Uzbekistan: Tashkent Province Sewerage Improvement Project

Home , Angren (river), Aspiolucius esocinus, Bekabad District, Chinaz, Chinaz District, Gulbahor

Initial Environmental Examination

May 2021

Prepared by the Joint Stock Companies “Uzsuvtaminot” for the Asian Development Bank.

..Þ,zýUçâÛ,ÜINÞâ'' .,UzSUVTAMINoT" »KSIYADORLIK J°¼IY»ÂI JoINT ýâÞáÚ áÞÜà°ItÓr 1¾¾¾35, O'zbekiston Respublikasi l0OO35, Republic of Uzbekistan Toshkent shahri, Niyozbek yo'li ko'chasi 1-çã Tashkent ciý, Niyozbek 5ruli stÛÕÕt 1 apt. telefon: +998 55 5Þ3 l2 55 telephone: +998 55 503 12 55 uzst14,exat.uz, infcl(rtluzsuv. çz æzst{o exat. uz, iÛ[Þ(Ð æzsçç, æz

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ÂÞ: ¼r. Jung ½Þ ºim Project Officer SÕßiÞr UrÌÐß Development Specialist ÁÕßtrÐl and West Asia DÕàÐÓtmÕßt UrÌÐß Development and Water Division °siÐß Development ²Ðßk

Subject: Project 52045-001 Tashkent ÀrÞçißáÕ Sewerage lmprovement Project - Revised lnitial Environmental Examination

Dear ¼r. Kim,

We hÕrÕÌÃ endorse the final revised and updated version of the lnitial µßvirÞßmÕßtÐl Examination (lEE) àrÕàÐrÕd fÞr the Tashkent ÀrÞçißáÕ Sewerage lmprovement ÀrÞjÕát. The lEE has ÌÕÕß discussed and reviewed Ìã the Projecls Coordination Unit ußdÕr JSc "UZSUVTAMlNoT". We ÕßSçrÕ, that the lEE will ÌÕ posted Þß the website of the JSC "UZSUVTAMlNoT" to ÌÕ available to the project affected àÕÞà|Õ, the printed áÞàã will also ÌÕ delivered to Ñ hokimiyats for disclosure to the local people.

FuÓthÕr, hereby we submit the lEE to ADB for disclosure Þß the ÔD² website.

Sincerely,

Rusta janov Deputy irman of the Board CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 1 May 2021) Currency unit – Uzbekistan Sum (SUM) SUM1.00 = $0.000095 $1.00 = SUM10,523

ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank BOD – Biological Oxigen Demand EIA – Environmental Impact Assessment EMP – Environmental Management Plan CM – Cabinet of Ministers CFR – Code of Federal Regulations CNR – Construction Norms and Rules COD – Chemical Oxigen Demand COVID-19 – Coronavirus Desease 2019 DCM – Decree of Cabinet Ministries EIA – Environmental Impact Assessment EHS – Environment Health and Safety EMP – Environmental Management Plan EPA – Environmental Protection Agency EPCM – Engineering, Procurement, Construction Management (Consultant) GRM – Grievance Redress Mechanism GDP – Gross Domestic Product FSR – Feasibility Study Report HDPE – High-Density Polyethylene IEE – Initial Environment Examination IFC – International Financial Corporation JSC – Join Stock Companies “Uzsuvtaminot” LARP – Land Acquisitions and Resettlement Plan MAC – Maximal Allowable Concentrations MAD – Maximal Allowable Discharge MAE – Maximal Allowable Emissions MPC – Maximum Permissible Concentration MSPD – Main Scientific-Production Department NGO – Non-Governmental Organization O&M – Operations and Maintenance OHSP - Operational Health and Safety Plan PPE – Personal Protective Equipment PCU – Project Coordination Unit PMCCB – Project Management, Coordination, Capacity Building (Consultant) PMU – Project Management Unit PPP – Public-Private Partnership PSEI – Preliminary Statement of Environmental Impact RUz – Republic of Uzbekistan RCM – Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministries of the RUz SAEMR – Semi-Annual Environmental Monitoring Report SCEEP – State Committee on Ecology and Environmental Protection SEE – State Environmental Expertise SEI – Statement of the Environmental Impact 2

SES – Sanitary and Epidemiological Services SPS – Safeguard Policy Statement SSEMP - Site Specific Environmental Management Plan TST – Toshkent Suvt’minoti WWTP – Wastewater Treatment Plant

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES LPCPD – liters per capita per day

GLOSSARY Glavgosexpertisa State Department responsible for Conducting Environmental Expertise under the State Committee on Ecology and Environmental Protection (SCEEP) Goskomecologiya SCEEP Goskomgeologia State Committee for Geology and Mineral Resources Khokim Governor of administrative unit Khokimiyat Regional government authority KMK National acronym for Construction norms and regulations Makhalla A community of neighbors, which is based on full independence and self-governance. OVOS National acronym for EIA assessment process PZVOS National acronym for Concept Statement on Environmental Impact SanR&N Sanitary - epidemiological norms and regulations Som Local currency SNiP Set of basic regulatory requirements and regulations governing the design and construction in all sectors of national economy of Uzbekistan Sanoatgeokontekh- State Inspectorate for Exploration Supervision, Operations Safety nazorat Supervision of Industry, Mining and Utilities Sector Uzhydromet State governing body specially authorized for the solution of tasks in the field of hydrometeorology in the Republic of Uzbekistan and in its activities, it is accountable to Cabinet of Ministers ZVOS National acronym for Statement on Environmental impact ZEP National acronym for Statement on Environmental Consequences

NOTES In this report, "$" refers to US dollars.

This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section on ADB’s website.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document,

the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 12 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Overview of the project ...... 1 1.2 The Need for Environmental Assessment ...... 2 1.2.1 National requirements ...... 2 1.2.2 Purpose of the IEE Report ...... 2 1.2.3 IEE Structure ...... 2 1.2.4 Environmental assessment methodology ...... 4 2 POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK AND STANDARDS .. 4 2.1 Policy and Institutional Framework ...... 4 2.1.1 National Institutional Framework ...... 4 2.1.2 Environmental Management Regulators ...... 5 2.1.3 Sector Management Regulators ...... 7 2.2 Legal and Regulatory Framework ...... 10 2.2.1 National Natural Resources and Environmental Legislation ...... 10 2.2.2 Law on Nature Protection (1992, last amended 19 April 2018) ...... 11 2.2.3 Supporting national Legislation ...... 11 2.2.4 Environmental Quality Standards ...... 18 2.2.5 National Environmental Assessment Requirements ...... 30 2.3 International Treaties and Obligations ...... 33 2.4 Applicable ADB Policies and Environmental Assessment Requirements ...... 35 2.5 IFC Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Water and Sanitation . 40 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ...... 41 3.1 Existing situation ...... 41 3.1.1 Existing Centralized Wastewater System on province level ...... 41 3.1.2 Existing Centralized Wastewater System in the project cites ...... 43 3.2 Project components ...... 63 3.2.1 The main civil works...... 63 3.2.2 Construction materials and equipment ...... 77 3.2.3 Other physical components to the Project ...... 77 3.2.4 Project Soft Component ...... 84 4 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT ...... 85 4.1 Climatic conditions ...... 85 4.2 Water resources ...... 93 4.2.1 Surface water ...... 93 4.2.2 Ground water ...... 98 4.3 Geology...... 101 4.4 Soil conditions ...... 102 4.5 Biological conditions ...... 104 4.5.1 Aquatic fauna of Akhangaran, Syrdarya and Chirchik river...... 107 4.5.2 Relation of fish species to the Red Book ...... 111 4.5.3 Protected area ...... 112 4.6 Socio-economic conditions ...... 115 4.6.1 Almalyk city ...... 115 4.7 Angren ...... 115 4.7.1 Bekabad ...... 115

4.7.2 Chirchik ...... 116 4.7.3 Yangiyul district ...... 116 4.7.4 Chinaz district ...... 116 4.8 Cultural Heritage ...... 117 5 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES ...... 118 5.1 Design of wastewater treatment facilities ...... 118 5.2 Selection of disinfection technology ...... 120 5.2.1 Chlorination ...... 120 5.2.2 Ozonation ...... 121 5.2.3 UV disinfection ...... 121 5.3 Selection of sludge dewatering technology ...... 121 5.3.1 Solar (Sun) Drying Beds ...... 121 5.3.2 Centrifuge ...... 122 5.3.3 Solar Sludge Dryer ...... 122 5.3.4 Belt Filter Press ...... 123 5.4 Alternatives “do nothing” ...... 123 6 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATE MEASURES 123 6.1 Pre-construction stage ...... 129 6.2 Construction stage ...... 130 6.2.1 Physical resources ...... 130 6.2.2 Impact on water resources ...... 136 6.2.3 Impact on soil ...... 138 6.2.4 Waste management ...... 138 6.2.5 Biological resources ...... 142 6.2.6 Impacts on land use ...... 145 6.2.7 Socio-economic resources ...... 146 6.2.8 Occupational and Community Health and Safety Issues ...... 147 6.2.9 Cultural heritage ...... 150 6.3 Operational stage ...... 151 6.3.1 Impact on the air ...... 151 6.3.2 Impact on water ...... 155 6.3.3 Waste management ...... 164 6.3.4 Community Health and Safety ...... 165 6.3.5 Indirect Impact ...... 165 6.3.6 Cumulative Impact ...... 166 6.3.7 Transboundary Impact ...... 166 7 INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION, AND PARTICIPATION ... 167 7.1 Consultation ...... 167 7.2 Information Disclosure ...... 172 8 GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ...... 173 9 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 175 9.1 Environmental Mitigation measures ...... 175 9.2 Environmental Monitoring ...... 186 9.3 Reporting ...... 189 9.4 Implementation arrangements ...... 189 9.4.1 Institutional arrangements ...... 189

9.4.2 Capacity building activity ...... 194 9.4.3 Cost estimation for EMP implementation ...... 195 10 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ...... 197 APPENDIXES ...... 198 Appendix 1. National Positive Conclusion on Environmental Expertise ...... 198 Chinaz WWTP...... 198 Chirchik WWTP ...... 201 Bekabad WWTP ...... 206 Akhangaran WWTP ...... 211 Angren WTTP ...... 220 Appendix 2. Example of Asbestos Management Disposal Plan ...... 225 Appendix 3. Template for TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 229 Appendix 4. Operational Health and Safety Plan Template ...... 231 Appendix 5. Chance finds procedure ...... 232 Appendix 6. Letter to the Khokimiyats about planning Public Consultation ...... 234 Appendix 7. Registration Lists and photos ...... 241 Ahangaran (14 June 2019) ...... 241 Ahangaran (29 June 2019) ...... 244 Almaliq (30 May 2019) ...... 246 Angren (15 June 2019) ...... 249 Bekabad (22 May 2019) ...... 251 Chirchik (4 June 2019) ...... 256 Chinaz (10 July 2019) ...... 258 Yangiyul (4 June 2019) ...... 261 Yangiyul (28 June 2019) ...... 263 Appendix 8. Water modelling report ...... 266

List of Figures Figure 1: Uzbek EIA procedure ...... 32 Figure 2: Tashkent province of Uzbekistan ...... 41 Figure 3: General View of the Project Area (in yellow – borders of the province) ...... 42 Figure 4: Typical wastewater treatment process ...... 43 Figure 5: Sewerage System of Angren City ...... 44 Figure 6: Location of Angren WWTP ...... 45 Figure 7: Existing facilities on Angren WWTP ...... 45 Figure 8: Conditions of WWTP’s facilities ...... 46 Figure 9: Sewerage Systems Development Scheme of Akhangaran City ...... 48 Figure 10: Existing Sewerage Systems of Almalyk City and Development Plan ...... 50 Figure 11: Location of Almalyk WWTP ...... 50 Figure 12: Existing facilities on Almalyk WWTP ...... 51 Figure 13: Conditions of WWTP’s facilities ...... 52 Figure 14. Existing Sewerage Systems of Chirchik City and Development Plan until 2020 ...... 53 Figure 15: Location of Chirchik WWTP ...... 54 Figure 16: Location of Chirchik waste water treatment plant ...... 55 Figure 17: Conditions of WWTP’s facilities ...... 56 Figure 18. Existing Sewerage Systems of Chirchik City and Development Plan until 2020 ...... 57 Figure 19: Location of Bekabad WWTP ...... 58 Figure 20: Layout of Bekabad WWTP ...... 59 Figure 21: Conditions of WWTPs of facilites ...... 60 Figure 22. Existing Sewerage Systems of Yangiyul City and Development Plan until 2020 ...... 62 Figure 23: Typical scheme for Bekabad and Chirchik WWTPs ...... 69 Figure 24: Typical scheme for Bekabad, Chirchik and Yangiyul WWTPs ...... 70 Figure 25: Layout of Chinaz WWTP and its process facilities profile ...... 71 Figure 26: Typical design layout of an onsite household septic tank system in rural areas ...... 74 Figure 27: Typical Septic Cross Section ...... 75 Figure 28: Sewage Holding Tanks Cross Section Schematic ...... 76 Figure 29. Ultrasonic flow meter ...... 79 Figure 30. Water meters installed on pipeline above the ground...... 80 Figure 31. Picture of typical manhole ...... 80 Figure 32. Process of construction of a manhole around pipeline ...... 80 Figure 33. The type of panel ...... 82 Figure 34. WWTPs road ...... 83 Figure 35: Climatic map of Tashkent province with location of meteostations ...... 86 Figure 36: Temperature regime in the Project area ...... 89 Figure 37: Wind speed and direction in the Project area ...... 90 Figure 38: Air quality in the Project area (Source: Uzhydromet, 2019) ...... 93 Figure 39: Monitoring stations (red points) along Chirchik, Akhangaran, and Syrdarya rivers ...... 94 Figure 40: Map of ground water in the Tashkent Province ...... 99 Figure 41: Soil pam of the Tashkent province ...... 103

Figure 42: Soil and vegetation cover of landscapes of Tashkent province...... 105 Figure 43: Species of Chirchik river ...... 112 Figure 44: Location of the Ugam-Chatkal Biosphere Reserve ...... 114 Figure 45: Location of the closest settlements to Bekabad WWTP...... 132 Figure 46: Location of the closest settlements to Chirchik WWTP ...... 132 Figure 47: Location of industrial zones near Almalyk WWTP ...... 133 Figure 48: Location of industrial zones near Angren WWTP ...... 133 Figure 49: Location of industrial zones near Chinaz WWTP ...... 134 Figure 50: Location of WWTPs close to ...... 136 Figure 51: Location of canals and networks inside of cities ...... 137 Figure 52: Old transformers on WWTPs ...... 139 Figure 53: Vegetation on the territory of project WWTP ...... 144 Figure 54: Current situation with outflow from WWTPs ...... 155 Figure 55: Spatial pattern of impurity propagation from a point source...... 157 Figure 56: The rate of decrease in the concentration of impurities ...... 157 Figure 57: The rate of decrease in the concentration of impurities ...... 158 Figure 58: Spatial distribution of impurities in Tanachi-Buka canal ...... 159 Figure 59: Transformation of the relative impurity value on the canal near the Almalyk object ...... 159 Figure 60:Change in the relative maximum concentration of impurities, Almalyk WWTP ...... 160 Figure 61: Spatial distribution of impurities in Chirchik river ...... 160 Figure 62: Transformation of the distribution of impurities along the Chirchik river ..... 161 Figure 63: Changes of relative concentration of impurities in Chirchik river ...... 161 Figure 64: Spatial distribution of impurities along the flow in Syrdarya river...... 162 Figure 65: Transformation of the distribution of impurities along the Syrdarya river .... 162 Figure 66: Changes of relative concentration of impurities in Syrdarya river ...... 163 Figure 67: Current conditions of settlements without proper connection to sewage .... 165 Figure 68: Grievance Redress Process ...... 175 Figure 69: Project’s institutional structure and environmental team ...... 194

List of Tables

Table 1: Key environmental legislation of the RUz on air quality and air emissions ...... 11 Table 2. Key environmental legislation of the RUz on water use and discharge ...... 12 Table 3: Key environmental legislation of the RUz on waste management ...... 14 Table 4: Key environmental legislation of the RUz on soil, subsoil, and groundwater ... 16 Table 5. Key environmental legislation of the RUz on biodiversity ...... 17 Table 6. Key environmental legislation of the RUz on cultural heritage ...... 18 Table 7. General water standards ...... 19 Table 8. Maximum permissible concentration of pollutants in the water...... 20 Table 9: Standards for maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants ...... 21 Table 10. List of especially toxic pollutants ...... 22 Table 11: Requirements for sludge content ...... 24 Table 12: Requirements on buffer zone for WWTP ...... 25 Table 13: Ambient Air Quality Standards for Protection of Human Health (mg/m3) ...... 25 Table 14: WHO standards for air quality ...... 26 Table 15: WHO Ambient Air Quality Guidelines (General IFC Guidelines ,2007) ...... 26 Table 16: National and international standards of maximum allowable noise standards (dB) ...... 27 Table 17: National standards for vibration ...... 27 Table 18: Federal Transit Administration (FTA) Vibration Impact Criteria ...... 27 Table 19: Ground vibration limits for human comfort ...... 28 Table 20: Maximum continuous vibration levels for preventing damage (mm/s) ...... 28 Table 21: Maximum allowed concentration (MAC) of exogenous chemicals in the soil 29 Table 22. Date of Positive Environmental Conclusions issuance ...... 33 Table 23. Uzbek Republic participation in international conventions relevant to the Project ...... 33 Table 24: Gap between ADB and Uzbek Environmental safeguards requirements ...... 37 Table 25: Overview of the Urban Wastewater Infrastructure ...... 42 Table 26: Overview of Wastewater Infrastructure ...... 42 Table 27: Water quality in Angren WTTP and Angren river ...... 47 Table 28: Water quality in Almalyk WTTP and Tanachi-Buka canal ...... 52 Table 29: Water quality in Chirchik WTTP and Tanachi-Buka canal ...... 56 Table 30: Water quality in Bekabad WTTP and Syrdarya river ...... 61 Table 31: Water treatment efficiency ...... 72 Table 32: Summary on planning works on seven cities...... 73 Table 33: Summary of Septic Tank Treatment Efficiencies ...... 76 Table 34. Coverage with sewerage services before and after project completion ...... 77 Table 35. Number of flow meters to be installed within the project ...... 78 Table 36. Summary Impacts Information ...... 84 Table 37: Projected coverage with sewage services by 2024 and 2045 ...... 85 Table 38: Average monthly flow of Chirchik river at Gazalkent and Chinaz stations ..... 95 Table 39: Water quality of Chirchik river in Gazalkent and Chinaz station (2018) ...... 95 Table 40: Average monthly flow of Syrdarya river at Kal and below Chinaz stations .... 96 Table 41: Water quality in Nadejnenskiy station at Syrdarya river ...... 97 Table 42: Average monthly flow of Akhangaran river ...... 97 Table 43: Water quality in Chinaz city in Akhangaran river ...... 97

Table 44: List of fish inhabit in the upstream of the Akhangaran River ...... 108 Table 45: Modern species composition of the ichthyofauna of the rivers of the studied zone ...... 109 Table 46: Fish living in river ecosystems around the new Angren-Pap railway line .... 112 Table 47: Distances between protected areas and project’s WWTPs and networks ... 113 Table 48. Population of project area and quota sampling ...... 116 Table 49: Comparison of different approaches in wastewater ...... 119 Table 50: Assessment of anticipated impacts during pre-construction and construction ...... 126 Table 51: Impact identification matrix – Operation phase...... 128 Table 52: Noise level form various techniques (at the distance 15 m) ...... 131 Table 53: Noise levels at the various distances ...... 134 Table 54: Calculation of vibration from equipment ...... 135 Table 55: National standards for vibration ...... 135 Table 56: Amount of waste generating from demolishing of existing facilities ...... 141 Table 57: Summary Impacts ...... 146 Table 58: Odor measurement in the atmosphere of sewage treatment plants ...... 153 Table 59: Limits for odor (H2S) for working place and living area ...... 154 Table 60: The distance between WWTPs and countries (km) ...... 166 Table 61: Settlements whose representatives participated at the public consultations 167 Table 62: Questions and answers raised during the public consultation ...... 169 Table 63: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN...... 177 Table 64: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN ...... 187 Table 65: Tentative program of training for PCU, TST and Contractors staff ...... 194 Table 66. Indicative Cost Estimate for Contractor’s Environmental Management ...... 195 Table 67. Cost Estimate for the EPCM’s Environmental Monitoring ...... 195 Table 68. Cost Estimate for EPCM’s Environmental Management ...... 196 Table 69. Cost Estimate for the PCU’s Environmental Management ...... 196

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) was conducted for Tashkent Province Sewerage Improvement Project covering (a) centralized sewerage systems in the cities of Akhangaran, Almalyk, Angren, Bekabod, Chinaz, Chirchik, and Yangiyul improved, including (i) rehabilitation and/or upgrading of four Waste Water Treatment Plants (WWTPs), and construction of one new WWTP, with a combined capacity of 392,000 m3/day;1 (ii) rehabilitation or construction of 114 km of sewerage collectors and 238 km of sewerage networks; and (iii) installation of 50,000 water meters; and (b) decentralized wastewater disposal systems in 70 rural settlements in Zangiota, Yangiyul and Chinaz districts established, including: (i) installation of 23,500 individual household septic tanks; and (ii) provision of 21 septage vacuum trucks. Legislative base. The project is Category B for environment under ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS, 2009) as the project’s environmental impacts are site-specific, few if any of them are irreversible, and mitigation measures can be readily designed. The ADB’s Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist was utilized for the categorization. As per national legislation, the Project belongs to Category II with respect to their environmental impact (medium impact risk) because it comprises WWTPs with capacities of less than 250 m3/day. 2 Prior to commencement of construction, such project requires the conduct of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for submission to the Tashkent Province branch of the State Committee on Ecology and Environmental Protection (SCEEP) which issues Environmental clearance (the name of the document is a Positive Environmental Conclusion). Domestic IEE for the Project prepared by Design Institute has already been approved by the SCEEP, and Positive Environmental Conclusions have been received for all 5 WWTPs (rehabilitation of four WWTPS and construction of one WWTP). Before the Project WWTPs go into operation (after the civil works completion), Tashkent Suv Taminot (TST) as an operation agency will need to obtain Statement on Environmental Consequences (SEC)3 approval (that allow for air and water discharges, and waste disposal) from the SCEEP. JSC, through TST, will ensure that all necessary procedures will be undertaken timely. Project description. The Project will be implemented in Tashkent Province. Established in 1938 and situated in the north-east region of Uzbekistan, the province spans over an area of 15,600 km2 and has a population of about 2.816 million. The province is one of Uzbekistan’s primary economic growth engines: it generates about one quarter of the nation’s total gross domestic product (GDP) and is recognized as one of the nation’s largest and most developed industrial provinces. Its economic growth is largely driven by its six major cities of Chirchik, Yangiyul, Angren, Akhangaran, Almalyk, and Bekabad. In addition, the province has 14 districts, 97 semi- urbanized rural settlements, and 885 rural villages.4 The province’s existing centralized wastewater systems serve the above cities, 23 urbanized town centers, and 22 semi-urbanized rural settlements. They were constructed during Soviet times in the 1960’s to the 1980’s, and have a total network length of 665 km. They generally consist of conventional mechanical, biological and chemical treatment processes, although the cities of

1 See Table 32. Currently Chinaz WWTP is under construction (2,000 m3/day). With additional 2,000 m3/day to be provided by the Project, the total amount will be 4,000 m3/day. 2 Appendix 2 of the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 949 dated November 22, 2018 "On the Approval of the Regulations On the State Environmental Expertise" 3 In accordance with national regulation, approval of SEC is mandatory as third stage of national EIA. This statement will be valid for three years. After three years, operation agency will have to get environmental norms which will be valid for 5 years. 4 The province’s 14 districts are Akkurgan, Akhangaran, Bustonlik, Buka, Zangiota, Kibray, Kuyichirchik, Parkent, Piskent, Tashkent, Urtachirchik, Chinoz, Yukorichirchik, and Yangiyul.

Angren and Akhangaran also have additional biological treatment processes including bio ponds. The sewage networks consist mainly of ceramic, asbestos, reinforced concrete, steel, and cast- iron pipes. Rural areas within Tashkent province however do not have centralized wastewater infrastructure or wastewater services. Overall, out of the province’s 2,816,000 population, only about 450,000 inhabitants have access to centralized wastewater services, representing a provincial coverage of only 16%. As a result, the remainder of the population are forced to rely on rudimentary systems including pit latrines and earth ditches: practices that imperil public health and pollute the environment. Although the province’s six primary cities have relatively larger sewage networks and facilities, they are aged, dilapidated, and in need of urgent upgrade, modernization and expansion. Urban coverage is also variable: for example, from 48% in Yangiyul to 80% in Chirchik. Almost all of the province’s existing WWTPs are in poor condition. In all WWTPs, sewage only passes through mechanical treatment and disinfection. This situation impacts on public health and the environment. WWTPs are included in the state monitoring program as one of the main polluters of relevant rivers.5 Non-efficient wastewater treatment processes, low wastewater coverage percentages and the improper disposal of sewage from unserved territories negatively impact on the population’s health and wellbeing. The project will substantially improve existing conditions by rehabilitating the WWTPs of four cities and constructing a new WWTP for one city. Approximately 238 km of new collectors will also be constructed, and about 114 km of existing network be reconstructed. In addition, decentralized onsite household wastewater systems will be installed in rural areas.6 Description of the environment. Completion of the baseline study included the collation and analysis of secondary data from various agencies, together with the assessment of primary water quality data from inflows, outflows and within rivers.7 Tashkent province is located in the Chirchik-Angren climatic region, which includes the Pri- Tashkent loess plain and the ridge Western Tien Shan, irrigated by the Chirchik and Angren rivers. Climatic conditions are characterized as sharply continental, which is expressed by a sharp temperature drop, both daily and annual. The territory is open in the west and southwest in the direction of movement of air masses, so the district is richer in precipitation than most foothill-mountain districts of Uzbekistan. The amount of annual precipitation increases from 260-300 mm in the extreme southwest, to 800-1,000 mm in the northeast.

In accordance with data provided by Uzhydromet, air quality standards for NO2, SO2, CO and dust meet national standards at the monitoring stations of the cities of Angren, Almalyk, Bekabad, Chirchik and Yangiyul. Water quality in the Nadejninskiy monitoring point of the Syrdarya river does not however comply with standards on sulphates, BOD5 and COD. Water quality standards are however complied at three other water quality monitoring points located in the Chirchick and Akhangaran rivers.

5 During meetings with SCEEP representatives, it was highlighted that the WWTPs are actually polluting water bodies – receptors of WWTPs’ effluents. 6 Onsite household system will consist of conventional septic tanks and leaching fields for the earth-absorption of septic tank effluent. This is considered to be the least cost and most practical solution for rural communities. 7 Secondary data sources included Uzhydromet, the Committee on Geology and Hydrogeology, and the State Statistic Committee.

In lithological terms, the province is generally composed of a thick stratum of pebble deposits, overlain by a thin layer of loess-like loams. The level of soil mineralization is characterized by the value of the dense residue of water-soluble salts in dry soil from 894 to 1,468 mg.kg - with a content of chlorine ions of 70-87 mg.kg and sulfate ions - 291-645 mg.kg. Soil pollution occurs when harmful substances fall out of the atmosphere, mainly from emissions from agricultural production and vehicles. There are no historical heritages within the project area. The closest historical complex, a complex of mausoleums Zangi–Ota, is located more than 20 km from the project area (Yangiyul district). There is however one protected area located within the province, the Ugam-Chatkal State biosphere reserve.8 The protect part of reserve is situated over 30 km to the south-east of the Chirchik WWTP (the reserve area), and 8 km to the south-west of the Angren WWTP (the landscape area). Observations of the project area, both in the urban areas and in the territories of the WWTPs, did not identify species that are included in the national Red Book and IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.9 Study of aquafauna in the rivers- receivers of effluents from rehabilitated WWTPs was based on existing references and reports. It is stated that aquafauna changed under anthropogenic impact and industrialization. After project implementation, the amount of pollution in the effluent entering rivers will substantially decrease. Anticipated project impacts. The project’s anticipated environmental impacts were assessed for three distinct stages of project implementation: the pre-construction, construction and operation stages. For all identified negative impacts, mitigation measures have been developed, outlined as follows: 1. Pre-construction phase. During the pre-construction stage, certain events may impact on the effectiveness of environmental safeguard implementation throughout the project cycle, potentially leading to negative impacts. These include: (i) wastewater treatment facility designs that are unable to achieve the required level of treatment, (ii) environmental requirements that are not included in bidding documents and contracts, (iv) requirements to obtain approvals and permissions are not complied with, and (v) goods, techniques and machinery purchases do not comply with the ADB Prohibited Investment Activities List set forth at Appendix 5 of ADB SPS (2009) and national standards on exhausted gases and effluent. 2. Construction phase. Construction works relating to the rehabilitation of the WWTPs will be conducted within the territories of the existing WWTPs, located at remote distances from settlements. Civil works for the construction of new sewage networks and the rehabilitation of existing networks will mainly be implemented inside of settlements. During the rehabilitation of existing WWTPs, the main impacts will relate to handling, storage, and disposal of hazardous and non-hazardous wastes, and from dust and noise. Handling, storage, and disposal of two types of hazardous waste are expected during demolition works: asbestos from the roofs of old buildings, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) contained in old transformers. Some parts of rehabilitating network are asbestos pipes. In accordance with adopted practice, old pipes will not be excavated and left underground. New pipes will be placed next to existing ones. To handle hazardous waste, the Contractor will be required to develop and implement an Asbestos Management Disposal Plan (AMDP).10 Asbestos will be handled and disposed of in compliance with Sanitarian Rules and Norms SanR&N No.0158-04. Also, as there is a possibility that PCBs could still be present in transformers produced before 1993, a procedure for testing

8 The park is divided into three zones, (i) a reserve area (the Ugam Chatqal reserve), (ii) a landscape area, (iii) and a recreation area. 9 https://www.iucnredlist.org/; 10 An example of the AMDP is in Appendix 2.

transformer oils will be developed as part of the site-specific Environmental Management Plans (SSEMPs). Demolished transformers will be transferred to SJC “Regional electric lines (REL)”, owner of the electricity facility, for further storage and disposal. Any used batteries, fluorescent lamps, paints and other potentially hazardous materials identified during the building demolition works will also be classified and treated as hazardous wastes. Construction wastes generated during the WWTP demolition works will be disposed of at municipal landfills in accordance with national procedures, and after receiving the required approvals from SCEEP.11 Prior to landfill disposal, wastes will be segregated into recyclable and non-recyclable wastes, and the recycled waste will be sold to recycling organizations that function in each city. Due to the remote locations of the WWTPs from settlements, noise and vibration impacts on surrounding populations are considered to be negligible. However, workers themselves will be required to strictly follow relevant health and safety (H&S) requirements. Occupational safety requirements will be one of the crucial requirements due to the size of the implementing works. The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) also includes requirements to ensure that proper working and living conditions are maintained at all times for workers at all construction sites. Regarding the civil works within settlements, the primary anticipated impacts will be noise, dust, traffic safety, and the safety of project sites, especially in urban areas. The EMP therefore includes a comprehensive set of requirements in order to minimize the impacts of noise and dust on nearby receptors, and requirements to conduct continuous air quality monitoring at these construction sites. Considering that drainage pipes are conventionally placed at depths of more than 2.5 m below the surface, special measures are also proposed to ensure the safety of project sites: fencing, lightening, and the provision of special signs. Impacts to soils will potentially occur during the construction of new WWTP facilities within their territories, and during the construction and rehabilitation of the sewage networks. It is also expected that some surplus soils will be generated during excavation works, and the pollution of these soils may occur due to the improper handling and disposal of oil, during the fueling of machinery, and from domestic and construction waste disposal. Land use impacts are also anticipated due to the land acquisition required for the construction of the WWTP module in Chinaz city. A Land Acquisitions and Resettlement Plan (LARP) has therefore been developed, and construction works can only start after land acquisition compensation has been fully paid. All other WWTP civil works will be implemented within their existing territories. No further land acquisition will be needed to implement the project. As a rule, construction works on pipe laying will be conducted along existing roads. As per LARP, trees will be cut for construction main collectors12. These trees exist along the right of way of wastewater collector line to be constructed in Yangiyul district. No trees will be lost in other project cities. A total of 204 trees will be affected out of which 164 are fruit trees and 40 are non-fruit trees. For cut trees, compensation calculations will be prepared by SCEEP representatives in accordance with Resolution of Cabinet Ministries of Uzbekistan #290 (2014). The project will pay the required compensation following the LARP. Compensation will however not be paid for the cutting of trees within the WWTP territories. Local people will be compensated if their crops are destroyed during construction.

