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Home , Darvaz (region), Emirate of Bukhara, Kattakurgan, Zarafshan

NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 6, ISSUE 9, Sep. -2020

SOCIO-POLITICAL PROCESSES AND HE ISSUES OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN THE EMIRATE OF UNDER THE COLONIAL CONDITIONS OF THE

FAYZIYEVA FERUZA ISMATILLAYEVNA Senior Lecturer of Navai Regional Institute of in-Service Training of Pedagogical Staff

ABSTRACT: parts of Europe and Asia, created a unique In the the article an analysis of colonial system unlike other colonial powers. historical analysis of socio-political The Russian Empire took all necessary processes in the in the measures to establish and govern its territory second half of the 19th century is provided. in the occupied territories and to introduce In the socio-political processes and the strong administrative regimes that protected issues of public administration in the the interests of the colonialists. This is because emirate of Bukhara under the colonial the system of governance is very important for conditions of the Russian empire are the Russian government and has been the reconsidered. mainstay of the colonial policy in the occupied KEYWORDS: Central Asia, socio-political, territories. Russian empire, sphere of governance, After the fierce battles of 1866-1868, the qushbegiá ¥®• ¨°∑ ò/Æ ¥®• !§≠©Æ©≥¥≤°¥©ØÆ Ø¶ Emirate of Bukhara was also defeated and lost ¥®• ,°Æ§ ض 4µ≤´•≥¥°Æóá £≤°¶¥≥≠°Æ≥®©∞ most of its territory. The territories from to came under the rule of INTRODUCTION: Tsarist . By 1868, it had completely lost The second half of the 19th century was its large settlements, such as Khojand, Uratepa, a turning point in the history and destiny of the Jizzakh, , Kattakurgan, and the peoples of Central Asia. The occupation by upper and middle reaches of the Tsarist Russia led to drastic changes not only in oasis. According to the armistice agreement the sphere of governance, but also in the socio- with the Russian Empire in 1868, in effect, economic, political and cultural processes of Russia established a the peoples of the country. After the conquest (protectorate) over the emirate of Bukhara and of the country by the Russian Empire, the law turned it into a semi-colonial state. òOn the Administration of the Land of The Emirate of Bukhara included the Turkestanó introduced a law that subjected the Zarafshan, Kashkadarya, Surkhandarya oases, local peoples to colonial oppression. Under this the mountainous Kulab region, , law, the local population was deprived of their Qorategin and Baljuvan regions, the lands on political rights. In particular, their the right bank of the , and representatives were not approached to high Karki. However, the Emirate of Bukhara could and middle positions, and power was not be considered a strong centralized state, concentrated entirely in the hands of the because there were semi-independent Russian military and officials. principalities. Muzaffar (1860-1885), who After Tsarist Russia invaded Central was the ruler of Bukhara at that time, not only Asia, it became the largest colonial power in lost a large part of his territory, but also had to the world, and this empire, which included pay a large amount of compensation to Tsarist

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NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 6, ISSUE 9, Sep. -2020

