyal friends open-air mu seum. It was a rainy day and some of the of the dreaded Un cle Rich ard. At the church at res ur rected dwell ings had a fire go ing in them, mak ing Sutton Cheney, Linda hung our me mo rial wreath — them really seem like home—a magic mo ment for Rich ard, rest in peace. A brief visit was also paid to Sandy, who would have moved in straightaway if they the church at Dadlington where many of those slain at had let her. From there we vis ited Chepstow Cas tle. Bosworth were bur ied in a mass grave. An or nate wooden door there has been dated back to at On our way to the Welsh bor der coun try next least the 1190s through tree-ring dating. It was only morn ing—a beau ti ful, sunny day—we vis ited Wen - moved in side in 1962. Things were built to last back lock Priory in the charming little village of Much then! Our next treat was Tintern Ab bey; by then fog Wen lock. The au dio tour of the pri ory was fas ci nat- was settling in, which only added to the am bi - ing but didn’t leave much time to explore the village. ence—an other magic mo ment. We spent the night at The sen ti ment of some of us upon leav ing was, rather charming Ross-on-Wye, look ing out on ‘straw berry than Much Wen lock, it was Not-Enough Wen lock. fields forever’. But Lud low Cas tle was waiting, where Ed ward V At Tewkesbury Ab bey the next morn ing, we were spent much of his boy hood prior to his fa ther’s un - treated to the sound of or gan mu sic while we sought timely death. It was at Lud low that Cecily Neville, out the Sun in Splen dor, saw the door that Ed ward with her sons George and Rich ard, stayed be hind at IV’s men forced their way into us ing their pikes, and the mercy of the Lancastrians dur ing one out break of viewed the burial site of Ed ward, Prince of Wales, the Wars of the Roses. From Lud low, which was in killed in the bat tle there by Ed ward IV’s men. Smells the pro cess of be ing set up for the Shake spearean fes - of pol ish filled the air from the ef forts of one of the ti val, we vis ited a fas ci nat ing lit tle church dat ing to par ish mem bers and, upon en gag ing her in con ver sa - Norman times at Kilpeck and then spent the night tion, it was learned that she loves America, has vis ited near Here ford. Some of us fell asleep to the sound of it twice, and it just ‘blew her up’. the ab bey bells next door. Some of us didn’t, but At Sudeley Castle, we vis ited the burial site of enough about that. Henry VIII’s sixth and most for tu nate wife, Kath er ine Good rich Cas tle, our first stop the fol low ing day, Parr. Sudeley has beau ti ful rose gar dens; their fra- is sit u ated on a mas sive piece of bed rock and over- grance filled the air. Fig ures of Henry VIII and his six looks the River Wye. The climb to the top of the wives are available for view ing in period cloth- keep is more chal leng ing than most, with only a rope ing—some of us were lucky enough to see them. Af - to cling to rather than the cus tom ary rail. Still, I’m ter Sudeley, we stopped at Min ster Lovell Hall, where sure we had it better than the orig i nal oc cu pants. A Fran cis Lovell’s fa ther is bur ied in the church. It was sign at the bottom of the stairs af ter you’ve man aged easy to imag ine Rich ard vis it ing with his friend Fran - to get back down warns: Dark and Dan ger ous Stairs. cis beside the River Windrush. We ar rived in London Thanks, but we al ready fig ured that out. Af ter Good - late afternoon. rich we visited Tretower Court, which was in the pro - The last event of a tour can be anti-cli mac tic, but cess of be ing set up for a film about young Dra cula. not our visit to the Brit ish Li brary. Linda arranged for The props only added to the sense of his tory here. Kathryn John son to meet us there, and af ter set tling us From there we made our way to Carmarthen, Wales, in a pri vate room, Kathryn be gan by say ing Wil liam for the next two nights. Lord Hastings’ Book of Hours would n’t be avail able Pembroke Cas tle, the birth place of the usurper, for close-up viewing. But when she brought out Cecily Henry VII, con tains many in ter est ing dis plays, in - Neville’s ‘Vi sions of St. Matilda,’ any dis ap point ment clud ing life-size tableaux and mod els of the cas tle no lon ger mat tered. There in side the cover of the book, from the Middle Ages. From there we vis ited mag - was the sig na ture: Anne Warwick; and under it was nif i cent St. Da vid’s Ca the dral, the ceil ings of which an other sig na ture: R. Glou ces ter. Some of us felt this are stunning, as are those in so many me di eval ca the - re futed the as ser tion by cer tain his to ri ans that there drals. The goal must have been to make all who en ter was no af fec tion be tween Rich ard and Anne.