11 During consultations with stakeholders, the capacity of municipal landfills was discussed with specialists of the relevant branches of the Committee in each project city, and availability of space was confirmed. 12 Main collector is sewage pipe with diameter more than 400 mm.

Other than cutting trees, impacts on flora and fauna during construction are considered insignificant because project works will be implemented on the territory of the existing WWTPs, in populated areas and agricultural lands. Observations within the WWTP sites and project cities and desk research have not revealed the presence of species that are included in the national Red Book and IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.13 It is anticipated that during the construction phase, socio-economic impacts may occur due to the digging of trenches that limit access to houses and other facilities and buildings. A set of technical and organizational measures are therefore included in the EMP in order to minimize these impacts. Construction works will also bring positive impacts, including for example the hiring of local labor and the increase of commercial activities for suppliers due to the presence of the workers. Operation phase. Anticipated adverse impacts during the operation phase relate primarily to the risk of poor-performance or non-performance of the WWTPs, with consequential discharges of poorly treated or non-treated wastewater into the environment. As a result, modern wastewater treatment systems with supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) monitoring processes will be implemented. In addition, ultra-violet (UV) lamps along with conventional disinfection with hypochlorite natrium will be included to ensure the proper disinfection of treated wastewater. The improper handling of chemicals and improper liquid waste disposal from WWTP laboratories may also lead to water pollution and will be mitigated. To avoid negative impacts from sludge disposal, the EMP provides two ways for sludge disposal – as fertilizer for agriculture lands (only after testing on presence of heavy metal) and on landfills (without tests). Wastewater will not be discharged into the surface water; mitigation measures are considered for wastewater discharge under the Chapter 6.2.2 of this IEE (Impact on water resources). Overall, the project will have a significant positive socio-economic effect by improving human living conditions, providing proper wastewater services, decreasing health risks, and significantly improving the quality of the environment, especially the rivers of the province. An awareness program will also be developed and implemented within the project in order to provide a better understanding of wastewater management issues among the general public. A capacity enhancement program for staff of the implementation agency will also improve wastewater management performance. Public Consultation. During the preparation of this IEE, consultations were undertaken with stakeholders and representatives of the project’s settlements. Among consulted stakeholders were representatives of (i) national, provincial and district levels of SCEEP, (ii) national and district levels of the sanitary-epidemiological peace and public health service, (iii) the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan, (iv) local khokimiyats, (v) makhallas where construction works will be implemented, and (vi) Tashkent province LLC “Tashkent Suvtaminot” (TST) (the entity responsible for water supply and wastewater management). More than ten public meetings were conducted on the project sites. During the public consultations, information about the project, the anticipated environmental and social impacts, and the mitigation measures were discussed. In addition, a grievance redress mechanism (GRM) was discussed with representatives of the implementing agency and presented to public consultation participants. In total, more than 350 participants attended the meetings. Questions raised during public consultations are included in the IEE. Institutional arrangement. The Project Coordination Unit (PCU) within the Joint Stock Companies “Uzsuvtaminot” (JSC) will be responsible for the implementation of the EMP, in

13 See footnote 9.

compliance with ADB’s safeguards requirements and national environmental regulations. JSC has prepared this IEE. Under the project, the PCU will hire a full-time Environmental Safeguards Specialist (PCU-ESS) exclusively for this project, who will be assisted by the environmental specialists of the project management (EPCM) consultant in overseeing the implementation of the EMP and health and safety matters. The cost for implementing the EMP will be financed by the project, specifically: the costs of mitigation measures and environmental monitoring will be included in the construction contracts, and the cost for environmental supervision will be included in the consulting service contracts of the EPCM. The PCU is responsible for overall environmental compliance with ADB SPS (2009). Contractors will implement the mitigation measures. Within 30 days after contract award, and prior to commencing any physical works, SSEMPs will be developed by the Contractors under the guidance of the EPCM and be endorsed by the EPCM before their submission to the PCU for their approval. The EPCM is tasked with the specific responsibility to assist the PCU to ensure safeguard compliance of civil works – with particular emphasis on the monitoring of the implementation of the EMP through the Contractors’ SSEMPs and related aspects of the project. Conclusions and recommendations. In view of the foregoing, this IEE concludes that the project has a well-supported rationale, few negative impacts of which all can be adequately mitigated, and strong public support. It provides the substantial positive environmental benefit of treating about 394,000 m3/day (equivalent to 143,810,000 m3/year) of wastewater,14 which would otherwise continue to be discharged onto lands and waterways, and percolate to groundwater resources, causing substantial long-term environmental damage, threatening the public health of nearby receptors, and as a result, affecting the socioeconomic development aspects of affected populations. It is therefore recommended that this project is put forward for immediate implementation.

14 See footnote 1.

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overview of the project 1. The government of the Republic of Uzbekistan has requested the Asian Development Bank (ADB) to provide support by lending for the proposed Tashkent Province Sewerage Development Project to improve centralized wastewater systems in the province’s 6 major cities Chirchik, Yangiyul, Angren, Akhangaran, Almalyk, and Bekabad and Chinaz urban center, and to provide onsite decentralized wastewater systems in 70 rural settlements in Yangiyul and Chinaz districts. 2. The project is being developed in accordance with the Decree of the President of Uzbekistan No.4040 dated 30 November 2018 “Presidential Resolution on Additional measures on development of water supply and sanitation system in the Republic of Uzbekistan”. 3. The project aims to provide access to safe sewage disposal to improve living, health, hygiene, sanitation and environmental conditions for a population of about 2,800,000 people in Tashkent Province in general and for about 850,000 direct beneficiaries in the project area specifically. The project will also strengthen institutional management of the LLC "Tashkent Suvtaminot” (TST) and its wastewater operation and maintenance (O&M) capacity. 4. A Project Preparation Technical Assistant (PPTA) Grant is provided by ADB for the preparation of the project Feasibility Study Report (FSR) which includes a main report, a technical due diligence (project technical analysis) and other safeguard reports. 5. The project will upgrade the centralized wastewater systems of the six cities and the Chinaz urban areas, improve sanitation practices in two districts’ rural areas, and build wastewater planning and operational capacity in the TST. It is consistent with the ADB Water Operational Plan 2011-2020, ADB’s Country Operations Business Plan, 2019-2021 for Uzbekistan and aligns with previous and ongoing ADB-funded WSS projects contributing to key operational priorities such as livable cities, governance and institutional capacity improvement and environmental sustainability enhancement under Strategy 2030 as well as the attainment of Sustainable Development Goals. 6. The project is aligned with the following impacts: environment, health, and living conditions in Tashkent Province improved. The project will have the following outcomes: (i) reliable, sustainable, and affordable wastewater services in seven cities improved and access expanded; and (ii) decentralized wastewater disposal and services in three districts established. The project expected outputs are: 7. Output 1: Urban and Rural Sanitation Systems with inclusive and climate friendly features enhanced. This output includes: (a) centralized sewerage systems in the cities of Akhangaran, Almalyk, Angren, Bekabod, Chinaz, Chirchik, and Yangiyul improved, including (i) rehabilitation and/or upgrading of four WWTPs, and construction of one new WWTP, with a combined capacity of 394,000 m3/day;15 (ii) rehabilitation or construction of 114 km of sewerage collectors and 238 km of sewerage networks; and (iii) installation of 50,000 water meters; and (b) decentralized wastewater disposal systems in 70 rural settlements in Zangiota, Yangiyul and Chinaz districts established, including: (i) installation of 23,500 individual household septic tanks; (ii) provision of 21 septage vacuum trucks; (iii) operationalization of a septage management unit in the TPS; (iv) formulation of a septage management program to rationalize and expand septage collection and disposal services; and (v) design and implementation of a sanitation and hygiene

15 See footnote 1. 1

awareness program to improve community awareness and understanding of sanitation best practices. 8. Output 2: Institutional capacity of operator for sustainable sanitation services delivery strengthened. This output will improve the capacity of TPS through corporate development training and coaching in the areas of asset management; human resource management; financial management; technical wastewater management; and O&M management. In addition, treatment plant managers and O&M operators in the project areas will receive training provided by the design-build contractors.

1.2 The Need for Environmental Assessment

1.2.1 National requirements

9. The national Law “On Environmental Expertise” and Resolution of Cabinet Ministries (RCM) of Republic of Uzbekistan # 541 dated from 2020 requires conduction of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for all type of activities which may have impact on environment. According to national legislation, Chirchik, Angren, Almalyk and Bekabad WWTPs have been categorized as category II (moderate risk – as WWTP with capacity in range 50-200 m3/day). Chinaz WWTP is categorized as III as facility with capacity less than 50 m3/day. For all WWTPs, first (mandatory) stage of national EIA was carried out and Positive Conclusion of Environmental Expertise have been received. The copies of Environmental Expertise are presented in Appendix 1. Mitigation measures indicated in the national EIA are included in this Initial Environmental Examination (IEE). The second stage of national EIA procedure (preparation of Statement of the Environmental Impact (SEI)) is not required for this project. The last and third stage of national EIA procedure will be carried out before the commissioning of the project infrastructures (para. 104).

1.2.2 Purpose of the IEE Report

10. This IEE forms part of preparations for the project. It has been prepared in accordance with ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS, 2009), and the Uzbekistan Law on Nature Protection, 1992 and Law on Environmental Expertise 2000 and other relevant laws, regulations and requirements. The objective of the IEE is to (i) identify and assess potential impacts and risks from project implementation on the physical, biological, physical cultural and socio-economic environments of the project area, and (ii) recommend measures to avoid, mitigate and provide compensation for adverse impacts, while enhancing positive impacts. Relevant references, desk assessments, site reconnaissance, community consultations, and discussions with government agencies and other stakeholders have provided the basis for IEE preparation. 11. The Project has been screened and classified by the ADB as Environment Category B, and accordingly requires an IEE, including an EMP. This IEE has been prepared to comply with the ADB’s requirements as stipulated in ADB SPS (2009).

1.2.3 IEE Structure

12. The IEE is structured in accordance with ADB SPS (2009). It consists of an executive summary, eleven chapters, and attachments. It has been prepared based on infrastructure design work undertaken by technical specialists; primary surveys and secondary data collection and analyses carried out by environmental, biodiversity, hydrogeology, and social experts; and public and stakeholder consultations. Briefly, each section is provided the following information:

 Executive Summary: provides concise of the main aspects of the environment and project description, highlight mitigation and residual significant effects, recommended mitigation measures.  Policy, Legal, and Administrative Framework: summarize policy context of the project. Provides information on legislation and national and international standards applicable to the project and the receiving environment. Gap analysis good practice to national legislation;  Description of the Project: provides overview of project objectives. Summarize main elements of the project and key activities which may affect the environment;  Description of Environment (Baseline data): provides description of the relevant environmental and social conditions, provides information on presence protected areas within the project area;  Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures – anticipated positive and negative environmental impacts assessed. The chapter is based on the findings of the primary and secondary data collection, field surveys, site reconnaissance, stakeholder consultations, applicable sections of the Uzbekistan Environmental Impact Assessment regulations and ADB SPS (2009).  Analysis of Alternatives – reviewing alternatives of various technologies of wastewater treatment process. Justifying selection of technology included in the project.  Information Disclosure and Public Consultation: Provides concise information on consultation process with data of consultation and summary of comments and concerns. Include how the project responded to the comments. Guided by the Stakeholder and Communication Awareness Strategy (ADB 2014).  Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) – includes both environmental and social aspects, updated ADB and relevant national legislation  Environmental Management Plan (EMP) – defines mitigation measures to avoid or minimize identified potential negative impacts with indication responsible parties for EMP implementation. The EMP provides institutional arrangement and cost.  Conclusion and recommendation – provide information about the project significant effects on environment. 13. Primary physical and biological baseline data was collected through a range of baseline surveys within the study area as well as through consultation meetings and literature reviews (mainly desk based). Secondary data was collected from Uzbekistan Hydrometeorological Service (Uzhydromet), State Statistic Committee, Institute on Hydrogeology and Geology, Academy of Science of RUz, other government and academic institutes and atlases to receive data on topography, demographical situation and other project relevant information. 14. Project technical description and technological decisions were taken from National Feasibility Study (FS) prepared by design institute under the Implementation Agency – Ministry of Housing and Communal Service, international Feasibility Study prepared by TRTA consultants.

1.2.4 Environmental assessment methodology

15. Evaluation of the project’s environment impacts have been done through defining Valuable Environmental Receptors and Project Activities which may act on VER’s. For this first value and sensitivity of the receptor was defined. 16. After identifying VER’s, the project activities which may significantly affect environment were defined. The activities have been reviewed with assistance of the engineering team. The list of the reviewed project activities covers the entire project from initial contractor mobilization through to operation phase of WWTPs. Detail information on impact assessment is provided in Chapter 6.

2 POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK AND STANDARDS

2.1 Policy and Institutional Framework

2.1.1 National Institutional Framework

17. The Republic of Uzbekistan (RUz) is an independent democratic republic based upon 1992 Constitution (as amended on 28 December 1993, 24 April 2003, 11 April 2007, and 18 April 2011). The national environmental and social policy in Uzbekistan is based on the provisions of the country’s Constitution. Under the Constitution all RUz citizens have equal rights and freedoms and are all equal under the law without distinction as to gender, ethnicity, nationality, language, religion, social background, convictions, personal and social status (Article 18). The Constitution also provides safeguards of human rights and freedoms proclaiming that the state secures rights and freedoms of its citizens (Article 43) and guarantees to everyone juridical protection of rights and freedoms (Article 44) when males and females enjoy equal rights (Article 46). 18. Uzbekistan is a presidential republic in which the President is the executive head of the state who secures efficient coordination of governmental authorities. The President issues decrees, resolutions and ordinances which shall be binding across Uzbekistan. 19. The bicameral Supreme Assembly, or ‘Oliy Majlis’, comprising the Legislative Chamber and the Parliament, is the legislature with a power to shape laws. In line with the Constitution any law has legal effect provided it is enacted by the Legislative Chamber, approved by the Parliament and signed by the President. Oliy Majlis defines the national environmental and social policies, approves national environmental programs, develops and adopts national environmental and social legislation, coordinates environmental compliance monitoring actions, defines the rates of environmental charges and establishes respective incentives, etc. 20. The Cabinet of Ministers (CM) is the executive. It comprises the Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Ministers, Ministers, State Committees Chairmen and the Government Executive of the Karakalpakstan Republic. CM exercises state control of environment protection and natural resources management along with the State Committee for Nature Protection of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the local governments. Based on its environmental and social mandate CM pursues the national environmental and social policy; regulates natural resources management; is responsible for natural resources inventory and evaluation; coordinates development and implementation of national socio-economic programs; develops mitigation measures; establishes procedures for collecting environmental charges, pollution and waste disposal fees; sets up limits for the use of natural resources and waste disposal; develops environmental education and awareness system; identifies zones of special environmental management, environmental protection and management regimes; develops international environmental relations.

21. The Councils of People’s Deputies, or ‘Kengashi’, led by governors known as ‘khokims’, are the representative bodies of government authority in regions, districts, cities and towns (except for towns under regional jurisdiction and city districts). Under the Constitution they address any issues within their mandate and responsibility based on the interests of the state and its citizens. The Kengashi are responsible for law and order; security and safety of citizens; issues of economic, social and cultural development; local budgets and taxes; local utilities; environment protection, civil registration; local standards and regulations, and enforcement. The term of office for both the Kengashi and the khokim is five years. The khokim is personally responsible for decisions and actions taken by Kengash while decisions of the khokim are binding to all ventures, institutions, organizations, associations as well as public officers and citizens across the respective territory. 22. The environmental responsibility of regional/local government authorities includes identification of environmental priorities for the respective territory; approval of regional (local) environmental programs; inventory and evaluation of natural resources; inventory of environmentally hazardous facilities; logistical support to environmental actions; environmental permitting; waste management; collection of environmental charges; and environmental control. 23. The makhalla (community level organization) is an independent local form of self- government in Uzbekistan. Makhalla pursues general initiatives and actions locally, including environment-related ones. Makhalla is responsible for taking decisions on issues of local importance, including infrastructure improvement and development, arrangements for khashars (voluntary unpaid work on Sunday), provision of social aid to low-income families, etc. 24. Settlements, kishlaks (villages) and auls (mountain villages) are governed by aksakals (chairmen) and their advisors, who are elected by the gathering of citizens for a period of 2.5 years.

2.1.2 Environmental Management Regulators

2.1.2.1 State Committee for Ecology and Environmental Protection 25. The State Committee for Ecology and Environmental Protection (SCEEP or Goskomecologiya) is the primary agency and environmental regulator responsible for implementing the Law on Environmental Protection (1992). The committee reports to the Parliament and is accountable to the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan. SCEEP is responsible for supervising, coordinating and implementing environmental protection policies and managing the usage and renewal of natural resources at the central, region and district levels. 26. The main tasks and activities of SCEEP are:  State administration in the field of ecology, environmental protection, rational use and processing of natural resources;  Ensuring favorable environmental conditions, the protection of ecological systems, natural complexes and individual objects, and, where possible, improving environmental conditions;  Implementation of state control over compliance with legislation in the field of waste management, the organization of an effective system for the collection, transportation, disposal, recycling and disposal of household waste, in close cooperation with the local authorities and the self-government of citizens;  State environmental control over compliance with legislation in the field of protection and use of land, mineral resources, water, forests, protected natural areas, flora and fauna, protection of atmospheric air;

 Coordination of work on ecology and environmental protection, ensuring interdepartmental cooperation in the development and implementation of a unified environmental and resource-saving policy;  Maintaining a state cadastre in the field of ecology and environmental protection, as well as state registration of nurseries for the breeding and maintenance of wild animals, wild plants, zoological and botanical collections;  Organization of environmental education, propaganda and education, as well as retraining and advanced training of specialists in the field of ecology and environmental protection. 27. The Committee is regulated by President Resolution No. 5024 ‘On Improving the System of State Management in the sphere of Ecology and Environmental Protection’ of 21 April 2017. 28. The structure of SCEEP takes the form of a central body in Tashkent with regional branches and agencies providing scientific and technical support. Regional environmental authorities are structured similarly to SCEEP. 29. The other State agencies that are involved in the regulation and protection of the environment include:  Ministry of Water Resources;  State Committee for Geology and Mineral Resources  Centre of Hydro-meteorological Service (Uzhydromet);  Ministry of Health (MoH RUz);  State Inspectorate for Exploration Supervision, Operations Safety Supervision of Industry, Mining and Utilities Sector (Sanoatgeokontekhnazorat)  Sanitary and Epidemiological Services (SES)16. 2.1.2.2 Ministry of Water Resources 30. Ministry of Water Resources is responsible for water allocation among different users within Republic of Uzbekistan. Based on forecast and limits provided by Interstate Commission for Water Coordination, water is allocated among users with the priority given to drinking water supply sector. 2.1.2.3 State Committee for Geology and Mineral Resources 31. The State Committee for Geology and Mineral Resources, together with Geological Survey Services of the neighboring countries, work on identifying and studying the focal points of radioactive and toxic pollution within trans-boundary territories, prepare geological maps and atlases reflecting especially hazardous zones and sections. In accordance with the procedure established by legislation, exercises control over protection of geological and mineralogical facilities as well as underground water from pollution and depletion. 2.1.2.4 Uzhydromet 32. Uzhydromet establishes and maintains the State Hydro-meteorological Fund of Data, the State Fund of data on environment pollution, state accounting of surface waters; systematic observations of air, soil, surface water, as well as formation and development of disastrous hydrometeorological phenomena. 2.1.2.5 Ministry of Health 33. The Ministry of Health develops and approves sanitary regulations, rules, and hygienic standards, carries out state sanitary supervision over their observance as well as methodological

16 In 2019 this organization was re-named in Agency for Sanitary and Epidemiological Well-being 6

supervision of the work of sanitary and epidemiological services, regardless of their departmental subordination. 2.1.2.6 Sanoatgeokontekhnazorat 34. The State Inspectorate for Supervision of Subsurface Resources Geological Investigation, Safe Work in Industry, Mining, Utilities and Household Sector (Sanoatgeokontekhnazorat) works together with SCEEP and carries out control in the field of geological investigation, use and protection of subsurface resources. 2.1.2.7 Sanitary and Epidemiological Services (SES) 35. SES – has the right, among other things, to prohibit the use of stimulants and growth regulators of agricultural plants and animals, pesticides and others in the event of a harmful effect on human health, till providing scientifically-based data on the safety of these substances, tools and methods by the developers.

2.1.3 Sector Management Regulators

36. This section provides brief information on institutions responsible for wastewater sector management and involved in this process. In accordance with the President Resolution No. 2900 of 18 April 201717 the Ministry of Housing and Communal Services of the RUz is government agency and it is accountable to Cabinet Ministries of Uzbekistan. 37. As per the President Resolution No. 2900, the following have been determined to be the main tasks and areas of operations of the Ministry of Housing and Communal Services of RUz (in terms of wastewater):  Develop and arrange high-quality performance of the programs for development, upgrading and reconstruction of water supply and sewerage facilities and heat supply systems in linkage to human settlements layouts and master plans, as well as ensure operations coordination and management of the of organizations in this field;  Introduce resource-saving and energy-saving technologies and equipment into the housing and utilities system, incl. equips the housing and utilities facilities with modern accounting and measuring devices, and apply widely the modern and high-quality domestic building materials and products that ensure cost reduction of construction and erection work;  As agreed with the RUz Ministry of Finance, form a tariff policy for provision of water supply, sewerage, and heat supply services and implementation of integrated activities on strengthening the economic sustainability of housing and utilities organizations. 38. Resolution of Cabinet Ministries of Republic of Uzbekistan # 169 dated from March 30, 2021, states that Join Stock Companies “Uzsuvtaminot” (JSC), established in November 2019 under Decree of the President No. PF-5883 as the country single water utility overseeing all existing Suvokavas transferred to Limited Liability Companies (LLC), is the designated Executing Agency (EA) for development and implementation of water supply and sanitation projects, including ADB financed projects. The ADB Projects Coordination Unit (ADB PCU), previously functioned under the Communal Services Agency (CSA) and now subordinated to the JSC, will be the EA's responsible unit for all ADB financed project activities, from preparation to implementation. The ADB PCU is subordinated under the Project Office within JSC, which is

17 'On Arranging the Operations of the Ministry of Housing and Communal Services of the Republic of Uzbekistan', Resolution of the RoUz President No. 2900 of 18th April 2017 7

headed by the Deputy Chairman, together with other 4 PCUs of the MDBs such as World Bank, EBRD, ACG, AIIB as indicated in the organization chart of JSC in the Figure 1. 39. Three departments of JSC are dealing with environmental and health and safety aspects: (i) Drinking and Wastewater Monitoring Department (DWWMD); (ii) Labor Protection and Safety Department (LPSD); and (iii) Production - Technical and Pollution Compensation Payments Monitoring Department (PTPCPMD). 40. DWWMD is responsible for collecting data and monitor water quality on water treatment plants (WTP) and WWTP. The Engineers of the Department are collecting data from LLCs’ laboratories on a provincial level. The Engineers are also responsible for developing a curriculum and conduction training for staff of laboratories on existed and newly adopted regulatory documents, working with equipment, and conduction analysis. 41. One Engineer in LPSD coordinates the work with LLCs on Health and Safety aspects. He directly works with the Chief Engineers and H&S Engineers at the provincial level. JSC H&S Engineer’s duties include revision of the training program on H&S for LLCs, development or approval of guidance on H&S for WTPs and WWTPs, and conduction regular monitoring of H&S requirements implementation. 42. PTPCPMD department is responsible for coordination works on control of compensation payments for exceeding established norms from industrial enterprises discharging effluents into the sewage network. Based on information received from the LLCs, the Department develops a monitoring program of the enterprises with exceeding effluents. 43. TST is responsible for water supply and wastewater services in the whole of Tashkent Province. The utility is going through important institutional reforms targeting improvements in financial and operational performance.

General Meetng of Stakeholders

Audit Comission Supervisory Board

Corporate Consultant Internal Audit Service

Consultant of Chairman on General Consultant on Language and Cultural Chairman Affairs (1) Affairs (1)

Deputy Chairman on First Deputy Chairman - Chief Deputy Chairman on Financial- Deputy Chairman on IT Public Relations Department (2) Investments - Director of Project Technologies (1) Engineer (1) Economic Affairs (1) Office (1)

Department on Operation of Drinking Department for Cooperation Water Supply and Sewerage Networks Financial - Economic Coordination Information Security and IT Consolidated Information Department (1) with International Financial (1) Organizations and Foreign Department (4) Analytical Department (4)

Water Supply and Sewerage Facilities Investment Projects and Networks Operation Department WSS Services Accounting and Shareholders and Corporate (4) Implementation and Monitoring Call Center (6) Relations Department (2) Sales Department (5) Department (4)

Production - Technical and Pollution Compensations Payments Monitoring Customers and Billing Department Department (4) Water Supply and Sewerage (4) Public Private Partnership First Department (1) Department (2) Networks Geoinformation Drinking and Waste Waters Quality Monitoring Department (3) Planning and Tariff Policy Department (4) Technical Supervision Metrology and Standartization Maintenance Department (2) Department (3) Department (2) Special Machinery and Transportation Department (2) Economic Analysis and Financial Operations Monitoring Department Chancellary and Executive Energy and Mechanics Department (2) 5 Project Coordination Compliance Department (4) Office (2) Accounting and International Units of ADB, WB, Accounting Standards Application EBRD, AIIB and ACG) Water Pressure Monitoring (Hydraulics) Department (3) Human Resources Department Customers Department (2) (3)

Labor Protection and Safety Department (1)

Legal Department (2) Unitary Enterprise Engineering Company for the construction of WSS facilities TOTAL STAFF: 98 numbers excluding staff of 5 PCUs and UEEC Figure 1. Organization Chart of UzSuvtaminot Joint Stock Company

2.2 Legal and Regulatory Framework

2.2.1 National Natural Resources and Environmental Legislation

44. The major emphasis of the environmental policy of Uzbekistan is on environmental safety being regarded as a strategic component of national security, and the most important aspect of protecting the vital interests of the state, society and identity. The environmental safety policy of the country is based on the Constitution, national laws, the National Security Concept of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the principles of the Rio de Janeiro Declaration on Environment and Development and the Johannesburg Declaration on Health and Sustainable Development with due regard of national commitments under international conventions and agreements, as well as legislative experience of leading countries. 45. Nowadays the conservation policy of Uzbekistan backed up with mitigation and environmental management measures is based on the following principles:  integration of the economic and environmental policy to support conservation and restoration of the environment as pre-requisite for increasing the society standard of living;  change from protection of individual elements of nature to the overall and integrated conservation of eco-systems  responsibility of all members of the society for environment protection, biodiversity conservation, environmental improvement and securing healthy environmental conditions for the population. 46. Since the country gained independence RUz has developed over 100 environmental laws and regulations, and revised old Soviet legislation and policies. One of the country’s objectives is the transition to sustainable social and economic development. For this purpose, RUz has revised and improved the national environmental legislation, enacted new environmental laws and regulations, developed programs and action plans to address environmental issues and promoted sustainable use of natural resources. 47. Legal Framework in the field of Nature Protection and Management established in Uzbekistan, provides to the citizens the rights and duties specified in the country’s Constitution. Specific articles that address environment protection issues within the Constitution are:  Article 50. All citizens shall protect the environment  Article 51. All citizens shall be obliged to pay taxes and local fees established by law  Article 54. Any property shall not inflict harm to the environment  Article 55. Land, subsoil, flora and fauna and other natural resources are protected by the state and considered to be resources of national wealth subject to sustainable use. 48. Uzbekistan has enacted several supporting laws and statutes for environmental management and is party to several international and regional environmental agreements and conventions. The key national environmental law is the Law on Nature Protection (1992). 49. A brief description of this law and the other supporting laws related to environmental protection is presented below.

2.2.2 Law on Nature Protection (1992, last amended 19 April 2018)

50. The law “On nature protection” (Law #754-XII, 1992) states legal, economic, and organizational bases for the conservation of the environment and the rational use of natural resources. Its purpose is to ensure balanced relations between man and nature, to protect the environmental system and to guarantee the rights of the population of a clean environment. According to the legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the Cabinet of Ministries of Republic of Uzbekistan, the State Committee for Ecology and Environmental Protection (SCEEP) and the local government bodies are responsible for implementing state laws on environmental protection and management and the use of natural resources. Article 25 of this law states that State Environmental Expertise (SEE) is a mandatory measure for environmental protection, preceded to decision making process. In addition, article 25 says that the implementation of the project without a positive conclusion of SEE is prohibited.

