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THE HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE GREAT SILK ROAD IN THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE GEO-ECONOMIC POLICY OF THE NATIONAL UZBEK STATEHOOD

https://doi.org/10.29013/EJHSS-20-1-163-166 Muhammadiev N. E., Docent, Pediatric Medical Institute Kobilov R. R., researcher, National University E-mail: [email protected]

THE HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE GREAT SILK ROAD IN THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE GEO- ECONOMIC POLICY OF THE NATIONAL UZBEK STATEHOOD

Abstract. The article describes the emergence of the Great Silk Road, its role, stages, develop- ment tendencies and historical significance in its geo-economic policy from antiquity to the present. Keywords: Turkish national government, Great Silk Road, East and West, geo-economic policy, geo-strategic, geo-politics, geographical discovery, geographical environment, geo-economic space. The Uzbek statehood has a 3000-year history and earlier. Even the first civilization and the early state one of its oldest pages is the geo-economic policy associations that arose in the Eneolithic and Bronze pursued by our ancestors, based on trade, spiritual Ages, sought to expand the space they occupy. Their and cultural relations and established diplomatic structure includes Crete-Mycenaean, Egyptian, relations on the great Silk Road [1]. The Great Silk Mesopotamian, Lorestan territories, the Caucasus Road served as a “golden chain” that binds the East and the North Caucasus cultures, Namzgyn (in the and the West, The South and the North between south of ) and the Harappa valleys of the economic, political and cultural aspects of the Indus, and Chinese Yin civilization [3, p. 12–15]. 2nd century AD, more than 1800 BC. This path, nev- Trading operations were carried out at this time in ertheless, disappeared irrespective of the fact that he areas stretching several thousand kilometers. lost his leadership position after the great geographi- The historical role of the Great Silk Road in the cal discoveries. Only when the world is divided into occurrence, formation and development of the geo- two opposing poles, its activity is cut off. Thus, this economic policy of the people of Central Asia is as road has witnessed many historical events in the follows: first, in the II and IV centuries BC, control- geo-political politics, from the 2nd century, ie nearly ling sales relationships; second, in the V–VIII cen- 2000 years. Therefore, the issue of studying historical turies, the widening of the road network, in which events and phenomena that took place on this path communication, ie the establishment of postal com- has always attracted the attention of scientists. As a munication; thirdly, at the beginning of the IX–XIII result, German geographer and historian Ferdinand centuries the caravans servicing system, trade-related Paul Wilhelm described his traits as “Silk Road” in infrastructure and the introduction of checks in in- his 1877 Chinese book [2, P. 75]. Since then, this ternational trade; fourthly, in the XIV–XV centuries road has been called the Great Silk Road. Amir Temur and the Temurids further developed this The emergence of this transcontinental road was path, the state’s trade stimulus and consequently the a logical continuation of commercial, cultural and rise of international relations to a new level; fifthly, in spiritual contacts that existed thousands of years the XVI–XIX centuries, first of all, great geographical

