List of Physicists in the World
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Stephen Hawking (1942–2018) World-Renowned Physicist Who Defied the Odds
COMMENT OBITUARY Stephen Hawking (1942–2018) World-renowned physicist who defied the odds. hen Stephen Hawking was speech synthesizer processed his words and diagnosed with motor-neuron generated the androidal accent that became disease at the age of 21, it wasn’t his trademark. In this way, he completed his Wclear that he would finish his PhD. Against best-selling book A Brief History of Time all expectations, he lived on for 55 years, (Bantam, 1988), which propelled him to becoming one of the world’s most celebrated celebrity status. IAN BERRY/MAGNUM scientists. Had Hawking achieved equal distinction Hawking, who died on 14 March 2018, was in any other branch of science besides cos- born in Oxford, UK, in 1942 to a medical- mology, it probably would not have had the researcher father and a philosophy-graduate same resonance with a worldwide public. As mother. After attending St Albans School I put it in The Telegraph newspaper in 2007, near London, he earned a first-class degree “the concept of an imprisoned mind roaming in physics from the University of Oxford. He the cosmos” grabbed people’s imagination. began his research career in 1962, enrolling In 1965, Stephen married Jane Wilde. as a graduate student in a group at the Uni- After 25 years of marriage, and three versity of Cambridge led by one of the fathers children, the strain of Stephen’s illness of modern cosmology, Dennis Sciama. and of sharing their home with a team of The general theory of relativity was at that nurses became too much and they sepa- time undergoing a renaissance, initiated in rated, divorcing in 1995. -
CERN Celebrates Discoveries
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HIGH-ENERGY PHYSICS CERN COURIER VOLUME 43 NUMBER 10 DECEMBER 2003 CERN celebrates discoveries NEW PARTICLES NETWORKS SPAIN Protons make pentaquarks p5 Measuring the digital divide pl7 Particle physics thrives p30 16 KPH impact 113 KPH impact series VISyN High Voltage Power Supplies When the objective is to measure the almost immeasurable, the VISyN-Series is the detector power supply of choice. These multi-output, card based high voltage power supplies are stable, predictable, and versatile. VISyN is now manufactured by Universal High Voltage, a world leader in high voltage power supplies, whose products are in use in every national laboratory. For worldwide sales and service, contact the VISyN product group at Universal High Voltage. Universal High Voltage Your High Voltage Power Partner 57 Commerce Drive, Brookfield CT 06804 USA « (203) 740-8555 • Fax (203) 740-9555 www.universalhv.com Covering current developments in high- energy physics and related fields worldwide CERN Courier (ISSN 0304-288X) is distributed to member state governments, institutes and laboratories affiliated with CERN, and to their personnel. It is published monthly, except for January and August, in English and French editions. The views expressed are CERN not necessarily those of the CERN management. Editor Christine Sutton CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] Fax:+41 (22) 782 1906 Web: cerncourier.com COURIER Advisory Board R Landua (Chairman), P Sphicas, K Potter, E Lillest0l, C Detraz, H Hoffmann, R Bailey -
Slides for 1920 and 1928)
Quantum Theory Matters with thanks to John Clarke Slater (1900{1976), Per-Olov L¨owdin(1916{2000), and the many members of QTP (Gainesville, FL, USA) and KKUU (Uppsala, Sweden) Nelson H. F. Beebe Research Professor University of Utah Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB 155 S 1400 E RM 233 Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090 USA Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] (Internet) WWW URL: http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe Telephone: +1 801 581 5254 FAX: +1 801 581 4148 Nelson H. F. Beebe (University of Utah) QTM 11 November 2015 1 / 1 11 November 2015 The periodic table of elements All from H (1) to U (92), except Tc (43) and Pm (61), are found on Earth. Nelson H. F. Beebe (University of Utah) QTM 11 November 2015 2 / 1 Correcting a common misconception Scientific Theory: not a wild @$$#% guess, but rather a mathematical framework that allows actual calculation for known systems, and prediction for unknown ones. Nelson H. F. Beebe (University of Utah) QTM 11 November 2015 3 / 1 Scientific method Theories should be based on minimal sets of principles, and be free of preconceived dogmas, no matter how widely accepted. [Remember Archimedes, Socrates, Hypatia, Galileo, Tartaglia, Kepler, Copernicus, Lavoisier, . ] Open publication and free discussion of physical theories and experimental results, so that others can criticize them, improve them, and reproduce them. Know who pays for the work, and judge accordingly! Science must have public support. History shows that such support is paid back many times over. If it ain't repeatable, it ain't science! Nelson H. -
Coresearch (1977)