2.2.3 Supporting national Legislation

51. State environmental control of issues related to the protection of soil and water, air, flora, fauna and specifically the environmental safety of the population is exercised through a range of national environmental laws and regulations. The main national laws applicable to this project are explained in the following sections. 2.2.3.1 Air quality and air emissions 52. The following provides an overview of key legislation relating to air emissions in Uzbekistan and respective national requirements applicable to the Project. 53. The key regulators dealing with air emissions and ambient air quality in Uzbekistan are:  SCEEP who develops air quality standards to protect the environment, the climate and the ozone layer  The Ministry of Health who develops air quality standards (sanitary norms) to protect human health and oversees the compliance with hygienic norms and standards associated with air quality. 54. The key legislation relating to air emissions and ambient air quality in Uzbekistan applicable to the Project includes the following:

Table 1: Key environmental legislation of the RUz on air quality and air emissions

National laws Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Atmospheric Air Protection (#353-I of 27.12.1996 (as amended on 14 March 2019) It describes regulations on atmosphere protection and its objectives. It specifies standards, quality and deleterious effect norms, requirements on fuels and lubricants, production and operation of vehicles and other transport means and equipment, ozone layer protection requirements, obligations of enterprises, institutions and organizations toward atmospheric protection, and compensations for damages from atmospheric pollutions. The Cabinet of Ministries of the Republic of Uzbekistan, SCEEP and local government bodies are responsible for implementing the law. Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Sanitary and Epidemiological Welfare of the Population (#393 of 26 August 2015) It regulates social relations on sanitary-epidemiological well-being and radiation safety, the right person to a healthy environment and other associated with it, the rights and guarantees of their implementation. Criminal Code, Section 4. Environmental Crimes (approved on 22 September 1994; as amended on 9 July 2019)

It specifies the conception and defines punishment for violation of the norms and requirements of environmental safety, willful concealment or misrepresentation of environmental pollution, violation of flora and fauna, water, land, subsoil, protected areas use. Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Environmental Expertise (#73-II of 25.05.2000 (as amended on 2017). It specifies the purposes, objectives and types of environmental expertise. The law defines the qualifications, duties and obligations of environmental experts. SCEEP has overall responsibility for implementing this legislation through The Departments of Environmental Expertise (Glavgosekoexpertiza and Gosecoexpertisa which are both under SCEEP) and the Provincial branches of SCEEP. Decrees Decree of Oliy Majlis of Uzbekistan on Enactment of the Law on Atmospheric Air Protection (#354-I of 27.12.1996) Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan On the Approval of the Regulations on the SEE (#949 of 22 November 2018) Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Improving the System of Pollution and Waste Disposal Charges in Uzbekistan (#199 of 01.05.2003 (as amended on 2 April 2010) Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of Uzbekistan on Measures to Implement the National Strategy for Reducing of Greenhouse Gases Emissions (#389 of 9 October 2000) Regulations Instructions on Inventory of Pollution Sources and Rating Pollutant Emissions for Ventures in Uzbekistan enacted by Order of the Chairman of SCEEP of the Republic of Uzbekistan (#105 of 15 December 2005) Sanitarian Rules and Norms SanR&N RUz No.0179-04 - Hygienic norms. List of MAC of pollutants in ambient air of communities in the Republic of Uzbekistan including Annex 1. SanR&N RUz No.0246-08 - Sanitary norms and requirements to protect ambient air in communities of the Republic of Uzbekistan SanR&N No 0293-11 - Hygienic Norms. List of MAC of pollutants into the atmosphere air of settlements in Uzbekistan SanR&N No 0147-04 - Hygienic Norms. List of MAC - microorganism-producers in the air of settlement areas MAC = Maximum Allowable Concentrations, SEE = State Environmental Expertise, SCEEP = State Committee on Ecology and Environment Protection 55. Rating of pollutant emissions in the air applicable to projects under design is done by setting the maximum allowable emissions of those substances into the atmosphere (MAE). MAE is the mass of pollutant emissions per unit of time from the respective source from the perspective of its development and dispersion of hazardous substances in the atmosphere, creating ground- level concentrations not exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations fixed by SCEEP. 2.2.3.2 Water use and discharge 56. Water resources management, allocation and use in Uzbekistan are under the control of the Ministry of Water Resources, which oversees national specialized associated, provincial and district departments of agriculture and water resources, and inter-provincial and inter-district canal management authorities. 57. Legislation related to water resources management, allocation and use within Uzbekistan is compiled in the next table: Table 2. Key environmental legislation of the RUz on water use and discharge

National laws Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Article 55) “Land, depths, water, flora and fauna and other natural resources are national wealth, should be rationally used and are under state protection”.

Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan on water and water use (#837-XII of 06 May 1993, as last amended on 11 May 2019) It regulates the water relations, rational use of water by the population and economy. The law regulates the protection of waters from pollution and depletion, and prevention and liquidation of harmful effects of water, improvement of water bodies and the protection of the rights of enterprises and institutions, organizations and dehkan farms and individuals in the field of water relations. This Law also authorizes the State (through authorized agencies) to carry out management and control of water use and protection. The following special state agencies are authorized to regulate water use:  Ministry Water resources management (surface water);  State Committee for Geology and Mineral Resources (or Goskomgeologia);  State Inspectorate for Exploration Supervision, Operations Safety Supervision of Industry, Mining and Utilities Sector (or Sanoatgeokontekhnazorat) Decrees Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on additional measures to improve environmental activities in communal services (#11 of 03 February 2010, as amended on 26 March 2019) Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Confirming the regulations on water protection areas in water reservoirs and in other water bodies, rivers, main canals and collector, as well as drinking and domestic water supply sources, and for medical and recreation purposes in the Republic of Uzbekistan (#174 of 7 April 1992) Decree of Cabinet Ministries of RUz on the procedure of issuing permits for special water use and consumption (#171 of 14 June 2013) Decree of Cabinet Ministries of RUz on adoption of order of water use and water consumption in the Republic of Uzbekistan (#82 of 19 March 2013, as last amended on 10 October 2018) The Regulation defines the followings: order of water use and consumption in the Republic of Uzbekistan; state management in water use. The document states that several Ministries are implementing control on water use: local governments entities, State nature protection committee, State Inspection for geological study of subsoil, Safety in industry, mining and domestic sectors of the Cabinet of Ministers, the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the Ministry of Agriculture and Water Management of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the manner prescribed by law. Also, the regulation regulates trans boundary water bodies uses. Regulations and Standards Regulation Document on Regulations on rationing discharges of pollutants into water bodies and on the terrain, considering technically achievable performance of wastewater treatment (RH 84.3.6:2004) Regulation Document on Order of endorsement and approval of projects of wastes disposal and limits for its disposal (RH 84.3.22:2006) O’z DST 951:2011 - Water quality. Sources of centralized household water supply. Hygienic, technical requirements and classification code O’z DST 950:2011 - Drinking water. Drinking water. Hygienic requirements and quality control Sanitarian Rules and Norms Hygiene requirements for the protection of surface waters in RUz (SanR&N No 0172-04) Main criteria for hygienic assessment of the level water bodies contamination for health risks population in Uzbekistan (SanR&N No 0255-08) Sanitarian requirements for development and approval of maximum allowable discharges (MAD) of pollutants discharged into the water bodies with waste waters (SanR&N No 0088-99) 58. All interrelations in water resources within Uzbekistan are based on the above-mentioned documents and corresponding contracts on water delivery. Water is delivered on a contractual basis to all water consumers including provincial and district water organizations and separate units. As a rule, the volume of water passing through the border of the neighboring states is specified in interstate agreements.

2.2.3.3 Waste Management 59. This section provides an overview of the key legislation concerning waste management and disposal in Uzbekistan. The Cabinet of Ministers of Uzbekistan sets and approves national policies, strategies, programs and procedures relating to waste management including allocation of hazardous waste disposal sites and adjustment of waste disposal charge rates as set forth in Article 5 of the Law on Wastes. Local governments are responsible for waste management policies, strategies and procedures at the local level. Table 3: Key environmental legislation of the RUz on waste management

Law on Wastes (#362-II of 05.04.2002 (as last amended on 11 October 2018)

It addresses waste management, exclusive of emissions and air and water pollution, and confers authority to SCEEP concerning inspections, coordination, ecological expertise and establishing certain parameters with regard to the locations where waste may be processed. The Law specifies that citizens have the right to a safe and healthy environment, to participate in the discussion of projects, and to compensation for damage to their lives, health or property. Dangerous waste that is transported domestically or internationally must pass ecological certification and be moved by special vehicles. The import of any radioactive waste for storage or burial is strictly forbidden. Although this is not specified in the Law, special privileges are given to persons and enterprises that develop and introduce technologies for reducing or recycling waste. Enterprises are responsible for their waste, but, if they recycle, they may be provided with assistance from the state budget, the National Fund for Nature Protection or voluntary payments. The principal objective of this law is to prevent negative effects of solid wastes on people’s lives and health, as well as on the environment, reduce wastes generations, and encourage rational use of waste reduction techniques in household activities. The law regulates the procedures for treating solid wastes and defines the authorities of various institutions involved in solid wastes management. The law also stipulates the rules for transporting solid wastes and provides market base incentives for efficient treatment of solid wastes. The Cabinet of Ministries of the Republic of Uzbekistan, SCEEP, Ministry of Health, “Kommunkhizmat”, “Sanoatkontekhnazorat” are responsible for implementing the law. Decrees Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Approval of the collection and disposal of used mercury-containing lamps (#266 of 21 September 2011, as last amended on 30 April 2019) Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Measures for the Further Improvement of Economic Mechanisms for Ensuring Nature Protection (#820 of 11 October 2018) Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Enhancing the Use and Recycling of Mercury Lamps and Devices (#405 of 23 October 2000) Regulations RD Oz RH 84.3.15.2005 - Regulation Document on the waste inventory procedure RD Oz RH 84.3.16.2005 - Regulation Document on Guidelines for setting waste disposal limits RD Oz RH 84.3.17.2005 - Regulation Document on Production and consumption waste. Procedure for developing the Waste Disposal Limit Document RD Oz RH 84.3.22.2006 - Production and consumption waste. Waste inventory and waste disposal limits approval procedure (issued by the Goskomecologiya of Uzbekistan, 2006) RD Oz RH 84.3.11.2004 - Requirements for handling mercury and its compounds, mercury-based waste, and mercury containing devices RD Oz RH 84.3.10.2004 - Regulation on handling mercury-containing products in the Republic of Uzbekistan RD Oz RH 84.3.8.2004 - Methodology for integrated waste hazard rating KMK 201.12-96 - A Landfill for burial and land storage of industrial hazardous wastes 14

Provisional waste norms for cities and regions of Uzbekistan approved by khokimyats Sanitarian Rules and Norms SanR&N No. 0127-02 - Sanitarian Rules of inventory, classification, storage and disposal of industrial wastes SanR&N No. 0128-02 - Hygienic classifier of toxic industrial wastes in the Republic of Uzbekistan SanR&N No. 0157-04 - Sanitarian requirements on storage and disposal of solid waste in special landfills SanR&N No. 0158-04 - Sanitarian Rules and Norms on collection, transportation and disposal of wastes contained asbestos in Uzbekistan SanR&N No. 0168-04 - List of asbestos-cement materials and construction, allowed for using and field of its implementation SanR&N No. 0068-96 - Sanitary regulations for collection, storage, transportation, disposal and recycling of municipal solid waste Others GOST 17.0.0.05-93 - Unified system of standards for environmental protection and rational use of resources. Waste Data Sheet. Composition, content, presentation and amendment procedures GOST 17.9.0.2-99 Environment protection. Waste management. Waste Data Sheet. Composition, content, presentation and amendment procedures GOST 17.9.1.1-99 Environment protection. Waste management. Waste classification. Waste definition by the genetic principle and categorization GOST 30774-2001 Resources saving. Waste management. Waste Hazard Data Sheet. Main provisions GOST 30775-2001 Resources saving. Waste management. Identification and coding. Main provisions 60. Related to the disposal of wasted asbestos, SanR&N No.0158-04 regulates a procedure of asbestos waste handling. Chapter 7 describes the procedure of collecting wasted asbestos. Wastes contained asbestos have to be disposed by the method which avoids dust generation. In case of manual collection of waste, personnel protective equipment (PPE) for respiratory organs (respirators) should be used. Bulk materials collected by other methods should be placed into the impermeable bags (containers). Replacement of the bags (containers) should be conducted by mechanized methods. 61. Solid wastes containing asbestos should be storage into places where they will not be destroyed during period of storage. Bags (or other containers) used for storage of wastes should be disposal by grinding and packing into the dense transportable piles in the special indicated places. These bags cannot be reused as a wastepaper or package. It could be reused as secondary materials for production of asbestos – cement and other goods. 62. All containers with asbestos wastes should have appropriate inscriptions and labeling. During all process of collection and temporarily storage of wastes containing asbestos, all workers should wear appropriate uniform and respirators. Works related with wastes loading, transportation, unloading and disposal should be mechanized; transportation should avoid spilling of wastes and prevent pollution of environment. Transportation of unpacked asbestos in open trucks and railway platforms is prohibited. 63. Asbestos containing wastes classified as Hazard Class IV could be disposed as municipal solid wastes without limitations (quantity). Disposal of asbestos containing waste classified as Hazard Class III is limited and amount of such wastes should not exceed 30% of general amount of solid waste. Asbestos wastes (both Hazard Class IV and III) should be disposed on landfills with impervious layers with soil interlayer between them. This legislation also provides specification of landfills location and its organization (arrangement/structure). It is anticipated that asbestos-contained wastes will be generated during the rehabilitation of WWTPs. Several buildings on WWTPs have roofs covered by slates. As per national standards, the content of asbestos materials in slates may vary from 10-20%. Therefore, these types of asbestos wastes will belong to category III wastes and will be disposed of on municipal landfills under the conditions indicated above. All project cities (Almalyk, Angren, Chirchik and Bekabad) have municipal

landfills which SCEEP determinates as suitable for asbestos wastes disposal. During the meetings, stakeholders’ representatives of SCEEP in each project city confirmed that there are municipal landfills where asbestos wastes could be disposed. Landfills are located outside of the cities at the distance between 8 and 20 km. 64. Permits for combined landfilling of industrial and municipal waste are granted by local SES based on results of analyses completed by accredited laboratories (SanR&N RUz - 0157-04). 65. Landfill owners are responsible for safe storage and disposal of waste to avoid potential impacts to human health and the environment (SanR&N RUz 0157-04). 2.2.3.4 Soil 66. Issues related to protection of geology, soils and groundwater in Uzbekistan are regulated by relevant national legislation including: Table 4: Key environmental legislation of the RUz on soil, subsoil, and groundwater

National laws Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Subsoil (#2018-XII of 23.09.1994)

This law aims to ensure sustainable and integrated use of mineral resources to meet the needs of the mineral raw materials and other needs, protection of mineral resources, environment, safety of operations in subsoil use and protection of subsoil users, protecting the interests of individuals, society and state. According to the Law, the monitoring of subsoil, which represents a system of observations of the subsoil to timely detect changes, assess, prevent and redress the negative processes, is established (Article 18). Geological studies are permitted only after obtaining a positive opinion of the state environmental assessment (Article 25). Licenses for construction and operation of underground facilities for the storage and disposal of waste shall be issued by SCEEP as a result of direct negotiations Decrees Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Approval of Regulatory Documents in Conformity with the Law of Uzbekistan on Subsoil (#19 of 13 January 997 (as amended on 17 December 2010)

Annex No. 2, Regulations on state control and supervision for usage and protection of subsoil, geological survey of subsoil and rational usage of mineral resources Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of Uzbekistan on Improving the System of Pollution and Waste Disposal Charges in Uzbekistan (#199 of 01.05.2003 (as amended on 2 April 2010) Decree of the Cabinet of Ministries of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Regulation on Measures for Ground Water Management, Enhancement of Ground Water Protection against Pollution and Depletion (#179 of 08 April 992) Sanitarian Rules and Norms SanR&N No 0272-09 - Sanitary rules and Norms on Development of hygiene studies to schemes of soil pollution in Uzbekistan SanR&N No 0212-06 - Sanitary rules and Norms on Hygienic assessment of the contamination level of soils of different land use types in the specific conditions of Uzbekistan SanR&N No 0183-05 - Hygienic requirements for the quality of the soil in settlements areas in specific natural-climatic conditions of Uzbekistan 2.2.3.5 Biodiversity 67. The national biodiversity policy in Uzbekistan is based on the provisions of the National Constitution of 1992. Article 55 defines that flora and fauna as well as other natural resources are protected by the state and considered to be resources of national wealth subject to sustainable use. Biodiversity management and conservation in Uzbekistan are regulated through a range of national laws and regulations, gathered in Table 5 below.

Table 5. Key environmental legislation of the RUz on biodiversity

National laws Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan on protected natural areas (#710-II of 03.12.2004, as last amended 9 January 2019) It regulates relations in organization, protection and use of conserved territories, and management of protected nature reserved or territories. In the law are given the categories and management of conserved territories such as integrated (landscape) wildlife preserves, nature parks, state natural objects, areas for protection, conversion and restoration of certain natural and manmade objects and complexes. SCEEP and local government bodies are responsible for implementing state control and protection of nature conserved territory and its usage. Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Protection and use of flora (#543-I of 26.12.1997; new addition - #409 of 21 September 2016) It regulates protection and usage of flora growing in natural condition, as well as in cultivation and its reproduction and conservation of gene pool of wild plants. The Cabinet of Ministries of the Republic of Uzbekistan, local government bodies and special authorized agencies implement the law. SCEEP and Head Department of Forestry under Ministry for Agricultural and Water Resources Management are the special authorized agencies in flora protection and its usage. The Cabinet of Ministries of Republic of Uzbekistan, local government bodies, SCEEP and Head Department of Forestry are responsible for implementing on the national level the administration of the law. Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Protection and use of fauna (#545-I of 26.12.1997; new addition - #408 of 19 September 2016) It defines the legal relationship aimed at regulating relations in the protection, use, restoration and reproduction of fauna in order to ensure the conditions of its existence, preservation of species diversity, the integrity of natural communities and habitat. The choice of sites for all types of construction, pre-planning, design and project documentation, implementation of which may have impact on the wildlife or its habitat and projects unit hunting and fishing, projects, work on acclimatization and hybridization of animal protection plants, dangerous to wildlife and its habitat is subject to the state environmental assessment. Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Forestry (#770-I of 14.04.1999; new addition - #475 of 16 April 2018) It describes main objectives of forest regulations and state forest fund and gives mechanism of state regulations and controls in the field of forest protection, conservation, use, and reproduction. The law stipulates the order of forest management, its types and cutting conditions of tree and bush plantations. The Cabinet of Ministries of the Republic of Uzbekistan, local government bodies, SCEEP and Head Department of Forestry under Ministry for Agricultural are responsible for implementing the law. Decrees Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on the Settlement of the Use of Biological Resources and the Procedure of Permission of the Resolving Procedures in the Field of Nature Use (#290 of 20.10.2014 as last amended 27.05.2019) Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Measures to Improve the Public Administration System in the Sphere of Protected Natural Territories (#4247 of 20.03.2019) Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on the Approval of the strategy for the preservation of biological diversity in the Republic of Uzbekistan for the period 2019-2028 (#484 of 11.06.2019) Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of Uzbekistan About measures on the organization of the preparation, edition and management of the red book of the Republic of Uzbekistan (#1034 of 19.12.2018) Decree of the Supreme Council of Uzbekistan on Reinforcement of the Protection of Valuable and Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna and Harmonization of their Use (#937- XII of 03.09.1993) Appendix of the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Classification of technogenetic, natural and environmental emergencies (#455 of 27.10.1998)

2.2.3.6 Cultural Heritage 68. The preservation of national cultural heritage’s objects in Uzbekistan is based on the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan and main Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On the protection and use of objects of cultural heritage and few other decrees” (Table 6). Table 6. Key environmental legislation of the RUz on cultural heritage

National laws Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Article 49) The Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan states that “"Concern for the preservation of historical monuments and other cultural values - the chore and duty of citizens of Uzbekistan" Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan on the protection and use of objects of cultural heritage (#269-II of 30.08.2001, as last amended 19.04.2018) It regulates relations in the field of protection and usage of objective of archeological heritages, defines ownership rights of such objectives, responsible entities and provides a procedure of archeological investigation of the objectives of archeological heritage. It states (para 20) that under “saving of cultural heritages is considered their conservation, repairing, rehabilitation, adopting for current usage and conduction related scientific-production research, design and production works”. An official permission from the Ministry of Culture of the RUz needs to be received prior starting of rehabilitation works. Decrees Decree of the Cabinet of Ministries of the Republic of Uzbekistan About measures on further development protection and usage the historical heritages (# 269 of 29.06.2002) 69. The Main Scientific-Production Department (MSPD) on protection of cultural heritages under the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Uzbekistan is special designated entity responsible for protection of cultural heritages. Scientific-production workshops and number of private companies conduct rehabilitation works. 70. For objects which could be considered as cultural heritage, but which have not been registered yet, a full procedure on registration needs to be implemented in accordance with the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministries of the RUz (RCM) # 269 dated from June 29, 2002 “About measures on further development protection and usage the historical heritages”. 71. Therefore, for the project works related to rehabilitation of registered cultural heritages or work near to such objects, a special permission needs to be received from province level branch of Ministry of Culture for: (i) conduction of works inside heritage, and (ii) for conduction works which are not touch heritage but will conducted and could be located in buffer zone of heritage. Such permission needs to be received prior starting construction/rehabilitation works by project initiator – local hokimiyats.

2.2.4 Environmental Quality Standards

2.2.4.1 Water quality standards 72. There are different standards for various type of water courses in Uzbekistan. Depending on purpose of use, water courses could be categorized as for domestic use (could be used as a source for drinking water after treatment), fishery, communal use. The Table 7 presents the national general effluent standards into the water bodies classified by type of use.

Table 7. General water standards18

Indicators Purpose of water use Domestic Cultural and Fishery needs use service Highest and first Second category category Suspended Compared with the natural conditions the content of suspended solids at solids wastewater discharge shall not be increased by more than 0.25 mg/dm3 0.75 mg/dm3 0.25 mg/dm3 0.75 mg/dm3 For reservoirs and watercourses containing at low water above 30 mg/dm3 suspended solids, there may be an increase to 5%. Suspensions with fallout rate of more than 0.4 mm/s for watercourses and more than 0.2 mm/s for discharge reservoirs are prohibited Floating There shall not be a film of oil products and concentrations of other matter contaminants on the water surface Color Shall not be detected in the There shall be no foreign colour column of height 20 sm 10 sm Smell and Intensity of more than 1 point Water must not give extraneous odours test is not permitted and flavours to fish meat Temperature Temperature of water at the Temperature of water at the discharge discharge point must not point must not exceed 5ºС in comparing exceed 3ºС in comparing with average monthly temperature of the average monthly temperature hottest month. Increasing of temperature of the hottest month more than 28 ºС in summer and till 8ºС in winter is not allowed Hydrogen Shall not beyond 6.5...8.5 рН Shall not beyond 6.5...8.5 рН exponent (рН) Mineralization Shall not exceed by dry Rated according to water bodies residue 1000 mg/dm3, intoxications including chlorides - 350mg/dm3 and sulphates - 500 mg/dm3 Dissolved No less than 4 mg/dm3 in any In winter shall be no less than oxygen period of the year in a sample 6 mg/dm3 taken by 12 a.m. on the same No less than 6 mg/dm3 in any period of day the year in a sample taken by 12 a.m. on the same day BOD At 20ºС must not exceed At 20 º С shall not exceed 3.0 mg/dm3 if 3.0 mg/dm3 6.0 mg/dm3 in winter the dissolved oxygen content in the water of the first* category fishing water bodies fell to 6.0 mg/dm3, and in the second** – to 4 mg/dm3, then discharge in them is only permitted to wastewater that does not change the BOD COD Shall not exceed 15.0 30.0 mg/dm3 - - mg/dm3

18 SanR&N No 0172-04 Hygiene requirements for the protection of surface waters in RUz and Attachment to Construction Norms and Rules (CNR) 1.03.01-96 “Guidelines on content, order, approval and endoresement of design estimate for enterpises, building construction”;. 19

Indicators Purpose of water use Domestic Cultural and Fishery needs use service Highest and first Second category category Causative Not allowed agent (of a disease) Chemicals Shall not be contained in concentrations exceeding the MAC (pollutants)** *- The first category includes water bodies, where valuable fish species highly sensitive to oxygen are kept and reproduced in. ** - The second group includes water bodies used for other aquatic economy needs. 73. Maximum allowed concentrations of most spread chemical pollutants are presented in Table 8. As shown in the table, national standards for irrigation water fully complies with standards for irrigation water. Therefore, national standards for fishery are accepted as a base for the current IEE. Table 8. Maximum permissible concentration of pollutants in the water surface water bodies by usage categories (mg/m3) Water usage categories (Handbook of environmentalist, Tashkent 2010)

Irrigation for direct Pollutants Drinking water use without Fishery Communal blending

Nat WHO19 Nat FAO20 COD 15 30 30 40

BOD20, mgО2/L 3 3-6 3-6 10 pН 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 Mineralization 1000 1000 1000-1500 1000 1000 0-2000 Including: sulphates 100 500 400-500 - - 1900 Chlorides 300 350 250-350 - - 300 Ammonium nitrogen + 0,5 2 0,5 - 1.5 0-5 (ammonium salt) (NH4 ) Nitrogen 9.1 25 45 25 Nitrogen nitrite 0.02 0.5 3 0.5 0-10 Nitrite 0.08 3.3 3 3 - - Nitrate 40 45 45 50 - - 3- Phosphate (PO4 ) 0.3 1 3,5 - 1 0-2 Ether soluble 0,05 0.8 0,8 - 0.8 - Oil products 0,05 0.3 0,1 - 0.3 -

19 WHO, Guidelines for drinking-water quality, Fourth Edition, 2017 20 FAO Guidelines for interpretations of water quality for irrigation, http://www.fao.org/3/t0234e/t0234e01.htm 20

Water usage categories (Handbook of environmentalist, Tashkent 2010)

Irrigation for direct Pollutants Drinking water use without Fishery Communal blending

Nat WHO19 Nat FAO20 SAS 0,1 0.5 0,5 - 0.5 - Phenol 0,001 0.001 0.001-0,1 - 0.001 - Fluorine (F) 0,05 1,5 0,7 1.5 1 - Arsenic (As) 0,05 0,05 0,05 0.01 0.1 - Iron (Fe) 0,05 0,5 0,3-3 - 5 - Chromium (Cr6+) 0,001 0,1 0,05 0.05 0.1 - Copper (Cu) 0,001 1 1 2 1 - Zinc (Zn) 0,01 1 3 - 5 - Cyanides 0,05 0,1 0 0 - Lead (Pb) 0,03 0,1 0,03 0.01 0.2 - Nickel (Ni) 0,01 0,1 0,1 0.07 - Cadmium (Cd) 0,005 0,01 - 0.003 - Cobalt (Co) 0,1 1 - - - Molybdenum (Mo) 0,0012 0,5 0,25 - - Strontium (Sr2+) 2 7 - - Selenium (Se) 0,001 0,01 0.04 - Mercury (Hg) 0,005 0,0005 0.006 - Boron (B) 0.53 2.4 0.53 0-7-3 74. Separate standards for discharging industrial wastewater in centralized system regulated quality of sewage discharging by enterprises into network. In accordance with Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on additional measures to improve environmental activities in communal services (#11 of 03.02.2010, as amended on 26.03.2019) standards for maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants in discharges of industrial wastewater into municipal sewer networks (Table 9) and list of especially toxic pollutants (Table 10) are as stated in the table below: Table 9: Standards for maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants in discharges of industrial wastewater into municipal sewer networks # Substances Concentration (mg / l) 1. Aniline 2.57 2. Acetaldigide 8.58 3. Acetone 17.16 4. Barium 0.44 5. Benzoic acid 5.43 6. Glycerol 38.6

# Substances Concentration (mg / l) 7. Vegetable fats and animals 5.0 8. Caprolactam 10.73 9. Xylene 1.0 10. Sulfur paints 10.7 11. Molybdenum 1.0 12. Metazin 12.9 13. Methanol 1.0 14. Methylstyrene 0.1 15. Polyacrylamide 2.0 16. Resorcin 0.18 17. Carbon disulfide 5.0 18. SSAS anionic 20.0 19. Styrene 0.56 20. Sulphides 1.0 21. Antimony 0.2 22. Thiourea 0.13 23. Titanium 0.1 24. Toluene 2.8 25. Tricresyl phosphate 0.03 26. pH 6.5 — 8.5 27. Suspended particles 500 28. Dry residue 2000 29. Total nitrogen 30.0 30. Ammonia nitrogen 2.5 31. Nitrite nitrite 3.3 32. Nitrate nitrate 45.0 33. Ammonium ion 2.5 34. Chlorides 350 35. Phosphates 2.5 36. Fluoride ion 1.5 37. COD 500 38. BOD20 15 — 30 39. BOD5 11.3 — 22.6

Table 10. List of especially toxic pollutants # Substances Concentration (mg / l) 1. Aluminum 0.75 2. Pentavalent vanadium 0.1 3. Bismuth 15.0 4. Iron (ion Fe ++) 5.0 5. Ferrous sulfate iron 0.5 6. Cadmium 0.1 7. Cobalt 0.1 8. Manganese 30.0 9. Copper 1.0 10. Arsenic 0.1

# Substances Concentration (mg / l) 11. Oil and petroleum products 1.0 12. Nickel 0.5 13. Tin 20.0 14. Mercury 0.001 15. Lead 0.1 16. Selenium 0.01 17. Strontium 18.0 18. Phenol 0.05 19. Formaldehyde 0.6 20. Trivalent chromium 0.5 21. Chromium hexavalent 0.1 22. Cyanides 0.64 23. Zinc 1.0 75. In accordance with Law on Water and Water Use (1993), discharge of untreated water in watercourses is prohibited. Contaminated industrial wastewater has to be pre-treated at the source and disposed of in two ways: (i) discharged into municipal sewage network for further final treatment at WWTPs before discharging to watercourses, or (ii) discharged directly to watercourses. The quality of pre-treated wastewater discharging into sewage networks has to comply with standards for sewage effluents indicated in Table 9. Industrial sewage discharging directly to watercourses has to be treated up to standards shown in Table 7 and Table 8. 76. Sewage from households that are not connected to a centralized sewage network is discharged into the hydro isolated cesspools. Sewage from cesspools is collected by flusher cars for further disposal at the closest WWTP. Under the project as a pilot-scale program, septic tanks for 70 rural settlements (villages) will be installed. Nowadays, there are no rules on septic tank management in Uzbekistan. 77. During the project construction period, the contractors must provide user’s manuals (including the information on the need for regular desludging of septic tanks, treatment and proper disposal of the septage and the mechanism, fees for doing so, and information on items that should not be put down household drains and flushed down toilets) to homeowners when installing the septic tanks. In addition, the project community health and hygiene campaign will provide leaflets to households that include instructions for service calls and hotline numbers. Septic tanks will be emptied by TST septic tank service operators (using vacuum trucks), and sludge will be transported to a wastewater treatment plant receiving inlet for treatment and disposal together with the WWTP sludge. 2.2.4.2 Re-use of sludge 78. Procedure on re-use of sludge for irrigation and as fertilizer is regulated mainly by two documents: (i) Hygiene requirements to use of wastewater and their sediments on agricultural irrigation fields under the natural climatic conditions of Uzbekistan - # 0180-05. (ii) Re-use of wastewater and its sludge for irrigation and as fertilizer the climatic conditions of Uzbekistan - SanPiN RUz № 0181-05; (iii) Sanitarian requirements for sewage systems in specific nature and climatic conditions of Uzbekistan – SanPiN # 0129-02. 79. Chapter 4 of SanPiN RUz № 0181-05 describes general requirements for the composition of sludge which is going to be used for irrigation and fertilizing for industrial, fodder and tree-shrub

crops in the soil-climatic conditions of Uzbekistan. The sludge could be used only after disinfection. Hygienic norms # 0180-05 provides types of disinfection applicable for sludge: (i) thermophilic digestion in digesters or thermo-drying; (ii) irradiation with infrared rays in the deworming chamber; (iii) pasteurization at a temperature of 70 ° C and a thermal exposure time of at least 20 minutes; (iv) anerobic stabilization with preliminary heating of a mixture of crude sludge with activated sludge at a temperature of 60-65 ° C for 2 hours; composting (with sawdust, dry leaves, straw and peat) for 4-5 months, of which 1-2 should be in the warm season, provided that all parts of the compost reach a temperature of at least + 60 ° C; keeping at silt sites not less than 1 year (in the conditions of the IV climatic region (Uzbekistan)). 80. National Standards for sludge content which could be used as fertilizer is based on Russian norms (SanPiN 2.1.7.573-96). These norms were compared with EPA Standards for Pollutants Limits for sewage sludge for land application (Chapter 2.2, (40 CFR 503.13)) and Sludge Directive 86/287 of the EU. Results of comparison is presented in the table., last column shows accepted for this project standards for sludge content. Table 11: Requirements for sludge content

Indicator National standards EPA21 EU Directive22 Accepted Gross content standards Moisture in %, no more 82 N/a N/a 82 than Organic matter,% dry No less than 20 N/a N/a No less than product 20% Oxidity, рН 5,5-8,5 5.5-8.5 Pb 1000 840 750-1,200 1,000 As 20 75 - 20 Hg 15 57 16-25 15 Cd 30 85 20-40 30 Cr 1,200 3,000-4,000 - 1,200 Cu 1500 4,300 1,000-1,750 1,500 Ni 400 420 300-400 400 Zn 4000 1,500 2,500-4,000 1500 Se N/a 100 N/a 100 Mo N/a 75 N/a 75 Viable eggs of gelmentins, 0 N/a N/a 0 pieces Pathogenic enterobacteria, 0 N/a N/a 0 cells Coli-index, no more than 0.01 N/a N/a 0.01 81. Each batch of sludge should be checked on content of above listed substances before using as fertilizer. The chemical analysis will be undertaken by organization responsible for fertilizer supply and results of analysis should be transferred to consumer as a certificate. 82. It is prohibited to use sludge from WWTPs on the land of buffer zones of water bodies, protected areas.

