A New Nobel Prize for Neutrino Physics

Home , Takaaki Kajita

CERN Courier December 2015 CERN Courier December 2015 Mass Flow Obituary Faces & Places measurement Nambu (and independently Goto) also provided a simple and control dynamical principle with a large local symmetry for consist- ent string propagation. His famous paper on the string model entitled “Duality and hadrodynamics” was submitted to the n OBEL p r i Z E Copenhagen High Energy Physics Symposium in 1970. In a letter dated 4 September 1986, to one of us (SRW), Nambu wrote: “In A new Nobel prize for neutrino physics August 1970, there was a symposium to be held in Copenhagen just before a High Energy Physics Conference in Kiev, and I was planning to attend both. But before leaving for Europe, I set out to SNO California with my family so that they could stay with our friends during my absence. Unfortunately our car broke down as we were crossing the Great Salt Lake Desert, and we were stranded in u The most extensive range of thermal and Coriolis mass flow a tiny settlement called Wendover for the three days. Having meters and controllers for low flows missed the fl ight and the meeting schedules, I cancelled the trip u 3 Flow ranges for gases from 0-0,7 mln/min up to 0-11000 m n/h in disgust and had a vacation in California instead. The manu- u Flow ranges for liquids from 0-75 mg/h up to 0-600 kg/h u Laboratory, Industrial (IP65) or ATEX approved design script, however had been sent out to Copenhagen, and survived.” u Analog, RS232, FLOW-BUS, PROFIBUS DP, DeviceNetTM, It is quite common for scientists to become excessively attached Modbus, EtherCAT®, PROFINET to their own creations. In contrast, Nambu was remarkably open- minded. To him, his work was like placing a few pieces into a Innovation - Experience - Responsibility giant jigsaw puzzle: he never thought that he had discovered the “ultimate truth”. This deep sense of modesty was also a part of his personality. To the entire community of physicists, he was this shy, unassuming man, often diffi cult to understand, coming up with one original idea after another. There was a sense of play

I www.bronkhorst.com - E [email protected] in the way that he did science: maybe that is why his ideas were sometimes incomprehensible when they fi rst appeared. Nambu’s legacy, “physics without boundaries”, must have had a subconscious infl uence on some of us in India involved in setting up the International Centre for Theoretical Sciences (ICTS), a centre of TIFR in Bangalore, where “science is without Takaaki Kajita, from the Super-Kamiokande boundaries”. collaboration in Japan, and Arthur We end with a quote from Nambu’s speech at the Nobel pres- B McDonald, from the Sudbury Neutrino The international entation ceremony at the University of Chicago on 10 December Observatory (SNO) in Canada, were awarded 2008, which clearly shows his view of nature: “Nowadays, the the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physics for “the principle of spontaneous symmetry breaking is the key concept discovery of neutrino oscillations, which jobs site for physics shows that neutrinos have mass”. The two in understanding why the world is so complex as it is, in spite of experiments independently demonstrated and engineering the many symmetry proper ties in the basic laws that are supposed that neutrinos can change or “oscillate” from to govern it. The basic laws are very simple, yet this world is not one type to another. This discovery at the boring; that is, I think, an ideal combination.” turn of the millennium, more than 40 years Kamioka Observatory/ ICRR/ University of Tokyo ● An earlier version of the article appeared in Frontline maga- after the prediction of the phenomenon by zine, see www.frontline.in/other/obituary/a-giant-of-physics/ Italian physicist Bruno Pontecorvo, has had article7593580.ece. a profound impact on our understanding of the universe. This is the fourth time that neutrino studies have been rewarded with the Résumé prestigious prize. Yoichiro Nambu et la brisure de symétrie Nearly 90 years after their prediction by Wolfgang Pauli, and almost 60 years after Working with employers such as: Deux éminents physiciens, anciens étudiants de Yoichiro Nambu, their experimental discovery, neutrinos évoquent les travaux et la personnalité du prix Nobel de physique, remain among the most mysterious particles Top: The Super-Kamiokande Detector. Above: View of the SNO detector under construction. décédé en juillet dernier. Yoichiro Nambu a reçu le prix Nobel de known in nature, and they are subject to a vigorous experimental programme around In December 2014, the CERN Neutrino part of a dedicated neutrino programme physique en 2008 « pour la découverte du mécanisme de brisure the world. As part of the European Strategy Platform took delivery of the ICARUS there. Scientists from the CERN Neutrino spontanée de la symétrie en physique subatomique ». Les travaux for Particle Physics, CERN inaugurated a detector, shipped from the Gran Sasso Platform are also involved in R&D for de Nambu en physique théorique, sur plus d’un demi-siècle, ont été new facility at the end of 2014. The CERN National Laboratory where it studied the experiments at Fermilab’s Long-Baseline prophétiques ; ils ont joué un rôle majeur dans le développement Neutrino Platform provides a focal point neutrino beam from CERN until 2012. Neutrino Facility. d’un des grands acquis de la physique du XXe siècle : le Modèle for Europe’s contribution to global neutrino The 760 tonne detector is now being ● For more information, see www. standard de la physique des particules. Nambu a également été l’un research, developing and prototyping the refurbished at CERN, and in 2017 it will be nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/ Visit brightrecruits.com today des fondateurs de la théorie des cordes. next generation of neutrino detectors. shipped to Fermilab in the US to become laureates/2015/.