Ricardian Register Page 21 Fall, 2006 Kathryn then showed us an orig i nal ap pli cation for Mary’s robes. (Maybe you, too, have wondered why a loan to which Rich ard had appended his own per- Mary is al ways shown in blue.) sonal note and signa ture when he was 17: “I pray you All in all, this special visit to the British Librar y was that ye fail me not at this time in my grate need as ye a proper end ing for a great tour and, of course, the wulle that I shew yow my goode lordshype in that mat - mem ories will last forever. ter that ye la bour me for.” Richard More Magic Moments: Lis tening to Carole play - But the best was yet to come: Kathyrn ex plained ing the Bösendorfer grand pi ano at Cas tle Howard; that in centu ries past, sig na ture col lec tors would keep Even song at York Min ster; El vis’ voice waft ing from the sig na tures, but not the doc u ment pre ced ing them, an apart ment near the Sham bles in York at 6 AM; so in a book en ti tled ‘Royal and Noble Au tographs’ school boys doff ing their hats to an Ameri can tourist was a sin gle piece of pa per with the sig natures of ‘Ed - while vis it ing the Vic to rian Street at the Cas tle Mu - ward Quintus’, ‘Rich ard Glou ces ter’ with his motto seum; the charm ing gar den scene be hind Eras mus ‘Loyaulte me lie’ and ‘Harre Bokyngham’. It is as- Darwin’s home in Lichfield; Tewkes bury Ab bey as the sumed this item dates to Stony Stratford. Rich ard’s splen did organ was played; Rich ard III’s orig i nal hand - pen man ship was ex qui site and we were all very moved writ ing from 500 years ago; hear ing Carole an nounce at the sight of it; for some, it was the high point of this her arrival to her hero: “William Marshal (illus tri ous th tour. 12 C. Earl of Pembroke), I am here”; friend ships be gun! We were also shown a book enti tled ‘De Re Tour Coordinator’s Note: What a splendid time we had! The weather was Militaria’ dealing with mil itary tactics which was com- great; we enjoyed some really mouth-watering meals, saw an excellent mis sioned by and il lu mi nated for Rich ard when he was selection of sites, and met with a warm welcome everywhere. Group king. It con tained his and Anne’s il lu mi nated coats of members were: Sandra Boudrou, Pamela Butler, Patricia Earnest, Janis arms. All the il lu mi nations were beauti ful and it was Eltz, Renee Little, Carole Orlando, Loretta Park, Evelyn Perrine, and amaz ing to think that real gold was used. One note of Susan Vaughn. This friendly and congenial group of women couldn’t have in ter est: Kathryn ex plained that lapis laz uli was more been more satisfactory fellow travelers. Thank you all for contributing to pre cious back then even than gold, and thus they used my many fond memories of our 2006 Ricardian tour! pow der from this pre cious stone to color the Vir gin Linda Treybig Are you descended from the Plantagenets? In Eng lish-speak ing coun tries de scent from a mon - popu lation, and the absence of a rigid caste system which arch is more common than you might think. pre vents out of caste marriage, (both of which have been The Plantagenet Kings, es pecially Edward I and Ed - pres ent in Eng lish so ci ety since the Mid dle Ages), there ward Ill, had a number of younger children whose lines is a high proba bil ity that a per son living say 1,000 years have contin ued and over the gener a tions they have gradu - ago, if he has any descen dants living today at all, has so ally married into lower and lower social classes. many de scendants that a large propor tion of the people At each gen er a tion the num ber of an ces tors dou bles, living today in the same geograph ical area will share a de- two parents, four grandpar ents &c. If we assume the av- scent from him. er age gener ation is 25 years long then in the roughly 800 Royal descen t is no excep tion to this, because the years since AD 1200 there have been 32 gener a tions . English royal family did not insist on royal mar riages for This “means” that each person alive to day is de scended all its chil dren, and has thereby dissem i nated its genes from over two thou sand mil lion peo ple alive in the year into the pop u la tion as a whole. Royal de scent is, how ever, 1200. eas ier to prove than de scent from less no ta ble an ces tors. Of course there were not that many people alive in It has been sug gested that as many as 80% of peo ple of AD 1200. The appar ent discrep ancy is ex plained by the English descen t are descen ded from the Plantagenets fact that, through cousin marriages amongst their de- whilst the Eng lish ge net i cist Pro fes sor Ste phen Jones es - scen dants, many peo ple alive today are de scended from a timates 25%. However, the number who could prove such partic u lar person of AD 1200 more than once, that is, a de scent is likely to be very much smaller than the num- though many lines. We are all the re sult of a fair amount ber who ac tu ally have it. of in-breeding. See Royal De scents of Fa mous People , by Mark Nev er the less, given a rel a tively sta ble in dig e nous Humphrys. From ‘Ricardus Rex’, the newsletter of the Victoria Branch

Fall, 2006 Page 22 Ricardian Register Jerome Howard Klein In Memoriam

Judy Pimental erome Howard Klein died on De cem ber 12, 2006, delight ful old gentle men “got along like a house afire”! Jage 70, after having been slowed down by two They cor re sponded reg u larly for sev eral years, un til strokes in four years. At Jerry’s re quest, his body was Geoffrey’s death took a part of Jerry with him. When cremated and his ashes scattered. On De cember 17, a Geoffrey was in hospi tal, suf fering from the intense heat very complete and con cise obitu ary appeared in the San of an atypi cal Brit ish summer, Jerry arranged for Becky Fran cisco Chron i cle. It spoke of some of the key ac - Vacara to pur chase and deliver an elec tric fan to Geoffrey. com plish ments of his life. I can visu al ize the two of them, face-to-face now, end- As many US Ricardians (and more than a few oth ers) lessly debat ing his tory and poli tics overall, with a special may recall, Jerry gener ally managed to stimu late a lot of em pha sis on Rich ard. dis cus sion on the US Rich ard III fo rum – and also on Thanks, Jerry, for having spent some really enjoy able Becky Vacara’s “Later Medi eval Brit ain” site. He could times with us, shar ing your insights (on-topic or not)! never stay “on topic”, and man aged to in sert into al most any conver sa t ion inter e sting infor ma tion on his own life Jerome H. “Jerry” Klein and in sights — more or less rel e vant, as he saw them, to Jerome H. Klein died in Sacra mento on Decem ber 12 the sub jects at hand. follow ing a long ill ness. He was 70. Jerry was active in I met Jerry in 1997 when I tried to revive the inac tive the San Francisco labor move ment in the late 1960’s, North ern Cal i for nia Chap ter. The ef fort to re-ac ti vate working for the Depart ment of Social Services, through the Chapter did not prosper, but Jacque line Bloomquist the SEIU. [Ser vice Em ploy ees’ In ter na tional Un ion] He and I got to know Jerry very well, as did the Battaglia was appointed by Dianne Feinstein to the San Fran cisco family, who had ac tu ally inducted Jerry into the Soci ety. Plan ning Com mis sion in 1981, and served in that po si - A great (if not “compul sive”) reader and biblio phile, Jerry tion for four years. He con tin ued to work with the Plan - had met Bonnie Battaglia at the Placer County Library ning Depart ment as a permit consul tant in the City until after she had set up a special display for Richard’s birth- he became ill in 2002. He was born in New York City in day. He also joined and drew great plea sure from the 1936. He re ceived a bache lor’s and a master’s degree in book club of which the Battaglias are charter members. edu cation from the City College of New York, and taught Jerry knew lit tle or nothing about Rich ard III when he in the New York school sys tem for sev eral years. Af ter joined the So ci ety, even though, as a col lec tor of rare mov ing to San Fran cisco in 1968, Jerry worked in the De - coins, he owned a Rich ard III groat now worth about partment of Social Services as a social worker with a Na- $5,000 or more in the nu misma tists’ market. If he didn’t tive Ameri can caseload. He received a master’s in So cial know very much about Rich ard, Jerry knew volumes work from SFSU [San Francisco State Univer sity] in about human nature and moti va tion, which never re ally 1973. Over the years, Jerry belonged to many or gani za - changes over time. tions reflec tive of his varied inter ests, includ ing the Soviet Al though he of ten man aged to offend some, and ir ri - Jewry Ac tion Group, the Golden Gate An gling and Cast - tate many, a special shelf in Jerry’s hospi tal room was ing Club, the San Francisco Ancient Numis matic Soci ety laden with “get well” cards from his R3 and LMB friends and the Richard III Soci ety. He is survived by his wife, fol low ing his sec ond stroke in 2002. Susan, of Shingle Springs; daughter, Eliza beth, of Port- Jerry attended the New York AGM in [??? 2000 ???], land, OR, as well as a sister, Rita, and extended fam ily liv- his first-and-only appear ance at an AGM. There he met, ing on the East Coast. At his re quest, no ser vices will be and might be said to have fallen in love with, both Maria held. and Sandra Torres. He spoke of them often for sev eral Published in the San Francisco Chronicle on 12/17/2006 years after ward. Jerry was deeply saddened by Sandra’s death. Editor’s Note: Jerry and I discussed and planned an article on Jerry made one of his life’s re ally meaning ful friend- medieval money for many years. At one time, he sent me an ships through the Rich ard III So ci ety. Al though they incomplete version. As I have a few things left that were upstairs never got to meet face to face, Jerry loved “talking” via when Katrina hit, if I am able to locate the article, I will share with e-mail with the late Geoffrey Richard son. The two you at a later date.