21 https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-11/documents/land-application-sewage-sludge.pdf 22 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:31986L0278&from=EN 24

83. According to national regulation treated water from WWTP cannot be used for irrigation directly. The treated sewage water could be used for irrigation only after going to the filtration fields. The sewage treatment process of WWTPs included into the project do not include filtration fields. Therefore, treated water from the Project’s WWTPs cannot be used for irrigation. 2.2.4.3 Buffer zones for WWTPs 84. The safety distances between WWTP’s facilities and settlements are defined in two documents: KMK 2.04.03-96 and SanPiN # 0350-17 Sanitarian Norms and Rules on Protection of Atmosphere air in settlements of Republic of Uzbekistan. The required distances between various facilities and settlements, public places and food industries are presented in Table 12. Table 12: Requirements on buffer zone for WWTP

Facility name Distance for facilities with capacity thousand m3/day Up to 0.2 From 0.2 From 5 up More than up to 5 to 50 50 up to 200 Pump stations and emergency control tanks 15 20 20 30 Facilities for mechanical and biological treatment with sludge beds for fermented sediments, as 150 200 400 500 well as separate located sludge beds Facilities for mechanical and biological treatment with thermomechanical treatment of sludge in 100 150 300 400 enclosed spaces. Fields: 200 300 500 1000 Filtration 150 200 400 1000 Irrigation Biological ponds 200 200 300 300 85. Within the buffer zone it is prohibited to allocate the following structures:  Food industries,  Water supply complexes;  Food storage warehouse;  Settlements, pre-school and other educational facilities;  Sport facilities, parks, health 2.2.4.4 Air quality 86. The air quality is regulated mainly Sanitarian Rules and Norms approved by the Ministry of Health of RUz. Thus, SanR&N RUz No.0179-04 - Hygienic norms. List of Maximum Allowable Concentrations (MAC) of pollutants in ambient air of communities in the Republic of Uzbekistan including Annex 1” defines standards for the main air pollutants in the living area (Table 13). Table 13: Ambient Air Quality Standards for Protection of Human Health (mg/m3)

Air quality Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum parameter allowed during allowed allowed average allowed 30 min average day monthly average year

NO2 0.085 0.06 0.15 0.04 NO 0.6 0.25 0.12 0.06 SO2 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.05

CO 5 4 3.5 3 Dust (PM10) 0.15-0.5 0.1-0.35 0.08-0.2 0.05-0.15 87. The WHO standards23 are presented in the table below. Table 14: WHO standards for air quality

Air quality parameter Period Guideline value mg/m3

SO2 24 hours 20 10 minutes 500 NO2 1 year 40 1 hour 200 PM10 1 hour 50 24 hours 20 PM2.5 1 hour 25 24 hours 10 88. The air quality standards recommended to use for assessment of ambient air quality is presented in Table 15. Table 15: WHO Ambient Air Quality Guidelines (General IFC Guidelines ,2007)

Pollutant Average Period Guideline value in Guideline Source of g/m3 value standards mg/m3 SO2 10 min 500 0.5 WHO 30 min 500 0.5 Uzbekistan 24 hours 20 0.02 WHO 1 month 500 0.5 Uzbekistan 1 year 50 0.05 Uzbekistan NO2 10 min 200 0.2 IFC/Uzbekistan 30 min 85 0.085 Uzbekistan 24 hours 60 0.06 Uzbekistan 1 month 50 0.05 Uzbekistan 1 year 40 0.04 WHO /Uzbekistan NOx 30 min 600 0.6 Uzbekistan 24 hours 250 0.25 Uzbekistan 1 month 120 0.12 Uzbekistan 1 year 600 0.6 Uzbekistan CO 30 min 5000 5.0 Uzbekistan 24 hours 4000 4.0 Uzbekistan 1 month 3500 3.5 Uzbekistan 1 year 3000 3.0 Uzbekistan PM10 1 year 20 0.02 WHO 24 hours 50 0.05 WHO PM25 1 year 10 0.1 WHO 24 hours 25 0.025 WHO

23 WHO Air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide, Clobal Update 2005, Summary of Risk Assessment 26

2.2.4.5 Nosie and vibration level standards 89. National and international noise standards are presented in the Table 16. National norms comply with international for both – daytime (55 dB) and nighttime (45 dB) for residential area and they are stricter for offices on 10 dB. Table 16: National and international standards of maximum allowable noise standards (dB)

Receiver National24 EHS Guidelines25 Day time Nighttime (11.00 Day time (7.00 am Nighttime (10.00 (7.00 am – 11 pm) pm – 7.00 am) – 10.00 pm) pm – 7.00 am) Residential 55 45 55 45 Offices, 60 - 70 70 commercial 90. According to KMK 2.10.08-96, acceptable equivalent noise level generated from transport (road, rail, air) is on 10 dB higher than noise level indicated in Table 2 for daytime. 91. National standards for vibration level in residential houses are provided in Sanitarian Norms and Rules (SNR) № 0146-04 “Design of the living houses in climatic conditions of Uzbekistan”. For living houses the standards is 67 dB for nighttime and 72 dB for daytime with frequency in 37 and 61 Hz. For the non-continuous vibration, the standards should decrease on 10 dB (Table 17). Table 17: National standards for vibration

Permanent vibration, dB Day time 72 Nighttime 67 92. International standards for impact of vibration on people and structure are provided in Transportation and Construction Vibration Guidance Manual (2013). California Department of Transportation Division of Environmental Analysis Environmental Engineering Hazardous Waste, Air, Noise, Paleontology Office developed the Manual. 93. The manual provides vibration level on people and houses and on structures (Table 18). FTA’s standards for impact on people is stricter than national, therefore, these standards are used for evaluations. Since number of trains per day will be less than 70, vibration level for infrequent events (80 dB) is used as a standard for operation period and 72 dB – for construction phase. Table 18: Federal Transit Administration (FTA) Vibration Impact Criteria

Land Use Category Vibration Impact Level Vibration Impact Level for Frequent Events (VdB) Infrequent Events (VdB) Category 1: Buildings where low 65 65 ambient vibration is essential for interior operations Category 2: Residences and buildings 72 80 where people normally sleep Category 3: Institutional land uses 75 83 with primarily daytime use Note: “Frequent events” is defined as more than 70 events per day. “Infrequent events” is defined as fewer than 70 events per day.

24 Sanitarian Norms and Rules (SanPiN) # 0267 (2007) SanR&N No.0267-09 Admissible noise level into the living area, both inside and outside the buildings, and KMK 2.01.08-96 Protection from Noise, Table 1 25 See footnote 35. Environmental, Noise, Table 1.7.1 27

94. More standards are provided in general guidance on human response to building vibrations is given in AS 2670.2–1990 “Evaluation of human exposure to whole-body vibration— continuous and shock-induced vibration in buildings (1 to 80 Hz), ISO 2631–2:2003 Mechanical vibration and shock— evaluation of human exposure to whole body vibration—Part 2: Vibration in buildings (1 Hz to 80 Hz), BS 6472 –1:2008 Guide to evaluation of human exposure to vibration in buildings. Vibration sources other than blasting. Based on these guidelines, ground vibration limits are presented in Table 19. Table 19: Ground vibration limits for human comfort26

Peak component Vibration, Category Period particle velocity dB (mm/s) Residential Night-time 0.2 mm/s 72 Daytime 0.3 mm/s 76 Offices When occupied 0.6 mm/s 82 Occupied non-sensitive sites, 94 such as factories and When occupied 2.5 mm/s commercial premises mm/s = millimeters per second a A ‘sensitive site’ includes houses and low-rise residential buildings, theatres, schools, and other similar buildings occupied by people. 95. The Table 20 presents maximum continuous vibration level for preventing damages for different type of buildings. This data could be used as thresholds for both phases – construction and operation for structural integrity of buildings/houses. Table 20: Maximum continuous vibration levels for preventing damage (mm/s)

Description of building type AASHTO SAS (1990) (1992) mm/s dB* mm/s dB* Historic sites or other critical locations 2.5 94 2.5 94

Residential buildings with plastered walls / 5.1-7.6 100-104 5.1 100 Building with foundation walls and floors in concrete, wooden ceilings and walls in masonry Residential buildings in good repair/ Building 10.2-12.7 106-108 7.6 100 with foundation walls and floors in concrete, walls in concrete or masonry Engineered structures without plaster / 25.4-38.1 114-118 12.7 108 Buildings in steel or reinforced concrete AASHTO = American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, SAS = Swiss Association of Standardization Source: California Department of Transportation (2013), US Transportation Research Board (2012) * Converting into dB was done based on formula provided in para.70. 96. To convert vibration level presented in dB into vibration velocity presented in mm/s and vice versa the following formulas were used27: ,

푉푑퐵 = 20 ∗ 퐿푔10(푉) + 86

26 https://industry.gov.au/resource/Programs/LPSD/Airborne-contaminants-noise-and- vibration/Vibration/Pages/Ground-vibration-limits.aspx 27 http://vibrocenter.ru/vibroacc.htm 28

, where(푉푑퐵− 86)/20 푉 = 10 VdB – vibration level in dB, and V – vibration velocity in mm/s 97. Based on above analysis and taking in account presence only living houses and industrial facilities along the railway, more stringent standards have been accepted for assessment of vibration – national standards: for daytime – 0.2 mm/s (which is equivalent 72 dB) and for nighttime - 0.1 mm/s (which is equivalent 65 dB) indicated in the Table 17. 2.2.4.6 Soil quality 98. The soil quality standards are defined in the SanR&N # 0191-05 dated from 2005 “Sanitary maximum permitted concentration (MPC) and tentatively acceptable concentration (TAC) of exogenous pollutants in the soil”. The National standards have been compared with international. Table 21: Maximum allowed concentration (MAC) of exogenous chemicals in the soil

Uzbek Dutch Parameter Unit Standard Intervention IFC (1) Values (2) Antimony mg/kg 4.5 22 Arsenic mg/kg 2.0 76 Barium - Cadmium mg/kg 13 Chromium mg/kg 6.0 Chromium VI mg/kg 78 Cobalt mg/kg 5.0 190 Copper mg/kg 3.0 190 Mercury (organic) mg/kg 2.1 4 Lead mg/kg 32.0 530 Molybdenum mg/kg 10.0 190 Nickel mg/kg 4.0 100 There are no Selenium mg/kg 100 detailed Zinc mg/kg 23.0 720 numerical 20 (free) Cyanides mg/kg requirements 50 (complex) to soil quality Benzene mg/kg 0.3 1.1 established by Ethylbenzene mg/kg 110 IFC’s guidance Toluene mg/kg 0.3 32 documents Xylenes (sum) mg/kg 17 Styrene mg/kg 0.1 (vinylbenzene) 86 Phenol mg/kg 14 Vanadium mg/kg 150.0 250 Nitrates mg/kg 130.0 - Sulphates (H2SO4 mg/kg 160.0 - Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (Mineral mg/kg 5,000 Oil) PAHs (total) mg/kg 40 Ammonia Nitrogen mg/kg 1.5

Uzbek Dutch Parameter Unit Standard Intervention IFC (1) Values (2) Notes: (1) General EHS Guidelines,28 Wastewater and Ambient Water Quality (2) SanPIN #0191-05. Sanitary Extent Permissible Concentrations (MPC) and Indicative Acceptable Concentrations (IAC) of Exogenous Harmful Substances in the soil (November 5, 2005)

2.2.5 National Environmental Assessment Requirements

99. The Project is subject to the environmental assessment requirements of both the Uzbek Republic and the ADB. This section describes national requirements. 100. The national EIA procedure is regulated by the Law "On the SEE" and the Regulations of Cabinet Ministries of RUz "On Further improvement of the mechanism of the Environmental Impact Assessment" (SEE), approved by the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers No. 541 dated 7 September 2020. The Resolution specifies the legal requirements for EIA in Uzbekistan. According to the Resolution, SEE is a type of environmental examination carried out by specialized expert divisions to set up the compliance of the planned activities with the environmental requirements and determination of the permissibility of the environmental examination object implementation. 101. The special authorized state body in the field of state environmental examination is the State Committee of Ecology and Environment Protection. SEE is carried out by the following specialized expert divisions of SCEEP:  The state unitary enterprise "The Center of the State Environmental Examination" of the SCEEP, hereinafter referred to as "The Center of the State Environmental Examination State Unitarian Enterprise";  The state unitary enterprise "The Center of the State Environmental Examination" of the Republic of Karakalpakstan;  The state unitary enterprises "The Center of the State Environmental Examination" of regions and Tashkent city. 102. The “Center of the State Environmental Examination State Unitarian Enterprise” carries out the state environmental examination of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of the objects of economic activity classified as the I and II categories of environmental impact (high and medium risk); 103. The state unitary enterprises "The Center of the State Environmental Examination" of the Republic of Karakalpakstan and regions carry out environmental examination of EIA of the objects of economic activity classified as the III and IV categories of environmental impact (low risk and local impact). 104. The Regulations details describe the procedure of arrangement and carrying out of the SEE (Annex 1 to PCM) and the procedure of the SEE carrying out (Annex 2 to PCM). The three stages of the EIA and their required results are summarized as follows:  Stage I: "A Preliminary Statement of the Environmental Impact (PSEI)” shall be carried out at the planning stage of the proposed project prior to the allocation of funds for development.

28 See footnote 35. 30

 Stage II: "A Statement of the Environmental Impact (SEI)” shall be prepared in due time, in conclusion, by Glavgosekspertiza / SEE at Stage I, to conduct the required additional studies or analyses. The Conclusion shall be submitted to Glavgosekspertiza / SEE prior to the approval of the Feasibility Study of the project and, therefore, prior to the beginning of the construction.  Stage III: "State Environmental Consequences (SEC)" is the final stage of the SEE process and shall be carried out prior to the start of the project. The report describes in detail the changes in the project made as a result of the analysis of the Glavgosekspertiza / SEE during the first two stages of the EIA process, the comments received during public consultations, the environmental standards applicable to the project, and the environmental monitoring requirements related to the project, as well as the main conclusions. 105. All types of SEE economic activities are classified into one of four categories:  Categories I and II are "high and medium risks of environmental impact" (SEE will be within 30 days, all stages of EIA are required);  Category III is "Low risk of impact" (all stages of EIA are required); and  Category IV - "local impact" (only the first stage of EIA - PSEI is required). 106. According to paragraph 24 of the "Regulations on SEE", the positive conclusion of SEE is a mandatory document for opening of financing by banks and other credit institutions and execution of implementation of object of the state environmental examination by legal entities and individuals. The Conclusion of SEE shall be valid for three years from the date of its issuance. If the project is not implemented within three years from the date of issue of the Conclusion, EIA report needs to be revised and re-submitted to the Center of the State Environmental Examination for revision and approval. 107. The Conclusion of the SEE shall be sent to the relevant regional (city) control inspections in the field of ecology and environmental protection for control. Such inspections under the SCEEP supervise the compliance with the requirements and conditions specified in the Conclusion of the SEE. 108. The EIA procedure is presented in the scheme below.

Figure 1: Uzbek EIA procedure 29

*- Apply for Project Categories I to IV ** - Apply for Project Categories I to III

29 Source: Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 949 dated November 22, 2018 "On the Approval of the Regulations On the SEE"

109. As per national legislation, the Project belongs to Category II with respect to their environmental impact (medium impact risk) because it comprises WWTPs with capacities of less than 250 m3/day.30 Prior to commencement of construction, such project requires the conduct of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for submission to the Tashkent Province branch of the State Committee on Ecology and Environmental Protection (SCEEP) which issues Environmental clearance (the name of the document is a Positive Environmental Conclusion). Domestic IEE for the Project prepared by Design Institute has already been approved by the SCEEP, and Positive Environmental Conclusions have been received for all 5 WWTPs (rehabilitation of four WWTPS and construction of one WWTP). Before the Project WWTPs go into operation (after the civil works completion), Tashkent Suv Taminot (TST) as an operation agency will need to obtain SEC31 approval (that allow for air and water discharges, and waste disposal) from the SCEEP. JSC, through TST, will ensure that all necessary procedures will be undertaken timely. 110. Positive Environmental Conclusion were received during period December 2019 – January 2020. As per national legislation, duration of reviewing submitted IEEs should not exceed 10-15 days. Therefore, IEEs were submitted to SCEEP for examination during period November – December 2019. Table 22. Date of Positive Environmental Conclusions issuance Date of domestic IEE Date of Positive Environmental Scope (ZVOS) submission Conclusions issuance Rehabilitation of WTTP in Angren November 2019 December 2019 Rehabilitation of WTTP in Bekabad November 2019 December 2019 Rehabilitation of WTTP in Chirchik November 2019 December 2019 Rehabilitation of WTTP in Almalyk November 2019 December 2019 Construction of WWTP in Chinaz December 2019 January 2020 IEE = initial environmental examination, WWTP = Wastewater Treatment Plant, ZVOS = National acronym for Statement on Environmental impact

2.3 International Treaties and Obligations 111. The Republic of Uzbekistan has ratified the following international conventions that are part of this environmental examination. These are shown in the Table 22 below. Fulfillment of the terms of these commitments contributes to environmental sustainability, attracts external funding for stabilization and prevention of degradation of natural resources and cultural heritage, and enhances the country's capacity to use its natural and cultural resources as a basis for poverty reduction and socio-economic development. Table 23. Uzbek Republic participation in international conventions relevant to the Project

International Conventions Date of Date of Main objectives and Treaties Ratification coming into force for Uzbekistan United Nations Framework 20 June 21 March 1994 Stabilizing greenhouse gas Convention on Climate 1993 concentrations at a level that Change (acceptance) would prevent dangerous anthropogenic (human induced)

30 Appendix 2 of the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 949 dated November 22, 2018 "On the Approval of the Regulations On the State Environmental Expertise" 31 In accordance with national regulation, approval of SEC is mandatory as third stage of national EIA. This statement will be valid for three years. After three years, operation agency will have to get environmental norms which will be valid for 5 years. 33

International Conventions Date of Date of Main objectives and Treaties Ratification coming into force for Uzbekistan interference with the climate system. Kyoto Protocol 20 August 16 February Setting internationally binding 1999 2005 emission reduction targets. United Nations 31 August 29 January 1996 Reverse and prevent Convention Combat 1995 desertification and land Desertification degradation in affected areas in order to support poverty reduction and environment sustainability. United Nations Convention 6 May 1995 17 October 1995 Conservation of biodiversity, on Biological Diversity (accession) sustainable use of its components and equitable sharing of the benefits. Convention on the 22 15 June 1996 Protection of natural and cultural Conservation of the December heritage. World Cultural and 1995 Natural Habitats Convention on 25 April 1997 8 October 1997 Ensuring that international trade International Trade in (accession) does not threaten wild animals Endangered Species of and plants. Wild Fauna and Flora Convention on the 1 May 1998 1 September Global platform for the Conservation of (accession) 1998 conservation and sustainable Migratory Species use of migratory animals and their habitats. Ramsar Convention on 30 August 8 February 2002 Conservation and wise use of all Wetlands of International 2001 wetlands through local and Importance Especially as (accession) national actions and Wildlife Habitat international cooperation to achieve sustainable development. Basel Convention on the 22 7 May 1996 Regulation, reduction and Control of Transboundary December restriction of hazardous wastes Movements of Hazardous 1995 transboundary movement. Wastes and their (accession) Disposal Stockholm Convention 22 May 8 May 2019 The Convention is a global on Persistent Organic 2001 treaty to protect human health Pollutants and the environment from chemicals that remain intact in the environment for long periods, become widely distributed geographically, accumulate in the fatty tissue of humans and wildlife, and have harmful impacts on human health or on the environment.

2.4 Applicable ADB Policies and Environmental Assessment Requirements 112. Environmental and social safeguards are a cornerstone of ADB's support to inclusive economic growth and environmentally sustainable growth. ADB SPS (2009) governs the environmental and social safeguards of ADB's operations. The objectives of ADB SPS (2009) are to avoid, or when avoidance is not possible, to minimize and mitigate adverse project impacts on the environment and affected people, and to help borrowers strengthen their safeguard systems and develop the capacity to manage environmental and social risks. 113. ADB SPS (2009) builds upon the three previous safeguard policies on the environment, involuntary resettlement, and indigenous peoples, and brings them into a consolidated policy framework that enhances effectiveness and relevance. ADB SPS (2009) applies to all ADB- supported projects. ADB works with borrowers to put policy principles and requirements into practice through project review and supervision, and capacity development support. ADB SPS (2009) also provides a platform for participation by affected people and other stakeholders in project design and implementation32. 114. The objectives of ADB’s safeguards are to: (i) avoid adverse impacts of projects on the environment and affected people, where possible; (ii) minimize, mitigate, and/or compensate for adverse project impacts on the environment and affected people when avoidance is not possible; and (iii) help borrowers/clients to strengthen their safeguard systems and develop the capacity to manage environmental and social risks. 115. ADB will not finance projects that do not comply with ADB SPS (2009), nor will it finance projects that do not comply with the host country’s social and environmental laws and regulations, including those laws implementing host country obligations under international law. 116. ADB SPS (2009) sets out the policy objectives, scope and triggers, and principles for three key safeguard areas: (i) environmental safeguards, (ii) involuntary resettlement safeguards, and (iii) Indigenous Peoples safeguards. 117. ADB adopted a set of specific safeguard requirements that borrowers/clients are required to meet in addressing environmental and social impacts and risks. ADB staff, through their due diligence, review, and supervision, will ensure that borrowers/clients comply with these requirements during project preparation and implementation. These safeguard requirements are as follows: (i) Safeguard Requirements 1: Environment, (ii) Safeguard Requirements 2: Involuntary Resettlement, (iii) Safeguard Requirements 3: Indigenous Peoples, Environmental requirements 118. The objective of this requirement is to ensure the environmental soundness and sustainability of projects and to support the integration of environmental considerations into the project decision-making process. 119. Based on preliminary review projects are assigned to one of the following four categories:

32 www.adb.org/site/safeguards/overview 35

Category A. A proposed project is classified as category A if it is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented. These impacts may affect an area larger than the sites or facilities subject to physical works. An environmental impact assessment is required. Category B. A proposed project is classified as category B if its potential adverse environmental impacts are less adverse than those of category A projects. These impacts are site-specific, few if any of them are irreversible, and in most cases mitigation measures can be designed more readily than for category A projects. An initial environmental examination is required. Category C. A proposed project is classified as category C if it is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. No environmental assessment is required although environmental implications need to be reviewed. 120. ADB pays special attention to processes of information disclosure, and consultations and participation during the project preparation and implementation phases. ADB dicloses final or updated environmental impact assessments and/or initial environmental examinations on its own website. ADB is committed to working with borrowers/clients to put meaningful consultation processes into practice. Consultations process with communities, groups, affected people starts at the earliest stages of the project preparation and continues through all process of environmental assessment. 121. ADB requires that the borrower/client establish and maintain a grievance redress mechanism (GRM) to receive and facilitate resolution of affected peoples’ concerns and grievances about the borrower's/client's social and environmental performance at project level. 122. Categorization of reviewed project was done based on ADB’s Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist. The Project is Category B, as the project’s environmental impacts are site- specific, few if any of them are irreversible, and mitigation measures can be designed readily. The Project requires an initial environmental examination (IEE), which will be based on data from the feasibility study, preliminary design, site visits and interviews with technical experts, as well as primary and secondary data including thus the feedback received during the public disclosure process. 123. Gap analysis between ADB Environmental Safeguards Requirements and Uzbek environmental legislation is presented in Table 24: Gap between ADB and Uzbek Environmental safeguards requirements.

Table 24: Gap between ADB and Uzbek Environmental safeguards requirements

Aspect Asian Development National Uzbek Harmonized Framework Bank Regulations Environmental ADB SPS (2009) sets out Environmental assessment Policy and the policy objectives, and permitting procedure in Regulations scope and triggers, and Uzbekistan are set out in the principles for three key following laws and safeguard areas: regulations: i. Environmental i. The Law on Nature safeguards, Protection (1992); ii. Involuntary ii. The Law on resettlement Environmental safeguards, and Expertise (2000), iii. Indigenous peoples and safeguards iii. Decree of Cabinet Ministries (DCM) # 541 (September 7, 2020) on “On Further improvement of the mechanism of the Environmental Impact Assessment” Screening ADB carry out project The category of the project is The Project is Categorized in screening and defined in accordance with to ‘Category B’ (ADB categorization at the Appendix 1 to RCM # 949. classification) and category II earliest stage of project The Appendix provides a list (national legislation) preparation when of activities divided on 4 sufficient information is categories available for this purpose. Categorization into Category A, B, C, FI Scoping Avoid, minimize, mitigate The environmental Conduct a process of and/or offset for adverse assessment should Environmental Assessment impacts and evaluate: (i) compliance of that will consider in an enhancement of positive proposing project with integrated manner the impacts through environmental requirements, potential environmental environmental planning (ii) level of risk related to (including labor, health, and and management project implementation on safety) risks and impacts of the people’s health and project. environment, and (iii) efficiency of developed measures to mitigate identified impacts. EA considers potential Environmental assessment The Environmental impacts (direct, indirect considers the project’s Assessment will consider and cumulative) and risks potential impacts on the natural environment (air, on physical, biological, physical, biological, socio- water, and land); human resettlement, socio- economic and cultural health and safety; social economic (including resources, including aspects (involuntary health and safety), and cumulative impacts. resettlement, indigenous physical cultural peoples, and physical cultural resources resources

Aspect Asian Development National Uzbek Harmonized Framework Bank Regulations Alternatives Examination of financially For the ZVOS, consideration Assessment of alternatives will and technically feasible of alternatives is required. include the location and alternatives to the project Alternatives that may be design. location, design, assessed include technology and alternatives in; processing, components, their technical design, location of potential environmental the facility, architectural and and social impacts planning options. Another Consider no project mandatory requirement is alternative. consideration of the zero option. EIA Report Guidelines and Table of The RCM # 541 defines The IEE and EMP reports will Contents are provided for activities which are needed follow the table of contents EIA report in ADB SPS to undertake under ZVOS proposed in ADB SPS (2009). (2009): (i) Executive preparation. Description of Summary, (ii) Policy, undertaken activities needs Legal and Administrative to be included into the ZVOS Framework, (iii) report. The RCM requires Description of the Project, conduction of the followings: (iv) Description of the (i) assessment of existing Environment, (v) environmental conditions Anticipated and socio- economic Environmental Impacts conditions, (ii) project and Mitigation Measures, description, (iii) anticipating (vi) Analysis if discharges, emissions, Alternatives, (vii) wastes, their impact on Information disclosure, environment and way Consultations, and disposal, (iv) collection, Participation, (viii) GRM, storage and disposal of (ix) EMP, and (x) wastes (v) analyst of Conclusion and alternatives, (vi) institution, Recommendation. technical and technological EMP will include mitigation measures, (vii) proposed mitigation analyze of emergency risk, measures, monitoring and probability of occurrence and reporting requirements, emergency containment institutional measures, (vii) forecast of arrangements, schedules, changes in environment after cost estimates and project commences performance indicators operation. The complexity of the report depends on category of the project. Public Carry out meaningful Public meetings are Consultations will be carried Consultations consultation with affected mandatory for category I and out with the stakeholders, people and facilitate their II in accordance with RCM # affected people, NGOs. informed participation 541 (2020). Questions and concerns raised during public Ensuring women’s The minutes of the public consultations held in participation in meeting or the shorthand Feasibility stage is considered. consultation. Involving records shall be attached to stakeholders, project- the materials of draft IEE. As Rural Citizen Assembly level affected people and a result of the public consultations will be held with

Aspect Asian Development National Uzbek Harmonized Framework Bank Regulations concerned NGOs early in meetings, the people have the affected people with the project preparation an opportunity to state their inviting the main stakeholders. and ensure that their proposals, to influence on All questions and concerns views and concerns are the decision making and if raised during public made known and required to appeal for their consultation are included in understood by decision reconsideration. For the IEE. Signed list of participants, makers and considered projects under category III, photos from meetings are The consultation process conduction of Public attached to this IEE. Consultation is not and its results are to be documented and reflected mandatory. in the environmental assessment report Public The borrower/client will National environmental IEE report(s), corrective action Disclosure submit to ADB safeguards legislation does not require plan prepared during project documents including IEE, publishing PZVOS (ZVOS). implementation, if any; and corrective action plan and environmental monitoring environmental monitoring reports (all in English) will be reports for disclosure on disclosed on ADB website. ADB’s Website. The JSC will translate the summary borrower/client will of the IEE into Uzbek language provide relevant and post it on JSC website,33 environmental information with the full report in Russian in a timely manner, in an language, within two weeks accessible place and in a after ADB’s clearance of the form and language(s) report. The printed copy of the understandable to documents (in Russian and affected people and other Uzbek languages) will also be stakeholders. For illiterate delivered to 6 hokimiyats for people, other suitable disclosure to the local people. communication methods will be used. Monitoring The borrow/client has to Monitoring of Environmental Monitoring Plan and Reporting monitor and measure the implementation of mitigation will be developed under this progress of measures developed under IEE to monitor implementation implementation of the IEE is responsibility of of EMP requirements. EMP and prepare periodic design company developed The IEE also includes monitoring reports that Feasibility Study (author’s requirements on preparation of describe progress with supervision). semi-annual Environmental implementation of the External monitoring could be Monitoring Reports and their EMP and compliance conducted by submission to ADB for further issues and corrective Representatives of State disclosure on ADB and JSC actions if any Nature Protection. websites. There are no requirements on submission report during construction period in national environmental legislation Grievance The GRM has to be A grievance redress The GRM for this project will Redress established to receive and procedure in Uzbekistan is be developed on ADB

33 https://uzsuv.uz/uz 39

Aspect Asian Development National Uzbek Harmonized Framework Bank Regulations Mechanism facilities resolution of also regulated by the requirements with considering (GRM) affected peoples’ national legislation of national requirements concerns, complaints, and Republic of Uzbekistan, in grievances about the particular by the law “On project/s environmental Citizens’ Applications” and performance. the “Law on the order of submission of appeals of physical and legal entities” ((#378, 03 December 2014) ADB = Asian Development Bank, EMP = Environmental Management Plan, GRM = Grievance Redress Mechanism, IEE = Initial Environmental Examination, NGO = Non-Governmental Organization, PZVOS = abbreviation in Russian first step of Initial Environmental Examination, RCM = Resolution of Cabinet of Ministries, SCEEP = State Committee on Ecology and Environmental Protection, SPS = Safeguards Policy Statement , JSC = Join Stock Companies “Uzsuvtaminot”, ZVOS = National acronym for Statement on Environmental impact

2.5 IFC Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Water and Sanitation 124. ADB SPS requires the Project to apply pollution prevention and control technologies and practices consistent with international good practices as reflected in internationally recognized standards such as the World Bank Group’s Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines (EHS Guidelines) 34 (Environmental Safeguards, Policy Principle No.9, the ADB SPS). When Uzbekistan’s regulations differ from these levels and measures, the borrower needs to achieve whichever is more stringent. 125. The EHS Guidelines are technical reference documents with general and industry- specific examples of Good International Industry Practice. The EHS Guidelines contain the performance levels and measures that are generally considered to be achievable in new facilities by existing technology at reasonable costs. Application of the EHS Guidelines to existing facilities may involve the establishment of site-specific targets, with an appropriate timetable for achieving them. The General EHS Guidelines35 and the EHS Guidelines for Water and Sanitation36 will be applied for the Project. 126. The EHS Guidelines for Water and Sanitation include information relevant to the operation and maintenance of (i) potable water treatment and distribution systems, and (ii) collection of sewage in centralized systems (such as piped sewer collection networks) or decentralized systems (such as septic tanks subsequently serviced by pump trucks) and treatment of collected sewage at centralized facilities. 127. The EHS Guidelines provides information related to Environmental issues associated with water and sanitation projects which may principally occur during the construction and operational phases, depending on project-specific characteristics and components. The document indicates potential impacts and risks related to environment, community and workers. The EHS Guidelines also presents the recommendation to prevent or mitigate potential impacts and risks.