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h O n O u r s Nygren, Radeka, and Witten receive new awards from the American Physical Society OPEN-PHO-ACCEL-2013-001-4 OPEN-PHO-ACCEL-2013-001-4 BNL

t h E M i D D L E E a s t Jerry Przybylski

PT2026 NMR Precision Teslameter First shipment of CERN-GE-0906083-01 magnets from Reach new heights CERN to SESAME

in magnetic eld On 19 October, CERN bade a fond farewell to two containers of magnets. Their measurement destination: SESAME, the synchrotron light source under construction in Jordan. The containers held 31 sextupoles, The Metrolab PT2026 sets a new produced in Cyprus and France, and From left to right: David Nygren, Veljko Radeka and Edward Witten. standard for precision magnetometers. 32 quadrupoles, produced in Spain and Leveraging 30 years of expertise building Turkey. The magnets have rejoined eight The inaugural American Physical Society Laboratory. Measuring the tracks of charged the highly sensitive low-noise electronics dipoles (from the UK), which are already at (APS) Division of Particles and Fields particles with exquisite precision has needed for the read-out of the small signals the world’s gold standard magnetometers, SESAME. The quadrupoles and sextupoles Instrumentation Award has been presented long been, and continues to be, one of the from these detectors. it takes magnetic eld measurement to were checked and measured at CERN before jointly to David Nygren of the University challenges for particle-physics detectors. In addition, Edward Witten, of the new heights: measuring higher elds with this shipment, while the dipoles went via the of Texas at Arlington and Veljko Radeka of Nygren developed the TPC for the PEP-4 Institute for Advanced Study, is the ALBA synchrotron, near Barcelona, where Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). detector to study 29 GeV electron–positron fi rst person to win the APS Medal for better resolution. magnetic measurements were carried out. Nygren and Radeka received the award collisions at the PEP storage ring at SLAC. Exceptional Achievement in Research. With this shipment, around 50% of the during the APS New Technologies for Over the past 40 years, the TPC has found The 2016 APS medal citation honours The PT2026 offers unprecedented exibility magnets for the SESAME storage ring Discovery Workshop on 5 October, at the use in diverse applications, including particle Witten for “discoveries in the mathematical will have been delivered. The containers University of Texas at Arlington. The two physics, relativistic heavy-ion collisions structure of quantum fi eld theory that have in the choice of parameters, interfacing are expected to arrive just in time for the renowned scientists are honoured for their (including the ALICE experiment), opened new paths in all areas of quantum and probe placement, as well as greatly SESAME Council meeting at the end of “widespread contributions and leadership neutrinoless double-beta decay and physics”. Witten is widely regarded as improved tolerance of inhomogeneous November. The rest of the magnets – as in the development of new detector dark-matter searches. one of the world’s leading theorists in a well as all of the power supplies and related technologies and low-noise electronics Veljko Radeka and his colleagues number of areas, including string theory elds. And with Ethernet & USB interfaces control modules – have been produced instrumentation in particle physics as well as developed the liquid-argon calorimeter, and quantum gravity. He is also the and LabVIEW software, it ts perfectly into and will be delivered to SESAME at the other fi elds”. which has been used in many high-energy originator of M-theory, which resolved modern laboratory environments. beginning of 2016, in time for fi rst beams in In particular, David Nygren is recognised physics experiments, fi rst at the Intersecting perceived confl icts between fi ve competing the machine in summer 2016. for the invention of the time projection Storage Rings at CERN and now in the string theories and sparked a resurgence ● www.agence-arca.com - Photo: Scott Maxwell, Master le - Photo: Scott Maxwell, Master www.agence-arca.com For more details, visit www.sesame.org. chamber (TPC), developed during his ATLAS experiment at the LHC (CERN of research widely known as the second jo/sesame/events/385-13th-sesame-users- 40 years at Lawrence Berkeley National Courier March 2011 p43). He also developed superstring revolution. meeting.html.

CERN Swiss Physical Society honours Herwig Schopper

Herwig Schopper, CERN’s former borders”. He was recently also elected a retirement in 1989 he was professor at Director-General (1981–1988), has been foreign member of the Polish Academy of Hamburg University. appointed an honorary member of the Arts and Sciences. From the early days of his career, Swiss Physical Society for his outstanding Schopper’s outstanding scientifi c career Schopper had a strong interest in shaping contributions to the fi eld of particle physics, started with his PhD at Hamburg University the future of particle physics. He realised

Pantone 286 Pantone 032 in particular for the realisation of the in 1951, followed by positions at prestigious that its success would rely on building Large Electron–Positron Collider (LEP) institutions: he was research assistant at the strong links between scientists from various at CERN, for his engagement in promoting Stockholm Technical University (with Lise countries in an atmosphere of freedom, Top: Inside the SESAME hall, May 2012. international scientifi c collaboration at Meitner), at the Cavendish Laboratory, UK and joining together human and fi nancial Magnetic precision has a name www.metrolab.com

Above: Magnets ready for shipment from CERN and for the SESAME project in (with O R Frisch), and at Cornell University resources for a common scientifi c goal – a ▲ CERN to SESAME. Jordan, and for his vision of “science without (with R R Wilson). From 1973 until his vision that he successfully implemented