Russia. In such a situation, the Emirate of of settlements, farms near the royal station; b) Bukhara took part in the political process from Rules of trade in alcoholic beverages in the the 70s of the XIX century to 1920, officially Emirate of Bukhara of June 25, 1889; c) On the maintaining its statehood. rules of winemaking in the Emirate of Bukhara Even after the invasion of the Russian 1893 rules of December 15 of the year; g) The Empire, the traditions of public administration, decisions on gold production in the Emirate of ie. Central government and local government, Bukhara, approved on February 24, 1896, are were preserved in the Emirate of Bukhara. In among them. Bukhara, where Russian sponsorship is In general, both states under the established, industrial enterprises are protectorate were characterized by the gradually producing mainly raw cotton develop following socio-political changes during this primary processing enterprises began. Emirate period: Within the Emirate of Bukhara, dozens in the second half of the XIX century the state of companies and their subsidiaries were system remained a Russian-sponsored established in Tsarist Russia, which bought monopoly-based state. The representative of agricultural products, especially cotton, and the Russian Empire in Bukhara was the Russian brokered profits. Quality and cheap goods from Political Agency (1885-1917), which belonged Russian factories and plants began to enter. to the Emirïs government exercised control With the construction of the TransCaspean over his activities their assignments were Railway in the Khanate and the Termez unconditional. Railway in the Emirate of Bukhara, Russian Russia's policy towards the Emirate of villages appeared one after another around the Bukhara, as well as the Khiva Khanate, was railway, the management of which was based based on the terms of its agreement with on: 1) non-interference of Bukhara officials in Britain. Accordingly, Britain will establish a the affairs of these villages; 2) the protectorate-protectorate over , independence of the extraterritoriality and while Russia will maintain the states of jurisdiction of the Russian population does not Bukhara and Khiva. depend on local law and justice; 3) The land of The rest had to create a buffer state by Turkestan the òRegulations on the sponsoring them. Therefore, although these Administrationó, as well as the universal states are completely militarily defeated, application of all laws in force within the Russia is their traditional state and preserved framework of the Russian Empire; 4) the legal system and turned it into vassal appointment of all administrative officials by states. The legal basis for this is: a) the the -General of Turkestan. armistice agreement between Bukhara and By the 1895, Russian customs in the Russia of 1868; Treaty of Friendship of 28 occupied territories rules began to be September 1873 and b) Annex of 23 June 1888 introduced. During this period in the Emirate of reflected in the protocols on the rules. In Bukhara formed a standing army. The number addition, all the rights of Russian citizens in of soldiers in Bukhara at the beginning of the Bukhara were protected in accordance with the 19th century was 10,000 in peacetime, and rules and agreements approved jointly by the they were paid from the treasury. You can only Governor-General of Turkestan and the Emir of take ò¥°Æ®Øó property and the income from it Bukhara. 4®•≥• °≤•ã ° ò#®Ø≤™ui railway lived at the expense of. By preparing cotton for Regulations on management and beautification Russian industry, Profitable traders harvest in

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NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 6, ISSUE 9, Sep. -2020

the spring. The autumn harvest only for was taken by qazi kalan. The council under the farmers to own they began to give them a down Emir was attended by representatives of the payment to sell, and the experience became clergy, such as Qazikalan, Sheikhulislam, Naqib widespread. The structure of the state, the and Rais (muhtasib). The state apparatus of the position and the name of the positions Emirate of Bukhara consisted of remained almost unchanged even during the administrative, financial, judicial and military Russian colonial period. The emir, who was the departments, and the administrative apparatus head of state, was still a ruler with unlimited was headed by a minister, to whom belonged rights over his subjects. However, the fact that the supreme executive power of the emirate. the Emir was given the rank of Major General Sadri Ziya (one of the last Qazikalans of the Russian Army was a sign that he was of Bukhara, a scholar who lived in 1867-1931) inferior to the Governor-General of Turkestan also gave important information about the in terms of service. Although Bukhara was in Bukhara. During the process of the under patronage, there were also four powerful research, Sadri Ziyo found that there were 204 khokimiyats, consisting of qushbegi, qazikalan, madrassas in Bukhara that had existed for rais-eshon, and mirshab. The gradual formation centuries. The city of Bukhara and its existing of the Council of Judges is one of the madrasas and other institutions are described innovations of the judicial system here was in the òHistory of Nafaió as following: ò4®• £©¥π one. Every year during the month of Navruz, a "µ´®°≤° ©≥ ¥®• òß°≤§•Æ ض ≥£®Ø¨°≤óá ¥®• ≠•°Æ©Æß council of judges is convened, and within three of Bukhara is wisedom. There are many days, the complaints received by the court are religious and secular scholars, sulaha considered and resolved with the participation (righteous) people in this city. He enumerates of the Emir, 12 muftis, scholars, and judges. that there were about 400 madrassas in Their decision had the force of law. In Bukhara mentioning some of them. the Emirate of Bukhara, the court can be In the second half of the 19th century, considered in two forms, as criminal cases, the Emir of Bukhara had his own in relation to landlords, qushbegis and beks were decided by its people, the ruler with the right of absolute the Emir himself. ruler (absolute monarch), and in terms of state The court of judges considered cases administration, remained a state in the form of arising from the legal relationship of a monarchy of the East based on religion. In the citizenship, family, inheritance of land, case of the Russian Empire, the head of this property and in part also exercised the power state, as one of its outlying provinces, was of notary. Officials also saw significant criminal confirmed by the Russian emperor and cases and imposed fines and imprisonment. officially considered his aide-de-camp. Under Beks faced major criminal cases, including fines the rules of international law, however, it was a and up to three years in prison when it was subdued state, but was preserved as a vassal possible. The beksïdecisions were appealed to under patronage, as if to indicate the mercy of the twins. Murder, arson, robbery, rebellion, the Tsar. and crimes against power were often In general, the Emirate of Bukhara punishable by death confirmed and during this period was characterized by the immediately delivered to the Emir. following socio-political changes: the In the second half of the 19th - beginning development of commodity-money relations of the 20th century the place of sheikhulislam and the expansion of trade; industry-based