34 https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/Topics_Ext_Content/IFC_External_Corporate_Site/Sustainability-At- IFC/Policies-Standards/EHS-Guidelines 35 The World Bank Group’s Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines. https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/29f5137d-6e17-4660-b1f9-02bf561935e5/Final%2B- %2BGeneral%2BEHS%2BGuidelines.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CVID=jOWim3p 36 The World Bank Group’s Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines WATER AND SANITATION. https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/0d8cb86a-9120-4e37-98f7-cfb1a941f235/Final%2B- %2BWater%2Band%2BSanitation.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CVID=jkD216C 40

128. During preparation of IEE recommendations provided in the IFC have been used for the project impact assessment and development mitigation measures.

3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

3.1 Existing situation

3.1.1 Existing Centralized Wastewater System on province level

129. The Project will be implemented in Tashkent Province of Uzbekistan. The Tashkent province is situated in the northeast region of Uzbekistan, it was established in 1938, spans over 15,600 km2 of land with around 2,816,000 population, accounted for ¼ of the nation’s GDP, is recognized as one of the biggest and most developed industrial provinces in the nation (Figure 3).

Figure 2: Tashkent province of Uzbekistan 130. Tashkent Province has six major cities which are seen as key economic drivers. These are Chirchik, Yangiyul, Angren, Akhangaran, Almalik, and Bekabad cities. In addition, there are 14 districts in Tashkent Province, namely, Akkurgan, Akhangaran, Bustonlik, Buka, Zangiota, Kibray, Kuyichirchik, Parkent, Piskent, Tashkent, Urtachirchik, Chinoz, Yukorichirchik, and Yangiyul. Inside these 14 districts, there are 97 semi-urbanized rural settlements and 885 rural villages. 131. There are three major rivers, the Chirchik, Akhangaran, and Sirdarya, which are regarded as vital for water supply, irrigation and recreational water uses in the province.

Figure 3: General View of the Project Area (in yellow – borders of the province) 132. Existing centralized wastewater infrastructure in the 6 major cities, 23 urbanized town centers, and 22 semi-urbanized rural settlements were built between the early 1960s to late 1980s. The rural areas of the province have no wastewater infrastructure and no service. 133. Overall, out of 2,816,000 total population only about 450,000 people in the province have access to centralized sewers (about 16% coverage), while the remainder of the population must rely on rudimentary systems including pit latrines and earth ditches, practices that imperil public health and wellness. 134. The six cities of provincial importance have relatively larger sewage networks and facilities, which are summarized in the table below. The cities’ sewage infrastructures are aged and in urgent need to upgrade, modernization and expansion, with the coverage ratio from 48 % in Yangiyul to 80 % in Chirchik. Table 25: Overview of the Urban Wastewater Infrastructure

Angren Akhangaran Chirchik Almalik Bekabad Yangiyul

Coverage (%) 63.8% 56% 80% 67% 53% 48% Year built 1950 1959 1960 1984 1963 1972 Network length 221 km 78.9 km 221 km 131.3 km 35.6 km 47.6 km Source: TA Consultant Technical Due Diligence report, 2019

11. The overall wastewater service coverage in the province is about 16%, including urban and rural sewage network as outlined below. Table 26: Overview of Wastewater Infrastructure

In the Province With Centralized Sewage Cities and towns 16 16 Town type villages 97 13 42

Villages 885 22 Source: TA Consultant Technical Due Diligence report, 2019 135. Wastewater treatment process in general is based on conventual approach and consists of mechanical, biological and chemical treatment.

Figure 4: Typical wastewater treatment process

3.1.2 Existing Centralized Wastewater System in the project cites

3.1.2.1 Angren City 136. The city of Angren is located 114 km south of Tashkent and connected to it by a highway and a railway. Administratively, the city is located in Tashkent province and considered as the center of the province. 137. Angren, with a population of 179,000 is a developed industrial and cultural center. Sewerage system of Angren receives wastewater from population, municipal facilities, public organizations as well as industrial and domestic wastewater of industrial enterprises. 138. Currently, the centralized sewerage system of the city covers only condominium complexes of 2 floors and up. Individual houses of the city are not connected to sewerage system and rely on pit latrines or earth pits. The coverage level of the city with centralized sewerage services is 63.8%.

Figure 5: Sewerage System of Angren City

139. A centralized sewage system is currently operating in Angren city. The existing sewage system is an incomplete separate one, which is receiving household sewage from the population and industrial effluents from industrial enterprises. Precipitation and conditionally clean industrial water are not accepted in this system. 140. Construction and operation of the city sewerage system started in 1950. Currently, total length of sewerage networks and collectors in Angren city is 258 km. Wastewater from residential buildings, municipal facilities and industrial enterprises are drained to existing collectors by gravity network system and collectors which transport wastewater to treatment facilities. 141. Collected wastewater is treated at the WWTP in Angren city which was built in 1976. Designed capacity of the treatment facility is 100 thousand m3/day. The WWTP occupies area 25 ha (Figure 7).

Figure 6: Location of Angren WWTP 142. The treatment facility includes a full range of mechanical cleaning (screens, sand traps, primary sedimentation tanks), biological treatment (aeration tanks, secondary sedimentation tanks) followed by post-treatment at bio-ponds. Treated wastewater effluent is discharged into the Akhangaran river (Figure 8).

Figure 7: Existing facilities on Angren WWTP Note: 1-screens building, 2 – sand traps, 3 – primary sedimentation tanks, 4 – aeration tanks, 5 – secondary sedimentation tanks, 6- air blow building, 7 – chlorination building, 8 – sludge drying beds, 9 – bio ponds, 10 – administration building, 11-laboratory-office, 12 – sand beds, 13 – silt pumping station, 14 – water intake

143. The existing treatment facility needs reconstruction and replacement of equipment. Sewerage water is discharging into the Akhangaran river without proper treatment and disinfection. Almost all facilities are obsolete, and they require rehabilitation. Mechanical rakes of screens are not working, screens are cleaned manually. Primary and secondary sediment tanks, aeration tanks and air blow pumps are not working (Figure 9).

Screen building Primary sediment tanks

Aeration tanks Chlorination building Figure 8: Conditions of WWTP’s facilities

144. There are many industrial enterprises in the city which are discharging sewages to the city’s sewerage system. According to data provided by Tashkent Province Suvoqova, 27,72437 households and 850 enterprises were connected to sewage network. In term of volume, 56.3% of sewage is discharged from households and around 36% from enterprises. 145. To check efficiency of Angren WTTP water quality was analyzed in several points: (i) at the entrance – before screens building, (ii) outflow from WWTP, (iii) in the Angren river 100 m above discharge point, and (iv) 500 m below discharge point (Table 26). This approach is used by SCEEP’s specialists conducting monitoring of pollution of water sources from enterprises including WWTPs. Water samples were taken during maximal and minimal flow of sewage into the treatment plant (daytime and nighttime). The timing was discussed with WWTPs’ specialists.

37 As to date 1 January 2018 46

146. As shown in the Table 15, water quality in Angren river before discharge point exceeds standards on suspended solids, COD and BOD. At the fourth point (500 m below discharge point) where water quality should comply with standards, water quality exceeds standards on suspended soil, phosphates, COD, BOD. Wastewater treatment efficiency is very low, in some cases water (for COD and BOD) concentration in discharge points exceed concentration in entrance to WWTP. It could be explained by additional pollution of wastewater on treatment plant. Table 27: Water quality in Angren WTTP and Angren river

Value of parameters Standards for river Actually 1- 4 - Name of 3 - incoming 2 - River parameters River before National WHO to Discharge after TP TP (100 m Treatment from TP (500 m above) Plant downstream) Maximum flow pH 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 7.92 7.63 8.11 7.69 SS 15 30 46 54 18 42 - NH4 0.5 1.5 10.5 10.0 0.14 0 Phosphate 0.3 - 2.15 2.06 0.17 0.15 Mineralizatio 1000 1000 438 298 110 436 n COD 15 - 80 120 80 160 BOD 3 - 15.4 22.5 16.2 30.2 Minimal flow pH 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 7.57 7.65 7.73 7.84 SS 15 30 20 46 70 82 - NH4 0.5 1.5 10.9 19.7 0 0.28 Phosphate 0.3 - 1.93 2.15 0.08 0.218 Mineralizatio 1000 1000 366 310 228 174 n COD 15 - 40 160 120 120 BOD 3 - 6.8 31.8 21.6 22.0 Source: TA Consultant, 2018-2019 147. Currently, the length of sewer networks and collectors is 218.8 km. Sewage water from residential buildings, household facilities and industrial enterprises are drained by a system of gravity networks and collectors into existing collectors that transport wastewater to sewage treatment plant. 148. There are three industrial districts in Angren: West, Central and East. Part of industrial enterprises are connected into existing urban sewerage networks. Industrial effluents of some industrial enterprises (a cardboard factory, a petroleum depot) are pre-treated at the pre-treatment facilities before being discharged into the municipal sewage system. 149. The network consists of ceramic, asbestos, reinforced concrete, steel cast iron.

3.1.2.2 Akhangaran City 150. Akhangaran city, with a population of 40,000, is located in Akhangaran river valley, on the right bank of the river. Akhangaran is an industrial city with a large railway hub. The city is mostly occupied by multi-store buildings. 151. Akhangaran city has a centralized water supply system. The existing sewerage system is incomplete-separate system which removes domestic wastewater from population and industrial enterprises. Rainwater and conditionally clean industrial wastewater are not received into the system. Rainwater is discharged into irrigation system which is not connected to sewage network. 152. Construction and operation of the city sewerage system started in 1959. Currently, total length of the city sewerage networks and collectors is 78.9 km. Number of populations covered by sewerage system is 20,046 (56 %). Thus, part of the city population uses pit latrines or earth pits.

Figure 9: Sewerage Systems Development Scheme of Akhangaran City

153. All existing multi-storey buildings in Akhangaran city are connected to the sewerage systems. Certain individual homes are connected to sewers. Sewage from population, public institutions, industrial effluents, industrial enterprises are received into the sewerage system of the city.

154. According to data provided by Tashkent Province Suvoqova, 24,92138 households and 709 enterprises were connected to sewage network. In term of volume, 34.4% of sewage is discharged from households and around 57% from enterprises. 155. Wastewater from houses, buildings, municipal and industrial facilities are drained to the Nurabad-Almalyk gravity collector (d=800-1250 mm) which transports wastewater to treatment facility of Almalyk city. 156. Collected wastewater is treated at WWTP of Almalyk city. The pipes of existing sewage network were made from cast iron, ceramics, reinforced concrete, asbestos. 3.1.2.3 Almalyk city 157. Almalyk city, with a population of 127,000, is located in south-eastern part of Tashkent province on the left bank of Angren river. Almalyk is the largest industrial center of Uzbekistan. 158. Almalyk currently has a centralized sewerage system. Existing sewerage system of the city is incomplete-separate system which removes wastewater from population and industrial enterprises to the wastewater treatment facility (aeration station) located outside of the city. Rainwater and conditionally clean industrial waste waters are not received into the sewerage system but discharged into irrigational system. 159. Construction and operation of the sewerage system in Almalyk city started in 1950. Currently, total length of sewerage networks and collectors is 131.3 km.

38 As to date 1 January 2018 49

Figure 10: Existing Sewerage Systems of Almalyk City and Development Plan

160. The drainage of the city has a pronounced slope. All urban sewerage networks are drained by gravity. All existing multi-storey buildings are connected to the sewerage systems. Some but not all individual households are connected to sewers. 161. Almalyk WWTP is located on the western border of the city Almalyk city. Treatment facilities have been operating since 1984. The existing area of treatment facility is 42 hectares. Design capacity of the treatment facility is 110,000 thousand m3/day but it is not functional. But actual flow of wastewater is 30-40 thousand m3/day. The territory of the WWTP is fenced, greened and landscaped.

Figure 11: Location of Almalyk WWTP 162. Treatment facilities include a full range of mechanical treatment (screens, sand traps, primary clarifiers), biological treatment (aeration tanks, secondary clarifiers), followed by additional purification at bio ponds. The discharge of treated wastewater is carried out in the Tanachi Buka canal, at a distance of 0.9 km from the treatment plant, which passes into the Gedzhikent irrigation tract.

Figure 12: Existing facilities on Almalyk WWTP Note: 1-screens building, 2 – sand traps, 3 – measuring tray, 4 – primary sedimentation tanks, 5 – raw sludge pumping station, 6-aeration tanks, 7 – recycled activated sludge tank, 8 – technical water tank, 9 – air blow building, 10 – secondary sedimentation tanks, 11 – chlorination unit, 12 – sludge beds, 13 – bio ponds, 14 – send beds, 15 sanitary inspection room, 16 – passage room, 17 – distribution center 6kV, 18 – laboratory-office, 19 – boiler room, 20 – mechanical repair workshop and warehouse, 21 – sludge pumping station

163. Wastewater from Almalyk, Akhangaran and Nurabad cities are treated at this treatment plant.

Primary sediment tanks Aeration station

Secondary sediment tanks Chlorination unit Figure 13: Conditions of WWTP’s facilities

164. Analysis of treatment efficiency at the Almalyk WWTP is presented in below Table 16. The water quality in the point located below WWTP (#4) exceeds standards on suspended solids, ammonium, phosphates, COD and BOD. Table 28: Water quality in Almalyk WTTP and Tanachi-Buka canal

Value of parameters Standards Actually 1- 4 - Name of 3 - incoming 2 - River parameters Nation River before WHO to Discharge after TP al TP (100 m Treatment from TP (500 m above) Plant downstream) Maximum flow pH 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 7.63 7.96 7.47 SS 15 30 15 82 88 52 - NH4 0.5 1.5 0.5 17.2 28.4 17.8 Phosphate 0.3 - 0.3 5.1 3.7 4.6 Mineralization 1000 1000 1000 680 720 722 COD 15 - 15 120 80 120 BOD 3 - 3 22.8 15.4 23.5 Minimal flow pH 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 7.37 7.65 7.88 SS 15 30 7.37 7.65 7.88 8.02 - NH4 0.5 1.5 24 8.0 98 74 Phosphate 0.3 - 16 16.5 1.02 17.2 Mineralization 1000 1000 4.75 2.08 0.2 1.4 COD 15 - 674 430 268 458 BOD 3 - 160 100 100 160 Source: TA Consultant, 2018-2019 165. The existing sewage network consists of pipe made from ceramic, cast iron, asbestos, reinforced concrete.

3.1.2.4 Chirchik City 166. Chirchik city, with a population of 152,000, is located is located at the crossing of Kibray, Bostanlik and Yukori-Chirchik district, about 32 km to the northeast from Tashkent, the capital of Uzbekistan. 167. Chirchik city ranks fourth place in the Tashkent province by its industrial development with main industries such as chemical, metallurgy, engineering and energy industries. In addition, further development of small and medium-size businesses is planned. 168. Construction and operation of the city sewerage system started in 1960. The design capacity is 80,000 m3/day, occupied area is 48.5 ha. Currently, total length of sewerage networks and collectors is 240 km. Sewerage system of Chirchik receives sewage from population, municipal facilities, public organizations as well as industrial and domestic wastewaters of industrial enterprises.

Figure 14. Existing Sewerage Systems of Chirchik City and Development Plan until 2020

169. Currently, the system of centralized sewerage covers the territory of Chirchik which is built up with 9, 4 and 2-storey multi-storey buildings. The private sector of the city is partially not sewed. 170. Coverage of population in Chirchik city with centralized water supply is 100%, sewerage - 75%. 171. The population of Chirchik city and the region not connected to sewerage networks uses latrines and septic tanks. The situation is complicated by the high level of groundwater table, which is polluted by the infiltration from latrines and septic tanks. Insufficient development of the centralized sewerage system held back the development of industrial potential of cities creates inconveniences for the population and leads to the environmental pollution. 172. The existing sewerage system of the city is incomplete-separate system which removes wastewater from population and industrial enterprises. Rainwater and conditionally clean

industrial wastewater are not received into the system but discharged to irrigational systems. Wastewater treatment facilities include a complete complex of mechanical treatment (mechanical screens, grit removal), biological treatment (aeration tanks, secondary sedimentation tanks), disinfection. 173. Collected wastewater from houses, buildings. municipal facilities and industrial enterprises are drained to the existing main collector system by gravity networks and collectors which transport waste waters to treatment facility. Treated water is discharged through collector with length 1.6 km into Chirchik river.

Figure 15: Location of Chirchik WWTP 174. Industrial enterprises of the city discharge wastewater into existing urban networks. Some industrial enterprises (Maxam – Chirchik, UzKTZhM, CHTZ) have their local treatment facilities for pre-treatment industrial wastewater. Wastewater from neighboring region is also treated at WWTP of Chirchik city. 175. The treatment facility includes a full range of mechanical cleaning (screens, sand traps, primary sedimentation tanks), biological treatment (aeration tanks, secondary sedimentation tanks) followed by post-treatment at bio-ponds. Treated wastewater effluent is discharged into the Chirchik river.

Figure 16: Location of Chirchik waste water treatment plant Note: 1 – screens building, 2 – sand traps, 3 – primary sedimentation tanks, 4 – drain water tank, 5 – aeration tanks, 6 – aerobic stabilizers, 7 – air blow building, 8 – secondary sedimentation tanks, 9 – silt pumping station, 10 – chlorination unit, 11 – measuring tray, 12 sludge beds, 13 – send beds, 14 – sanitary inspection, 15 – passage room, 16 – substation, 17 – garage, 18 – material warehouse, 19 – laboratory and administration building

176. Currently, the WWTP needs major rehabilitation and replacement of equipment. The raw sewage influent bypasses primary clarifiers (broken beyond repair), goes through bioreactors (aeration) and secondary clarifiers (partially functional) and discharges via effluent outfalls into Chirchik river without disinfection (chlorinators being out-of-order, requires replacement).

Influent channel Sands traps

One of the non-working primary clarifier Secondary clarifier

Chlorination Unit Administrative building

Figure 17: Conditions of WWTP’s facilities 177. Analysis of treatment efficiency at the Chirchik WWTP is presented in below Table 28. WWTP has two influent points – one of influents from Chirchik city and second – from Gazalkent city. Since water discharged into Chirchik river through drainage pipe, water samples from the river after discharge point were not taken. The water quality in the point located below WWTP (#4) exceeds standards on suspended solids, ammonium, phosphates, COD and BOD. Table 29: Water quality in Chirchik WTTP and Tanachi-Buka canal

Maximum Incoming permissible Incoming to to Name of concentratio Treatment Plant Treatment In discharge point parameters ns for water from Gazalkent Plant from bodies Chirchik Minimum Flow pH 6.5-8.5 8.07 7.91 7.93 SS 15 408 102 86 - NH4 0.5 10.5 8.7 9.5 Phosphate 0.3 0.72 1.87 1.80 Mineralizatio 1000 726 686 826 n COD 15 180 180 160 BOD 3 44 43.7 40.7

Maximum Flow pH 6.5-8.5 7.90 7.80 7.78 SS 15 388 448 408 - NH4 13.0 13.0 8.5 8.2 Phosphate 0.3 1.25 2.32 0.77 Mineralizatio 1000 882 328 726 n COD 15 220 180 160 BOD 3 52.8 43.3 40.6 178. The existing sewage network consists of pipe made from ceramic, cast iron, asbestos, reinforced concrete, steel. 3.1.2.5 Bekabad City 179. The Bekabad city, with a population of 92,000, is located both banks of Syrdarya river in the southern part of Tashkent province, around 120 km from Tashkent city and on the border with Tajikistan which runs along the eastern and southern part of the city. 180. Construction and operation of the sewerage system of the city started in 1963. Currently, total length of sewerage networks and collectors in Bekabad city is 36.9 km. Bekabad city is divided into 2 parts - the right bank and the left bank parts by the Syrdarya river.

Figure 18. Existing Sewerage Systems of Chirchik City and Development Plan until 2020 181. Sewerage system of Bekabad receives sewage from population, municipal facilities, public organizations as well as industrial and domestic wastewaters of industrial enterprises. Currently, mainly the system of centralized sewerage covers the territory of Bekabad which is built up with 5, 4 and 2-storey multi-storey buildings. The private sector of the city is partially not sewed. According to local ‘Suvokova” company the coverage of the city with centralized sewerage services is 53.8%.

182. The existing sewerage system of the city is incomplete-separate system which removes wastewater from population and industrial enterprises. Rainwater and conditionally clean industrial wastewater are not received into the system but discharged to irrigational system.

Figure 19: Location of Bekabad WWTP 183. Collected wastewater is conveyed to gravity and pressure-gravity sewerage networks connected to the main influent pumping station located at the site of the WWTP. 184. A biological wastewater treatment facility was built and commissioned in 1973. The daily design capacity of treatment facility in the first year of operation was 15,200 m3. In 1974, the capacity of existing treatment facility was recalculated. In 1984, design and estimate documentation was developed for expansion and reconstruction of existing municipal sewerage treatment facility to increase the capacity up to 60,000 m3/day. In 1987, the biological treatment facility was reconstructed and upgraded with new capacity of 60,000 m3/day. Disinfection method is liquid chlorine with chlorine contact in contact reservoirs. Treated wastewater effluent is discharged into Syrdarya river.

Figure 20: Layout of Bekabad WWTP

Note: 1 – Main wastewater pumping station, 2 – receiving chamber, 3 – sand traps, 4 – aeration tanks, 5 – air blow building, 6 – sludge pumping station, 7 – secondary sedimentation tanks, 8 – frame filling filter, 9 – chlorination unit, 10 – contact tanks, 11 – aerobic stabilizers, 12 – sludge beds, 13 – bio ponds, 14 – materials warehouse, 15 – mechanical repair workshop, 16 – sanitary inspection room, 17 – laboratory and administrative building, 18 – wastewater pump station, 19 – transformer substation, 20 – boiler room, 21 – sludge stabilizer 185. The technical condition of the existing sewerage treatment facility is satisfactory. The volume of wastewater received at the treatment facility currently averages 19,000 m3/day.

Sand Sludge thickeners

Secondary clarifiers Air pumping station

Emergency effluent point Chemical laboratory Figure 21: Conditions of WWTPs of facilites

186. Currently, the WWTP is in very poor conditions and needs major rehabilitation and replacement of equipment. The raw sewage influent bypasses all process treatment units (broken or out-of-order), goes through a bypass channel and discharges via effluent outfalls into Syrdarya river without proper treatment and disinfection.

Table 30: Water quality in Bekabad WTTP and Syrdarya river

3 4 Name of Maximum 1 incoming 2 River River City Name of permissible to Treatment Discharge before TP after TP (Working parameters concentrations Plant (TP) from TP (100 m (500 m load) for water bodies above) downstream)

Bekabad pH 6.5-8.5 7.59 7.75 8.14 7.94 (min) SS 15 804 112 42 6.0 - NH4 0.5 8.5 0.58 0.32 8.5 Phosphate 0.3 1.72 1.9 0.26 8.5 Mineralization 1000 1438 1494 3200 1360 COD 15 200 207.7 100 87 BOD 3 37.7 39.4 18.8 16.5 Bekabad pH 6.5-8.5 7.42 7.71 7.79 7.63 (max) SS 15 78 78 102 86 - NH4 0.5 15 13.5 0.36 16.5 Phosphate 0.3 2.0 1.8 0.13 0.15 Mineralization 1000 1934 1570 1016 968 COD 15 360 136.8 120 84.4 BOD 3 68.4 25.9 22.8 16.4

3.1.2.6 Yangiyul district 187. Yangiyul city is the administrative center of Yangiyul district, located in south-western part of Tashkent province, about 30 km from Tashkent. The city is connected with the highways M-39 and M-34, high-speed railway “Tashkent-Samarkand”. 188. Yangiyul city currently has centralized sewerage system. Construction and operation of sewerage systems in Yangiyul city started in 1964. Total length of sewerage networks and collectors is 47.6 km. The percentage of the population coverage by sewerage system in the city is 78%.

Figure 22. Existing Sewerage Systems of Yangiyul City and Development Plan until 2020

189. All existing multi-story buildings are connected to the sewerage systems. Some but not all individual homes are connected to sewers. The non-coverage population has to rely on pit latrines or earth pits. 190. The existing sewage network in Yangiyul district consist of asbestos, cast iron, metal, ceramic, concrete pipes. 3.1.2.7 Chinaz city 191. Chinaz district has a total population of 128,000. There are no existing sewage collectors, network and treatment facility. The entire population have to rely on earth pits, pit latrines, or earth ditches. Only the district urban center currently has a small, centralized wastewater collection system which is in poor condition and out-of-order. 192. District center Chinaz has a total population of 27,000. The total length of existing sewage collectors and network is 3.6 km. There is no existing wastewater treatment facility in Chinaz. About 4,600 residents in urban center are connected to town sewers. Water from Chinaz sewage network is discharged into the drainage canal and further is discharged into the Chirchik river. 12. Existing situation with sewage water treatment causes a number of social and environmental problems:  Decreasing reliability of operation of sewage systems due to poor conditions and pipelines wear;  Very low efficiency of WWTPs due to non-operating equipment and technological communication of wastewater facilities;  Increasing of operational and maintenance costs due to increasing number of emergency situations on sewage networks and wastewater treatment facilities;

 Corrosion of electromechanical equipment from contact with aggressive environment, including distribution boards, cables.  As a result, increasing environmental problems (pollution of ground and surface water) and a threat to public health.

3.2 Project components 193. Project works include hard and soft components. Under hard component improvement of centralized wastewater system, modernization of existing facilities and their optimizations, improvement of decentralized wastewater system will be undertaken. Soft component will contribute development of capacity of water supply and sewage water enterprises.