Ricardian Register Page 23 Fall, 2006 Scattered Standards

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

Eileen Prinsen, Chapter Co-Ordinator ARIZONA hotels, etc.), for the pur poses of: informal networking, Moderator: Joan Marshall sharing an English -themed meal, etc. to which we may Joan reports that they have a core group of six or wear cos tumes, en joy ing the ed u ca tional/in for ma tional seven members who meet four times a year. For the past pro gram, and en joy ing some en ter tain ment;-i,e,-etc.- three years they have been sending a dona tion to The St. there may be some Ricardian playreading for vis i tors and James Church of Dadlington, to co in cide with the Au - guests, etc. Inter ested person s contact Joyce Tumea by gust 22nd service in memory of King Richard the E-mail: [email protected]. Third’s loss at the Bat tle of Bosworth. Recently, mem- The Chapter has up-to-fourteen or so people; they ber Georgia Howeth do nated to the church fund a beau - meet four to six times a year. They attend the Renais - ti ful handworked runner with matching napkins. sance Faire in Wis consin each Au gust near the time of Other re cent ac tiv i ties in clude read ing and dis cus sion Rich ard’s death, and they hold a short me mo rial ser vice of Helen Maurer’s “Marga ret of Anjou” and the Love - at that time. day of 1458. Visits have included Medi eval Times and Soft’s The members of the group main tain contacts with Stitches a cos tume ware house. They have hosted two other women’s read ing groups, such as a re cent one suc cess ful AGM’s within a seven-year period. They which featured Jane Austin, and at which some of their have also cre ated a woman’s history read-‘n-act-ment, members were dressed in Regency style cos tumes. When called “Medi eval Women with Moxie.” This includes the RIII gals men tioned that they dressed in 15th cen - several women from Richard’s time, includ ing his tury costumes, some members asked for infor ma tion Mother, sister, niece, wife, and her sis ter. This enter - about the So ciety, and will receive some copies of the tainment is consid ered a way to edu cate the public on Rich ard III So ci ety’s publications. Richard and has proven a great way to capture the atten - tion of many women from Down ers Grove, some of EASTERN MISSOURI whom are also members of the Ameri can Asso ci a tion of Moderator: Bill Heuer Univer sity Michi gan (AAUW) members. We gave a Over the years our Chapters expe ri ence peri ods of program for AAUW. great inter est and activ ity, followed by a falling off of MICHIGAN AREA members, for many reasons —change of leader ship, Moderator: Larry Irwin changes in em ploy ment, folks mov ing out of town, The Mich i gan Branch holds four meet ings a etc.— so Mr.Heuer re ports that at the mo ment the year—three of them are devoted to pro grams presented Eastern Mis souri Chapter is down to just four members. by members of the Chapter, and con cern recent new How ever, al though they are not able to present a quar - the o ries and/or in for ma tion re gard ing the past events. terly meeting as such, they do meet and social ize to- Once a year on the sev enth of July we cele brate Richard gether; continue to sup port the Amer i can Branch of the III’s Cor ona tion with a grand din ner at the Fox and Richard III So ci ety, and keep their eyes open for new Hounds Restau rant in Birmingham. members. Over the past several years we have visited and heard ILLINOIS CHAPTER lectures on several of the beauti ful structures, build ings Chairman: Joyce Tumea and churches, in Southern Michi gan—thes e include A major under tak ing for the Illi nois Chapter is an Cranbrook and Ford’s Uto pian Village; Christ Church idea they have pro posed for The Il li nois Chap ter of the Cranbrook; Detroit’s famous Mari ners’ Church where RRIII Soci ety to hold what they are calling “A CA- on August 22, 2003, with the kind consent of the Rec tor SUAL Meeting” to be held the week-end of May and Mem bers of the Board of Trustees, we were able to 4-6-2007, to which any other nearby Soci ety members ac knowl edge the 518th anni ver sary of the Battle of (Mich i gan or Wis con sin) would be in vited)—al though Bosworth at which King Richard III lost his life. Just they say that any one in ter ested from any where is wel - come, as long as it is un der stood they are not book ing — continued, page 22

