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Die Chinatowns in Paris Und in London Des 20. Und 21

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Die Chinatowns in Paris Und in London Des 20. Und 21 Die Chinatowns in Paris und in London des 20. und 21. Jahrhunderts Analyse und Vergleich repräsentativer Beispiele in Europa Von der Philosophisch-Historischen Fakultät der Univer- sität Stuttgart zur Erlangung der Würde einer Doktorin der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) genehmigte Abhandlung Vorgelegt von Yue Liu aus der Volksrepublik China Hauptberichter: Prof. Dr. Reinhard Krüger Prof. Dr. Wolfram Pyta Mitberichter: PD Dr. Martin Cüppers Tag der Mündlichen Prüfung: 05. Februar 2019 Institut für Literaturwissenschaft der Universität Stuttgart 2019 Inhaltsverzeichnis Einleitung ........................................................................................................... 5 Allgemeine Anmerkungen ................................................................................. 7 Begriffsdefinitionen ........................................................................................... 7 Zusammenfassung/Abstract ........................................................................... 11 Theoretische Vorbemerkung ........................................................................... 12 1. Die Chinatowns in Raum und Zeit .............................................................. 13 1. 1. Chinatowns weltweit ................................................................................................. 14 1. 2. Chinesische Auswanderungsgeschichte .................................................................. 16 2. Chinesische Immigrationsgeschichte in Frankreich und in Großbritannien - Analyse und Vergleich .............................................................................. 20 2. 1. Früheste Fußspuren .................................................................................................. 20 2. 2. Immigration vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg.................................................................. 22 2. 2. 1. Push- und Pullfaktoren der Migration ........................................................ 22 a) Pushfaktoren in China ....................................................................................... 22 b) Pullfaktoren ........................................................................................................ 23 2. 2. 2. Die erste Chinatown in London .................................................................. 24 2. 2. 3. Anwesenheit der Chinesen in Paris ............................................................. 28 2. 3. Immigration während der zwei Weltkriege (1914-1945) ...................................... 30 2. 3. 1. Erste chinesische Immigrationswelle in Frankreich .................................. 30 a) Anwerbung der chinesischen Arbeitskraft ...................................................... 30 b) Chinesische Arbeitskräfte ................................................................................. 32 c) Repatriierung der chinesischen Arbeiter und chinesische Friedhöfe .......... 35 d) Beiträge und Enttäuschung in Paris ................................................................ 37 e) Die erste Pariser Chinatown ............................................................................. 38 f) Bewegung Travail-Etudes..................................................................................... 39 2. 3. 2. Neuankömmlinge in der Londoner Chinatown ........................................ 44 2. 3. 3. Die Einwanderer aus der Provinz Zhejiang nach Frankreich.................. 47 2. 3. 4. Untergang der Limehouse – Chinatown .................................................... 52 2. 4. Schließung der Grenzen und Häfen seit 1949 in China ....................................... 53 2. 5. Re-Migration der Auslandschinesen nach Frankreich und Großbritannien (von den 1950er bis zu den 1980er Jahren) ................................................................... 54 2.5.1. Die dritte chinesische Einwanderungswelle nach Frankreich .................... 55 a) Zustrom seit der französischen Dekolonisation ............................................ 55 b) Chinesische Einwanderung von 1964 bis 1975 ............................................. 57 c) Fluchtwellen nach der Wiedervereinigung Vietnams .................................... 57 d) Niederlassung der Flüchtlinge im 13. Pariser Arrondissement ................... 59 2. 5. 2. Die chinesische Masseneinwanderung und die neue Londoner Chinatown ................................................................................................................... 62 1 a) Nachkriegszeitboom und „British Nationality Act 1948“ ............................ 63 b) Restriktive Migrationspolitik ab 1962 ............................................................. 65 c) Neue Londoner Chinatown im Londoner West End Soho ......................... 66 d) Aufnahme der vietnamesischen Flüchtlinge in Großbritannien ................. 68 2. 6. Zeitphase der „Neuen Migration“ .......................................................................... 68 2. 6. 1. „Neue Migration“ von Chinesen in Europa .............................................. 69 2.6.2. Chinesische „neue Migration“ in Paris und Paris extra muros .................. 76 a) Die zweite Pariser Chinatown von Belleville .................................................. 76 b) Ein Ensemble der Pariser Chinatowns: Arts et Métiers - Belleville - Sentier Chinois ..................................................................................................................... 78 c) Ausweitung der chinesischen Gemeinschaft in Paris extra muros ................. 79 2. 6. 3. Chinesische „alte und neue Migration“ in London und ihre symbolische Landschaft ................................................................................................................... 82 a) Anerkennung der Londoner Chinatown Soho ............................................... 82 c) Chinesische Niederlassung in London ............................................................ 92 2. 7. Zusammenfassung der vergleichenden Analyse der zwei Chinatowns auf der Immigrationsebene .................................................................................................. 95 3. Entwicklung der sozio-ökonomischen Aktivitäten von Chinesen in Paris und in London ............................................................................................ 98 3.1. Hauptsprachengruppen unter den Auslandschinesen in Paris und London .... 102 3.1.1. Das Konzept von „Qiaoxiang“ .................................................................... 103 3. 1. 2. Hauptsprachengruppen unter Auslandschinesen .................................... 106 3. 1. 3. Traditionelle Beschäftigungen von Hauptsprachengruppen ................. 112 3. 1. 4. Vergleich der Hauptsprachengruppen unter Auslandschinesen in Paris und London sowie ihrer entsprechenden Beschäftigungen ............................... 113 3. 2. Die Entwicklung der sozio-ökonomischen Aktivitäten von Auslands-chinesen in Paris ..................................................................................................................... 115 3. 2. 1. „Konzentration“ der chinesischen wirtschaftlichen Aktivitäten ........... 118 a) Kaufleute für chinesische (Luxus-)Produkte ................................................ 118 b) Straßenhändler und Entstehung der ersten Pariser Chinatown auf dem Îlot Chalon .................................................................................................................... 120 c) Hersteller von Lederwaren und die Entwicklung der Pariser Chinatown Arts-et-Métiers ...................................................................................................... 122 d) Chinesische Möbeltischler im Quartier du Faubourg Saint-Antoine ........ 128 e) Lebensmittelgeschäfte und Entwicklung der Pariser Chinatown Choisy- Dreieck ................................................................................................................... 129 f) Die komplexe Chinatown in Belleville ........................................................... 137 g) Bekleidungsindustrie und chinesische Konzentration im Quartier Sedaine- Popincourt ............................................................................................................. 141 2 3. 2. 2. „Dispersion“ der chinesischen wirtschaftlichen Aktivitäten: chinesische Fußpfleger ................................................................................................................. 146 3. 2. 3. „Konzentration“ und „Dispersion“ der chinesischen wirtschaftlichen Aktivitäten: chinesische Restaurants ...................................................................... 147 3. 3. Die Entwicklung der sozio-ökonomischen Aktivitäten von Auslandschinesen in London .................................................................................................................... 153 3. 3. 1. Die sozio-ökonomischen Charakteristika der Auslandschinesen in Großbritannien ......................................................................................................... 154 3. 3. 2. Die Entwicklung der traditionellen chinesischen Wirtschaftsaktivitäten in London ...................................................................................................................... 167 a) Chinesische Seeleute und Londoner Limehouse Chinatown ..................... 168 b) Chinesische Wäschereien ................................................................................ 172 c) Chinesisches Gaststättengewerbe .................................................................. 174 d) Traditionelle chinesische
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