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Un Bazar D'asie Centrale Forme Et Organisation Du Bazar De Tâshqurghân (Afghanistan)

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Un Bazar D'asie Centrale Forme Et Organisation Du Bazar De Tâshqurghân (Afghanistan) UNIVERSITÉ DE NEUCHÂTEL FACULTÉ DES LETTRES Un bazar d'Asie Centrale Forme et organisation du bazar de Tâshqurghân (Afghanistan) Thèse présentée à la Faculté des lettres de l'Université de Neuchâtel pour obtenir le grade de docteur es lettres par Pierre Centlivres 1970 La Faculté des lettres de l'Université de Neucltâtcl, sur le rapport de MM- les professeurs Jean Gabiis et Georges Redard, autorise Vimpression de la thèse présentée par M. Pierre CENTLIFRES, en laissant à Vauteur la respons­ abilité des opinions énoncées. Neuchâtel, le 29 mai 1970. Le doyen: MARC EIGELMNGER TABLE DES MATIÈRES I. INTRODUCTION 7 II. TÄSHQURGHÄN, LE SITE ET LES CARACTÈRES GÉNÉRAUX li 1. La situation géographique et les voies de communication 11 2. L'histoire 18 3. Les données économiques et sociales 23 III. MORPHOLOGIE 29 1. La place et la signification du bazar dans l'ensemble urbain 29 2. La structure spatiale : secteurs et rues 32 3. Les monuments, l'architecture et les boutiques 37 4. Les secteurs et les catégories professionnels 41 IV. ACTIVITÉS ET FONCTIONS ADMINISTRATIVES 45 1. L'Arrondissement et la Municipalité 45 2. Les impôts et les taxes 48 3. Les loyers, les concessions et les nantissements 53 4. La police et l'ordre public 55 5. Les écoles et les enseignants 59 V. PROFESSIONS 63 A. LE COMMERCE ET LES SERVICES 63 1. Les propriétaires et les grands marchands 63 2. Les commerçants et les détaillants 68 3.. Les intermédiaires et les ambulants 76 4. Les services 82 VI. PROFESSIONS 92 B. L'ARTISANAT 92 1. Le corps, la matière et l'outil 92 2. Le travail des métaux 99 3. Le travail du bois, du cuir et des textiles 105 4. La récupération et la réparation 111 5. L'alimentation et les métiers hors bazar 114 6 Table des matiòres VII. VIE DU BAZAR ET RAPPORTS ÉCONOMIQUES 122 1. Le calendrier, les saisons et la vie quotidienne 122 2. Les zones de production, Ie bazar et l'environnement 128 3. lies échanges, les investissements et les rapports de production 138 4. La vente et Tachât, la monnaie et les poids et mesures 146 VIII. VIE SOCIALE 155 1. Les ethnies et la parenté 155 2. Les corporations et les hiérarchies professionnelles 163 3. Les croyances et les pratiques religieuses 172 4. Les divertissements, le folklore et l'information 178 IX. INNOVATION ET CHANGEMENT 187 1. L'adaptation et l'innovation 187 2. Le bazar face au changement 191 3. Conclusion 196 BIBLIOGRAPHIE 199 TABLE DES PLANCHES 205 TABLE DES PHOTOS 206 GLOSSAIRE 208 INDEX 224 PLANCHES 227 PHOTOGRAPHIES 269 I. INTRODUCTION Ce travail a été élaboré à partir de matériaux recueillis à Täshqurghän en 1966 (août-décembre) et en 196S (mars-juin) grâce à un subside du Tonds national suisse de la recherche scientifique, accordé par Ia Commission universitaire de la recherche scientifique de Neuchâtel. Chargé en 1964 du poste de conseiller au Musée de Caboul, nous avons pu nous familiariser avec le pays et ses habitants; niais auparavant déjà, en lisant un rapport du professeur Gabus1, à qui on doit la réorganisation du Musée national afghan, nous avions appris l'existence du bazar de Täshqurghän décrit comme l'un des derniers bazars authen­ tiques de l'Asie Centrale et méritant à ce titre une étude systématique des points de vue technologique, économique et sociologique. Le principe d'une enquête, à vrai dire aussi complexe qu'urgente, se trouvait ainsi posé. Le Turkestan afghan possédait après la 2e guerre mondiale encore un ensemble de marchés couverts de type traditionnel qu'un urbanisme peut-être hâtif et la nécessité de tracer des avenues convenant au trafic automobile eurent bientôt fait de supprimer. Restaient Täshqurghän et son bazar à l'architecture presque intacte, comme laissés à l'écart des transformations qui avaient modifié le plan des autres villes. Les Autorités afghanes, alertées par le professeur Gabus, par M. Marc Le Berre, architecte de la Délégation archéologique française, et par le directeur du Musée, avaient su prendre à temps les mesures de préservation nécessaires. Au cours d'un voyage dans le nord de l'Afghanistan en hiver 1965, nous nous sommes arrêté une semaine à Täshqurghän et avons pu nous rendre compte sur place de l'intérêt exceptionnel de son bazar. Construit presque d'une seule pièce au début du XIXe s. dans un Turkestan encore médiéval, au cœur d'une oasis habitée au moins depuis l'aube des temps liistoriques, guère modifié depuis lors dans sa forme extérieure, il est une sorte de modèle représentatif des marchés du Turkestan à l'époque du grand commerce caravanier. Placé au débouché d'une vallée conduisant aux cols de l'Hindoukouch, il se trouve ainsi au carre­ four