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h O n O u r s Nygren, Radeka, and Witten receive new awards from the American Physical Society OPEN-PHO-ACCEL-2013-001-4 OPEN-PHO-ACCEL-2013-001-4 BNL

t h E M i D D L E E a s t Jerry Przybylski

PT2026 NMR Precision Teslameter First shipment of CERN-GE-0906083-01 magnets from Reach new heights CERN to SESAME

CERN Swiss Physical Society honours Herwig Schopper

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as Director-General of CERN. His ability mention just a few, he received the UNESCO n EW appOintMEnt V i s i t s to bring scientifi c groups together and Albert Einstein Gold Medal and the enable discussion and decision-making UNESCO Niels Bohr Gold Medal for his Pierluigi Campana The Spanish vice-president visits CERN on equal grounds shaped the way that pivotal role in building international scientifi c CERN operates today. His vision of science co-operation, and the American Institute of

Swiss Physical Society is new director of without borders in other research fi elds Physics (AlP) presented him with the Tate led Schopper to become involved with Medal for International Leadership in Physics. the SESAME project in Jordan (CERN Schopper has also been honoured by various the Frascati Courier July/August 2015 p19), of which he academies for his remarkable contributions became the fi rst president of Council and its to science and society. He is elected member National Laboratory honorary member for life. of Leopoldina, the German National

Schopper has served and still serves Academy for Natural Sciences, the European CERN-PHOTO-201509-194-9 as a member – often as chairman – on Academy, the Academia Scientiarium et Pierluigi Campana has been appointed many high-level international scientifi c Artium Europea and the World Academy director of INFN’s Laboratori Nazionali boards. Among other functions, he chaired of Arts and Sciences WAAS, where he is di Frascati (LNF) for a four-year term as the Scientifi c Council of the UNESCO also on the Board of Trustees. He is also of 1 August 2015. He succeeds Umberto International Basic Science Program Herwig Schopper. a corresponding member of the Bavarian Dosselli. (2003–2011), is a member of the Board of Academy of Sciences, honorary member of Campana graduated in physics in 1981 Trustees of the Cyprus Institute, and chaired German Physical Society (1992–1994) and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, fellow of at Rome’s “La Sapienza” University, its Scientifi c Council (2002–2014). He president of the European Physical Society the American Physical Society and member of and quickly became a staff member at CERN’s Director-General Rolf Heuer, right, with a gift from CERN for the vice-president of was a member of the Scientifi c Council of (1994–1996). the Portuguese Academy of Sciences. INFN-LNF. His fi rst research activities the Government of Spain, Soraya Sáenz de Santamaría, left. the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Schopper has received numerous ● See cerncourier.com/cws/article/ related to the NUSEX experiment at Monte Dubna, Russia (1993–2002), president of the prestigious distinctions and awards. To cern/56613. Bianco and the MACRO experiment at On 29 September, CERN welcomed the representative of Spain to the United INFN’s Gran Sasso Laboratory. He later vice-president of the government of Spain, Nations and international organizations in C E L E B r a t i O n worked at the ALEPH experiment at Soraya Sáenz de Santamaría, for a visit Geneva. Their tour started at LHC Point 1, and progress in fusion, were highlighted CERN’s LEP collider, participating in the to the laboratory. The vice-president was where CERN’s Director-General, Rolf Roger Cashmore by Steven Cowley, director of Culham construction of the hadron calorimeter with accompanied by Carmen Vela, Spanish Heuer, welcomed them and gave them an Laboratory. As research director of CERN, streamer tubes. secretary of state for research, development introduction to CERN’s activities. Their visit turns 70 Roger played a key role in the construction of In the mid 1990s, he joined the KLOE and innovation, Bernardo de Sicart Escoda, ended at the LHC superconducting-magnet the LHC detectors, recalled by speakers from experiment at Frascati’s DAFNE machine to ambassador of Spain to Switzerland, assembly hall, where they met with CERN