212##1977 A monthly pUblicationfor CSIRO staff January/February 1977 III New Chief Or IllN WllSH lOBEODME for Tropical Crops and INDUSTRY OONSUlTINJ Pastures Dr Alan Walsh-scientist, inventor and entrepreneur-retired from CSIRO on Dr E.F. (Ted) Henzell has been 5 January after 30 years of research, and 15 years as Assistant Chief, at the appointed the new Chief of the Division of Tropical Crops and Division of Chemical Physics. The Division has arranged a buffet dinner in his Pastures. honour at the Monash University Club on Saturday 26 February to which staff, Hew-ill take up his new duties on the retirement next month of their husbands/wives, and friends have been invited. the present Chief, Dr Mark 'I've been to so many farewell dinners recently that I'm beginning to acquire Hutton. a taste for wine,' Alan said, a little overwhelmed by the fuss being made of his Dr ... Henzcll. who has been the Division's Assistant Chief since departure. 1'970, . graduated B.Agr.Sc. from And Alan makes the point that he is not retiring from work. He intends the .. University of Queensland in taking a holiday for three months to recharge his batteries and then become a 1952. Dr Alan Walsh In the same year he was awarded private consultant to industry. a Rhodes Scholarship and under took research work at the De For unlike many other scientists ralia a head-start over the rest of Alan concedes that the research partment of Agriculture, Oxford A1an enjoys mixing with the cap· the world in the technique. -
The Russian-A(Merican) Bomb: the Role of Espionage in the Soviet Atomic Bomb Project
J. Undergrad. Sci. 3: 103-108 (Summer 1996) History of Science The Russian-A(merican) Bomb: The Role of Espionage in the Soviet Atomic Bomb Project MICHAEL I. SCHWARTZ physicists and project coordinators ought to be analyzed so as to achieve an understanding of the project itself, and given the circumstances and problems of the project, just how Introduction successful those scientists could have been. Third and fi- nally, the role that espionage played will be analyzed, in- There was no “Russian” atomic bomb. There only vestigating the various pieces of information handed over was an American one, masterfully discovered by by Soviet spies and its overall usefulness and contribution Soviet spies.”1 to the bomb project. This claim echoes a new theme in Russia regarding Soviet Nuclear Physics—Pre-World War II the Soviet atomic bomb project that has arisen since the democratic revolution of the 1990s. The release of the KGB As aforementioned, Paul Josephson believes that by (Commissariat for State Security) documents regarding the the eve of the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union, Soviet sci- role that espionage played in the Soviet atomic bomb project entists had the technical capability to embark upon an atom- has raised new questions about one of the most remark- ics weapons program. He cites the significant contributions able and rapid scientific developments in history. Despite made by Soviet physicists to the growing international study both the advanced state of Soviet nuclear physics in the of the nucleus, including the 1932 splitting of the lithium atom years leading up to World War II and reported scientific by proton bombardment,7 Igor Kurchatov’s 1935 discovery achievements of the actual Soviet atomic bomb project, of the isomerism of artificially radioactive atoms, and the strong evidence will be provided that suggests that the So- fact that L. -
1 / 3 Anwendungen Von Festkörperphysik 1 / 4
1 / 3 Anwendungen von Festkörperphysik Elektronik/Optoelektronik 1 / 4 Anwendungen von Festkörperphysik Organische (Opto-)elektronik Selbstreinigende Oberflächen Energietechnologie 2 1 / 5 Anwendungen von Festkörperphysik „intelligente“ Materialien Schaltbare Molekülschichten Magnetoelektrische Sensoren „Brain-Maschine-Interface“ 1 / 6 Nobelpreise für Physik zu festkörperphysikalischen Themen 1913 Heike Kamerlingh Onnes 1914 Max von Laue 1915 William Henry Bragg, William Lawrence Bragg 1920 Charles Edouard Guillaume 1921 Albert Einstein 1923 Robert Andrews Millikan Details siehe 1924 Karl Manne Siegbahn 1926 Jean Baptiste Perrin http://almaz.com/nobel/ 1937 Clinton Davisson, George Paget physics/physics.html 1946 Percy W. Bridgman 1956 William B. Shockley, John Bardeen und Walter H. Brattain 1961 Rudolf Mößbauer 1962 Lev Landau 1971 Louis Néel 1972 John Bardeen, Leon Neil Cooper, Robert Schrieffer 1973 Leo Esaki, Ivar Giaever, Brian Davon Josephson 1977 Philip W. Anderson, Nevill F. Mott, John H. van Vleck 1978 Pjotr Kapiza 1982 Kenneth G. Wilson 1985 Klaus von Klitzing 1986 Ernst Ruska, Gerd Binnig, Heinrich Rohrer 1987 Johannes Georg Bednorz, Karl Alex Müller 1991 Pierre-Gilles de Gennes 1994 Bertram N. Brockhouse, Clifford Glenwood Shull 1996 David M. Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff, Robert C. Richardson 1998 Robert B. Laughlin, Horst Ludwig Störmer, Daniel Chee Tsui 2000 Schores Alfjorow, Herbert Kroemer, Jack S. Kilby 2001 Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle, Carl E. Wieman 2003 Alexei Abrikossow, Witali Ginsburg, Anthony James Leggett 2007 -
Laser Spectroscopy to Resolve Hyperfine Structure of Rubidium
