• LINKS: LINKS: FURTHER READING READING FURTHER

Hulth, P. High O. Neutrinos (2005) Energy the from Cosmos, http://nobelprize.org of space of Chameleons w The discovery has changed our understanding of the innermost mass. have that neutrinos requires which identities, change that neutrinos that discovered groups research large two in scientists Takaaki Kajita in Japan B. and McDonald Arthur in Canada were key waves go outwaves of phase and are superposed in these travel, the neutrinos When masses. correspond to neutrino states with different are represented by superposed that waves to explain this magic, where the neutrinos required is physics Quantum space. through travel they as identities change Neutrinos oscillations Neutrino neutrinos. Many are created in reactions new physics is now needed. Model requires neutrinos to Thus be massless. historic for Standard physics, as particle its some however mass, small. was This discovery to the conclusion that neutrinos must have led which identities, changed had neutrinos research groups two The discovered that the Earth. on performed measurements in missing of neutrinos, up to two-thirds of them were number the of calculations theoretical to had with for wrestled Compared decades. that physicists puzzle neutrino a resolved has changes identity neutrino of discovery The •

orkings of matter and may prove crucial to our view of the universe. www-sk.icrr.u-tokyo.ac.jp/sk/index-e.html www-sk.icrr.u-tokyo.ac.jp/sk/index-e.html Super-Kamiokande Homepage: The Earth is constantly Earth The bombarded by ore informationore on the Nobel 2015: Prize in Physics http://kva.se/nobelphysics2015 M three mass states. three mass of superposition quantum a amixture, is type Each neutrinos. muon tau and neutrinos:of electron, There are three types •

(2004) Solving the Mystery of the Missing Solving the Neutrinos, Mystery http://nobelprize.org J. (2004) N. Bahcall, The RoyalThe Swedish Academy of Sciences Physics 2015Physics to future of the universe. understanding of the history, and structure secrets are expected to change our current neutrinos. New discoveries about their deepest continuing to uncover the all but hidden of world are Experiments particles. elementary nature’s elusive amongst are most they visible in the stars universe. is estimated to be roughly equal to that of all combined weight of neutrinos The second. of neutrinos stream through our bodies every reactions inside the Sun. Thousands of billions nuclear in produced are Others atmosphere. Earth's the and radiation cosmic between Arthur B. McDonald B. Arthur neutrinos have mass”. have neutrinos that shows which oscillations, neutrino has decided to the award Nobel Prize in if neutrinos have mass. have neutrinos if in their identities.various This is only possible another – oscillate – and the neutrinos appear to location one from vary probabilities These of neutrino is most likely to be found there. location yields the probability of which type different superposition The ways. in any given •

Sudbury Neutrino Observatory Homepage: www.sno.phy.queensu.ca Observatory Neutrino Sudbury Hardly anything can stop the neutrinos; 3 1 2 Takaaki Kajita “for the discovery of discovery the “for and http://nobelprize.org and and

BOOKS: BOOKS: •

(2013) (2013) R. Jayawardhana, •

More references can be found in the Scientific Background:More in found references the Scientific be can http://kva.se/nobelphysics2015 •

McDonald, A. B., Klein, J. Klein, and B., R. McDonald, A. Neutrino Hunters: The Thrilling Chase for aGhostly Particle Giroux to and Unlock Straus the SecretsAmerican/Farrar, of the Universe, Scientific

A (2003) Solving the Neutrino Solar Problem,American (2003) Scientific D. L. Wark, an electron in water.an electron or nucleus atomic an with collides aneutrino when are formed particles light in water. Such than faster travelling particles charged by created is radiation This tank. the water of walls covering the detectors bythe lightmeasured is Cherenkov radiation The Nobel Prize 2015 , Vol. 288, no. 4, April no. April 4, , Vol. 288, are produced in the Sun. neutrinos Only electron •

Kearns, E., Kajita, T. Kajita, E., Kearns, and •

(2010) F.Close, (2010) Totsuka, Y. (1999) Detecting B Neutrino , Oxford University Press Press University , Oxford Scientific American Scientific Neutrinos, Massive through the Earth. that have travelled Muon neutrinos POPULAR SCIENCE ARTICLES: SCIENCE ARTICLES: POPULAR , Vol. 281, no. 2, August August

in Physics in Earth’s atmosphere. the and cosmic rays between collisions in are produced neutrinos Atmospheric Graphic design: Graphic of Sciences. Academy Swedish Royal The and Anne L’Huillier, The Nobel Committee for Physics, The Royal Royal The L’Huillier, Anne and Physics, for Committee Nobel The Sara Gustavsson, Editor, and Laura Alexis, Nobel Assistant, Assistant, Nobel Alexis, Editor, Laura and Gustavsson, Sara Writer; Science Rose, Joanna of Sciences; Academy Swedish Illustrations: Editors: the atmosphere. from arriving Muon neutrinos Cherenkov radiation Lars Bergström, Olga Botner,Olga Ingelman Gunnar Bergström, Lars Johan Jarnestad/Infographics.se Print: Jarnestad/Infographics.se Johan B A Åtta45 Åtta45 Kingston, Canada. Kingston, Queen’s at University, Emeritus Professor Sydney, Canada. 1943Born in citizen. Canadian McDonald B. Arthur Sudbury Neutrino Observatory Neutrino Sudbury become another type of neutrino. of type another become thusfurther had time to change identity and that travelled neutrinos muon The the Earth. atthat the detector arrived after passing through than numerous those more the atmosphere were from Super-Kamiokande at straight arrived that tank, filledwithwater, was placed one k Its neutrinos. atmospheric measured detector The Super-Kamiokande identity. changed have were not enough electron neutrinos – they must corresponded to expected, what was but there registered in the tank. sum The of the neutrinos Signals of from neutrinos all three types were kilometrestwo under theof the surface Earth. water, tank, filledIts with heavy was placed detectorThe measured neutrinos from the Sun. under muon The the of the neutrinos surface Earth. Ritator made possible by possible made distribution and Printing Kashiwa, Japan. Kashiwa, Tokyo, of University Professor at and Research Ray Cosmic for Institute of Director Japan. Higashimatsuyama, 1959Born in citizen. Japanese Takaaki Kajita © +46 at http://kva.se/nobelposters of charge free ordered be may Posters Box 50005, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden SE-104 Stockholm, 05 50005, Box The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences of Academy Swedish Royal The

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Nobel Prize® and the Nobel Prize® medal design mark are registered trademarks of Photo: portrait of Takaaki Kajita: © Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, the University of Tokyo; portrait of Arthur B. McDonald: Bernard Clark, © Queen’s University. the Nobel Foundation.