Stuart Photography Bebb the four big collaborations. He continues study CP violation in K mesons. During the and Ana Menéndez Pérez, permanent scientists from Spain. Colleagues and friends gathered in Oxford to have trenchant views on future facilities, construction of the detector, he led the team on 30 June to celebrate the achievements of refl ected in forward-looking talks from in charge of building the lead-scintillating Roger Cashmore, former research director Ian Hinchliffe and Halina Abramowicz, fi bre calorimeter. Between 2001 and and deputy Director-General of CERN currently chair of the European Committee 2004, he was technical manager of the from 1999 to 2004. After CERN, he became for Future Accelerators. Finally, Chris KLOE experiment. Since 2002, he has principal of Brasenose College, Oxford, and Llewellyn Smith, former Director-General of been working on the LHCb experiment at is currently chair of the UK Atomic Energy CERN and currently also involved in energy the LHC, searching for CP violation and Authority, whose responsibilities include the policy, gave his own commentary on Roger’s new physics effects in the decay of beauty UK’s fusion programme. career, drawing together contributions from quarks, leading the Frascati group in the CERN-PHOTO-201509-187-19 The day refl ected both Roger’s members of the audience. construction of the muon system. From distinguished past in particle physics and In a particular highlight for Roger 2011 to 2014, he was spokesperson of the his current interests. His infl uence stretches Roger Cashmore. and his wife Annie, their son Hrothgar, LHCb collaboration. His main research from contributions to understanding baryon daughter-in-law Emily and granddaughter interests have been in particle detectors, structure in the quark model while he was at mark at Fermilab on the CDF experiment. Lili were able to participate from Australia with a particular emphasis on calorimetry, SLAC in the early 1970s, through pioneering He has advised many organisations; his role via video link. The day concluded with a gas-detector technology and, more recently, studies of charm lifetimes at CERN, to the at the Gran Sasso National Laboratory was banquet at Balliol College, where Roger is an scintillating fi bres for tracking. important role he played in the discovery recalled by former director Eugenio Coccia. emeritus fellow, the occasion enlivened by of the gluon with the TASSO experiment at The breadth of Roger’s interests and after-dinner speeches containing anecdotes the PETRA collider at DESY in 1979. He accomplishments was apparent from the of his Oxford career. In summary, in addition subsequently led the construction in the UK talks. His work in the fi eld of energy policy to past achievements, the day highlighted INFN-LNF Gao Xingjian, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2000, was invited to visit of the central tracking detector for the ZEUS resulted in an infl uential report by the Royal that Roger is still contributing strongly to CERN as part of European Researchers’ Night activities organised by the POPScience experiment, studying lepton–proton physics Society, of which Roger is a distinguished science and society, and all participants EU funded project. At a conference given at the University of Geneva, he presented at HERA in the 1990s. He also made his fellow, on strategy for nuclear energy. This, joined in wishing him well for the future. “Made of shadows and light”, an anthology of seven short texts he wrote in Chinese between 1990 and 2012, and extracted from a work entitled Youshen Yu Xuansi (Earthbound Spirit and Meditative Thought). The texts have been translated for the fi rst time, exclusively for CERN, into French, English, Spanish and Italian in the framework of POPScience for the 2015 European Researchers’ Night. The ebook format, which is NEW VALVES the fi rst digital publication for the Nobel prizewinner, is distributed worldwide by POPScience Poetry. From left to right: Didier Bertet (CERN, IdeaSquare), Nobel MODULES laureate Gai Xingjian, and Susana Wong, POPScience poetry project manager. WORLDWIDE • For Gao Xingjian’s ebook, see www.jsd-portfolio.com/Gao_xingjian.epub. SERVICES www.vatvalve.com Pierluigi Campana.

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E V E n t Strong coupling: a workshop at world NNLO average: αs = 0.1177±0.0013 3 TEDxCERN breaks τ hadronic decays (N LO) lattice QCD (NNLO) CERN reviews latest advances DIS PDFs (NNLO) the rules e+e– evt shapes, jets x-sections (NNLO) Z decays + EW fit (NNLO) d’EnterriaDavid (CERN) tt cross-sections CMS (NNLO) On 9 October, TEDxCERN brought together The latest progress in measurement crucial for physics searches beyond the other methods:

CERN-PHOTO-201510-198-13 CERN-PHOTO-201510-198-13 pion decay factor (NNLO optimised) 15 “rule-breakers” to explore ideas that of the strong interaction coupling was SM. F Sannino presented generic exclusion soft jet FFs (NNLO*+NNLL) push beyond the boundaries of academia. discussed in a recent workshop on “High bounds on masses of new coloured particles hard FFs (NLO) Υ decays (NLO) They addressed a full house of 600 audience precision measurements of αs: from LHC to based on LHC data. e-p jets cross-sections (NNLO*) members, as well as thousands watching the FCC-ee”, held at CERN on 12–13 October. The second session of the workshop was pp,pp jets cross-sections (NLO) event online. The meeting brought together leading devoted to low-energy studies of the QCD tt cross-sections LHC/Tevatron (NNLO) TEDxCERN broke all of the rules this experts in the fi eld to explore in-depth coupling, such as from lattice QCD (covered year – starting with its choice of venue. recent theoretical and experimental by P Mackenzie and X Garcia i Tormo), pion 0.11 0.12 0.13 The CMS construction hall at Point 5 was developments on the determination of (J-L Kneur), τ (A Pich) and ϒ (J Soto) decays, αs(mz) converted into a gala centre, complete αs, new ways to measure this coupling and soft parton-to-hadron fragmentation with sound stage and dance fl oor. It was a in lepton–lepton, lepton–hadron and functions (FFs) (R Perez-Ramos). The Summary of the strong coupling extractions stunning transformation that also brought Around 600 people in the audience and 4000 online took part in TEDxCERN. hadron–hadron collisions and, in comparison of pQCD predictions with discussed in the workshop. to life the hall’s to-scale photo of the particular, the improvements expected at computational lattice-QCD “data”, + – CMS detector. The image served as the line-up of speakers was as diverse as it was fabrication, and even explored transformation the proposed Future Circular Collider e e yielding αs = 0.118 4±0.0012, still provides observables. Electron–positron event shapes backdrop to a light-projection show entitled educational. They discussed using tangible of matter into habitable structures. (FCC-ee) facility. the most precise αs extraction with a and jet rates yield αs = 0.1174±0.0051 with a ● + – “Turbulence”, by artist François Moncarey. interfaces that allow human interaction via You can fi nd the full programme of In quantum chromodynamics (QCD), δαs ≈ ±1% uncertainty. Hadronic decays δαs = ±4.3% uncertainty, but new e e data From singer-songwriter Imogen Heap e-devices, the potential of 3D technology speakers on the TEDxCERN website, see the coupling constant αs sets the scale of the tau lepton yield αs = 0.1187±0.0023 at lower and higher energies than LEP are to CERN’s own Edda Gschwendtner, the to revolutionise education and product tedxcern.web.cern.ch/. of the strength of the interaction at a (i.e. δαs = ±1.9%), although the results of required for better control of hadronisation given reference scale (usually taken at different theoretical approaches are still a corrections. The hadronic decays of W O r k s h O p s the Z boson mass), and it is one of the matter of debate. The pion decay factor was electroweak bosons are high-precision DULIA-bio fundamental parameters of the Standard proposed as a new observable to extract observables for extraction of the strong LSC Life in extreme participants Model (SM). The αs coupling, known up αs = 0.1174±0.0017, notwithstanding the low coupling. The current Z data provide visiting the to now with δα ≈ ±0.5% uncertainty, is the scales involved, which challenge the pQCD α = 0.1196±0.0030, i.e. δα = ±2.5%, which s – s s environments underground least precisely known of all fundamental applicability. Decays of the b–b bound state can be reduced to below ±0.3% with the laboratory at constants in nature, orders-of-magnitude (ϒ) used to constrain the QCD coupling huge statistical data sets expected at the Canfranc less well known than the gravitational until a few years ago (αs = 0.119 0±0.0070), FCC-ee. The W hadronic decay data are discussed at –5 −8 (Spain). (δG ≈ ±10 ), Fermi’s (δGF ≈ ±10 ), and but their lower degree of (NLO) theoretical not as precise today, but promise the same −10 fi n e - s t r u c t u r e ( δα ≈ ±10 ) constants. accuracy should be improved to be included αs sensitivity with measurements at the the LSC Improving our knowledge of α is a in future PDG updates. Similarly, the energy FCC-ee. The fi nal session was dedicated to s prerequisite to reduce the theoretical evolution of the distribution of hadrons in αs extractions at hadron colliders. Important uncertainties in the calculations of all jets has proven to be a novel robust method NNLO theoretical developments for The Deep Underground Laboratory perturbative QCD (pQCD) processes to extract αs = 0.1205±0.0022, but the top-quark pair and jet cross-sections were Integrated Activity in biology (DULIA-bio) whose cross-sections or decay rates depend calculations need to go beyond their current reviewed by A Mitov, G Salam and J Pires. workshop was held on 13 and 14 October on higher-order powers of αs, as is the approximate-NNLO accuracy. A lowish αs = 0.1151±0.0028 value with at the Canfranc Underground Laboratory where life is still possible? What are the levels below natural background. Studies case for virtually all of those measured δα = ±2.5% uncertainty is obtained using s - (LSC), in Spain. The LSC (CERN Courier sources of carbon for deep-seated life? on how natural-background radiation at the LHC. In the introductory session, Future measurements the only tt cross-sections published so far by November 2015 p29) is one of the four And what processes regulate the energy is essential for life to maintain genomic S Bethke presented the preliminary Determinations of αs at higher energy scales CMS, although inclusion of all preliminary deep-underground laboratories (DULs) fl ux for deep-seated life? Micro-organisms stability in living organisms were presented 2015 update of the Particle-Data-Group – including global fi ts of parton distribution data increases it to αs ≈ 0.12 01±0.0025. The in Europe, together with Boulby (UK), living under extreme conditions on Earth from research carried out at Gran Sasso and (PDG) world-average αs, obtained from functions (PDFs) (reviewed by J Bluemlein), imminent release of the NNLO calculation Gran Sasso (Italy) and Modane (France). could shed light on the question of life SNOlab. Micro-organisms inhabiting the comparison of next-to-next-to-leading- hard parton-to-hadron FFs (B Kniehl), jets for jets will provide a huge boost for PDFs, Twenty-eight scientists, physicists and on other planets because subsurface inside of rocks are studied at Canfranc by order (NNLO) pQCD calculations with in e±p (M Klasen), e +e– event shapes (S Kluth, FFs and cross-section studies in pp, e ±p and biologists, gathered at the LSC and others ecosystems are functioning independently the GOLLUM project, due to the fact that a set of six groups of experimental data. A Hoang), jet cross-sections in e +e– (A Banfi ), γp collisions. To date, the NLO combination participated remotely from SNOlab, in of the surface environment and this underground spaces are the perfect site for Enlarged uncertainties from lattice Z and W decays (K Moenig, M Srebre), and of ATLAS, CMS and Tevatron jet results + Canada. The aim of the workshop, supported could be similar for subsurface life on extremophile ecology studies. Ongoing QCD and tau–lepton decays, as well as the e e→hadrons cross-section (J Kuehn)– yields αs = 0.1179±0.0023. Existing and by DULs, the Astroparticle Physics other planets. In this respect, the search work at the Boulby underground laboratory the fi rst NNLO extraction from top-pair were covered in the third workshop section. planned measurements of αs at the LHC European Consortium (ApPEC) and the for life in the universe could be pursued includes studies of microbial life found cross-sections at the LHC, have doubled the The NNLO analyses of PDFs have good were also reviewed by B Malaescu (ATLAS) Istituto de Fisica Corpuscular in Valencia, through studies in deep-underground in salt layers, and on the development of uncertainty on αs, which will move from precision (δαs = ±1.7%), albeit yielding and K Rabbertz (CMS), clearly confi rming was to establish a common framework facilities on Earth, which offer a unique instrumentation to look for life on other αs = 0.1185±0.0006 to αs = 0.1177±0.0013. a central value lower than the rest of the asymptotic freedom at multi-TeV scales. The for DULs in deep-life studies and their opportunity to investigate the subject and planets. L Mihaila reviewed the impact on Higgs methods: αs = 0.1154±0.0020. results of the workshop will be incorporated applications in astrobiology. to answer these fundamental questions. The DULIA-bio has been the fi rst of a number physics of αs, which is the second major Upcoming NNLO fi ts of the jet FFs into the FCC Conceptual Design Report In the 1990s it became apparent that life different geological locations of the DULs of workshops organised by DULs in Europe contributor – after the bottom mass – to the will provide a QCD coupling that is under preparation. Whereas the strong force is also possible in subsurface and extreme enhance the possibility and variability of to strengthen the integrated activities and the parametric uncertainties of its dominant more accurate than the current one at decreases with energy, scientifi c interest in – environments, and could actually have investigations. multidisciplinary features of these unique H → bb partial decay, and the largest source NLO (αs = 0.1176±0.0055). Similarly, a the QCD interaction clearly proves constant, originated in the subsurface of the Earth. One of the subjects discussed at DULIA-bio facilities. of uncertainty for the cc– and gg decay full-NNLO analysis of jet production if not increasing, with time. ± Today, many questions remain. What was the effects on biological systems of ● For more information, see https://indico. modes. An accurate knowledge of the in e p is needed to improve the current ● For more information, see indico.cern. factors control the maximum depth limit prolonged exposure to ionising radiation cern.ch/event/436589/. running of αs at TeV energy scales is also αs = 0.121±0.003 extraction from these ch/e/alphas2015.