Laser spectroscopy to resolve hyperfine structure of rubidium Hannah Saddler, Adam Egbert, and Will Weigand (Dated: 12 November 2015) This experiment had two main goals: to create an absorption spectrum for rubidium using the technique of absorption spectroscopy and to resolve the hyperfine structures for the two rubidium isotopes using saturation absorption spectroscopy. The absorption spectrum was used to determine the frequency difference between the ground state and first excited state for both isotopes. The calculated frequency difference was 6950 MHz ± 90 MHz for rubidium 87 and 3060 MHz ± 60 MHz for rubidium 85. Both values agree with the literature values. The hyperfine structure for rubidium 87 was able to be resolved using this experimental setup. The energy differences were determined to be 260 MHz ± 10 MHz and 150 MHz ± 10 Mhz MHz. The hyperfine structure for rubidium 85 was unable to be resolved using this experimental setup. Additionally the theory of doppler broadening was used to make measurements of the full width half maximum. These values were used to calculate a temperature of 310K ± 40 K which makes sense because the experiments were performed at room temperature. I. INTRODUCTION in the theory section and how they were manipulated and used to derive the results from the recorded data. Addi- tionally there is an explanation of experimental error and The era of modern spectroscopy began with the in- uncertainty associated the results. Section V is a conclu- vention of the laser. The word laser was originally an sion that ties the results of the experiment we performed acronym that stood for light amplification by stimulated to the usefulness of the technique of laser spectroscopy. -
Einstein's Wrong
Einstein’s wrong way: from STR to GTR Adrian Ferent I discovered a new Gravitation theory which breaks the wall of Planck scale! Abstract My Nobel Prize - Discoveries “Starting from STR, it is not possible to find a Quantum Gravity theory” Adrian Ferent “Einstein was on the wrong way: from STR to GTR” Adrian Ferent “Starting from STR, Einstein was not able to explain Gravitation” Adrian Ferent “Starting from STR, Einstein was not able to explain Gravitation, he calculated Gravitation” Adrian Ferent “Einstein's equivalence principle is wrong because the gravitational force experienced locally is caused by a negative energy, gravitons energy and the force experienced by an observer in a non-inertial (accelerated) frame of reference is caused by a positive energy.” Adrian Ferent “Because Einstein's equivalence principle is wrong, Einstein’s gravitation theory is wrong.” Adrian Ferent “Because Einstein’s gravitation theory is wrong, LQG, String theory… are wrong theories” Adrian Ferent “Einstein bent the space, Ferent unbent the space” Adrian Ferent 1 “Einstein bent the time, Ferent unbent the time” Adrian Ferent “I am the first who Quantized the Gravitational Field!” Adrian Ferent “I quantized the gravitational field with gravitons” Adrian Ferent “Gravitational field is a discrete function” Adrian Ferent “Gravitational waves are carried by gravitons” Adrian Ferent In STR and GTR there are continuous functions. This is another proof that LIGO is a fraud. The 2017 Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded for a project, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) not for a scientific discovery; they did not detect anything because Einstein’s gravitational waves do not exist. -
Neutrino Cosmology and Large Scale Structure
Neutrino cosmology and large scale structure Christiane Stefanie Lorenz Pembroke College and Sub-Department of Astrophysics University of Oxford A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Trinity 2019 Neutrino cosmology and large scale structure Christiane Stefanie Lorenz Pembroke College and Sub-Department of Astrophysics University of Oxford A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Trinity 2019 The topic of this thesis is neutrino cosmology and large scale structure. First, we introduce the concepts needed for the presentation in the following chapters. We describe the role that neutrinos play in particle physics and cosmology, and the current status of the field. We also explain the cosmological observations that are commonly used to measure properties of neutrino particles. Next, we present studies of the model-dependence of cosmological neutrino mass constraints. In particular, we focus on two phenomenological parameterisations of time-varying dark energy (early dark energy and barotropic dark energy) that can exhibit degeneracies with the cosmic neutrino background over extended periods of cosmic time. We show how the combination of multiple probes across cosmic time can help to distinguish between the two components. Moreover, we discuss how neutrino mass constraints can change when neutrino masses are generated late in the Universe, and how current tensions between low- and high-redshift cosmological data might be affected from this. Then we discuss whether lensing magnification and other relativistic effects that affect the galaxy distribution contain additional information about dark energy and neutrino parameters, and how much parameter constraints can be biased when these effects are neglected. -
Underpinning of Soviet Industrial Paradigms