Fall, 2006 Page 24 Ricardian Register re cently, fol lowing the 11 a.m. ser vice at the Kirk in the Library in Portland, ME. We have also cre ated a web Hills Presby te rian Church, we were given a most exten - presence to assist us in commu ni cat ing with members sive and infor ma tive tour of this beautiful Gothic and to in tro duce our chap ter to the peo ple of New church. England, Recently , five members of the Ameri can Branch at- PACIFIC NORTHWEST CHAPTER tended the Parents’ Soci ety’ s 50th an ni ver sary cel e bra- Chairman: Jonathan Hayes tions in York, U.K. where, in ad di tion to in ter est ing We have nineteen (19) mem bers in our chapter. We lectures, dis plays, some great fel lowship, and a really have five meetings a year, in dif ferent mem bers’ houses. grand cele bration din ner, we attended and equally grand The Pacific Northwest Chapter had a good year with and beauti ful service at York Minster. our usual five meetings. The first, in March, was held at Over the past twenty years we have hosted the Amer - the home of chap ter Presi dent, Jona than Hayes. Jona - ican Branch Annual General Meet ing several times, and than also gave the presen ta tion, a report of work in look for ward to doing so again within the next year or progress on his research into the career of William two. Brandon, Henry Tudor’s standard bearer at Bosworth. MINNESOTA CHAPTER Hope fully, this re search will see the light of day at some Moderator: Margaret Anderson point as an arti cle in the Ricardian Reg is ter. There are currently nine members of the Minne sota The sec ond meet ing was held in June at the home of Chap ter. chapter Trea surer, Jackie Cox. There was no formal We seem to be a bit in abeyance right now, since we presen ta tion, but the atten dees en joyed the chance to have not met within the past year. However, I have been get to gether and the in for mal dis cus sion was en joyable. intend ing to try and get something set up before the end We always try to have our August meeting as close to of the year so we can still call ourselves a chapter the date of Bosworth as pos si ble. This year Jean Mac - In the past have met at mem bers’ homes, as well as a don ald hosted the meet ing and gave the presen ta tion. pub called Keegan’s in Minne ap o lis . Her talk was on castles: their history, devel opment and We have done some pa le og ra phy les sons, and at - the mul tiple uses they had beyon d just defens e. tempted to construct a timeline of all the impor tant peo- The Octo ber meeting, held by Marge Nelson , fea - ple in volved in the events be tween April and July 1483. tured an excel lent presen ta tion by Allen Nelson on wine We discussed ways to collab o rate with the Me dieval in medi eval England — where it came from, who drank Studies program at the Uni ver sity of Minne sota, and it, cost and how dif fer ent was theirs from ours. Mem - ways in which we might pub li cize and attract new mem- bers got to sam ple wine from what had been Elea nor of bers. We have also had simple social meet ings where we Aquitaine’s do min ions also. talk about just about anything that inter ests from travel to history to mu sic. We hope to have some thing more Chap ter Pres i dent Jon a than Hayes trav eled to York substan tive to re port next year. at the end of Septem ber for the parent So ciety’ s 50th AGM. All the Ameri can atten dees were treated most NEW ENGLAND CHAPTER: royally with true Ricardian hospi tal ity. It was a most Moderator: Kirsten Moorhead mem o ra ble oc ca sion. He also got to spend a day at Thirtynine members are currently on the books (i.e Middleham with friends — though, it be ing a Mon day, re ceive up dates, in vi ta tions, min utes .etc.) We meet four the Richard III pub was closed and he wasn’t able to times per year. have a pint there! Save for the first meeting of 2006, we have met at the Marianne Rivas hosted the tradi tional Decem ber Con cord Free Pub lic Li brary in Con cord, MA. Pro - potluck lunch meeting. Chapter business was discuss ed gramming has re volved around the chapter appli ca tion and the meeting sched ule for 2007 was set. pro cess, fund rais ing, and our 2006 out reach project. As a group we have attended a Renais sance Fair in SOUTHEASTERN PENNSYLVANIA Con nect i cut and vis ited the Hig gins Ar mory Mu seum Moderator: Joseph Wawzyniak in Worces ter, MA. Joseph reports that the Chapter has been dormant for We are very excited about our first outreach project – a year or two, but has plans to resur rect in the fu ture. a month long edu ca tional dis play at the Port land Pub lic

Ricardian Register Page 25 Fall, 2006 Ricardian Reading

Myrna Smith Most books reviewed here can be purchased at www.r3.org/sales.

What I Did On My Summer Vacation…. Chira Frugoni guides her readers through a composite Here’s what Ellen Perlman did on her summer vacation. medieval city on a warm day. The tour begins in the While in Milan, strolling along, I saw on the ground outside country, where the city’s food is grown. It follows a road a (what should I call it?) one-man flea market? – a book in through ripening fields through a city gate. English. It’s title: The Year 1000: What Life Was Like At The Inside the city walls, Frugoni calls her readers’ atten - Turn Of The First Millennium: An Englishman’s World by tion to street sounds. Men sing while they work. Ped - Robert Lacey and Danny Danziger. Immediately, I bought dler’s calls offer small items such as rings, pins, the book for 2 euros. I think it’s a First Edition. table cloths and ribbons for sale. Shopkeep ers and cus - The authors have taken as their in spira tion the Jul ius tom ers speak to each other through win dows that open Work Calen dar, a product which was created in the onto the street. A wooden shelf, hinged to the bot tom of writing studio of Canter bury Cathe dral about 1030 the win dow, folds out to form a dis play coun ter for the A.D. It was written on parchment with ink made from shop owner’s goods. De tails from 14th and 15th century the galls of an oak tree. At the top of each page was the Ital ian frescoes show peo ple on bal co nies and at shop name of a month and the sign of the zo diac, with the counters. days of the month run ning down the sheet. Its pur pose Me dieval city-dwellers heard bells ringing through- was re li gious; it listed holy days which were to be cel e - out the day. Bells marked the passing of time or warned brated in the church. that a fire or some form of vi olence had bro ken out. This book, however, published in 1999, is not a cal- Manu script il lus tra tions from 13th century France and endar, but it has borrowed the drawings which were at 14th century Bern show a bell-ringer and firefighters at the bottom of each page of the Julius Work Calen dar work. and rep licated them on the title page before each chap- Ani mal voices mingled with hu man in medi eval city ter. “Welcome to Engla-lond” is the title for the month streets. 14th century French and Italian paintings show of Febru ary, for exam ple, and it is illus trated by three pigs, don keys, and flocks of sheep shar ing streets with young men who are prun ing away in a vineyard. The au- humans . When the weather was warm enough, caged thors in tro duce you to real peo ple from the time – birds called form open win dows. A whim si cal 12th cen - Aelfflaed, Wulfgeat, and bishop Aelfwold, for ex ample – tury Eng lish drawing sug gests that English au diences whom the authors discov ered through reading their could hear a perform ing bear speak to its trainer. 14th wills. cen tury Eng lish manu scripts show jug glers, ac ro bats In for ma tion abounds, but never in a dull mono tone. and musi cians perform ing in the streets. A creatively Rather, Mr. Lacy and Mr. Danziger, who have ob vi ously anachro n istic 15th cen tury French manu script shows a done a great deal of research, rec re ate charming tales of musi cian dressed in 15th cen tury clothes play ing among life and those who lived it a thousand years ago. It’s a a cast of masked actors who are perform ing a Roman slight book, just two hundred pages, but, using a quote play. The audi ence is labeled populus romanus al though from it by Aelfric, Ab bot of Eynsham: “We dare not the buildings and city walls are as medi eval as the musi - lengthen this book much more, lest it be out of mod er a - cian’s clothes. tion and should stir up men’s an tip a thy be cause of its size.” Ex cep tion ally pop u lar preach ers could fill a church th —Ellen Perlman, FL square with lis teners. In a 15 century Sienese painting, crowds kneel around a wooden stage from which St. Day Trip Bernardino speaks. A length of red cloth fas tened to & A Day In A Medi eval City – Chiara Frugoni, with an stakes sep a rates women from men. All of the women in tro duc tion by Arsenio Frugoni, Trans lated by appear to be listen ing to the saint, but at least six of the Wil liam McCuaig, Uni ver sity of Chi cago Press, men are looking away from the speaker, as if to com- 2005 ment on his ser mon or other matters.