163 Section 11. Philology discoveries, then conflicts between the Khanate and new line of roads that would connect them. One of the Emirate, the loss of leadership status of The Rus- such multilateral routes was the “King of the Law” sian Empire by the occupation of Central Asia, the built in the sixth millennium BC [7]. This route advent of various large and small geo-economic wars, crossed from Ephesus on the Mediterranean Sea to in particular the geo-economic space in the Russian Suza, the center of the state of the district Hamo- Empire’s geo-politics turn around; sixth, by the end moni, from the Iran thought the Bactrian regions to of the 20th century, the collapse of the , Sogdiana and Tashkent, to Altai. the historical successor of the Russian Empire, was In the policy of Central Asia, the militants have replaced by the emergence of five independent stated benefited from the elements of geo-political politics, in Central Asia, which became a new geo-political the country’s favorable geographical location, eco- area, as a result of the restoration of this path [4, P. 4]. nomic potential(gold, silver, iron, copper, iron ore, About the historical role of this path in the emer- jewelry) and labor. The Sogdians, the Bactrians, the gence, formation and development of geo-economic Horezmians and the Saxon were also involved in the and political activity of the people of Central Asia, war against the Greeks in the Persian army. Against I. A. Karimov rightly admits: “Our ancient Silk Road this policy, the local people have always struggled has been a geo-strategic place in the vast Central for freedom. In the policy of Central Asia, the in the Asian region since ancient times, too. From here, vast majority of the Achaemenic-dominated Central crossroads have crossed the main trade routes and Asian region, the secular order has changed since the mutually beneficial cooperation has been established occupation of another Macedonian army. In general, between different civilizations. Uzbekistan, which Greeks rule here by about 200 years(from 329 BC to routes East and West, South and North along the 140–130 BC, before the collapse of the Greek-Bac- highways, has a vast transport, communications and trian state). Macedonian invaders will burn it after transit potential.” [5, P. 51]. downloading the top places in the Avesto book with In the VI–VII centuries BC, the ancient people 12.000 animal skins [8, P. 74]. Aristotle, the master of the eighteenth-sixth centuries BC, Parthians, Bac- of Alexander Makedonsky, uses the sourse to write tria, Sogdians, Horezmians, Sak-Masagats created his world-famous works. ancient Khorezm, ancient , nad military al- The elements of the internal and external geo- liances of Sak-Massaget tribes in Central Asia. As a economic policies of the Greek and Makedonian in- result of their formation and development, there was vaders can be seen in the movements of castles, cities, a sort of secular order. This is based on the principles coins minted in strapids (provinces), depending on of mutual trade, economic and military assistance the country’s favorable location. As a result of the geo- to each other, peaceful resolution of conflicts, and economic policy pursued by the Greco-Makedonian strengthening of the alliance on the basis of marriag- government, the Greek and local eastern culture as a es. This secular order will be replaced by the Iranian result of the spread of Greek culture in Central Asia Empire’s occupation of much of Central Asia and its (Greek script, Greek weight units, money relations, overgrowing over 200 years. The occupied territories craftsmanship and art) processes occur. of Central Asia are ruled by three major powers-Bac- Formation and development of the factor of geo- tria (XII satrap), Shakes and Kaspiys (XV satrap), economic policy in the economic and political life of Parfia, Khorezm, Areia and Sogdiana (XVI satrap) the people living in Central Asia in the later periods [6, P. 5]. The exploiters used the ancient trade and was marked by the Kang(III BC–III century BC), an- trade routes to drive the wealth of the local popula- cient Khorezm(IV BC IV ADR), Dovon-Ferhana(III tion away from their homeland, and constructed a BC‑2nd century AD) states, Kushan kingdom (the 4th

164 THE HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE GREAT SILK ROAD IN THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE GEO-ECONOMIC POLICY OF THE NATIONAL UZBEK STATEHOOD century BC- the 4th century AD), the ancient irrigat- 9) Funds allocated for the preservations, restora- ed crop cultivation, the development of horticulture tion of graves and mausoleums of saints and clergy; and viniculture, the discovery of watercress and clay 10) In the case of the taxation of citizens of the Re- species, the construction of a synagogue, observa- public of Uzbekistan in the taxation and collection, de- tory, defensive walls, weaponry, textile industry, cop- pending on the crop yield and the fertility of the land; per and silver coins it is connected with the change of 11) The person who has been living in a desert, socio-economic life, such as tattooing inventing lo- or has been dug up or has a garden or renovated a cal records and calendars, setting up celestial horses, ruined land; establishing trade and embassy relations with India, 12) Seeds, various tools and necessary items for China, and the Roman Empire wish. free to those who have no strength to repair the land; The medieval evolutionary development of the 13) The daily wage for the wagons and sheikhs; geo-economic policy in Central Asia, and also the 14) When mosques, madrassahs were built in global world politics, is directly related to the do- each town, every village; mestic and foreign policy of the Amir Temur and 15) Where the poor, the poor, the orphanages are Temurids. built and the stables are built and put into operation; As our great ancestor Amir Temur conquered the 16) Appointment of doctors for the operation of 27 countries of the world [9, P. 69], he states that the a hospital for patients; people of these lands have created and implemented 17) It is possible to observe that soldiers are kept the principles of geo-political policy in the pursuit in a combat-ready position. and development of life: It must be admitted that in such a country as in 1) Every business of state significance is carried the old world and in the Middle Ages and in the new out by entrepreneurship on the basis of advice, rea- era, such a fair deal has not been done by anyone, the sonable and cautious; head of state. 2) The employment of citizens of the country This extremely rational, justified entrepreneurial (including the places of detention) by the profession, policy, run by Amir Temur, is not an exaggeration if and the investment of businessmen with the capital; we say that our independent country is a rational part 3) Farmers have the right to plow, to sow seeds, of modern geo-political policy. to sow crops, and to help harvest crops; In Central Asia, three independent states- the 4) Guarded guards for guarding all the smaller Emirates, and Khanates are roads that connect trade, economic, cultural and formed in the XXVII–XIX centuries. Trade, eco- spiritual ties, their passengers, merchants, traffick- nomic, cultural and spiritual ties have not ceased ers and other property trafficked to their destination even though there are minor differences between without any hassle; these countries. The geo-economic policy pursued 5) The impartiality of any person in the treat- by domestic and foreign businesses serves as leather, ment of his country of origin; karakul, wool, cotton, silk fibers, various jewelry, dry 6) The fact that poorness has been eliminated by skirts, gold and silver items. They set up trade with employing the poor; Russia, Afghanistan, India, Iran, China, importing 7) Non-admission of the property of the heredi- metals, factory supplies, tea and weapons. tary member of the host country and the return of Summarizing these thoughts on the origin, for- the received goods to the owners; mation and development of geo-economic policies 8) When the poor are poor, the sick who are in- in the socio-economic life of the people of Central capable of working for a job; Asia, the following conclusions can be drawn:

165 Section 11. Philology

1. The tough natural environment in Central Asia onry, and ceramics. Urban areas working in these led people to interact with one another in commu- areas are named after the cities, neighborhoods or nity life. Their favorable geographical location led to towns, such as jewelry, maiden, quilted, sweatshirts, the development of trade, economic, cultural and sweaters, potters (charmgaron). spiritual ties that led to small and large roads. 4. As a result of the abolition of the independent 2. These are the unique cities of the free trade states of Central Asia by the Russian empire, espe- economics such as Bolasag, Tashkent, , Khu- cially the Russian Bolsheviks, there has also been the jand, , Kesh(), Nafas(Karshi), eradication of existing geo-political politics. As a re- Baukhara, Poykent, , Marv, Zariasp, Kat, Gur- sult, the Central Asian region was transformed into ganch Denau, Kattakurgan, Kokand, , An- the material raw material base of the former Soviet dijan, Chimkent, Uratepa, Khiva, Dashoguz, Hanka. Union, and its people were transformed into “free Throughout the centuries, traders from all parts of slaves”, “komsomol”, “communist”, who were loyal the globe have been able to work freely in these cit- to the ideas of Marxizm-Leninism. ies. Broadband and postal services have been set up. 5. Following the ongoing struggle in 1991, the Their safety is guaranteed. Religious discriminations Uzbek people gained their true, world-recognised is not permitted. It is based on the principles of peace independence and now pursues a specific geo-eco- and stability, “when trading-the balls are silent”. nomic policy. 3. Free economic trade is a city of technology that 6. The historic location of the Great Silk Road is is specific to technology and more precisely, each city represented by the President of the Republic of Uzbeki- specializes in the manufacture of a single individual stan Sh. M. Mirziyoyev: “The geographical location of or a group of goods. For example, Samarkand’s pa- Uzbekistan, which has long existed in the area adjacent pers, Bukhara’s tattoo shirts, Chust skullcaps, Shah- to the Great Silk Road and many trade routes, is the rikan’s knives, Margilan silk and silk. Each city has continuation of various civilizations and intercultural workshops such as iron, misery, deceit, rift (bronze dialogue and cooperation”. “Of course, [10, P. 429],” he melting), jewelry, bottles, tortoise, carpentry, weap- concludes, “is a good opportunity for us”. References: 1. Ochilov B. Genesis of the silk road: stages of historical development. URL:https://www.academia. edu/4751083/genesis_of_the_silk_road_stages_of_historical_development_doctor_of_philology_prof 2. Xujaev A. Great Silk Road: Relationships and Fates. – T.: “National Encyclopedia of Uzbekistan”, 2007. 3. Rtveladze E. Velikiy shelkoviy put // Ensiklopedicheskiy spravochnik. Drevnost i rannee sredneve- kovye. – T. 1999. – P. 12–15. 4. URL:https://mfa.uz/en/uzbekistan/341/?print=Y – Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan. 5. Karimov I. A. To overcome the consequences of the global crisis is to modernize the country and to rise to the level of developed countries. – Т.: Uzbekistan, 2010. 6. Atlas of Uzbekistan. – Т.: Main Department of Geodesy, Cartography and State Cadastre under the Cabi- net of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 1999. 7. URL:https://www.gutenberg.org/files/47214/47214-h/47214-h.htm 8. Charles Seignobos. History of Ancient Civilization. Fili-Quarian Classics. 2010. 9. Temur`s codes. – Publishing house of G. Gulyam, 1996. 10. Mirziyoyev Sh. M. Our people`s consent is the highest genius to our work. – Т: “Uzbekistan” NMIU, 2018.

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