des anciennes routes allant de l'Inde à Boukhara, de la Perse à la Chine. Vu la date relativement récente de sa fondation, on peut en retracer l'histoire et en suivre l'évolution, ce qui n'est pas possible pour les villes voisines de Mazâr-i Sharif et de Qunduz qui ont vu leur caractère ancien bouleversé par la croissance et la modernisation. Lors d'un de ses séjours en Afghanistan, le professeur Georges Redard a bien voulu nous encourager à entreprendre l'étude du bazar et depuis lors n'a cessé de suivre notre travail et de nous aider de son expérience. Nous aimerions l'assurer, ainsi que le professeur Gabus, de notre très vive reconnaissance. Après un bref aperçu géographique et historique, nous avons cherché tout d'abord à décrire le plan et l'agencement des différentes parties, tout en étudiant le problème de la 1 Rapport de mission UNESCO, dactylographié. 16 novembre 1957. V. aussi Bruno 1962, 107, où il est question de la conservation du bazar couvert et d'une des mosquées. 8 Introduction nature des rapports entre le bazar et la ville. Le chapitre consacré à la morphologie vise à res­ tituer la disposition et le caractère du marché, des ruelles et des boutiques. Le fonc­ tionnement administratif du bazar et des organismes de contrôle qui lui sont liés fait l'objet du chapitre suivant. Deux chapitres sont ensuite voués à la nomenclature des différentes pro­ fessions, à leur classification et aux rapports qui les unissent. Dans la mesure où les dimensions de l'ouvrage le permettent, nous avons voulu donner une typologie des techniques et de !'outil­ lages tout en indiquant le vocabulaire indigène de l'artisan. Après cette partie proprement de­ scriptive, nous avons essayé de dépeindre la vie quotidienne du bazar et d'expliquer les prin­ cipes qui sont à la base des échanges et de l'activité commerciale (chap. VII). Le chapitre VIII part du fait que le bazar est bien plus que le centre de la seule activité économique; il possède son organisation interne, ses corporations, ses hiérarchies, ses rites; centre de diffusion des nouvelles, il est un des principaux lieux de l'activité sociale masculine et comprend aussi bien les collèges religieux que la prison, le trésor public et autrefois la douane. En ce sens, il est le cœur et le principe même de la ville. Enfin, Ie dernier chapitre traite des modalités d'un changement non pas brutal jusqu'ici, mais présenté comme un processus continu. Il est vrai que l'évolution générale du pays et les projets de la direction de l'urbanisme pourraient provoquer dans un bref avenir des trans­ formations rapides et profondes. Le seul inventaire du bazar aurait l'avantage de constituer en quelque sorte les archives d'un complexe humain menacé; mais outre qu'une telle entreprise ne pourrait être achevée ni le sujet épuisé, son résultat laisserait échapper quelque chose du caractère profond du bazar, de sa logique interne. Aussi, en multipliant les points de vue, avons-nous voulu cerner une réalité qui repose par delà les faits visibles. En indiquant des tendances, en pro­ posant certains rapprochements, nous avons tenté de définir un cadre culturel et idéologique sans perdre de vue le bazar lui-même, origine et but de notre étude. Ce dernier est menacé tout en étant capable d'adaptation; il oscille entre l'inertie due au poids de l'histoire et des habitudes culturelles, et les tendances à l'évolution qui pourraient bouleverser un équilibre fragile. Ajoutons que le bazar a connu d'autres crises, celle de la fin du grand trafic caravanier lors de la première après-guerre; il a su ensuite se "reconvertir". Peut-être en ira-t-il de même demain. Il peut sembler criticable d'avoir étudié dans un seul travail des domaines aussi divers que les techniques et les relations de parenté par exemple; mais c'est précisément l'un des buts de notre entreprise de considérer le bazar sous ses multiples aspects, en ne perdant pas de vue qu'il forme un tout organique, inintelligible sans la pluralité de ses composantes. Enfin, certains chapitres ne sont qu'ébauchés; ainsi l'analyse de la variation des prix devrait porter sur une durée beaucoup plus longue, l'inventaire de l'outillage ou des produits ne saurait être complet; ces points pourront être développés au cours d'études partielles ultérieures. Nous espérons pourtant avoir tracé un portrait qui, s'il est imparfait, n'en est pas moins ressemblant. L'enquête a bénéficié de l'aide d'un interprète au cours du premier mois de notre premier séjour; nous étions ensuite suffisamment familiarisé avec le parler de Täshqurghän pour conduire nous-méme les entretiens. Ceux-ci ont été menés sous forme d'entretiens libres ou à partir d'un questionnaire, évidemment souple et ouvert, pour des problèmes précis tels que l'organisation des corps de métiers, les relations de parenté, les luérarchies professionnelles.
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