Fall, 2006 Page 26 Ricardian Register Gam bling, drink ing and fight ing went on in spite of Boccaccio’s Livre de Cleres et No bles Femmes shows a preach ers. Frugoni guides her read ers through a broad woman read ing at a wall mounted book stand. A 14th range of vio lent events. Althoug h she appar ently feels it century Italian fresco shows Cardi nal Hugo of Pro vence is nec es sary to in clude a wide va ri ety of pos si bil i ties, the wearing eyeglasses as he cop ies a manuscript. The num ber and in ten sity of vi o lent in ci dents con flicts with woman sitting at the wall-mounted stand is read ing by the title she has given her book. Weary read ers are justi - firelight. fied in asking how so many horrific events could have fit Keeping household fires going was an es sential task, into one day; or how a city which ex pe ri enced so many and keep ing the fires from burn ing houses down was vi olent events in one day could have survived them. equally im por tant. Ital ians who could af ford to build Next Frugoni leads her readers past a funeral proces - their kitch ens on the top floor did so in hopes that a sion to a doc tor. Doc tor’s im ages in a 13th century kitchen fire would n’t spread to the floors be low. But French manuscript and a 14th century Italian fresco sug- top-floor kitch ens increased the labor involved in carry - gest that medi eval city-dwellers had reason to feel am - ing water from a well to the cook. So a bucket of water biva lent about doctors. Ex amples of saints healing the was made to last as long as pos si ble. Food, dishes, hands sick suggest that some had more confi dence in mira cles may have been washed in dirty water, or not washed at than in doc tors. But a 15th cen tury fresco show ing a all, “for a bucket of water had to last a long time, and pharma cist with his as sistants and a customer offers a thus, though no one re al ized the con nec tion, dis eases more hopeful view. and epi dem ics lasted a long time, too.” Frugoni leads her readers form public to private space In spite of the la bor in volved in get ting wa ter, me di - through me di eval child birth rooms. In addi tion to stan - eval city-dwell ers did not go un washed for weeks or dard views of the births of Je sus and the Virgin, she in- months. Frugoni says that Italian women in Boccaccio’s cludes excep tiona l childbirth scenes in her tour. An early time washed their hair every Satur day night. Newborns 14th cen tury il lu mi na tion shows Jul ius Caesar en ter ing were bathed three times a day. Some cities had public th this world by cae sarean section. A more fanci ful 15th cen - bathhouses . An illu minated initial from a 14 century tury Italian tempera painting shows a flying devil stealing Austrian manuscript shows two women washing a man’s th the infant St. Stephen from his cradle. This illus tra tion is hair. A 15 cen tury il lus tra tion from the Decameron one of four that show varia tions in cradle design. Frugoni shows a bath house ser vant carry ing water in two says that Ital ians made cradles that rocked the baby from wooden buck ets sup ported by a pole across the shoul - head to toe, while most Eu ro pean cra dles rocked form ders, while custom ers relax in bed after their baths. side to side. An other type of cradle hung from the ceiling Medi eval city-dwell ers were used to sharing beds. like a hammock, but a 14th century Sienese tempera An other Decameron il lus tra tion shows trav el ers shar ing painting shows how unsafe such a cradle could be: a saint beds at an inn. Still an other shows ser vants shar ing th is bringing a baby that fell out of this cradle back to life. beds. Even hos pital patients are shar ing beds in a 15 cen tury French min ia ture painting. After show ing a vari ety of saints healing children suf- Frugoni’s medi eval day ends with an im age of a new fering from a vari ety of in juries, Frugoni of fers some im - be gin ning, a rooster crow ing on an Ital ian col umn cap i - ages of chil dren en joying good health. One of the most tal. “All sleep, and dream their dreams, until at the crow attrac tive is a 15th cen tury Ger man il lu mi na tion show ing of the cock, hope returns . “ Je sus as a tod dler. He’s stand ing in side a wheeled wooden Although this isn’t a picture book, Frugoni has made frame between the Virgin, who is weaving, and St. Jo seph, her illus tra tions as impor tant as her text. The gener ous who is shaving a wooden plank. Other manuscripts and va ri ety of sources which Frugoni draws on gives her panel paintings show childrens’ games and toys. readers many chances to learn something new. Read ers Some of the most ap peal ing il lus tra tions show moth - who can give relaxed atten tion to the rich vari ety of de - th ers teaching their children to read. A 14 century draw- tails in the illus tra tions will be well repaid. Most readers ing shows St. Anne teach ing the Vir gin to read from a should find this day in a medi eval city well spent. book; St. Anne uses a thin, cane-shaped pointer to guide —Marion Davis. the Virgin’ s eyes down the page. A 15th century fresco Vacation From Hell shows a boy stand ing be side his mother, read ing from a book in her lap. Their hands sup port ing the book over - & Her e tic – Bernard Cornwell, Harper Collins, NY lap, and the mother’s free hand gently guides the child’s 2003 hand hold ing a pointer down the page. In my review of The Archer’s Tale, I expressed a wish to Adult’s reading aids in clude inge nious reading stands meet Thomas of Hookton again, and so I have. But the and eye glasses. A 15th cen tury il lus tra tion from books are coming faster than I had imagined. This is the