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CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 5 N u m b e r 1 0 D e c e m b e r 2 0 1 5 CERN Courier December 2015 CERN Courier December 2015 Faces & Places Faces & Places Silicon Drift Detectors • Solid State Design • Easy to Use s C h O O L a F r i C a • Low Cost CAS course on Advanced Accelerator Physics HEPMAD 15 brings high-energy FAST SDD® held in Warsaw, Poland physics to Madagascar Count Rate = >1,000,000 CPS

The CERN Accelerator School (CAS) and Resolution Peaking Time the National Centre for Nuclear Research 125 eV FWHM 4 µs (NCBJ) recently organised a course on 130 eV FWHM 1 µs advanced accelerator physics, which took 140 eV FWHM 0.2 µs place in Warsaw, Poland, from 27 September 160 eV FWHM 0.05 µs to 9 October. The course followed an established

format with lectures in the mornings and NCBJ, Jakubowski, Marcin Poland SDD Spectrum 5.9 practical courses in the afternoons. The keV lecture programme consisted of 34 talks, 55Fe supplemented by private study, tutorials and Association Gasy Miara-Mandroso (AGMM) eV FWHM

Counts 125 seminars. The practical courses provided 25 mm2 x 500 µm “hands-on” experience in three topics: 11.2 µs peaking time 6.4 keV beam instrumentation and diagnostics; RF P/B Ratio: 20000/1 measurement techniques; and optics design Energy (keV) and corrections. Participants selected one Resolution vs Peaking Time 180 of the three courses and followed the chosen 2 topic throughout the school. 25 mm 170 Sixty-six students representing 18 nationalities attended the course, with 160 Standard SDD most participants coming from European Group photo of the 66 students at the recent CAS in Poland. HEPMAD 15 participants at the École Normale Supérieure, where the conference sessions ® counties, but also from Korea, Taiwan and were held. 150 FAST SDD

Russia. Feedback from the participants was an optional visit to their reactor, which is ERLs) (Hamburg, Germany, 31 May–10 June 140 positive, refl ecting the high standard of the used for research and industrial purposes, 2016), an introduction to accelerator physics HEPMAD 15, the 7th High-Energy Physics preliminary predictions of their masses and lectures and teaching. and provided live beam facilities through (Istanbul, Turkey, September 2016) and International Conference, was held in couplings from QCD spectral sum rules, 130 NCBJ provided excellent facilities and electron linacs for “hands-on” experience. a specialised school on beam injection, Antananarivo, the capital of Madagascar, on including next-to-next-to-leading-order Resolution (eV FWHM @ 5.9 keV) 120 invaluable support for the highly technical Forthcoming CAS courses will be a extraction and transfer to be held at CERN in 17–22 September, with the offi cial opening perturbative corrections. Other reports 0 1 2 3 4 5 Peaking Time (μs) courses, which are a key feature of the specialised school on free electron lasers November 2016. ceremony taking place at the National covered some aspects of astrophysics and ● advanced school. They also organised and energy-recovery linacs (FELs and See www.cern.ch/schools/CAS. Malagasy Academy and sessions at the the new HAWC gamma-ray observatory Throughput École Normale Supérieure. in Mexico. The conference also included 1,00,0000 O u t r E a C h The conference, initiated by Stephan poster presentations by national researchers 0.2 μs Narison of the Laboratoire Univers et on other areas of physics: climatology, Science pops Particules of Montpellier in 2001, alternates physics of the atmosphere, the environment 100,000 1 μs with the series of QCD-Montpellier and nuclear physics. in Geneva conferences that he started in 1985. It aims There were also discussions on the 4 μs both to be pedagogical – Narison presented organisation of the next conference, 10,000 his book for the general public, Particles HEPMAD 17, the possibility of holding the This year, CERN celebrated European and the Universe (World Scientifi c, in press) African School of Physics in Madagascar Rate (OCR) Output Count