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NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 6, ISSUE 9, Sep. -2020

manufacturer, raw the emergence of supply welding, and jewelry were also widely networks for the production and shipment of developed, and masters made high-quality and goods will increase; among the local population beautiful everyday equipment that have grew merchant capitalists who supplied cotton amazed people so far. and other raw materials to Russian industry; The above-mentioned ideas, information, the Tsar's officials in various ways from the historical and scientific works and articles natives as a result of the seizure of their fertile, written in his time, as well as a lot of irrigated lands, rent-seeking, , and interesting information about the socio- shareholders spread among the peasants; The economic, political and cultural life of the region of Turkestan no longer submitted to the Emirate of Bukhara, the lifestyle and customs Russian government, but resisted it exile or of the local population reveal the true aims of exile for the people as well as for the the colonial policy of Russian empire. revolutionaries became one of the places to serve their sentences. REFERENCES: After the conquest of Central Asia by 1) •´®≠°§ $°Æ©≥®ä ò)≥¥Ø≤©π° ≠°Æß©¥≥´Øπ Russia, the Russian invaders began to demand dinastiióä , 1967. P. 86-89. large amounts of natural resources, turning 2) ›uqimov Z. /ï∫¢•´©≥¥ØÆ §°∂¨°¥© ∂° ®µ±µ±© them into a huge raw material base. tarikhiä ¡äã Adolat, 2003. P.261-263. Simultaneously, local markets were flooded 3) Sukhareva O.A. Pozdnefeodalniy gorod with products made in Russian factories. In its Bukhara. , 1962. P. 33. turn led to a crisis in the huge craftsmanship 4) Qosimov F.Kh. Buxoro amirligida industry. Nevertheless, it has been preserved boshqaruv usuli. // Buxoro tarixi masalalari as a result of the artisans' ability to produce Ï°±Ø¨°¨°≤© ¥Øï∞¨°≠©). Buxoro, 1936.  P. 67. products that meet modern requirements. 5) Logofet D.I . Strana bespraviya. By the beginning of the 20th century, there Bukharskoye khanstvo yego sovremennoye were about 40 foundries in the city of Bukhara sostoyaniye. SPb. 1909.  P.300-340. and its environs and villages. Of these, 2 in the 6) Ziyoyev H. Istiqlol  -°ïÆ°∂©π°¥ Æ•ß©∫©ä  ¡äã village of Moogïlinnokori, 1 in the village of ›ÃïÆ°∂©π°¥á s{{{ä - P. 6. Zarmanoq, 3 of them being in the village of 7) Materiali k istorii gosudarstva I prava Vojikta. They were making plougs, pots, Uzbekistana ¡.: Fan, 1958. chandeliers, grilling utensils, windows, wheels for the charriots, kettles, and big cauldrons for the baths. Bukhara is more famous than many other parts of Central Asia for its fine textile and metal processing industries. A variety of fabrics made in the city and used not only to meet the needs of the population of the emirate, but also exported in large quantities to many foreign countries, where Bukhara fabrics are highly valued. In the fields of metal processing, goldsmithing, blacksmithing, casting, foundry, coppersmithing, woodcurving,

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