Ricardian Register Page 27 Fall, 2006 Ricardian Reading third in the series. I have missed the second, Vagabond. in dex has to cover 287 pages of maps and text in Vol ume But certain trends have devel oped. As Her e tic opens, 1. Readers who want to follow the devel opment of Bur- Thomas has been tortured by a Domin i can. His cousin, gundy can find 17 in dex en tries for “Bur gundy, Guy de Vexille, a fanatic fol lower of the faith of the Burgundians.” But readers who want to find “Brabant” Cathars, has killed Thomas’s wife, Elea nor. This is con- or “Armagnac” won’t find them in the abridged in dex. venient, because Thomas rescues a girl con demned for Vol ume 2 con tains a full in dex for both vol umes, which her esy on the eve of her burn ing, and falls in love with in cludes “Brabant” but not Armagnac. Yet a little de- her. He is ex com mu ni cated for his good deed; the girl, of tective work locates Armagnac on maps titled “The course, is not a here tic. Hundred Years War in France.” Readers who want to The plot boils down to a strug gle be tween the cous- follow the devel opment of England will find 24 entries ins, each believ ing the other has knowledge of the Grail. under “England” in the abridged index in Volume 1 and The battle scenes are real is tic and detailed. Nat u rally, 32 entries in the full index in Volume 2. They will also Thomas wins, kill ing his cousin. He re turns to Eng land, find a “See Also” refer ence to “Britain” that leads to 82 finds the Grail, an earthen cup which has been un der his entries. Since the indexer has used regu lar, bold and nose all of his life. He then throws it as far as his young, italic type faces to in di cate var i ous mean ings, read ers strong arm can hurl it, into the sea. must inter pret the fine print carefully to avoid arriv ing —Dale Summers, TX at un wanted desti na tions. In spite of the in dex’s com pli - Dale says she wrote the above while suffering from poison ca tions, pa tient read ers who en joy hu mor and a lit tle de - oak – that’s no way to spend a vacation! This resulted in tec tive work are likely to find this paperback a helpful having a lot of time to watch TV, specifically the Inspector and affordable reference work. – Marion Davis Lindley series on PBS. (Lindley is a closet Ricardian.) Dale & At las Of World History – John Haywood, with Brian says she is disappointed in the series, as it seems to be Catchpole, Simon Hall, Edward Barratt, Barnes & getting “grimmer and grimmer.” I must confess I’m Noble , NY, 1977 disappointed too. None of the characters looks as I have This one-volume hardback covers the years 4,000,000BC imagined them. through A.D. 1997. Each map is laid out as a double page On a side note, Dale would like to hear of any new spread, 18” x 11 11/16” in size. Each double-page spread Kate Sedley or Candace Robb books, and so would I. includes a full-color map, a timeline, text and an Can any of you Gen tle Read ers help us? illustration from the time period. Designers were careful to If It’s Thursday, This Must Be Belgium keep place names from disappearing into the gutters, so readers won’t have to guess at fractions of names close to & The Anchor Atlas Of World History: Vol. I, From The Stone Age To The Eve Of The French Revo lution; Vol. the center of the book. 2, From The French Revo lu tion To The Ameri can Bi - The section titled “The Medi eval World, AD centen nial – Herman Kinder and Wal ter 600-1492” contains 21 maps. Among the topics covered Hilgermann, trans lated by Ear nest A. Menze, with are: the spread of world reli gions , AD 600-1500; the maps de signed by Harald and Ruth Bukor, An chor Cru sades: War, revolt, and plague in 14th century Eu- Books, NY, c 1974 rope; the economy in medi eval Europe, 1000-1500. Wars and marriages continually changed boundaries Most of the dou ble-page spreads de voted to places between medieval European countries. Some histories that cover an en tire con ti nent. Few fo cus on a sin gle coun try. describe these events are rich in genealogical charts, put These dou ble-page spreads are at tractive and infor ma - poor in maps. So it’s good to have a historical atlas handy. tive, but they may not include some places that readers This paper back devotes 37 pages to late me dieval Eu - want to find. Each page of the 10-page index contains rope. In addi tion to the maps show ing bound ary changes six col umns of small type. Read ers who want to fol low from Eng land to Russia and the Ot toman Empire, topi - the devel op ment of Burgundy can find eight in dex en- cal maps show the distri bu tion of univer sities, countries tries. But readers who want to find “Brabant” won’t find that supported the pope in Avignon vs. coun tries that it in the in dex or on a map. Read ers who want to know supported the pope in Rome, major trade centers and where Armagnac was can find “Armagnac dy nasty in the trade routs, the spread of the Teutonic Knights, and city index and “1419 – John the Fearless murdered during leagues in the German Empire. peace confer ence with the Armagnacs” on the timeline All maps are in full color and appear on left-hand for Map 54. They can also find that “…early 15th cen - pages. All text appears on right-hand pages. Full page tury France was divided by the rivalry between the maps are 3 ¼” x 6”. Many pages have two half-size Burgundian and Armagnac fami lies.” But they cannot maps; some have four small maps. An abridged 8-page find “Armagnac” on Map 54, although there is a space

