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State of Forests of the Caucasus and Central Asia

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State of Forests of the Caucasus and Central Asia State of Forests of the Caucasus and Central Asia State of Forests of the Caucasus and Central Asia GENEVA TIMBER AND FOREST STUDY PAPER Overview of forests and sustainable forest management in the Caucasus and Central Asia region New York and Geneva, 2019 2 State of Forests of the Caucasus and Central Asia COPYRIGHT AND DISCLAIMER Copyright© 2019 United Nations and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. All rights reserved worldwide. The designations employed in UNECE and FAO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) or the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal status of any country; area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The responsibility for opinions expressed in this study and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and its publication does not constitute an endorsement by UNECE or FAO of the opinions expressed. Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply their endorsement by UNECE or FAO, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval. This work is copublished by the United Nations (UNECE) and FAO. ABSTRACT The study on the state of forests in the Caucasus and Central Asia aims to present the forest resources and the forest sector of the region, including trends in, and pressures on the resource, to describe the policies and institutions for the forest sector in the region and to list the major challenges the sector faces, and the policy responses in place or planned. The study is a cooperative effort by the author, the UNECE/FAO secretariat and national experts, done with the use of the best available data. It attempts to cover all dimensions of sustainable forest management and includes national overviews of all countries of the region. ECE/TIM/SP/47 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No.: E.18.II.E.14 ISBN: 978-92-1-117160-0 e-ISBN: 978-92-1-363291-8 ISSN: 1020-2269 Copyright © 2019 United Nations All rights reserved worldwide United Nations publication issued by the Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) CONTENTS 3 FOREWORD Forests cover a relatively small share of the vast Caucasus and Central Asian region. However, they encompass a wide variety of forest types and ecosystems, ranging from mountains, plains and flood plains to steppes, semi-deserts and deserts. These forest types are important to the environment of this region, as they include highly diverse but also vulnerable ecosystems, and support an extremely rich biodiversity and protect land against erosion and soil loss. Forests in the region also play an essential role in mitigating climate change, sequestering millions of tonnes of carbon dioxide but also alleviating the impacts of extreme weather events. In addition, forests are source of fuel, wood and income for often poor, rural populations of the region. This report is based on the best available and most recent data and provides the first overview of the state of forests in the Caucasus and Central Asia, a region often overlooked in global debates on forests. This report provides findings on the status of and trends in forest resources in the region and focuses on: forest institutions in charge of forests, the social and economic aspects of forestry, and the sustainability of forest management. All forests should be taken care of perpetually, this applies even more to the rare, vulnerable and extremely rich forests of the Caucasus and Central Asia. It is essential, in our opinion, to ensure that information and analysis about forests and forestry institutions in the Caucasus and Central Asia are developed and shared with relevant policy makers in the region and the international community. We hope the report will address the challenges of achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the objectives of the United Nations Strategic Plan for Forests and other international objectives and processes relevant to forests. The study has been developed in a collaboration with international and national forestry experts from all countries of the region. We take this opportunity to thank, on behalf of the UNECE and FAO, all those who have made this study possible. We expect that this study will strengthen the UNECE and FAO capacity to support countries in their effort to: protect and manage their forests, develop national forest policies, implement sustainable forest management and provide a stable forest sector. Vladimir RAKHMANIN Olga ALGAYEROVA Assistant Director-General Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations Regional Representative for Europe and Central Asia, Executive Secretary of the United Nations Economic Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Commission for Europe 4 State of Forests of the Caucasus and Central Asia CONTENTS Foreword .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................3 Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 List of Acronyms ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................................................................13 Context .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................13 Pressures on the forest resource ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................13 Services and goods supplied by the forests .................................................................................................................................................................................13 Legal, policy and institutional framework ......................................................................................................................................................................................14 Forest degradation and forest landscape restoration .............................................................................................................................................................14 Conclusions and challenges for the future ....................................................................................................................................................................................14 1. INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................................................................17 Background and mandate .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................17 Process of preparing the study..............................................................................................................................................................................................................17 Data sources and data quality ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................18 2. CONTEXT .......................................................................................................................................................................................21 3. CHARACTERISTICS OF FORESTS IN THE REGION ................................................................................................................25 3.1 Main forest types ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................25 3.2 Pressures on the forests of the Caucasus and Central Asia .....................................................................................................................................28 4. SERVICES AND GOODS SUPPLIED BY THE FOREST .............................................................................................................31 4.1 Protective functions of the forest ............................................................................................................................................................................................32 4.2 Conservation of biodiversity ......................................................................................................................................................................................................32
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