Science and Social Policy: Underpinning of Soviet Industrial Paradigms by Chokan Laumulin Supervised by Professor Peter Nolan Centre of Development Studies Department of Politics and International Studies Darwin College This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2019 Preface This dissertation is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. It is not substantially the same as any that I have submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for a degree or diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. I further state that no substantial part of my dissertation has already been submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for any such degree, diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text It does not exceed the prescribed word limit for the relevant Degree Committee. 2 Chokan Laumulin, Darwin College, Centre of Development Studies A PhD thesis Science and Social Policy: Underpinning of Soviet Industrial Development Paradigms Supervised by Professor Peter Nolan. Abstract. Soviet policy-makers, in order to aid and abet industrialisation, seem to have chosen science as an agent for development. Soviet science, mainly through the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, was driving the Soviet industrial development and a key element of the preparation of human capital through social programmes and politechnisation of the society. -
The Telephone and Its Several Inventors
The History of Telecommunications The Telephone and its Several Inventors by Wim van Etten 1/36 Outline 1. Introduction 2. Bell and his invention 3. Bell Telephone Company (BTC) 4. Lawsuits 5. Developments in Europe and the Netherlands 6. Telephone sets 7. Telephone cables 8. Telephone switching 9. Liberalization 10. Conclusion 2/36 Reis • German physicist and school master • 1861: vibrating membrane touched needle; reproduction of sound by needle connected to electromagnet hitting wooden box • several great scientists witnessed his results • transmission of articulated speech could not be demonstrated in court • submitted publication to Annalen der Physik: refused • later on he was invited to publish; then he refused • ended his physical experiments as a poor, disappointed man Johann Philipp Reis 1834-1874 • invention not patented 3/36 The telephone patent 1876: February 14, Alexander Graham Bell applies patent “Improvement in Telegraphy”; patented March 7, 1876 Most valuable patent ever issued ! 4/36 Bell’s first experiments 5/36 Alexander Graham Bell • born in Scotland 1847 • father, grandfather and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech • his father developed a system of “Visible Speech” • was an expert in learning deaf-mute to “speak” • met Wheatstone and Helmholtz • when 2 brothers died of tuberculosis parents emigrated to Canada • 1873: professor of Vocal Physiology and Elocution at the Boston University School of Oratory: US citizen Alexander Graham Bell • 1875: started experimenting with “musical” telegraphy (1847-1922) • had a vision to transmit voice over telegraph wires 6/36 Bell (continued) • left Boston University to spent more time to experiments • 2 important deaf-mute pupils left: Georgie Sanders and Mabel Hubbard • used basement of Sanders’ house for experiments • Sanders and Hubbard gave financial support, provided he would abandon telephone experiments • Henry encouraged to go on with it • Thomas Watson became his assistant • March 10, 1876: “Mr. -
Brief Newsletter from World Scientific February 2017
Brief Newsletter from World Scientific February 2017 Exclusive Interview with 2003 Nobel Laureate One of the Top Condensed Matter Theorists and World Scientific Author Anthony Leggett Sir Professor Anthony James Leggett is a distinguished physicist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2003 for his pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids. He is currently a professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Prof Leggett gave a presentation at the 2016 APS March Meeting in Baltimore, USA on “Reflections on the past, present and future of condensed matter physics”. In a phone interview, he shared with us some of his thoughts and further musings on the future of condensed matter physics. Paradigm Shift and Our Quest for the Unknown Chad Hollingsworth Your talk at the APS March Meeting 2016 mentioned developments That probably depends on your current tenure status! Certainly, if that you classified as “paradigm shifts”. Are there any recent you have a secure, tenured job (as I have been fortunate enough to discoveries that you would classify as paradigm shifts? have for the last few decades), then I think most certainly it’s better Well, if we go slightly outside the area of condensed matter physics to explore the unknown. But, of course, I appreciate that in the current as it has been conventionally defined, then, undoubtedly, any employment situation, people who have not got a tenured job need revolution which overthrew the view of quantum mechanics as a to think about their future. This may well be a rather strong pressure complete account of the world would, I think, certainly qualify as a to basically explore the known further.