Fall, 2006 Page 28 Ricardian Register on the map where it was lo cated. This is dis appoint ing types of travel ers in medi eval Europe: mer chants, roy - for readers who would like to know where one of the alty, no bil ity and their em is sar ies, sol diers, out laws and parties in a major French conflict had its power base. vag a bonds, en ter tain ers, doc tors, ar ti sans, her mits, cru- Readers who want to follow the devel opment of Eng- saders and the re ligious. It is copi ously and clearly illus - land will find 12 index entries under “England” and 27 trated, and the copy I have still has a very hand some dust entries un der “Brit ain,” with “See Also” references to wrapper. No doubt out of print, but look in librar ies and “British Empire” and “United Kingdom.” used bookstores. – M. S. This atlas might be more help ful to topic-oriented Ride A Cock Horse To Banbury Cross readers than those who want to find specific places. Its holis tic approach can encour age readers to ask them- & Heavy Words, Lightly Thrown: the rea son behind the selves new ques tions and think about places and events rhyme – Chris Roberts, Gotham Books, NY, 2005 in new ways. Its attrac tive layout can encour age readers This is listed as “Nursery Rhymes, English – History and to ex plore new top ics and un fa mil iar parts of the world. criticism” - must be “higher criticism.” How could you But it may not be as good a ref er ence tool as the An chor criticize a nursery rhyme? I know, a lot of people do object At las Of World His tory. to some on the grounds of violence, perhaps. Maybe they Al though both of these at lases have draw backs, both are on to something. Who would have thought that qual ify for copies of Sir Wal ter Scott’s bookplate, which Humpty-Dumpty has sexual connotations? On the other says: “Please re turn this book. I find that though many hand, ”Rock-a-bye-baby” which seems to celebrate child of my friends are poor arithme ti cians, they are nearly all neglect if not cruelty, might simply have a horticultural good book-keep ers.” meaning. “Hark, Hark, the Dogs do Bark,” may date back —Marion Davis. to Tudor times, and “London Bridge” to the Conquest – & Every day Life Of Medi eval Trav el lers – Marjo rie the Danish Conquest, that is. Rowling, illus. By John Mansbridge, Dorset Press, Per haps the his tor i cal or i gins that Rob erts co mes up NY, 1971 with shouldn’t be taken as gos pel. He (I think it’s he) How did medieval travelers get about, without benefit of an does n’t seem to take his his tory too se ri ously, as he fre - atlas, map or GPS? Learn how in this compendium. If they quently goes off on side paths, e.g. to the RSPCA, Wil - didn’t have maps, they did have guide books and handy liam of Orange, a “Mr. Coleman.” A glossary is phrase books: • appended for the bene fit of Ameri can readers, who “Is the inn com fort able? ….I hope no lice, fleas or ver - might not un der stand some of his ref er ences, though he min have been left there.” some times di gresses in that too! • “The room has been cleaned. You will be comfort able —M.S. in it . . . True, there is a great pack of rats and mice about the place. But I’ve set snares for them, so there And what did YOU do on your summer vacation? If you should be no trou ble.” read any good books, or any awful books, let me know! The var i ous chap ters deal with the many dif fer ent [email protected]

Fifth Fifteenth-Century Conference 6-9 May 2007 Allerton Park and Retreat Center, Monticello, IL The trien nial confer ence will be take place from 6 King will deliver a keynote address on “Confra ter nities, May to 9 May 2007, the days im medi ately pre ceding the Civic Shows, and the Rheto ric of Fifteenth -Century Forty-Secon d Inter na tion al Medi eval Congress at Eng lish Ur ban Cul ture.” Western Michi gan Univer sity in Kalamazoo, MI (10-13 May 2007). The site for the confer ence will once again The deadline for pa per propos als is Fri day, 3 No vem - be the scenic Allerton Park and Retreat Center in ber 2006. Papers should be approx i mately 45 minutes Monticello, IL. Featured speakers include Prof. Barrie long and can deal with any as pect of fifteenth-cen tury Dobson of Cambridge Univer sity (retired) and Prof. Eng lish his tory or cul ture. (The con fer ence def i ni tion of Pamela King of the Uni ver sity of Bristol. Prof. Dobson “fifteenth-cen tury England” is rather broad, cover ing will be giving a plenary address enti tled “The Rise of the Eng land and its realm — both in su lar and con ti nen tal Pro fes sions in Fif teenth-Cen tury Eng land,” and Prof. — from c. 1350 to c. 1550.)

Ricardian Register Page 29 Fall, 2006 FOUR SAINTS (continued from page 12) Generous Ricardians follow him, even tu ally re turn ing to Ireland with 30 dis- Sept-Oct. 2006 ciples and settling at Mayo. Cuthbert was sent away from Melrose by St. Eata to be prior at Lin dis farne, in BOSWORTH LEVEL order that he might intro duce the Roman customs into Mary Ellen (Ellie) Pierce that house. This was a diffi cult matter which needed all MIDDLEHAM LEVEL his gentle tact and patience to carry out success fully, but Gilda Felt the fact that one so re nowned for sanc tity, who had him - FOTHERINGHAY LEVEL self been brought up in the Celtic tra dition, was loyally Joanne Aarseth and Carol Jackson con form ing to the Ro man use, did much to sup port the Dr. Terry L. Adkins cause of St. Wilfrid. In this matter St. Cuthbert’s in flu- Peggy Allen ence on his time was very marked. At Lindis f arne he Barbara Baker Barillas spent much time in evange liz ing the people. Carol M. Barnstead He re tired in 676 on the small isle of Farne, near Bonnie Battaglia and family Bamburgh, to lead a life of contem plative aus ter ity, but Elizabeth C. Brand this lasted only until 685, when he reluc tantly agreed to Jeanne P. Carlson become the Bishop of Lin dis farne. He was buried at Jacqueline C. Cox Lin dis farne and his tomb be came cele brated for mira - Alan O. Dixler Jean Domico cles. In 698, when he was reburied, his body was found Tom Duffy to be incorrupt. The monks made a beauti fully-carv ed Carrie J. Johnson oak cof fin for him, and a monk named Eadfrith, who Virginia C. Johnson was the Bishop of LIn dis farne from 698-721 AD, may Steven B. Rogers single-handed ly have written the Lindis f arne Gospels. Beverlee Weston The island became a place of pilgrim age, but its OTHER GENEROUS RICARDIANS growing wealth caused it to become the target of Danish Lisa Baas Vi king raids. One such raid in 875 AD forced the Jacqueline F. Bloomquist monks to aban don the is land, but they took the Lin dis- Lloyd Condra farne Gos pels, St. Cuthbert’s cof fin (in which the head Roger M. Crosby II of St. Oswald had been placed), and relics of St. Aidan Richard Foster with them and they wan dered for 7 years in Cum berland Sally Foulkrod and Gal lo way. In 883, St. Cuthbert’s body was laid to Paul Frisch Helaine rest at Ches ter-le-Street, near Dur ham, where it re- G. Gann mained for about a century be fore be ing moved to Ripon Welene Worthington Goller for a few months during a time of Vi king raids. While it Karen Hiatt was being returned to Ches ter-le-Street in 995 AD, it Sarah K. Hunt came to a place east of current-day Dur ham, where the Margaret R. Kiever cart carry ing it would not move. After three days of Jane L. Kirkman prayer, St. Cuthbert appeared to a monk named Eadmer James D. Kot to reveal that he wanted his body bur ied at Dun Holm, Edward P. Leland which meant “Hill Is land.” No one knew where it was Tom Lockwood until a milkmaid revealed that she was looking for her Mary Poundstone dun cow at such a place. The monks buried Cuthbert’s Miller Marianne body in a tem po rary church built from tree boughs, af ter J. Mitkus Myra Morales which a small stone “White Church” was com pleted in Roxane C. Murph 998 AD. It was at this site a century later, 1093, that the Richard Oberdorfer Normans be gan building Durham Cathe dral as we know Andrea Rich it to day. In 1104, when St. Cuthbert’s body, along with Anne Easter Smith the head of St. Oswald, was being placed in his shrine at Lynn M. Storey the high altar in the newly-built Durham Cathedral, it Dale Summers was still found to be incorrupt. Jill Richards Young