Researchers’ Night with a series of events CERN/Bennett, Elizabeth Sophia to a large audience – and to report on the in the near future and, in general, the 1,000 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,0000 and activities organised in the framework of latest experimental and theoretical results. development of physical sciences in Africa Input Count Rate (ICR) the EU-funded project POPScience. The day There were around 50 participants with and in the Indian Ocean area. Here, Narison was jam-packed with activities that presented 15 invited speakers from abroad. emphasised his wish for the creation of an science through comic strips, games, Recent results were presented from International Physics Centre in Madagascar cinema and television. Around 500 children ATLAS and CMS on tests of the Standard for African Sub-Saharan, Indian Ocean, attended the sessions for schools organised Model, improved measurements of the South Asian and Australian physicists. at Balexert, Geneva’s popular multiplex Left: Researchers explain the properties of matter using liquid nitrogen during a “Fun with Higgs couplings, searches for new physics Finally, the conference provided an cinema, and 600 spectators fl ocked to the Physics” session organised by POPScience. Right: Jorge Cham, author of the popular PhD beyond the Standard Model, top-quark opportunity for foreign participants to public screenings. Comics signs his latest book for the visitors. properties and B-meson physics. The discover the natural richness and traditions Using the big screen, scientists, directors ALICE collaboration reported results on of Madagascar, as well as its social poverty, and authors were on hand to disentangle television series The Big Bang Theory; Kip CERN scientists performed experiments for heavy quarkonia in quark–gluon plasma, exemplifi ed by the “exotic” bus used for the Please see our web site for complete truth from untruths and science from science Thorne, scientifi c consultant for the fi lm the public. In the multimedia shop FNAC, while results on kaon and B-meson physics, excursions. specifications and vacuum applications fi ction. The guests, some of whom appeared Interstellar; Lawrence Krauss, author of The authors signed books, customers enjoyed CP-violation and the Cabibbo–Kobayashi– ● HEPMAD 15 was co-organised by in person and others via video link, included Physics of Star Trek; and Italian astronaut virtual tours of the CMS experiment via Maskawa matrix were presented by NA48/ the HEPMAD Research Institute of Jorge Cham, author of PhD Comics and the Roberto Vittori, who gave a commentary on television screens, physicists answered NA62 and BELLE. BELLE has also Antananarivo and the Association Gasy ® spin-off fi lm; David Saltzberg, physicist the fi lmGravity . numerous questions, and children built Lego reviewed searches for exotic XYZ hadrons, Miara-Mandroso (AGMM). Visit www. AMPTEK Inc. at CMS and scientifi c consultant for the In the main area of the shopping centre, detectors. which have been complemented by lupm.univ-montp2.fr/users/qcd/hepmad15/. [email protected] www.amptek.com 38 39