3.2.1 The main civil works

194. Works under hard component include rehabilitation and/or reconstruction of broken pipes, collectors, manholes, and related structures in existing coverage areas; and construction of new pipes, collectors, manholes, and related structures to expand coverage and to cover unserved areas. 195. Modernization of existing facilities will be accomplished with upgrading of electrical, mechanical, and instrument/control components. The upgraded plant will have inline analyzers for automatic and continuous quality monitoring and data collection. 196. Plant optimization can be facilitated with computer aids such as hydraulic models, SCADA systems, and other computer softwares. Wireless and wifi communicable instruments can be installed for remote control and data transmission. 3.2.1.1 Centralized Wastewater System 197. Under Output 1 of this Project, centralized sewerage systems in the cities of Akhangaran, Almalyk, Angren, Bekabod, Chinaz, Chirchik, and Yangiyul improved, including (i) rehabilitation and/or upgrading of four WWTPs, and construction of one new WWTP, with a combined capacity of 394,000 m3/day;39 (ii) rehabilitation or construction of 114 km of sewerage collectors and 238 km of sewerage networks. Detail description of civil works planning within each city is presented in Table 31. Table 30. Composition of existing, under reconstruction and projected facilities in the Wastewater Treatment Plants Qua NN Name of buildings and facilities Unit Notes ntity ANGREN WWTP, Capacity 100,000 m3/day 1 Facilities for mechanical treatment 1.1 receiving chamber pc 1 Reconstruction 1.2 Screens building pc 1 Reconstruction 1.3 Sand traps (Aerated -1 sand trap from 3 pc 1 New construction compartments) 1.4 Primary sedimentation tanks D=30m with pcs 4 Will be decommissioned and are pumping station subject to conversion 2 Facilities for biological treatment 2.1 Four corridor aerotanks with regeneration pcs 3 Reconstruction of acitvited sludge 2.2 Secondary clarifiers D=30 m pcs 6 Reconstruction

39 See footnote 1. 63

Qua NN Name of buildings and facilities Unit Notes ntity 3 Facilities for the purification of wastewater 3.1 Bio ponds (first stage) pcs 4 Reconstruction 3.2 Bio ponds (second stage) pcs 4 Reconstruction 4 Facilities for disinfection of wastewater 4.1 Chlorination unit (Electrolysis) pc 1 Reconstruction 4.2 Contact tanks pcs 2 New construction 4.3 Measuring chanal pc 1 New construction 5 Facilities for the treatment of sludge 5.1 Aerobic stabilizers pcs 2 Reconstruction 5.2 Sealt sealer D=30m wtih pimping station pcs 2 Primary clarifiers and raw sludge pumping station to be converted 5.3 Silt sites pcs 6 Used after reconstruction 5.4 Sand beds pcs 2 Used after reconstruction 5.5 Drainage Pumping Station pc 1 New construction 5.6 Excess sludge tank pc 1 New construction 5.7 Process water tank pc 1 Used after reconstruction 5.8 Internal process communication To be reconstructed and constructed 6 Auxiliary facilities 6.1 Air pump Station pc 1 Reconstruction of the building and purchase of equipment 6. 2 Laboratory and office pc 1 Reconstruction of the building and purchase of equipment a) 6kV closed distribution point with high- pc 1 Reconstruction voltage cells (existing) (reconstruction) at Mechanical repair workshop b) Separately standing transformer pc 1 New construction substation of urban type GKTP-100kVA 6.3 (near the Laboratory office) c) Separately standing transformer substation of urban type GKTP-2х100kVA pc 1 New construction (near the buildings of gratings) d) Transformer substation built-in 2x1000kVA blower station pc 1 Replacement of equipment 6.4 External power supply 6 kV km 2 New construction 6.4.1 On-site electrical networks New construction 6.5 Passage room pc 1 New construction 6.6 Fencing and metal gates New construction 6.7 Mechanical repair workshop pc 1 Reconstruction 6.8 Garage for 2 cars Reconstruction 6.9 Toilet pc 1 New construction 6.10 Intra-water supply network New construction, reconstruction 6.11 Intra-sewer network New construction 6.12 Material warehouse with a shed pc 1 New construction 6.13 Site improvement Reconstruction 7 City collectors City collectors km 128 Of them; reconstructed km 34 New construction km 82 Washing of collectors km 11.9 CHIRCHIK WWTP, Capacity 130,000 m3/day 1 Facilities for mechanical wastewater treatment

Qua NN Name of buildings and facilities Unit Notes ntity 1.1 Screens building pc 1 Reconstruction, equipment supply 1.2 Screens building pc 1 Reconstruction, equipment supply 1.3 Horizontal sand traps pcs 2 Demolishing 1.4 Horizontal aerated sand traps pcs 2 Reconstruction, equipment supply 1.5 Primary sedimentation tanks D=24m pcs 2 Reconstruction 2 Facilities for biological wastewater treatment 2.1 Aerotanks 72х9х2х4,4 pcs 3 Reconstruction with the installation of a new air supply and distribution system 2.2 Aerotanks 72х4,5х2х4,4 pcs 3 Reconstruction with the installation of a new air supply and distribution system 2.3 Secondary sedimentation tanks D=24 pcs 2 Reconstruction with the replacement of the mechanical part 2.4 Secondary sedimentation tanksD=30 pcs 4 Reconstruction with the replacement of the mechanical part 2.5 Aeration tank and flotation blocks block 1 Completion and adaptation for use under aerobic stabilizers. Equipment supply 3 Sewage Disinfection Facilities 3.1 Chlorination unit pc 1 Demolishing 3.2 Chlorination unit pc 1 Reconstruction, equipment (electrolysis) supply 4 Facilities for the treatment of sewage sludge 4.1 Aerobic stabilizers 51х9х4,2 pcs 2 Reconstruction

4.2 Gravity sludge thickener pcs 2 Reconstruction and equipment supply 4.3 Sludge beds pcs 7/3 Reconstruction of 7 existing platforms. New construction of additional 3 sludge platforms 4.4 Sand beds pcs 2 New construction 5 Auxiliary facilities 5.1 Air blowing station combined with sludge pc 1 Reconstruction, equipment pumps station supply 5.2 Transformer substation 35/6 pc 1 Reconstruction, equipment supply 5.3 Laboratory and administrative buidling pc 1 Reconstruction, equipment supply 5.4 Pumping station for pumping darinage pc 1 Reconstruction, equipment water supply 5.5 Boiler room pc 1 Demolishing of existing building and construction of new heating facilities 5.6 Heating supply units pcs 7 New construction 5.7 Garage pc 1 Reconstruction, equipment supply 5.9 Enternace pc 1 Reconstruction 65

Qua NN Name of buildings and facilities Unit Notes ntity 5.10 Material warehouse pc 1 Reconstruction 6 Communications 6.1 Technological set 1 Reconstruction and new construction 6.2 Electric set 1 Reconstruction 6.3 Street lighting set 1 Reconstruction 6.4 External water supply set 1 Construction of a water pipe with a diameter of 100 mm and a length of 2 km 6.5 Gas supply set 1 Construction of a gas pipeline with a diameter of 100 mm and a length of 2 km 7 City collectors City collectors km 29 Of them; reconstructed 16 New construction 13 ALMALYK WWTP, Capacity 100,000 m3/day 1 Facilities for mechanical wastewater treatment 1.1 Inlet chamber pc 1 Reconstruction 1.2 Screens (in channel) pc 1 Construction 1.3 Sand traps pc 1 Reconstruction 1.4 Primary clarifieres D=30m with sludge pcs 4 Demolishing pump station 2 Facilities for biological wastewater treatment 2.1 4 corridor Aeration tanks with regeneration pcs 3 Reconstruction of active sludge 2.2 Secondary clarifiers D = 30m pcs 6 Reconstruction 3 Facilities for the purification of wastewater 3.1 Bio ponds (1st step) pcs 4 Reconstruction 3.2 Bio ponds (2nd step) pcs 4 Reconstruction 4 Sewage Disinfection Facilities 4.1 Chlorinator on liquid chlorine pc 1 Reconstruction 4.2 Contact reservoirs pcs 2 Reconstruction 4.3 Measuring tray pc 1 Reconstruction 5 Facilities for the treatment of sludge 5.1 Aerobic stabilizers pcs 2 Reconstruction 5.2 Sludge thickeners D-30 m with pumping pcs 2 To be converted from D-30m station primary clarifiers 5.3 Sludge drying beds pcs 6 Will be used after reconstruction 5.4 Sand drying beds pcs 2 Will be used after reconstruction 5.5 Drainage Pumping Station To be designed 5.6 Excess sludge tank pc 1 New construction 5.7 Reservoir for process water pc 1 Will be used after reconstruction 5.8 Technological communications To be reconstructed and constructed 6 Auxiliary facilities 6.1 Air blowing station combined with sludge pc 1 Building reconstruction and pumping station equipment replacement required

Qua NN Name of buildings and facilities Unit Notes ntity 6.2 Administrative and Laboratory Building pc 1 Requires reconstruction of the building and purchase of equipment 6.3 a) 6kV electrical power distribution panel pc 1 Reconstruction required with high-voltage cells (existing) (reconstruction) near the Workshop b) standalone transformer station ГКТП- pc 1 Construction 100 kVa (near the Adm. Building) c) standalone transformer station ГКТП- 2x100 kVa (near the screens building) pc 1 Construction d) A transformer substation 2x1000kVA built into the air blowing station pc 1 Replacing equipment 6.4 Air blowing station combined with sludge pc 1 Reconstruction and equipment pumping station replacement

6.5 Administrative and Laboratory Building pc 1 Reconstruction and equipment replacement 6.6 a) 6kV electrical power distribution panel pc 1 Reconstruction required with high-voltage cells (existing)

(reconstruction) near the Workshop

b) standalone transformer station GKTP- pc 1 Construction 100 kVa (near the Adm. Building)

c) standalone transformer station GKTP- pc 1 Construction 2x100 kVa (near the screens building)

d) A transformer substation 2x1000kVA pc 1 Replacing equipment built into the air blowing station

6.7 Air blowing station combined with sludge pcs Reconstruction and equipment pumping station replacement

6.8 External power supply 6 kV km 2 To be designed 6.8.1 On-site electrical networks To be designed 6.9 Guard house pc 1 To be designed 6.10 Fencing and metal gates pc 1 To be designed 6.11 Workshop pc 1 Reconstruction 6.12 Garage for 2 cars Reconstruction 6.13 Toilet pc 1 To be designed 6.14 On-site water network Reconstruction 6.15 On-site sewerage network To be designed 6.16 Warehouse with a shed pc 1 To be designed 6.17 Site improvement Reconstruction 7 City collectors Total collectors, including km 22 reconstruction km 17 new constrcution km 5 BEKEBAD WWTP, Capacity 60,000 m3/day Facilities for mechanical wastewater 1 treatment 1.1 Building of pump station pcs 2 Reconstruction 1.2 Receiving chamber Reconstruction Horizontal sand traps with circular motion Reconstruction 1.3 pc 1 (sand trap from 2 compartments)

Qua NN Name of buildings and facilities Unit Notes ntity Facilities for biological wastewater 2 treatment Reconstruction and installation 2.1 Four corridor aerotanks with regeneration pcs 2 of equipment Reconstruction of 1 sedimentation tank. Installation 2.2 Secondary sedimentation tanks D=24m pcs 4 of equipment in 4 sedimentation tanks 4 Facilities for disinfection wastewater 4.1 Chlorination unit pc 1 New construction 4.2 Contact tanks pcs 3 Reconstruction Facilities for the treatment of 5 wastewater sludge 5.1 Sludge beds pcs 2 Reconstruction 5.2 Sludge compactor pc 1 Reconstruction 5.3 Process water reservoir pcs 4 Reconstruction 5.8 Technological communications Reconstruction 5.9 The supply sluice-way km Reconstruction 6 Auxiliary facilities Air blowing station combined Reconstruction and purchase of 6.1 pc 1 with sludge pumping station equipment Reconstruction and purchase of 6. 2 Laboratory and administrative building pc 1 equipment a) 6 kW closed distribution point with high- pc 1 Reconstruction voltage cells (existing) (reconstruction) 6.3 at workshop b) Transformer substation built into 2x1000 pc 1 Replacement of equipment kW air blower station replacement 6.4 External power supply 6 kW km 2 Reconstruction 6.5 On-site electrical networks Reconstruction 6.6 Entrance pc 1 Reconstruction 6.7 Fencing and metal gates Reconstruction 6.8 Workshop pc 1 Reconstruction 6.9 Materials warehouse pc 1 Reconstruction 6.10 Water supply networks Reconstruction 6.11 Sewerage networks Reconstruction 6.12 Site improvement Reconstruction 7 City collectors 7.1 City collectors km 70 7.2 Of them: reconstruction km 19 7.3 new construction km 51 8 CHINAZ WWTP with capacity 2,000 m3/day 1. Module waste water treatment plant, pc 1 New construction 2. Collectors new constrction km 40 3. Construction of sewage pumping station pcs 3 Source: National Feasibility Study, 2019 198. For Bekabad and Chirchik WWTPs Chinaz district wastewater treatment facilities will consist of three main stages:  Mechanical – screens with a mechanical rake and aerated sand traps.  Biological treatment – aerotanks – displacers, secondary radial sedimentation tanks.  Chemical – disinfection of wastewater 68

199. The following facilities will be used for sludge treatment – aerobic stabilizers, thinkers and sludge draying beds. Sludge beds will be equipped with artificial bottom (asphalted) and drainage system. 200. Typical scheme for Bekabad and Chirchik WWTPs is presented in Figure 24.

Figure 23: Typical scheme for Bekabad and Chirchik WWTPs

3.2.1.2 Facilities for the purification of wastewater 201. In case of Angren and Almalyk WWTPs, wastewater treatment process is fulfilled with purification process. A pond with higher aquatic vegetation for tertiary treatment - two stages designed to remove residual contaminants from wastewater. Biological tertiary treatment in ponds with higher aquatic vegetation involves the use of natural processes of self-purification, the greatest effect of which is manifested in the combination of physicochemical, mechanical and biological processes. Post-treatment biological ponds are flowing reservoirs, partitioned along the bottom across the stream by submerged dividing dams, on which high aquatic vegetation is planted. The area of flooded dams with the highest aquatic vegetation is 40% of the total pond area. Reed beds provide alternating dams for a sufficiently thick filtering barrier due to the uniform distribution of dams with higher aquatic vegetation. Inside one pond, sectionalization is created and uniform movement of water throughout the flow section is ensured. 202. Scheme of wastewater process after rehabilitation of Angren and Almalyk WWTPs are presented on below Figure 25:

Figure 24: Typical scheme for Bekabad, Chirchik and Yangiyul WWTPs 3.2.1.3 Module wastewater treatment plant 203. Currently WWTP with capacity 2000 m3/day is being constructed in Chinaz city. The WWTP is designed to collect waste waters from public building in the city – hospitals, schools kinder gardens. 204. Under the current Project expansion of the existing facility is designed to treat water from residential area. Due to small amount of wastewater a module treatment installation – USV-2000 will be used for Chinaz city. The installation is a complex of buildings and structures in which technological and auxiliary equipment is installed. 205. The principle of operation of module installation is based on deep biological wastewater treatment with post-treatment. The “USV – 2000” installation consists of the following main blocks:1) sewage pumping station; 2) mechanical wastewater treatment; 3) average (sewage regulator); 4) aeration tank; 5) membrane filter; 6) technological unit; 7) administrative building. The scheme of module treatment plant is presented on Figure 28.

Figure 25: Layout of Chinaz WWTP and its process facilities profile 71

206. Mechanical cleaning facilities are equipped with trash racks to trap large and medium sized debris. After mechanical treatment, the wastewater enters the averaging tank to equalize the flow of wastewater to the treatment plant. With a constant uniformflow of wastewater to the next stages of treatment, the purification process becomes more efficient. From the averaging tank, wastewater is pumped to the treatment plant by submersible pumps. Aerators are located in the averaging tank, which mix the contaminated water. 207. After the averaging tank, thewastewater is supplied with a constant pressure to the aeration tanks, where intensive long-term aeration of wastewater takes place. Under the action of aeration, sludge is actively mixed with wastewater, and as a result, the decomposition and separation of organic and harmful complex components of wastewater into simpler ones. 208. After the aeration tank, water enters the membrane filters. Membrane filters provide a high degree of purification biologically treated wastewater. When using membrane filters, the area of treatment facilities decreases. The membrane filter is a modern technological equipment. The technological unit is a building, inside which the technological equipment is located. The technological unit consists of: (i) sediment treatment room; (ii) premises for chemical reagents; (iii) camera room; (iv) aerator. 209. In the sludge treatment room, sludge is dehydrated in a special press. Excess sludge generated during wastewater treatment from the aeration tank is pumped to a tank for receiving sludge from which it is pumped to the sludge treatment room. The sludge after dewatering could be used as fertilizer for agricultural fields or disposed municipal land of Chinaz city. Further sludge should be used in accordance with national standards described in Chapter 6.6.3. Treated effluents after WWTP will be discharged into the canal and after 1.6 km will be discharged into the Chirchik river. 210. Option of inclusion of production biogas on WWTP was reviewed by TRTA. The team consisted of engineers concluded that content of sewage coming to the WWTP will not be efficient to produce biogas. Therefore, construction of biodigester is not considered under this project. 211. In the room of chemical reagents, various liquid reagents are stored that are used in the process (acetic acid, polyelectrolyte and sodium hypochlorite). In the control room, the entire installation is directly controlled using the control panel, as well as monitoring the operation of electrical equipment. Management and monitoring are carried out on the basis of a modern SCADA system. The module will occupy 2 ha and treated water will be discharged into drainage canal and after 5.5 km will inflow into Chirchik river. Wastewater will be disinfected by hypochlorite natrium. Efficiency of module wastewater facility is presented in Table 31; anticipated wastewater treatment efficiency will meet national standards for irrigation water. Table 31: Water treatment efficiency National At the At the exit no more Name requirements for entrance than irrigation water40 BOD full, mg / l 100-250 3 6 Suspended Substances, mg /l up to 200 3 75 3 COD mg O2 / dm up to 300 3 15 Ammonium nitrogen, mg / l up to 40 0.5 Nitrates, mg/l - 40 Phosphates, mg/l up to 8 0.3 Source: National Feasibility Study, 2019

40 Sanitarian Norms and Rules (SanPiN) 0318-15 – Hygienic and anti-epidemiological requirements for surface water 72

13. Summary on planning civil works on six WWTPs are presented in Table 32. Table 32: Summary on planning works on seven cities Sewage pump Sewage treatment Sewage network and collectors, stations, unit facilities, Notes # WWTP km thous.m3/day Constr Reconstr. Washing Constr. Reconstr Constr Reconstr. 1 Angren 82.04 38.36 11.90 100 2 Almalyk 4.65 20.03 100 3 Akhangaran 9.75 3.60 9.9 4 Bekabad 51.19 20.39 3 60 Extension of 5 Chirchik 12.75 16.05 2 130 existing 6 Yangiyul 29.44 15.11 2 Currently construction of 2,000 m3/ 7 Chinaz 48.42 3 2 day. Total amount will be 4,000 m3/ day Total 238.2 113.54 21.8 3 7 2 390 Source: National Feasibility Study, 2019 3.2.1.4 Decentralized Wastewater System 212. Of the total population of 2,816,000 only about 450,000 people (16%) in the cities and urban centers have access to centralized sewers, while the remainder of the population must rely on rudimentary systems including pit latrines and earth ditches, practices that imperil public health and wellness. The concept of an onsite decentralized wastewater system such as a household septic tank system is new for Uzbekistan country. To date very few septic tank systems have been installed. 213. Under this project, decentralized wastewater disposal systems in rural settlements of Chinaz and Yangiyul districts will be improved through hard component: (i) installation of 23,500 individual household septic tanks; (ii) provision of 21 septage vacuum trucks to collect and deliver septage to WWTPs. 214. Prefabricated (PE) septic tanks will be used for the project rural population. The onsite household septic tank system consists of a PE septic tank and an effluent discharge perforated PVC pipe for ground adsorption. 215. Usually, the installation of a septic tank shall include a soil absorption field (also known as leaching field). Trenches in the soil absorption system are dug wide enough to accommodate open- jointed drain, typically of a gravel or coarse aggregate under and around the perforated pipe(s) that discharge the tank effluent. The purposes of the aggregate were to provide a porous media through which the septic tank effluent could flow and be absorbed into the ground without plugging the perforated pipe(s). 216. Under this project, the septic tank and effluent pipe(s) will be installed by the Contractor hired by the project. This septic tank program is only a pilot scale for rural wastewater disposal to be implemented for 70 rural settlements (villages).41 The onsite household septic tank systems must be periodically inspected and maintained in order to treat domestic wastewater properly and to protect the environment and human health. The periodic maintenance service of the onsite household septic tank systems can be done individually by homeowners themselves or by public

41 Septic tank systems are not used for urban areas. Cities and urban centers will have centralized wastewater collection systems (city sewers, no septic tanks). 73

utility or by a private entity under PPP contract arrangements. The project will develop a septage management program (See Chapter 3.2.4) to rationalize and expand septage collection and disposal services. During the project implementation period (2021-2026), under the project institutional capacity building program to be conducted by the project PMCCB consultant, a septage management unit within TST will be established, trained and operationalized to manage septage collection, hauling and disposal at wastewater treatment plants as well as to provide septic tank service to the residents, including maintenance and desludging. 217. A typical design layout of an onsite household septic tank system for rural areas is illustrated in the figure shown below.

Figure 26: Typical design layout of an onsite household septic tank system in rural areas

218. A single unit of a 2.0 m3 septic tank system can accommodate wastewater treatment for a household of up to 12 persons. Cross section of typical septic tank is presented in Figure 28.

TYPICAL SEPTIC TANK CROSS SECTION 300 mm (12")

150 DIA. PUMP OUT PIPES

100 DIA. CLEAN OUT (OPTIONAL)

SIPHON AND OUTLET PIPE TO SOIL ABSORPTION SYSTEM

FLEX COUPLER

Figure 27: Typical Septic Cross Section

219. Requirements for installation of septic tanks indicates the minimum distance between septic tanks and soil absorption system Septic tank, sewage holding tank or contained privy must not be less than:  1.5 m from a lot boundary  1.5 m from any building  5.0 m from a road or driveway  15.0 m from any source of potable water, or natural boundary or high-water level of any water body  9.0 m from a buried water storage tank

Soil absorption system or pit privy must not be less than:  1.2 m from any seasonal high ground water table or impermeable barrier such as bedrock, clay or permafrost  3.0 m from septic tank  5.0 m from a lot boundary  6.0 m from any building  5.0 m from any road or driveway  30.0 m from any source of potable water, or natural boundary or high-water level of any water body Sewage disposal system must not be less than:  9.0 m from a buried holding tank for potable water  60.0 m from any community well. 75

SEWAGE HOLDING TANK CROSS SECTION SCHEMATIC

JUNCTION BOX

MINIMUM SETBACK DISTANCES AUDIBLE AND VISUAL ALARMS HOLDING TANK MIN. SETBACK 9m (30 ft.) 300 mm (12") 1.5m (5 ft.) LOT BOUNDARY 1.5m (5 ft.) ANY BUILDING 15m (50 ft.) WELL / WATER BODY 150 mm (6") PUMP-OUT WITH 5m (16 ft.) ROAD / DRIVEWAY RESIDENCE DOWN PIPE TO PROTECT 60m (200 ft.) COMMUNITY WELL FLOAT SWITCHES

FLOAT SWITCH TO ACTIVE VISUAL AND AUDIBLE DRAIN LINE ALARMS AND SHUT DOWN WATER SUPPLY PUMP FROM HOUSE @ 90% OF TANK CAPACITY

FLEX COUPLER FLOAT TREE

FLOAT SWITCH TO AUDIBLE OR VISUAL ALARV TO WARN WHEN TANK SHOULD BE EMPTIED (ie. 75%)

Figure 28: Sewage Holding Tanks Cross Section Schematic 220. The below Table 33 summarizes treatment capabilities and efficiencies of onsite household septic tank systems. There are no requirements for this type of installation in relevant national legislation system. Therefore, EPA standards will apply for this installation. Table 33: Summary of Septic Tank Treatment Efficiencies

Parameter Effluent Concentration Percent Reduction Concentration T. Phosphate (mg/L) 20 to 25 15 to 20% 12.75 -20 COD (mg/L) 200 to 327 60 to 70% 60-98

BOD5 (mg/L) 120 to 140 40 to 50% 60-70 Suspended Solids (mg/L) 39 to 155 40 to 80% 7.8-48.5 T. Nitrogen (mg/L) 36 to 45 0 to 50% 18-22.5 Oil and Grease (mg/L) 20 to 25 70 to 80% 4-5 Source: US EPA, Design Manual: Onsite Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Systems, October 1980 3.2.1.5 Household Sewer Connections 221. Making household sewer connections in newly sewered areas is a challenge in most sewerage development projects. Resistance from households and hesitation from business owners to have sewer connected often appeared to be the cost of the connection and the disruption caused by the construction process in their private premises. To overcome this obstacle, the Project will include a household sewer connection program to be financed by the project and committed by TST for implementation. This household sewer connection program aims at 100% urban household connected to public sewers and ensures all urban population have

access to improved urban wastewater services. This improvement will directly contribute to the project public health and environmental objectives while enhancing the quality of life in urban areas. It is planned that the TST’s local branches will carry out the household connections over a period of 2 years, from 2023 to 2025. Cost recovery for sewer connections will be incorporated in the wastewater charges. A sanitation and hygiene awareness program to improve community awareness and understanding of sanitation best practices will also contribute to high levels of sewerage connection. 222. It is estimated that the Project household sewer connection program will provide 35,000 sewer connections which directly benefits 175,000 urban population in newly sewered areas in the cities of Angren, Akhangaran, Almalyk, Bekabod, Chirchik, Yangiyul and Chinaz. In total the project household sewer connection program provides 106,623 sewer connections to the project 533,116 urban population. Table 34 summaries the population and number of connections in each city. Table 34. Coverage with sewerage services before and after project completion

Before project (2019) After project completion (2026) No. of new Population Population sewer Cities connected Coverage, connected Coverage, Population connections to public % to public % provided by sewers sewers the Project Angren city 128,496 60,850 47.4 114,361 22,872 89 Almalyk city 105,390 63,963 60.7 94,851 18,970 90 Akhangaran city 41,530 20,233 48.7 33,224 6,645 80 Bekabad city 104,851 56,442 53.8 94,366 18,873 90 Chirchik city 155,850 116,840 75.0 140,265 28,053 90 Yangiyol city 51,038 39,749 77.9 43,893 8,779 86 District center 30,391 0 0 12,156 2,431 40 "Chinaz" Total: 617,546 358,077 58.0 533,116 106,623 86 Source: National Feasibility study, 2019

3.2.2 Construction materials and equipment

223. The project proposes to use high density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes with nominal diameter up to 600 mm. Minimum depth of pipe invert shall be 3 m. For diameters of 600 mm and larger the invert depth can be 5 m. 224. For the disinfection of treated water, it is considered adopting liquid chlorination units, preferably of the vacuum type. Such units are compact and safe to use. Liquid chlorine is available in 400/500 kg containers in Uzbekistan.

3.2.3 Other physical components to the Project

3.2.3.1 Purchase of equipment 225. As part of project capacity building the following equipment will be purchased:  Emergency vehicle with van body for transporting emergency crews  Vacuum truck  Electrotechnical laboratory  Disposal truck  High pressure jetting machines for pipe cleaning 77

 Dump trucks,  Welding equipment and etc. 3.2.3.2 Operation control system - SCADA 226. Modern systems of sewerage treatment are geographically distributed systems with complex technological processes. Their maintenance requires reliable control systems, automated systems for operational dispatch control (ASODC). 227. Each WWTP is a complex engineering structure, which can include up to hundreds of units of technologically interconnected equipment: starting from the sewage pumping station workshop, a mechanical water treatment unit, sludge treatment unit, mechanical sludge dewatering unit and before the biological water treatment plant. 228. The automated control system of the Central Dispatch Center (SCADA control system of the WWTP) will be created by integrating all of the following systems through the corporate data network: automatic control system of: the control station, the control center, of the central control system, automatic control system, control system of the boiler house, automatic control system, fire alarm system laboratory quality measurement systems (LIMS), energy supply control systems and remote control systems for pumping stations for sewage disposal (where the sewage does not flow by gravity) into the unified WWTP control system. 229. ASODU of WWTP will allow operational and dispatching personnel to make decisions on the operational and optimal management of all WWTP technological processes due to the following factors:  full recording of dispatcher actions  reducing the cost of repairing equipment and communications;  reduce operating costs for monitoring the technical condition of technological equipment and networks;  reducing the risks of damage to social facilities and causing harm to the population of the city;  increasing the responsiveness to technological violations in the system to prevent failures and emergencies;  increasing the level of detail in energy accounting while reducing the energy intensity of production 230. SCADA A single control system for the entire city sewer system will be built as an integrated system of all SCADA WWTP systems into a single information management system through a corporate data network. 3.2.3.3 Installation of production (flow) meters and water consumption meters 231. Totally, 1028 flow meters are expected to be installed within the project including 480 flow meters within perimeters of existing water production and supply facilities and 548 flow meters outside water facilities. Locations where 480 flow meters will be installed are known at this stage. These are existing drinking water production and supply facilities such as water distribution centers, group ground wellfields, standing alone ground water wells and surface water treatment plants. Locations where 548 flow meters will be installed are not known at this stage. However, settlements where they will be installed are clear. Number of flow meters required for installation on water production facilities is described in the below Table 35. Table 35. Number of flow meters to be installed within the project

Facilities where flow meters No. Total will be installed to be installed within perimeters of water facilities 1 Surface water treatment plants 10 2 Standalone wells 388 3 Wellfields 51 4 Water distribution centers 31 Total 480 to be installed outside of water facilities 5 Connections to transmission mains 548 Total 548 GRAND TOTAL: 1028 232. These 548 flow meters will be installed on places where big settlements are connected to main water supply pipelines (coming from water production facilities) with purpose to take drinking water for supply to people. Exact locations for installation of 548 flow meters will be identified during detailed technical studies based on technical specifications for installation of flow meters. 233. Brief technical description of flow meters. Production or bulk flow meters which are expected for installation under the project are ultrasonic flow meters intended for accounting water supplied to main pipeline. The general principle of using ultrasonic clamp-on technology is when contact with the measured fluid is not possible, ultrasonic clamp-on flow meters are the equipment of choice. 234. With this technology, ultrasonic waves transmit upstream and downstream through the pipe wall and liquid flowing in the pipe. By measuring the difference in the travel time and knowing the pipe size, the meter determines the velocity and flow rate. Transit time ultrasonic flow meters use two transducers, which mount to the outside of the pipe and function as both ultrasonic transmitters and receivers. The flow meters operate by alternately transmitting and receiving a frequency-modulated burst of sound energy between the two transducers. Picture of flow meter and principle of work of transducers are given as figure 30.

Figure 29. Ultrasonic flow meter 235. There are two options for installation of flow meters outside water production facilities. Option 1. In this case flow meters can be installed on a pipeline which is located on the ground and no construction works will be needed. Sample of installed water meter under this option is described in Figure 31. Option 2. Flow meter will be installed inside a special manhole which will be constructed on a pipeline laying underground. Diameters of such manholes located outside water facilities vary from 1 to 2 m. Depth of manhole depends on depth of pipeline laying 79

underground. Pictures of a typical manhole are given as Figure 32. Process of construction of a manhole around pipeline with installed flow meter is shown in Figure 33.

Figure 30. Water meters installed on pipeline above the ground.

Figure 31. Picture of typical manhole

Figure 32. Process of construction of a manhole around pipeline (if a flow meter was not constructed before) 236. In many project areas manholes already exist and flow meters can be installed on a pipeline inside such manhole. New manholes need to be constructed on areas where such manholes were not constructed before. In some areas, manholes are old and need to be reconstructed. Physical works under this component include construction of new manholes and reconstruction of old.

237. At this stage, no technical survey works were carried out to clarify how many manholes exist and how many new manholes need to be constructed. Locations for construction of new manholes also not known. In this regard, at this stage it is impossible to identify scope of IR impact due to construction of new manholes for installation of flow meters. It is clear that most of manholes will be located within towns and rural settlements. So, scope of IR impact is expected to be minimum due to implementation of construction works under this component. 3.2.3.4 Solar power system 238. Uzbekistan is considered one of the richest countries in terms of renewable energy sources42. The country has the potential to produce 50 billion ton of oil equivalent (t.o.e.) based on solar energy, with current technology it would be possible to generate 175 million t.o.e, more than triple the amount of fossil fuel the country produces annually43. There are more than 320 sunny days in Uzbekistan during a year. It is calculated that Uzbekistan will be able to produce renewable energy in the amount of more than 182 million tons of oil equivalent (t.o.e) per year. This is almost three times the amount of energy currently consumed in the country. 239. To demonstrate opportunities to improve energy efficiency, it is planning that solar power system will be installed in Almalyk and/or Angren WWTPs to supply with energy auxiliary building and external lightening. The power panels will be installed on the roof of administrative buildings in one or two WWTPs and will be connected to internal electricity supply network. The solar panels will generate energy during the daytime and supply with energy auxiliary building. At nighttime, the building will receive energy through central grid. For external lightening smaller solar panels will be installed to accumulate energy during the night and supply with energy during the nighttime. 240. The following equipment will be used establishing solar supply system: solar panels, on- grid solar inverters, (with total capacity 296 kW), circuit breakers and cables. The capacity of solar power system on four WWTPs will be from 200 kW to 420 kW. 241. At the stage of IEE preparation layouts of solar panels were not available. The type of panel, their configurations and other parameters will be defined at the project detail design stage. Examples of solar panels and streetlights are provided in below picture.