Fall, 2006 Page 30 Ricardian Register Dubious Ancestry

Charles VI of France m Isabeau of Bavaria following Richard’s deposition. Queen Kath er ine’s mother, Isabeau of Bavaria, has been described as a nympho ma niac, and she later pro- nounced some of her own chil dren (in clud ing her son and heir, the Dauphin) to be bastards. Her English grand son, Henry VI, seems not to have in her ited his grand mother’s li bido, though his pro nounce ment that his wife’s son, Edward of Lancas ter, must have been fa- thered by the An gel Gabriel, has been seen by some as com pro mis ing the boy’s le git i macy. Isabeau’s great great grandson, Henry VIII, may have had a trace of the li- bido, and he certainly dis played a pen chant for declaring his children bastards. As for Isabeau’s husband , King Charles VI of France is cele brated chiefly for having been mad. His illness started in the spring of 1392, when his hair and nails be- It is inter esting to exam ine the French royal ances try gan to fall out, he had fe ver ish fits, and showed signs of of Henry VI and of Henry VII and his de scen dants. oc ca sional in co her ence. Against med i cal ad vice, Charles Kath er ine of France, wife both of Henry V and of Owen embarked on a mili tary campaign, dur ing which his con- Tu dor was the daughter of Charles VI of France and his di tion wors ened. His in co her ence de te ri o rated into gib - wife, Queen Isabeau. Both of Kather ine’s parents had ber ish, and he was ob served to abuse trees and shrubs cer tain cu ri ous fea tures. In ci den tally Kath er ine was not both verbally and with obscen e gestures. He also became the only daughter of this couple to become queen of vi o lent in his be hav iour to his atten dants, ul timately England. One of her elder sisters had been the second kill ing four of his own knights, af ter which he lay on the wife of Richard II, but she was only a child at the time of ground, mo tion less (ex cept for his wildly rolling eyes) her marriage and was re turned to France by Henry IV and speechless. appar ently unused, and in ‘nearly new’ condi tion Although Charles made a par tial re covery, he later be came con vinced that he was made of glass. He then Offices & Titles re fused to travel for fear that the vibra tion would shatter him, and he in sisted on hav ing his clothes re in forced with metal rods, for protec tion. It was about this time that his medi cal advi sors be came inclined to think that the king was pos sessed by de mons. By 1405 Charles was re fus ing to wash, be shaved, or change his clothes. It is well-known that Charles’ grandson, Henry VI also suffered from bouts of insan ity, and it has been gen- er ally assumed that his ailment was in herited. Charles VI’s Tudor descen dants, on the other hand, have been as sumed to have es caped this af flic tion. Is it pos si ble, however, that Henry VIII’s mega lo ma nia and paranoia were part of his heritage? From the newsletter of the Mid Anglia Group

Ricardian Register Page 31 Fall, 2006 Chapter Contacts

ARIZONA NEW YORK-METRO AREA Mrs. Joan Marshall Maria Elena Torres 10727 West Kelso Drive • Sun City, AZ 85351 3216 Fillmore Avenue • Brooklyn, NY 11234 (623) 815-6822 email: [email protected] EASTERN MISSOURI NORTHWEST Bill Heuer Jonathan A. Hayes 111 Minturn • Oakland, MO 63122 3806 West Armour Street • Seattle, WA 98199-3115 (314) 966-4254 • email: [email protected] (206) 285-7967 • email: [email protected] ILLINOIS ROCKY MOUNTAIN Joyce Tumea Chapter moderator wanted 4040 Venard Road • Downers Grove, IL 60515 Please contact: Editor, Eileen Prinsen email: [email protected] 16151 Longmeadow St • Dearborn MI, 48120 313-271-1224 • email: [email protected] MICHIGAN AREA SOUTHEASTERN PENNSYLVANIA Larry Irwin 5715 Forman Dr. • Bloomfield Hill, MI 48301 Joseph Wawrzyniak email: [email protected] 3429 Chalfont Drive • Philadelphia, PA 19154 (215) 637-8538 MINNESOTA email: [email protected] Margaret Anderson 3912 Minnehaha Avenue S. #29, Minneapolis, MN 55406 SOUTHWEST (612) 729-4503 email: [email protected] Roxane C. Murph 3501 Medina Avenue • Ft. Worth, TX 76133 NEW ENGLAND (817) 923-5056 • email: [email protected] Kirsten Moorhead 14 Bramblewood Drive • Port land, Maine 04103-3789 email: [email protected] If you are interested in forming a chapter, contact Eileen Prinsen, Chapter Co-ordinator (see page 3 of this issue)

Membership Application/Renewal r Mr. r Mrs. r Miss

Address:

City, State, Zip:

Country: Phone: Fax:

E-Mail: q In di vid ual Mem ber ship $35.00 Contributions: q In di vid ual Mem ber ship Non-US $40.00 q Schallek Fellowship Awards: $______q General Fund (publicity, mailings, etc) q Fam ily Member ship $35 + $5/member $______$_____ Total Enclosed: $______Contributing & Sponsoring Memberships: q Hon or ary Fotheringhay Member $ 75.00 Family Membership $35 for yourself, plus $5 for each q Hon or ary Middleham Member $180.00 additional family member residing at same address. q Hon or ary Bosworth Mem ber $300.00 Make all checks payable to Richard III Society, Inc. q Plantagenet Angel $500.00 Mail to: Pamela J. Butler q Plantagenet Family Mem ber $500+ $_____ 11000 Anaheim Ave. NE • Albuquerque, NM 87122-3102

Fall, 2006 Page 32 Ricardian Register