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Princeton; immigrated to Israel with his Lipkin family Middle East, and was essentially a prolifi c Guido Altarelli 1941–2015 wife Malka to start a pioneering life in an blogger, decades before the word “blog” was agricultural kibbutz on the Lebanese border; coined. In the 1980s, Lipkin corresponded was sent to France to study nuclear reactors; with the exiled Andrei Sakharov, and was Guido Altarelli passed away on independent analysis of electroweak data joined an early R&D unit of the Israeli instrumental in keeping Sakharov's fate in 30 September in his 74th year. A great (with Riccardo Barbieri as a precious army; co-founded and moved into the newly the focus of public opinion. theoretical physicist, Guido spent most of collaborator), on the Higgs mesons created Department of Nuclear Physics at the His research, as well as his attitude to his scientifi c carrier in Rome and at CERN. Altarelli family (theoretical predictions on the mass and the Weizmann Institute; became a theoretical everything else, was enriched by a unique He received the Julius Wess Prize in 2011, cross-section at colliders), and on many other nuclear physicist… and we have only reached ability to provide simple descriptions and the Sakurai Prize in 2012 and the EPS Prize problems. In the new millennium, Guido 1955 in his history. For the remaining 60 years explanations, often using analogies to better in 2015, but these very celebrated awards went on to work on a new subject without of his life, he also contributed to theoretical understood topics. His physics work always only partially refl ect the richness of his neglecting any of the old ones: he became condensed-matter physics, particularly Harry Lipkin. stood on several basic, solid legs: maximal contributions: his deep and long-lasting fascinated by the elegance of tri-bimaximal the Mössbauer effect; basic problems in contact with experiments, both already infl uence is ubiquitous in the fi eld of neutrino mixing. Many of his papers quantum mechanics; and, especially, particle But his original contributions to physics performed and newly proposed; a rare high-energy physics. (mostly written with Ferruccio Feruglio) physics, with an emphasis on symmetries, research were only one aspect of his intuition for complex quantum-mechanical Guido was born on 12 July 1941. He are dedicated to the search for the possible quark-model analysis, applications of group incredible career. He always felt that one paradoxes and dilemmas, a feature that most studied physics at the University of Guido Altarelli. origins of this baffl ing symmetry. theory and a wide variety of other topics. His should never take oneself too seriously, great physicists understand but have no Rome, and in 1963 he graduated under As often happens, his scientifi c success book Lie Groups for Pedestrians introduced even as a scientist. Together with virologist intuition for; and an ability to see through a the supervision of Raul Gatto (who was in step towards understanding the interplay was inseparable from his human qualities, many generations of physicists to the subject. Alexander Kohn, he founded the Journal of myriad of irrelevant details, straight to the Florence) with a thesis in collaboration with between QCD strong interactions and and was not only due to his technical He received several major prizes, including Irreproducible Results, in which no allegedly heart of the matter. Franco Buccella on single-photon emission weak interactions – as well as his paper on capabilities. Perhaps his most characteristic the Wigner Medal, the Emet Prize and the serious scientifi c topic remained immune to Lipkin was an excellent scientist, great in e+e– collisions. In 1964, he joined the very the discovery of large QCD correction to features were his great kindness and Rothschild Prize. He spent long periods of parodies, jokes and ridicule. Lipkin was also mind and a wonderful tour guide through lively and large group of young researchers the naïve parton model prediction in μ+μ– intellectual honesty, coupled with a rather research in the US, especially at Argonne passionate about the teaching of reading in many labyrinths. We are proud to have been (known as “gattini”, which means “young production, and the paper where we derived ironic view of himself and of life in general. National Lab and, for decades, was a elementary schools, a subject about which his friends and collaborators. cats” in Italian) that were working together the so-called Altarelli–Parisi equation. This His great inquisitiveness, the enjoyment he frequently invited speaker at just about every he held strong, well-informed views, often ● Haim Harari, Weizmann Institute and under the careful and inspiring supervision last paper stemmed from one of his ideas, derived from learning new things and putting major physics department and conference. arguing his case in widely distributed written Marek Karliner, Tel Aviv University. of Gatto (“cat”, in Italian). In Florence, which was to make previously obtained together the pieces of a puzzle, allowed where he remained until 1968, Guido results on scale violation clearer and more him to make summaries of topical subjects. worked with Gatto and the other gattini exploitable. It was written while both of us These were crucial, not only because they (among them Franco Buccella, Luciano were in Paris, and Guido liked to remark allowed us to take stock of the current state Maiani and Giuliano Preparata), primarily that it is the most cited French paper. of a fi eld of research, but also because they on topics that were fashionable at the time indicated new directions to take. He liked Progress of (e.g. SU(6) symmetries, Regge poles). After New interests clear, precise formulations that could be Impact two years in New York, he returned to In the 1980s he became more interested understood by all. Rome as professor, initially at La Sapienza in deriving predictions for future CERN He was not a reclusive or selfi sh scientist, Theoretical and Factor until 1992 and later at the University of experiments, e.g. the production of jets, only interested in the personal prestige that Roma Tre. During this period, he was a heavy-vector mesons, and other exotic objects could be gained from his research. Guido 2.485* senior staff physicist in the CERN Theory like Higgs and supersymmetric particles. was also a researcher who worked with Experimental Physics Division (1987–2006) and theory division In the same period, he continued his deep others within a large community – that of leader from 2000 to 2004. analysis of the consequences of QCD on CERN, and the high-energy particle-physics • Fully open access After his return to Rome, his scientifi c weak-interactions theory, e.g. computing, for community in general. Many of Guido’s interests veered towards the parton the fi rst time, the two-loop contributions. He works, from the most famous to the lesser • Financial support available for authors model and QCD. Many of these works also wrote seminal papers on the decay of known, were conceived in a spirit not only of • Rapid peer review were written with Nicola Cabibbo, heavy quarks. During this period, he became research, but of service to the community to • All articles copy edited by fluent English speakers Luciano Maiani, Guido Martinelli, deeply interested in polarised proton structure which he belonged. It is diffi cult to imagine Roberto Petronzio and myself. Among function, where he discovered, together with what the status of the fi eld would be without Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (PTEP) is an international journal the most important ones are the papers Graham Ross, the crucial interplay among the his contributions. that publishes articles on theoretical and experimental physics. It is available to on octet enhancement of non-leptonic gluon anomaly and polarisation effects. We all miss him very much, not only as an read FREE online without a subscription. This makes published papers accessible weak interactions in asymptotically free Later on, after he went to CERN, Guido invaluable scientist, but also as a dear friend. to the widest possible audience without delay. gauge theories – a crucial and seminal worked on the construction of a model ● Giorgio Parisi. A number of sponsoring organizations now provide financial support for authors Visit www.oxfordjournals.org/page/6549/3 Harry (Zvi) Lipkin 1921–2015 for more information *2015 Journal Citation Reports® Science Edition (Thomson Reuters, 2015) Harry (Zvi) Lipkin passed away on to a broad spectrum of topics. Unlike most forgotten their last important contribution. 15 September. He was one of the leading theoretical physicists, his originality and Lipkin was born in New York City in 1921 theoretical physicists of Israel, one of the creativity continued for many decades; he and grew up in Rochester, New York. His life founders of the Physics Department of the was the prolifi c author of excellent new ideas was very rich: he graduated in engineering; Weizmann Institute, and a major contributor at an age when others retire and most have contributed to the crucial WWII anti U-boat

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O B i t u a r i E s microwave radar project at MIT; undertook contributions. He did the same on his own an experimental-physics PhD thesis at interpretations regarding events in the

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