42 http://uzbekenergo.uz/ru/activities/alternative-energy-sources/ 43 Uzbekistan: Solar Energy Development, Jorge Servert del Rio, Cindy Tiangco, Antonio López, Sultan Suleimanov, Daniel Castella, Eckhard Luepfert 81

Example of solar panels on roof Streetlights on the territory of the Figure 33. The type of panel

242. According to technical specifications, the life of the solar panel up to 20 years. 3.2.3.5 Access Roads 243. All materials and equipment will be delivered through existing access roads which are in the suitable conditions. The distances from the main roads until WWTPs vary from 430 m (Angren) up to 1.8 km (Almalyk WTTP). All roads are asphalted.

Bekabad WWTP

Almalyk WWTP

Angren WWTP

Chirchik WWTP Figure 34. WWTPs road

3.2.3.6 Land acquisition 244. According social due diligence, conducted by social (resettlement) team, the Project is expected to have temporary impacts and no permanent impact, as there is no land acquisition requirement. Temporary impacts may occur due to the construction of wastewater collectors. These impacts are expected in Yangiyul and Chinaz districts. No impact is expected in other project cities as per information available at this stage. Totally, 2.26 hectares of land is likely to be impacted temporarily due to the construction of new wastewater collectors, of which 1.64 ha is arable/crop cultivation land and 0.62 ha of land is classified as orchard/garden land. There will be no physical displacement. Based on the preliminary design, the total number of affected households (as per the project census and inventory of assets survey) is 4 and the total number of affected persons is 14, including 8 males and 6 females. The total number of affected trees is 204, out of which 164 are fruit-bearing trees and 40 are non-fruit trees. There is no severely 83

affected household. No vulnerable affected households were identified, as defined in ADB SPS (2009). The assessment is based on a feasibility study which is subject to change during the detailed design exercise. The summary impact is shown below in Table 37. Table 36. Summary Impacts Information

Permanent Temporary # Impacts TOTAL Impact Impact 1 Affected land area (ha) including 0 2.26 2.26 2 Arable/crop cultivation land area (ha) 0 1.64 1.64 3 Orchard/garden land area (ha) 0 0.62 0.62 4 Affected land users/households (#) 0 4 4 5 Affected households’ members (#) 0 14 14 6 Severely affected households (#) 0 0 0 7 Total number of trees, including 0 204 204 8 Fruit trees 0 164 164 9 Non-fruit trees 0 40 40 Source: TRTA’s Consultants Land Acquisitions and Resettlement Plan, 2020 245. Details of compensation calculation and payment procedure are presented in Land Acquisitions and Resettlement Plan (LARP) prepared for this project. 246. The project works will start from selection location of workers’ and construction camps. As usual the construction camps are placed on the territory of the existing facilities suitable for this purpose. Worker’s camp could be set up on the same territory or workers could accommodate in the rented houses located close to the project site. 247. After completion, the detail design of each WWTP, Contractor will start demolishing of old facilities which will be replaced. The maximum of wastes will be at this stage. According to the preliminary design the administrative buildings will be only rehabilitated.

3.2.4 Project Soft Component

248. Soft component will enhance a capacity of wastewater organizations in wastewater management. The project activities will cover: (i) operationalization of a septage management unit in the TST; (ii) formulation of a septage management program to rationalize and expand septage collection and disposal services; (iii) design and implementation of a sanitation and hygiene awareness program to improve community awareness and understanding of sanitation best practices; (iv) corporate development (including asset management, financial management, procurement practices, public accountability measures, internal auditing, environmental management, human resource management, and PPP arrangements); (v) established service standards and an advanced wastewater inspection and monitoring system; (vi) improved wastewater O&M capabilities; (vii) a piloted PPP initiative for O&M of WWTPs and sewerage networks; and (viii) introduced mechanism for community-based decision-making processes

249. It is expected that as a result of the project implementation, the total capacity of WWTPs in 5 cities will be 392,000 m3/day44 and coverage of settlements connected to centralized sewage system will be around 89-92 % except Chinaz city where coverage with centralized system will be 40%. The rest of the area will be served by un-centralized septic tanks. Table 37: Projected coverage with sewage services by 2024 and 2045

2024 2045 Design Anticipated Anticipated capa-city, Popu- Cove- discharge, Popu- Cove- discharge, WWTP m3/day lation rage % m3/day lation rage % m3/day Angren (Angren and 100,000 201,600 180,362 89 99,836 238,500 213,387 90 100,535 Yangiyul cities) Almalyk (Almalyk. 100,000 193,800 174,045 90 97,852 240,340 215,078 92 100,579 Nurabad. Akhangaran) Chirchik (Chirchik. 130,000 255,000 213,700 90 130,619 270,000 227,500 92 130,367 Gazalkent) Bekabad 60,000 96,040 87,906 90 53,907 112,110 102,615 92 56,276 Yangiyul (Yangiyul. 118,000 95,740 86 68,610 135,000 110,710 92 70,268 Niyazbash. Gulbahor) Chinaz 4,000 34,299 13,720 40 3,924 36,500 14,600 40 3,986 Source: National Feasibility study, 2020 250. The project is planned to be implemented over a period of five years during 2021 - 2026.

4 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

4.1 Climatic conditions 251. All 6 project sites are located in the Tashkent province. The Tashkent province is situated in the Chirchik-Angren climatic region, which includes the Pri-tashkent loess plain and the ridge Western Tien Shan, irrigated by the Chirchik and Angren rivers. The climate of the territory is sharply continental, which is expressed by a sharp temperature drop, both daily and annual. 252. The territory is open in the west and southwest in the direction of movement of air masses, so the district is richer in precipitation than most foothill-mountain districts of Uzbekistan. There are 6 meteo (observation) stations collecting meteorological data in the project area: Angren, Almalyk, Bekabad, Tashkent, Yangiyul and Sukok close to the project sites. 253. The amount of precipitation is growing from 260-300 mm in the extreme southwest to 800- 1000 mm in the northeast (Figure 36). The average maximum temperature varies from 40-42 oC in Tashkent, Almalyk, Yangiyul and Bekabad until 38oC in Angren. 254. The maximum wind intensity and speed are observed in Bekabad city, the speed of wind reaches 33 m/s, for other cities wind speed is observed between 18 and 28 m/s

44 See footnote 1. 85

Figure 35: Climatic map of Tashkent province with location of meteostations

14. Data on climatic conditions for period 2015-2018 collected from the meteostations in the project sites is presented on Figure 37. Angren

Average annual temperature, C Average minimum temperature, C 30.0 20.0

25.0 15.0

10.0 20.0 5.0 15.0 0.0 10.0 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII -5.0 5.0 -10.0

0.0 -15.0 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

Average maximum temperature, C Average monthly precipation, mm 40.0 120.0

35.0 100.0 30.0 ° 80.0 25.0 ° 20.0 60.0

15.0 40.0 10.0 20.0 5.0

0.0 0.0 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

Almalyk

Average annual temperature, C° Average minimum temperature, C° 30.0 ° 20.0 25.0 15.0 20.0 10.0

15.0 5.0

10.0 0.0 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII -5.0 5.0 -10.0 0.0 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII -15.0

° ° Average maximum temperature, C° Average monthly precipitation, mm 90.0

45.0 80.0 40.0 70.0 35.0 60.0 30.0 50.0 25.0 40.0 20.0 15.0 30.0 10.0 20.0 5.0 10.0 0.0 0.0 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

° Bekabad

° °

Average annual temperature, C° Average minimum temperature, C° ° 35.0 20.0

30.0 15.0 25.0 10.0 20.0

15.0 5.0

10.0 0.0 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII 5.0 -5.0 0.0 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII -10.0

° ° Average maximum temperature, C° Average monthly precipitation, mm 45.0 70.0 ° 40.0 60.0 35.0 50.0 30.0 40.0 25.0 20.0 30.0

15.0 20.0 10.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

° Tashkent

Average annual temperature, C° Average minimum temeprature, C 35.0 20.0

30.0 15.0 ° 25.0 10.0 20.0 5.0 15.0 0.0 10.0 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

5.0 -5.0

0.0 -10.0 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII -15.0

Average maximum temperature, C° Average monthly precipitation, mm 45.0 80.0 40.0 70.0 35.0 60.0

30.0 50.0

25.0 40.0 20.0 30.0 15.0 20.0 10.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Yangiyul

° °

Average annual temperature, C° Average minimum temperature, C° 35.0 ° 20.0

30.0 15.0

25.0 10.0

20.0 5.0

15.0 0.0 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII 10.0 -5.0 5.0 -10.0 0.0 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII -15.0

° ° Average maximum temperature, C° Average monthly precipitation, mm 45.0 70.0 40.0 60.0 35.0 50.0 30.0 25.0 40.0

20.0 30.0 15.0 20.0 10.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

Figure 36° : Temperature regime in the Project area

255. Direction of average annual wind for each station are presented in Figure 38.

N 30 N 25 50 NW NE 20 NW 40 NE 15 30 10 20 5 10 W 0 E W 0 E

SW SE SW SE

S S

Angren Almalyk

N N 20 25 NW 20 NE NW 15 NE 15 10 10 5 5 W 0 E W 0 E

SW SE SW SE

S Yangiyul Tashkent N N 60 40 50 NW NE NW 30 NE 40 20 30 20 10 10 W 0 E W 0 E

SW SE SW SE

S S Bekabad Sukok Figure 37: Wind speed and direction in the Project area

256. Four meteo stations conduct monitoring of air quality in the cities of the project area: Almlalyk, Angren, Yangiyul, Bakabad, Chirchik. The results of monitoring for 2014-2018 are presented in Figure 39.

Angren Dust SO2 0,600 0,160

0,140 0,500

0,120 0,400 0,100

0,300 0,080

0,060 0,200

0,040

0,100 0,020

0,000 0,000 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

Dust MAC SO2 MAC

NO2 CO2

0,090 4,500

0,080 4,000

0,070 3,500

3,000 0,060

2,500 0,050

2,000 0,040

1,500 0,030

1,000 0,020

0,500 0,010

0,000 0,000 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

CO2 MAC NO2 MAC

Almalyk

Dust SO2 0,600 0,160

0,140 0,500

0,120 0,400

0,100

0,300 0,080

0,060 0,200

0,040 0,100 0,020

0,000 0,000 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

Dust MAC SO2 MAC

CO2 NO2

4,500 0,090

4,000 0,080

3,500 0,070

3,000 0,060

2,500 0,050

2,000 0,040

1,500 0,030

1,000 0,020

0,500 0,010

0,000 0,000 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

CO2 MAC NO2 MAC

Bekabad

CO2 SO2 0,600 4,500

4,000 0,500

3,500

0,400 3,000

2,500 0,300 2,000

0,200 1,500

1,000 0,100 0,500

0,000 0,000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

SO2 MAC CO2 MAC

NO2

0,090

0,080

0,070

0,060

0,050

0,040

0,030

0,020

0,010

0,000 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

NO2 MAC

Chirchik Dust SO2 0,600 0,160

0,140 0,500

0,120 0,400 0,100 0,300 0,080

0,060 0,200

0,040 0,100 0,020 0,000 0,000 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII SO2 MAC Dust MAC

CO2 NO2

4,500 0,090

4,000 0,080 3,500 0,070 3,000 0,060 2,500 0,050 2,000 0,040 1,500 0,030 1,000 0,020 0,500 0,010 0,000 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII 0,000 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII CO2 MAC NO2 MAC

Yangiyul 92

Dust SO2 0,600 0,160

0,140 0,500

0,120 0,400 0,100

0,080 0,300

0,060 0,200

0,040

0,100 0,020

0,000 0,000 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Dust MAC SO2 MAC

NO2

0,090

0,080

0,070

0,060

0,050

0,040

0,030

0,020

0,010

0,000 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

NO2 MAC

Figure 38: Air quality in the Project area (Source: Uzhydromet, 2019)

257. In accordance with data provided by national agency Uzhydromet, air quality in the project area complies with national standards45 (Figure 39).

4.2 Water resources

4.2.1 Surface water

258. There are three rivers flow in the project area: Chirchik, Akhangaran and Syrdarya river. In the downstream of the project area there are two rivers – Chirchik and Akhangaran flow into Syrdarya river (Figure 40).

45 SanR&N RUz No.0179-04 Hygienic norms. List of Maximum Allowable Concentrations (MACs) of pollutants in ambient air of communities in the Republic of Uzbekistan including Annex 1 93

Figure 39: Monitoring stations (red points) along Chirchik, Akhangaran, and Syrdarya rivers 4.2.1.1 Chirchik river 259. The Chirchik river which is formed due to confluence of Chatkal and Pskem river is one of the main natural waterways in the project area. The flow of Chirchik river is regulated by Charvak water reservoir with a usable capacity of 2 billion m3. Along its route the river receives only two comparatively big inflows: on the right side – Ugam river, on the left side– Aksakata river. Other tributaries have the character of small inflows including biggest ones such as on the right - Aktash, Shurabsay, Tavaksay, Azatbash, on the left – Chalibsay, Parkentsay and Bashkizilsay. 260. The Chirchik river is heavily diverted for irrigation by channel networks. Most major channels are Zakh, Boz-Suv (right) and Northern Tashkent channel (in the upper part it is called Left Bank Kora-Suv). Channels are characterized by high flow capacity and they have a view of real rivers. 261. Waters of Chirchik river are taken for irrigation and are used for hydropower needs (diversion channel of Chirchik Hydropower Plant drops some of its water through Boz-Suv channel directly into Syrdarya river). The Chirchik river gradually reduces its flow and goes to Syrdarya river. Length of Chirchik river is 174 km, the basin area is 14,240 km2. 262. According to data from Uzhydromet the surface flow of water in Chirchik is monitored during the whole year (Table 38) at the Gazalkent and Chinaz stations. The Gazalkent water monitoring station is located above Chirchik city (before project site) and Chinaz station just below Chinaz city. Maximum flow volumes in Gazalkent station were recorded during May – September period and minimal volumes were recorded during December-February. For Chinaz stations,

which is located below main settlements of the province and agriculture fields, the maximum flow observed during the winter season and minimum flow – mainly during the summer months. Table 38: Average monthly flow of Chirchik river at Gazalkent and Chinaz stations

Average Months Years annual I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Chirchik river – Gazalkent station 2014 130 147 118 134 328 513 396 276 182 150 147 140 221 2015 174 168 150 191 356 459 349 278 170 163 171 182 234 2016 197 132 169 158 366 552 425 304 180 178 183 147 249 2017 189 181 158 333 585 706 486 296 192 175 189 159 304 2018 166 161 115 167 214 296 384 232 167 166 172 180 202 Chirchik river – Chinaz station 2014 81.4 147 101 51.1 49.5 136 55.3 21.0 48.1 58.7 68.0 95.0 76 2015 69.0 93.8 90.0 41.4 76.2 101 13.3 20.3 37.9 69.2 146 130 74 2016 111 78.5 39.5 50.1 183 281 94.9 60.0 37.0 67.3 60.6 104 97 2017 133 171 66.1 278 456 176 178 22.3 44.7 58.9 47.4 108 145 2018 139 103 63.8 17.8 17.9 14.2 35.1 6.56 21.4 44.0 58.4 84.5 50 Source: Uzhydromet, 2019 263. Ambient water quality is monitored by Uzhydromet on monthly base at the same stations. Results of monitoring for year with high water availability and water deficit years for each monitoring station is presented in Table 39. Table 39: Water quality of Chirchik river in Gazalkent and Chinaz station (2018)

MAC Indicator Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Nat FAO Chirchik river – Gazalkent station Suspended 3 4 15 3 1 25 2 2 1 3 2 3 15 - matter Chloride 1,03 1,75 1,75 2,49 1,49 2,25 1,49 1,49 2,99 1,99 1,49 2,99 350 300 Sulphates 21,3 20,5 23,5 25 39,4 14,5 11,4 13,1 36,2 37,3 30 35,6 500 1900 COD 5,13 3,67 3,09 6,35 3,14 5,38 4,3 2,15 2,22 3,4 1,42 4,49 15 -

BOD5 0,4 0,4 0,49 0,41 0,4 1,21 0,4 0,4 0,41 0,41 0,4 0,41 3 - Ammonia 0 0,04 0,02 0,14 0,01 0,03 0,04 0,02 0,01 0,01 0,05 0,07 0.5 0-5 Nitrates 0,64 0,2 0,73 0,21 0,22 0,24 0,48 0,55 0,56 0,55 0,14 0,23 40 - Phosphates 0 0 0,032 0,003 0,002 0 0,005 0,005 0 0,003 0,003 0,003 0.3 0-2 Chirchik river – Chinaz station Suspended 2 7 16 20 8 3 6 8 3 3 4 6 15 - matter Chloride 2,55 3,12 2,55 4,55 2,68 2,66 2,13 2,93 1,59 6,93 1,07 3,73 350 300 Sulphates 17,9 36,3 18,9 37,2 20,4 45,8 12,5 15,1 14,4 32,7 20,4 59,8 500 1900 COD - 1,55 6,38 4,3 3,99 5,24 3,4 2,78 2,42 5,96 4,81 3,44 15 -

BOD5 0,3 0,4 0,48 0,41 0,48 0,4 0,49 0,4 0,32 0,5 0,33 0,33 3 - Ammonia 0,02 0,02 0,02 0 0,03 0 0,02 0,11 0,04 0,01 0,05 0,1 0.5 0-5 Nitrates 0,7 0,71 0,57 0,45 0,4 0,36 0,35 0,32 0,21 0,14 0,25 1,01 40 - Phosphates 2,3 1,7 2,65 3,5 2,35 1,8 2,05 1,95 2,2 3,3 2,65 3,8 0.3 0-2 Source: Uzhydromet, 2019

264. Water quality in the Uzhydromet’s monitoring points on the Chirchik river complies with national standards for rivers. The only exceeding is observed for phosphates in Chinaz station. Results of water quality analysis taken from Syrdarya, Chirchik and Akhangaran river are presented in Chapter 3. 265. It should be noted that Uzhydromet conducts ambient monitoring of river quality. In parallel with this, the Analytical Center of Control in Ecology under SCEEP conducts continuously monitoring of water quality in points where enterprises discharge wastewater into the rivers. During the meeting with representatives of Tashkent province branch of SCEEP, it was highlighted that among the main polluters of the Chirchik river there are JV “Maxam-Chirchik” (chemical production) and Chirchik WWTP. According to SCEEP’s reports, discharges from Chirchik WWTP exceed norms on iron compounds, BOD, nitrates, and ammonia. 4.2.1.2 Syrdarya River 266. The Syrdarya river basin is the largest in the Central Asia in terms of area and length of the main river. The catchment area is 150.1 km2. The territory of the basin belongs to the four Central Asian states of Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan (a very insignificant part) and Kazakhstan (the lower part of the basin). Level of development of agriculture and the industry have reached a high economic level, especially within Uzbekistan. The presence of fertile land, on the one hand, and a clear lack of precipitation, on the other hand, led to the widespread development of irrigation. The surface water resources of the Syrdarya basin (up to Chardara water reservoir located on the territory of Kazakhstan) are estimated at 33.2 km3 and have deviations depending on the water content of the year. The main water resources of the basin (74%) are formed in the Ferghana Valley. 267. The runoff and hydrological regime of the Syrdarya river is observed and studied at the following Uzhydromet’s monitoring stations: Kal village, below the discharge of KMK, village Nadezhdinsky, the city of Chinaz. The site under consideration is located in the middle course of the Syrdarya river between the hydrometric post of the village of Kal and the village Nadezhdinsky. 268. Over the past 5 years (2014-2018), the average annual water discharge in the Syrdarya river at the monitoring point below KMK has varied from 422 m3/s (2016) to 649 m3/s (2014). Table 40: Average monthly flow of Syrdarya river at Kal and below Chinaz stations

Average Months Years annual I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Syrdarya river, point (Kal) below KMK 2014 492 1110 712 408 51,8 10,2 10,2 11,4 19,1 16,9 393 780 649.2 2015 487 672 453 185 55,0 15,0 14,1 15,7 50,8 97,9 1100 738 605.8 2016 389 452 94,6 193 271 15,7 14,2 18,8 16,1 90,9 540 690 422.5 2017 666 890 704 860 461 169 108 29,5 61,5 673 419 880 583.0 2018 663 774 607 268 56,7 71,0 20,1 21,1 31,0 285 710 724 575.9 Syrdarya river below Chinaz city 2014 723 1390 1020 656 339 370 158 97,5 145 189 509 913 582.9 2015 625 873 693 373 285 224 91 107 149 236 815 879 445.8 2016 696 701 317 489 633 432 183 131 146 256 625 899 459.0 2017 928 1230 1020 1540 1070 760 412 150 170 738 573 1020 800.9 2018 890 883 805 452 214 170 121 106 124 377 830 894 488.8 Source: Uzhydromet, 2019 269. Over the past 10 years (2014-2018), the average annual water discharge in the Syrdarya river at the monitoring point below KMK varied from 422 m3/s (2016) up to 649 m3/s (2014).

270. Water quality in the monitoring stations of Uzhydromet is presented in below table. As shown in the table, exceeding standards is observed on sulphates, COD, BOD5. Exceeding on BOD5 is observed during the whole year, when concentrations of sulphates and COD exceed norms mostly during the irrigation season. Table 41: Water quality in Nadejnenskiy station at Syrdarya river

MAC Indicator Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec FA Nat O Suspended 11 3 6 0,4 2 3 0,4 0,4 1 2 1 3 15 - matter Chloride 53,2 51,7 11,2 56,4 98,6 86,4 74,1 81,9 83,4 114,1 166,7 64,9 350 300 190 Sulphates 457 388 153 497 628 700 569 658 608 904 756 473 500 0 COD 10,2 10,5 6,49 14,9 12,8 16,1 16,6 20,9 13,7 15,9 16,6 13,3 15 -

BOD5 3,87 3,83 4,02 4,17 3,7 3,74 3,69 4,1 3,84 3,74 3,82 3,75 3 - Ammonia 0,07 0 0,03 0,02 0,15 0,3 0,02 0,03 0 0,04 0,01 0,11 0.5 0-5 Nitrates 1,27 0,94 0,35 0,71 2,06 0,07 0,37 2,47 1,17 0,33 0,16 0,61 40 - Phosphates 0,016 0,003 0,008 0,001 0,016 0,115 0,003 0,013 0,001 0 0,001 0,014 0.3 0-2 Source: Uzhydromet, 2019 4.2.1.3 Akhangaran river 271. The Akhangaran river originates under the Boshravat pass at the confluence of small rivers - Aktashay and Urtalyksay, flowing down from the southern slopes of Chatkal and Kuraminsky ranges. The length of the river along with Aktashsay is 236 km, and the basin area is 7710 km2. The average annual water discharge (for 2014-2018) varied from 15.6 m3/s (2018) to 29.9 m3/s (2017). Type of river feeding is snow-rain. The flow of the Akhangaran river is regulated by two reservoirs: the Akhangaran in the upper reaches and the Tuyabuguz (Tashmore) in the middle reaches. Table 42: Average monthly flow of Akhangaran river

Average Months Years annual I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Akhangaran river below Akhangaran dam 2014 5,09 5,45 10,6 36,9 106 44,6 36,2 30,2 9,74 7,97 5,05 4,99 25.2 2015 4,52 9,30 18,5 41,5 70,2 31,3 28,6 23,6 8,81 6,54 5,73 8,60 21.4 2016 5,40 9,23 20,4 37,1 63,0 34,1 31,8 28,1 16,1 10,2 7,18 6,14 22.4 2017 6,50 7,28 17,2 90,1 111 42,0 31,9 27,2 7,24 7,57 6,68 3,54 29.9 2018 3,56 3,24 6,22 28,4 45,6 23,9 28,1 23,6 7,49 5,18 6,81 4,96 15.6 Source: Uzhydromet, 2019 272. The proximity to the largest city of Central Asia - Tashkent led to a very intensive development in the Akhangaran river basin and agriculture and industry. Therefore, the main water consumers of Akhangaran river’s water are agriculture, industrial complexes and public utilities. The water of the Akhangaran river through canals is used for irrigation in the Akhangaran, Urtachirchik, Pskent and Buka districts of the Tashkent province. The Angren-Almalyk- Akhangaran agro-industrial region is located here, including the largest industrial complexes in Uzbekistan (coal mining, energy, mining and metallurgical). Water quality in the Uzhydromet’s monitoring points comply with national standards (Table 43). Table 43: Water quality in Chinaz city in Akhangaran river

MAC Indicator Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Nat FAO Suspend 3 44 107 23 21 7 11 6 4 9 20 48 15 - ed matter Chloride 5,64 5,74 7,49 2,49 3,49 1,75 1,99 2,25 2,99 2,74 7,74 4,99 350 300 Sulphates 19,3 27,2 99,5 16,3 12,2 13,7 11,8 8,7 14,4 15,3 19,9 30,1 500 1900 COD 6,98 6,12 4,24 4,32 2,29 5,07 5,36 2,96 1,45 2,13 4,48 6,41 15 -

BOD5 1,73 1,95 1,34 1,85 2,06 2 1,71 1,76 1,38 1,67 1,85 1,95 3 - Ammonia 0 0,02 0 0,02 0 0 0,01 0 0 0 0,04 0,03 0.5 0-5 Nitrates 0,84 0,72 0,67 0,38 0,42 0,42 0,55 0,58 0,33 0,34 0,22 0,24 40 - Phosphat 0 0,002 0,15 0,01 0,02 0,01 0,01 0,02 0,01 0,01 0,01 0,01 0.3 0-2 es Source: Uzhydromet, 2019 273. According to data provided by Tashkent province of SCEEP, water quality in the points located next to Yangiyul WWTP exceeded standards on nitrates, BOD, iron. It is obviously that pollution of water with BOD and nitrates caused by low treatment efficiency of Yangiyul WWTP. It should be noted that reconstruction of this WTTP has been excluded from the current project. The reconstruction of Yangiyul WWTP is being implemented under another investment project.

4.2.2 Ground water

4.2.2.1 Chirchik river deposits 274. According to hydrogeological zoning the project, a belongs to the Near Tashkent Artesian Basin. Explored sites are considered as part of deposit of drinking water source of current Chirchik river valley. The Chirchik deposit of ground waters is developed within the lower I-II terrace of the river as well as III above the flood plain terrace. Ground waters are confined to the alluvial gravel of quaternary age. 275. The main source of supply of ground waters of the aquifer is a real infiltration of irrigation waters from irrigated lands and groundwater inflow from the upper sections of the Chirchik. Ground waters are fresh. Mineralization level is mainly up to 0,6 g/l; total hardness up to 7,0 meq/L. Type: mostly sulphate-bicarbonate-calcium-magnesium. 276. Due to frequent change of the section by gravels conglomerates, more rarely by loam the aquifer contains sub-confined groundwaters, piezometric level of which is determined on the level of 1,2-4,7 m below the surface. 277. Map with ground water level in Tashkent province is presented in Figure 41. Detail description of ground water deposits is presented in further para.

Figure 40: Map of ground water in the Tashkent Province

278. High level of ground water is observed in July-September, lowest in April. The annual amplitude of fluctuations is: 2.0 to 5.0 m. Exit of ground waters is carried out by groundwater outflow in the southwest direction towards the valley of Syrdarya river. 279. High level of ground water is observed on the territory adjusted to the river. With the distance from Syrdarya river ground water level decreases. 4.2.2.2 Chinaz-Yangiyul area 280. Among pre-Quaternary sediments, the aquifer in the alluvial Upper Pliocene sediments of paleochirchik has the greatest interest for water supply. Developed under quaternary sediments in the axial part of the valley. 281. Aquifer in alluvial Upper Pliocene sediments(aN2³). The upper boundary of the aquifer can be considered the roof of the Upper Pliocene sediments, represented by siltstones. The depth of the roof of the Neogene sediments is from 50 m to 330 m. The layer has a small thickness, below the section is replaced by a significant thickness of the thickness (from 20 to 60 m) consisting of conglomerates, pebbles, sandstones separated by layers of silt rocks of different thickness. The total thickness of the aquifer varies from 70 to 220m. There has been a gradual change in the composition of cement from sand-lime to lime-clay. Groundwater salinity is up to 1 g / l. 282. Aquifer in proluvial Upper Pliocene sediments(pN2³). This aquifer has a development within the Chirchik-Keless watershed and is represented by sandstones, less often by conglomerates of prisoners in thick silt. Water-bearing rocks: dense sandstones and conglomerates on calcareous cement, fine-earth clay sands, often occurring in interlayers of small thickness, not exceeding 5-10 m. Mineralization from 0.6 g / l to 2, 6g / l. 15. Aquifer in lower quaternary alluvial sediments (aQI). The lower boundary of the aquifer is the silo rocks of the Upper Pliocene. Water-bearing rocks are dense pebbles, weak conglomerates on sandy clay cement, sands, sandstones. The total capacity of the aquifer 150- 200m. A feature of the aquifer is the presence of numerous layers of loams, sandy loams, siltstones whose thickness reaches 30-40m. Groundwater horizon fresh water with a salinity of up to 0.4 g / l. 283. Aquifer in lower quaternized proluvial sediments (pQI). It is confined to the Chirchik-Keless watershed to a column of fine-grained sediments opened at a depth of 20-30 m. In this layer there are water-containing interlayers and lenses of coarse-grained rocks. Filtration properties of water- bearing rocks are low. Underground waters are brackish, with mineralization up to 5 g / l. 284. Aquifer in the mid-Quaternary alluvial sediments (aQII). Watered sediments are represented by conglomerates and dense pebbles. Groundwater is fresh with mineralization up to 0.8 g / l and total hardness up to 7 meq / l. 285. Aquifer in mid-Quaternary proluvial sediments (pQII). Composite rocks are heterogeneous pebbles, crushed stone, gravel with fine-grained aggregate, whose thickness is measured from 2 to 10-15 m. On top of the coarse cliffs overlap with loess-like loams and sandy loams. The depth of groundwater varies from 0.5 to 2.0 m in the bottoms of gentle depressions and, up to 20-30 m, on the watersheds of the hills and their slopes. Salinity varies from 1.2–3 to 3–8 g / l. The total thickness is from 12-15 to 35-50 mg-eq / l. Waters are sulphate, calcium and nitrate. 286. Aquifer of upper quaternary-modern alluvial sediments (aQIII - QIV). The horizons of the groundwater are confined to the sediments of the floodplain I, II, and III over-floodplain terraces of the alluvial plain of the Chirchik river. The boundary of their distribution on the right bank coincides with the geomorphological boundary of the alluvial plain and is conducted by the contact of the aquiferous alluvium with proluvial fine earths and gravelly formations of the Middle Quaternary age. The regional aquitard is dense, strong conglomerates of the Middle Quaternary

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age. The power of the aquifer within the area of work ranges from 40 to 70 m. Alluvial plain groundwater is fresh, with a dry residue of up to 1 g/l. 287. Monitoring of ground water quality has not been implemented due to non-functioning of aerobic treatment on WWTP. As a result of non-operation, sludge was not produced. Sludge beds have not been used more than five years. 4.2.2.3 Akhangaran, Angren and Almalyk Group 288. By origin and age of the rocks, their degree of openness, established hydrochemical zonality and direction of the hydrogeological process in the general history of the geological process are distinguished by hydrogeological complexes: 289. The aquifer in the proluvial-alluvial sediments of the Sokh complex of the Quaternary system has a limited distribution. The main development was below Kerauchi village within the Akhangaran branch proper, Akhangaran river valley. It is confined to proluvial pebbles with sandy- loamy aggregate. The sediment thickness is over 100m. Aquifer power 25-30m. 290. An aquifer in the proluvial-alluvial sediments of the Golodnostep complex of the Quaternary system. Developed both on the right and on the left side of the valley of river Akhangaran. They are characterized by low permeability and are practically non-aquiferous. The width of its development reaches 6-7 km. 291. An aquifer in the alluvial sediments of the Golodnostep complex of the Quaternary system is characterized by the greatest development and power. Traced mainly under the younger sediments of the aquifer of the Syrdarya complex, in the axial part of the valley. 16. An aquifer in the alluvial sediments of the Syrdarya complex of the Quaternary system. It is developed in the alluvial sediments of the floodplain I, II above-flood terraces of the Akhangaran and its lateral tributaries Dukant, Karabau, Akcha, Gushsay, Shaugaz, Urgaz, and others.

4.3 Geology 292. At the site of Chirchik, the main development both in the polygon plan and in the vertical section was obtained by the deposits of the Neogene and Quaternary systems. 293. In the geological structure of the study area, deposits of Quaternary and Neogene age are involved, which are widely developed within the deposit area and, according to genetic features, are divided into alluvial, alluvial-proluvial and proluvial. In the age-related complex of Quaternary sediments, lower-middle-upper-Quaternary and modern sections are distinguished, and Neogene sediments - the upper Pliocene.

Akhangaran, Angren, Almalyk Group

294. The Akhangaran river valley is a typical intermountain hollow, bounded from the north by the Chatkal, from the south by the Kuramin ranges and in the direction of the Golodnostep depression, it merges with the Sir-Darya valley. The width of the valley in the upper reaches of where the city of Angren is 6-7 km, in the middle part (Akhangaran) is 12 km and again narrows down to Almalyk to 5-6 km. 295. The geological structure of the area includes sediments of the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic groups. The first group consists of mountain framing, as well as the foundation of the sedimentary cover, represented mainly by clayey formations of the Mesozoic group and early Cenozoic and coarse formations of the Quaternary period.

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296. The deposits of the modern age are composed of a flood plain, the first and second floodplain terraces of the Akhangaran river. They are represented by alluvial pebbles from well- rounded fragments of igneous rocks with the inclusion of boulders and with a gravel-sandy aggregate and are covered from the surface by loamy formations of up to 1-2m. The sediment thickness is 35 m along the Akhangaran branch of the valley.

4.4 Soil conditions 297. The soils in Chirchik-Akhangaran physic-geographical district are diverse. In the lower parts of the valleys of the Chirchik and Akhangaran rivers, serozems are common. They have been irrigated since ancient times and turned into cultivated soils. 298. At an altitude of 300-500 m above sea level, light gray soils (with a content of 1-1.5% humus) are common. At an altitude of 500–1200 m - typical and dark gray soils (containing 4–6% humus). These soils are also almost completely developed, turned into valley cultivated soils. 299. Mountainous brown, brown, and mountain-forest soils are widespread in the mountains at an altitude of 1200–2500 m; they contain up to 10% humus. In the belt of alpine meadows, at an altitude of over 2500 m, mountain meadow, mountain-bog, and stony-pebble soils are developed. 300. As shown in the Figure 38 soils in the project area mostly belong to hydromorphic type, the only soil of Yangiyul district is characterized as automorphic soil. Around 35 % and 50% of soil in Bekabad district is characterized as non-saline and slightly saline, and around 16% as medium and high saline. Soil in Chirchik, Yangiyul and Akhangaran districts are also low saline – area with medium salinization covers from 13% (Yangiyul) up to 0% (upper Chirchik). In Chinaz district area with non-saline soil is 72%, with slightly saline is 15 % and with medium and heavy saline is around 18%. 301. Soil testing has not been undertaken due to non-functioning of biological treatment on WWTPs. As a result of non-operation, sludge was not produced. Sludge beds have not been used more than five years. However, requirements to conduct monitoring during WWTPs operation is included in Environmental Monitoring Plan.

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Figure 41: Soil pam of the Tashkent province 103

4.5 Biological conditions 302. In the Tashkent province at an altitude of 300-500 m, where light and typical gray soils are developed, ephemera and ephemeroids grow mainly: tulips, field poppy, sedge, bluegrass, white ferula. 303. Bulbous bluegrass, creeping wheatgrass, mustard cornflower, flattened cornflower (butakuz), yellow tea (sarikcha), from shrubbery - hawthorn, mountain cherry plum, bitter almond grows on the attitude ranges from 500 up to 1,200 m. 304. At altitude of 1,200-2,500 m in the Chirchik-Akhangaran Valley, the vegetation consists of various herbs: feathery hairy, fescue, eremurus, mallow; shrubs and trees: almonds, hawthorn, barberry, juniper, maple, wild cherry, nuts, wild apple trees, cherry plum, poplar, willow, birch, spruce, etc. 305. In the mountains at an altitude of over 2500 m, the climate is more humid and cooler. Subalpine and alpine meadows are common here. Thin-eyed kermek, kuyruk, geranium, ram, alpine tulip, wild onions grow here. 306. The vegetation inside of urban area is represented by artificial planting of trees, bushes and fruit trees. Non-fruit trees such us poplars, mulberry and willow grow usually along roads. 307. In whole it could be stated that the reviewed districts are characterized as an area with those fauna species found their niche and adapted to the environment, where dominate place is occupied by human and one’s business activity.

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Figure 42: Soil and vegetation cover of landscapes of Tashkent province.

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308. The area of WWTPs varies from 42 ha from which less than half is occupied by wastewater treatment facilities. The rest of the area is covered by plants. As part of biodiversity assessment each site and city were reviewed. It was found for the most of the WWTPs (Angren, Almalyk, Chirchik and Yangiyul) have similar species composition. 309. During observation of Angren WWTP the following types of trees and shrubs were found: a plane-tree (platanus orientalis), a Syrian rose (hibiscus syriacus), an arbor thuja (thuja orientalis), horse chestnut (aesculus hippocastanum), pyramidal poplar (populus italica), almond (amugdalus commun ), apple tree (malus domestica), cherry (cerasus vulgaris), walnut (juglans regia), Turkestan hawthorn (crataegus turkestanica), white mulberry (morus alba), wild rose (rosa canina), peach (persica vulgaris), lilac (syringa vulgaris) ), goof (eleagnus angustifolia), blackberry (rubus anatolica), sumac (rhus coriaria), elm tree (ulmus densa), ligustrum (ligustrum vulgaris), plum (prunus domestica), apricot (armeniaca vulgar is). 310. Grassy vegetation is represented by weed and wild types. The following species of weed grass grow on the territory of the station: porcini (cynodon dactylon), allepo grass (Sorghum halepense), glorybind (convolvulus arvensis), Bassia scoparia, solanum nigra, amaranthus (atriplex cana). 311. Wild grasses are represented by the following species: camel thorn (alhagi pseudoalhagi), capers (capparis spinosa), wormwood (artemesia annua, artemesia sieversiana), reed (phragnites australis), barley grass (hordeum leporinum), tribulus terrestris, liquorice (glycyrrhiza glabra), cynanchum acutum) (eichhornia crassipes), azolla cristata, and water lettuce (pistia stratiotes) grow in bio ponds for the purpose of wastewater treatment. 312. Among trees growing in Angren city were observed: pines (pinus pallasiana, pinus eldarica), oak (quercus robur), Virginian juniper (juniperus virginiana), poplar (populus canandensis, populus alba), ash maple (acer negundo), ash (fraxinus sogdiana, fraxinus viridis), silk acacia (albizzia julibrissin), white acacia (robinia pseudoacacia) and other breeds. There are no species included in the Red Book and IUCN Red List of Threatened Species46 on the territory of WWTP and Angren city. 313. Due to the variety of natural conditions, the fauna of the Chirchik-Akhangaran Valley is also diverse. Hares are found in tugai along the banks of large rivers, ducks, geese, pheasants are birds. On the plains and in the foothills inhabited by reptiles (lizards, snakes, turtles), rodents, insects, as well as foxes, wolves, badgers, from birds. High in the mountains there are bears, mountain goats, wild boars, and even a snow leopard, from birds - quail, kites, eagles, golden eagles. 314. However, the project area, especially urban areas were significantly influenced by anthropogenic factor. The list of representatives of fauna of reviewed district is limited those type of animals, who could adapt to the life in anthropogenic conditions. Big mammals are fully absent, typical for unpopulated districts. Representatives of rodents are frequently found here: jackals, foxes, house mouse, common rat, sometimes could be found the eared hedgehog. Typical village representatives inhabit here from the birds’ family. They are rook, jackdaw, hooded crow, starling, and different species of sparrows, my-lady’s-belt, pigeons and others. 315. Due to location of the project’s territory close to the settlement, with developed infrastructure, as well as in the vicinity of the industrial region, it is characterized by the fact that the biodiversity of animals is minimal here and is represented mainly by: from mammals – racerunner, gray gecko, gray rat, a house mouse, sometimes eared hedgehogs and other rodents; from birds - field sparrow, Indian sparrow, small dove, swallow, killer whale, lane, rook, jackdaw, starlings, pigeons; and from domestic animals of farmsteads, cattle and small cattle,

46 See footnote 9. 106

poultry, etc.; from insects - crickets, grasshoppers, praying mantises, wasps, hornets, mosquitoes, fleas, flies, pests of agricultural plants and other species that accompany populated areas of the countryside and adapted to modern conditions.

4.5.1 Aquatic fauna of Akhangaran, Syrdarya and Chirchik river

316. Baseline assessment of aquatic fauna was prepared based on study of existing scientific literature and recent reports. 4.5.1.1 The species composition of the water fauna of the Akhangaran River 317. The water fauna of river ecosystems in the region can be divided into the following groups: periphyton (also includes aquatic vegetation), zoobenthos (micro- and macrozoobenthos), zooplankton, fish. 318. According to existing studies 47 , planktonic organisms in the upstream of river are practically absent. Plankton in the Akhangaran reservoir is poorly developed. Benthos is represented mainly by various species of insects. Some representatives of rotifers and crustaceans were found in the backwaters and branches of the middle and downstream. In the plain part of the river (in the river itself and in small floodplain water bodies), zooplankton is represented by 9 species of organisms. Phytoplankton is represented mainly by green and diatoms pp. Hydrodiction, Closterium, Spirogyra, Fragillaria, Cymbella, Zygnema. 319. Benthos of the river is represented by 64 forms; insects reach the greatest diversity - 56 species (87.5%). Bottom fauna consists of small-bristle worms and chironomids. In general, the food supply of the watercourses of the Akhangaran River Basin is poorly represented. 320. Еhe mountain and piedmont sections of the river are mainly inhabited by stenothermic organisms with a low temperature optimum: Iron montanus, Rhithrogena tianschanica, Ephemerella submontana, Philorus tianschanicus f. Typica, Deuterop-hlebia mirabilis, etc. 321. The mountain part of the basin is populated most abundantly and variably - 36 species of benthos are found here. The foothill zone accounts for 29 species; only 11 were found in the lowland zone. 322. The population inhabitant in the river bottom, depending on the nature of the soil and the speed of the water flow, is grouped into various biocenoses. The mountain and foothill areas of Akhangaran are characterized by lithoreophilic biocenosis, which mainly includes larvae of mayfly: Iron montanus, Ephemerella submantana, midges, some dipterans (Deuterophlebia mirabilis, Philorus tianschanicus f. Typica). For the lowland zone of the basin, psammopelo- reophilic biocenosis is specific, consisting mainly of larvae of mayflies Baetis sp., Ordella macrura, caddis flies Agraylea pallidula, etc. 323. In general, in the upstream (mountain and foothill zones) of the river Akhangaran 11 species of fish, of which the common marinka fish and Turkestan gudgeon, found throughout the river, are widespread. The Turkestan catfish, char and marinka are most characteristic of the mountain zone of the river flow, and the Tashkent region, the Turkestan barbel, Zarafshan dace, and gambusia are the most characteristic for the upper sections of the foothill zone.

47 Karimov B.K. et al. Study of the impact of the planned new Angren-Pap railway line on the ichthyofauna of the affected rivers in the construction impact zone. SCIENTIFIC REPORT under contract No. 19-2012 (final). Tashkent, IGRZHM AN RUz, 2012, 26s 107

Table 44: List of fish inhabit in the upstream of the Akhangaran River

Species № Family, view, subspecies I II III п/п habitats Fam. Cyprinidae 1. Tashkent bleak - Alburnoides oblongus - - + US, MS 2. Striped bystranka - Alburnoides taeniatus - + + + 3. Turkestan barbel - Barbus capito - - + - conocephalus 4. Turkestan minnow Gobio lepidolaemus - + + US, MS and DS 5. Syrdarya dace - Leuciscus lehmanni - - + - 6. Common marinka Schizothorax intermedius + + + US, MS and DS Fam. Cobitididae 7. Tibetan char Noemacheilus stoliczkai + + + US and DS 8. Char Kushakevich Noemacheilus + + + US, MS kuschakewitschi and DS 9. Cobitis aurata aralensis Kessl. - + + + -Sabanejewia aurata aralensis Fam. Sisoridae 10 Turkestan catfish Glyptosternum osсhanini + + + US Fam. Poeciliidae 11. Gambusia - Gambusia holbrooki - - + - * I - mountain zone of the river. Akhangaran (with tributaries), II - Akhangaran reservoir, III - upper section of the foothill zone of the current; + - species are found; - - species are not found; UT, MT and DT - upstream, midstream and downstream. 324. It should be noted that the ichthyofauna of the upstream (mountain and foothill) still consists almost entirely of aboriginal fish and includes a smaller number of species (Table 1). However, in the midstream and downstream in connection with the regulation of effluent (Charvak and Tuyabuguz inhalations), the living conditions of the water environment changed dramatically, in particular, pollution and salinization, as well as an increase in trophicity, occurred. Artificial settlement of alien species intentionally or accidentally introduced from watercourses of the Far East and other regions had a great influence. Therefore, in the midstream and downstream, 35 different species of fish are observed which is almost 3 times more species than in the upper reaches (Table 2). 4.5.1.2 The species composition of the water fauna of the Chirchik River 325. The increase in anthropogenic impact in Central Asia is most clearly seen on the example of the Chirchik River and its basin, where there is a high population density, highly developed industry and agriculture, as well as hydraulic engineering construction: the Charvak reservoir and dozens of hydroelectric power stations on the riverbed and canals that take water from it. Industrial enterprises and agriculture have a negative impact on the quality of water, hydrology and living organisms of this wonderful and high-water river. The upstream of the river in its mountain part, i.e., in the effluent formation zone is rich in fauna and flora, there are many relict endemic and red book species. 326. Zoobenthos of the river basin is represented by 91 species of organisms, of which 80 species are insect larvae, worms - 3 species, crustaceans - 2, mollusks - 3 species. Among insects, chironomid larvae dominate (32 species), mayfly - 9 species, caddis flies - 6, spring flies

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- 2 species. For the mountain and foothill zones, the most characteristic is litho-rheophilic biocenosis, and for the plains - psammopelophilic. 327. The ichthyofauna of the Chirchik River is currently represented by 36 species of fish (Table 45), of which only 24 are indigenous. The appearance of the rest is the result of deliberate or random introduction of alien fish species from other zoogeographic regions. In the distribution of the ichthyofauna of the river, a fairly pronounced zonality is traced, according to which, mainly indigenous species live in the mountain and foothill parts, and mainly alien species live in the foothill-plain and estuarine parts of the midstream and downstream. The latter are also useful being valuable commercial objects of amateur and industrial fishing. Many of them serve as a food supply for valuable fish species, ensuring fish productivity of natural watercourses. 328. Despite the low water content of the main channel of the river from the Gazalkent dam to the outfall the Chirchik River retains its high importance in terms of maintaining the species diversity of fish, serving as a spawning and migration site for a number of valuable species, especially in the estuarine part. Table 45: Modern species composition of the ichthyofauna of the rivers of the studied zone - the midstream and downstream of the rivers Akhangaran, Chirchik and the midstream of the Syrdarya Akhangaran, Chirchik, Syrdarya Status of Species № MS and DS MS and DS , MS type ESOCIDAE 1. Pike - Esox lucius Linnaeus - - + AC CYPRINIDAE 2. Syrdarya dace - Squalius + + - ANC squaliusculus Kessler 3. Aral roach - Rutilus rutilus + + + AC (Linnaeus) 4. Black amur - Mylopharyngodon - - + IC piceus (Richardson) 5. White amur - Ctenopharyngodon + + + IC idella (Valenciennes) 6. Krasnoperov roach - Scardinius - - + ANC erythrophthalmus (Linnaeus) 7. Asp - Leuciscus aspius + + + AC (Linnaeus) 8. Stripped roach - Alburnoides + + + ANC taeniatus (Kessler) 9. Tashkent bleak - Alburnoides + + - ANC oblongus Bulgakov 10. Common Bream - Abramis brama + + + AC (Linnaeus) 11. White-eyed bream + + + AC - Abramis sapa (Pallas) 12. sabrefish - Pelecus cultratus + + + AC (Linnaeus) 13. Turkestan barbel - Barbus capito + + + AC conocephalus Kessler 14. Turkestan gudgeon Gobio gobio + + + ANC lepidolaemus 15. Common marinka Schizothorax + + + AC curvifrons Heckel

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Akhangaran, Chirchik, Syrdarya Status of Species № MS and DS MS and DS , MS type 16. Naked osman - Gymnodiptychus - + - ANC dybowskii (Russky) 17. Korean sharpbelly - Hemiculter + + + RINC leucisculus (Basilewsky, 1855) 18. Rosy bitterling - Rhodeus + + + RINC ocellatus (Kner) 19. Chinese false gudgeon - + + + RINC Abbottina rivularis (Basilewsky) 20. Stone moroko - Pseudorasbora + + + RINC parva (Schlegel) 21. Trogub - Opsariichthys uncirostris + + + RINC (Temminck & Schlegel) 22. Crucian (golden fish)- Carassius + + + IC auratus (Linnaeus) 23. Silver crucian - Carassius gibelio + + + IC (Bloch.) 24. Carp (сазан) - Cyprinus carpio + + + AC Linnaeus 25. Silver carp - Hypophthalmichthys + + + IC molitrix (Valenciennes) 26. Bighead carp - Aristichthys nobilis + + + IC Richardson COBITIDAE 27. Kuschakewitsch loach + + + ANC Noemacheilus kuschakewitschi Herzenstein 28. Tibetan stone loach Triplophysa + + + ANC stoliczkai (Steindachner) 29. Spotted thicklip loach - + + - RINC Triplophysa strauchii (Kessler) 30. Plain thicklip loach - Triplophysa + - - RINC labiata (Kessler) 31. Aral spined loach - Sabanejewia + + + ANC aurata (De Filippi) SILURIDAE 32. Wels catfish - Silurus glanis + + + AC Linnaeus SISORIDAE 33. Turkestan catfish Glyptosternum + + - ANC osсhanini POECILIDAE 34. Mosquitofish - Gambusia affinis + + + INC (Baird & Girard) 35. Eastern mosquitofish - Gambusia + + + INC holbrooki Girard CHANNIDAE 36. Northern snakehead - Channa + + + RIC argus warpachowskii (Berg) PERCIDAE

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Akhangaran, Chirchik, Syrdarya Status of Species № MS and DS MS and DS , MS type 37. Zander - Sander lucioperca + + + AC (Linnaeus) ELEOTRIDIDAE 38. Micropercops - Micropercops + + + RINC swinhonis (Günther) GOBIIDAE 39. Rhinogobius - Rhinogobius similis + + + RINC Gill COTTIDAE 40. Turkestan sculpin - Cottus - + - ANC spinulosus Kessler, 1872 Total: 35 36 33 Legend: AC - Aboriginal Commercial ANC - Aboriginal Non-Commercial IC - introduced commercial. INC - introduced non-commercial. RINC - randomly introduced non-commercial. RIC- randomly introduced commercial. 4.5.1.3 The species composition midstream of Syrdarya river aquafauna. 329. Regulation of effluent by the construction of multi-year and seasonal reservoirs, as well as water intake facilities for irrigation and power generation, had a significant impact on the bioecological regime of the Syrdarya River. Previously, the Syrdarya river was characterized by an almost complete absence of plankton and poor development of zoobenthos, which was determined by the high turbidity of the water at high flow velocities. At present, in the midstream of the river the zooplankton community is well represented as well as by limnophilic forms. 330. The development of midstream zoobenthos is insignificant and is represented by chironomid larvae, low-bristle worms, other insect larvae, mollusks, and crustaceans. On sandy- silty soils, the development of mollusks, Anadonta zygnea, A. woodina, is characteristic of mass species. As well as the mollusk Corbicula fluminalis, Macrobrachium nipponense shrimp, etc. 331. The species composition of the ichthyofauna of the Syrdarya river, starting from the confluence of the Naryn and Karadarya rivers up to the Chardarya reservoir, remains practically unchanged. The only difference is that in the midstream the previously inhabited marinka is no longer found. In addition, trogube is found here - a randomly introduced species.

4.5.2 Relation of fish species to the Red Book

332. Presence of fish species living in river ecosystems in the study area, included in the Red Book of the Republic of Uzbekistan and in the International Red Book has been analyzed (Table 46). The results showed that among the fish species living in the water ecosystems of the studied zone, four species are included in the Red Book of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Red book of Uzbekistan, 2018).

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Table 46: Fish living in river ecosystems around the new Angren-Pap railway line included in the Red Book of the Republic of Uzbekistan and IUCN Red List of Threatened Species48 # Name type (subtype) of fish Category of unique status 1 Phylum Vertebrata Superclass Pisces Class Osteichthyes Subclass Actinopterygii Order Cypriniformes Family Cyprinidae Alburnoides oblongus Bulgakov, 2 Order Cypriniformes 2 Family Cyprinidae Barbus capito conocephalus Kessler 3 Family Cobitididae 2 Sabanejewia aurata aralensis Kessler 4 Order Cypriniformes 3 Family Cyprinidae Abramis Cuvier, Abramis sapa IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Spined loach – Sabanejewia aurata 333. In addition, one species is included in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 3 species of fish living in the water ecosystems of the study region are endemic to the Aral Sea basin (Tashkent vodovodka, Turkestan barbel, Aral shipovka). It should be noted that endemic and valuable Red Book species of fish: Syrdarya shovel - Pseudoscaphirhynchus fedtschenkoi (Kessler, 1872) and Aspiolucius esocinus (Kessler, 1874) were not include pike-like asp (bald), as many scientists consider these species already disappeared in these rivers (Salikhov, Kamilov, 1994). Another endemic, Chatkal sculpin has now disappeared from the study area, lives only in the upper reaches of the Chirchik River.

Marinka (Schizothorx) Gobio lepidolaemus Figure 43: Species of Chirchik river

4.5.3 Protected area

334. There is one protected area located in Tashkent province - Ugam-Chatkal Biosphere Reserve (BF). The BF was established as a national park in 1970 (re-organized in 1990 after

48 See footnote 9. 112

preliminary surveys) and it occupies area of 574,000 hectares. The part covers almost all the south-western spurs of the Western Tien Shan: Koksu, Ugam, Maidantal, Pskem and Chatkal ridges. The range of heights varies from 900 to 4000 m above sea level, which includes the midland, forest and alpine zones. 335. In 2018 the Government of Uzbekistan adopted the Resolution of Cabinet Ministries # 1062 “On Regulation on Ugam Chatkal Biosphere Reserve” (2018) which states that territory of the BR consists of three zones: (i) Reserve zone - 11,018 ha. (ii) Buffer zone (1,000 m around the perimeter of the conservation area) 5197.6 ha. (iii) Transition zone – 27920.8 ha. 336. The total area of the BR is 42,952 ha. Reserve zone is the strictest protected zone where any economic activities are prohibited. Some activities on development recreation and tourism, harvesting medicinal plant and others are allowed in the buffer zone. Economic activities without harmful impact on the protected subjects and complexes are allowed in the transition zone. 337. Location of the project sites related to the protected areas is presented in Figure 45. 338. The distance between buffer and protected zones and territory of WWTPs and networks are presented in Table 47. As shown in the table, the minimum distance between cities and buffer/protected areas is 4 km – between network in Angren city and buffer zone. Table 47: Distances between protected areas and project’s WWTPs and networks # City Until buffer zone, km Until Protected zone, km WWTP Network WWTP Network 1 Angren 8.72 4 22.37 20 2 Chirchik 30.52 29 33.09 33 3 Alamalyk 35.22 26 44.02 35 4 Chinaz 90 88 97.0 95.0 5 Akhangaran - 18.0 - 29 6 Yangiyul - 54 - 59 7 Bekabad 100 98 111 106

Resolution of Cabinet Ministry of RUz #367 (2018)

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Figure 44: Location of the Ugam-Chatkal Biosphere Reserve (In purple – territory of reserve zone, in red – transitions zone) 339. There are no Important Birds Areas within 60-70 km from the project sites. 4.5.3.1 Air quality and noise measurement data 340. Data on air quality was collected as part of baseline assessment. Information on air quality in the project cities Angren, Akhangaran, Bekabad, Chirchik cities. Secondary information on concentration of dust, SO2, CO and SO2 for 2014-2018 was collected from Uzhydormet stations as the closest to the project cities. More data is provided in section 4.1 of this report. 341. Environmental monitoring plan included in this IEE requires conduction baseline measurement of air quality and noise level prior beginning of the construction works. Detail of environmental monitoring is provided in Chapter 9.2. 4.5.3.2 Climate change 342. Major source of Climate change Assessment of Uzbekistan is the Third National Communication (TNC) of the Republic of Uzbekistan under the UNFCCC49. 343. Uzbekistan, like all countries in Central Asia, is highly vulnerable to climate change. Uzbekistan is among the countries most vulnerable to climate change. Increase in average annual air temperatures in Uzbekistan occurs on background of high natural variability, which is stipulated by considerable inter annual variations. Warming rates exceed the average rate observed on the global scale. The most considerable increase in average annual air temperatures has been observed in Tashkent and Fergana meteorological stations (1.8оС and 1.6 оС respectively). On average by Uzbekistan warming rate is 0.27 оС per 10 years. 344. Analysis of changes in the total annual precipitation amount averaged by various parts of Uzbekistan for the period 1950-2013 indicates very low trends towards decrease. The most significant trend towards decrease in total annual precipitation amount is observed in the southern plains of Uzbekistan (Bukhara and Kashkadarya provinces). 345. Calculations of various Climate Change scenarios indicated that air temperature in Uzbekistan will continue increasing in accordance with the already observed trends and by 2030 it will be increased by 1.0-1.4 оС. With the general climate warming, in future probability of the intensive “heat waves” will be increased along with retention of cold waves probability. 346. The total annual precipitation amounts in the upper watersheds of Syrdarya river are changing insignificantly in time and by GHGs emission scenarios. Decrease in precipitation amount by 13% is possible in the Amudarya river basin with realization of the extreme GHGs emission scenario. In general, trend towards decrease in watering level of the Central Asian region is observed by all scenarios. 347. Under this TRTA Climate Change Assessment was undertaken. The assessment defined the main the vulnerability of the sewage system for climate change and recommended adaption measures. More details information on Climate Change impact is provided in Chapter 6.2 - impact assessment during operation phase.

49 https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/TNC%20of%20Uzbekistan%20under%20UNFCCC_english_n.pdf 114

4.6 Socio-economic conditions

4.6.1 Almalyk city

348. Almalyk is a city in the Tashkent Province, approximately 65 km east of Tashkent. The city was founded in 1930. The territory of the city is 100 km2. The population of Almalyk is approximately 138,000 and population density of 24 people per 1 km2. Ethnics composition is presented by Uzbeks, Tajiks, Russians, Tatars, Germans, Koreans, and Kazakhs. 349. Almalyk city is industrial center. The following industries are well developeds: construction materials (factories: reinforced concrete structures, cement, asphalt concrete, ceramic products plant, kaolin crushing and screening plant DSFK house building plant DSK, etc.) The food- processing industry, chemical-metallurgical, and gold mines are also developing. Almalyk AO “Ammofos-Maxam” is part of “Uzkimyosanoat” state-owned production facility currently producing complex nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers based on phosphorites of the Kyzylkum deposit. 350. There are also: 45 Preschools, 63 Primary schools, 6 professional colleges, 1 Academic lyceum, Faculty of the Navoi Mining Institute, 1 Business school, 32 State clinics.

4.7 Angren 351. Angren is a city in eastern Uzbekistan. The city is located on the Angren River 110 km to the east of Tashkent. The city was founded in 1946. The territory of the city is 150 km2. The population of Angren is approximately 175,400 and population density is 00 people per 1 km2. The city population mainly consists of representatives of Central Asian peoples: according to official data, 73% are Uzbeks, 17% are Tajiks, and 5% are Koreans, only 3% of Russians and less than 1% of Tatars. 352. Angren is the center of the coal industry of Uzbekistan. Brown coal is mined by OJSC “Uzbekkumir”. Angren has the only gas producing station in the country using underground coal pyrolysis (underground gas) method of OJSC “Yerostigaz”. Two power plants: “Angren” Hydroelectric power station and “Novoangren” Hydroelectric power station. In addition, in the city there are such enterprises as: Machine-building plants, Kaolin ceramic porcelain factory, Angren Pipe Plant, reinforced concrete structures, cement, asphalt-concrete, paper and cardboard products plants. 353. There are also: 17 Preschools, 53 Primary schools, 7 Professional colleges, 3 Academic lyceum, 3 Children's Art Schools, 1 Sport school; 55 State clinics. In the aggregate, in this region socio-economic conditions are favorable for the population to live.

4.7.1 Bekabad

354. Bekabad is a city in eastern Tashkent Province. It lies along both banks of the Syr Darya River near Uzbekistan's border with Tajikistan. Bekabad was founded as the city in 1945. The territory of the city is 20 km2. The population of Bekabad is approximately 120,000. The city is mainly inhabited by Uzbeks and Kazakhs. There are also Russians, Kyrgyz, Tajiks, Ukrainians, Armenians, Tatars, and etc. 355. Bekabad remains an important industrial city in Uzbekistan. It is home to a large steel mill and a cement factory. There is also a brick factory, a meat-packing plant, a cotton plant, and many small and medium enterprises in Bekabad city. The economy of the city is mainly based on a metallurgical plant. JSC "Uzmetkombinat" is the only enterprise of ferrous metallurgy in Central Asia. Plant is a basic sector and is in close connection with all other industries. There are also:

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50 Preschools, 74 Primary schools, 17 Professional colleges, 1 Vocational school; 1 Sport school; 2 Children's Art Schools; 65 State clinics.

4.7.2 Chirchik

356. Chirchik is a city in Tashkent Province, about 32 km northeast of Tashkent, along the Chirchik River. The city was founded in 1935. The territory of the city is 30 km2. The population of Chirchik is approximately 180,500 and population density of 4,394 people per 1 km2. The city is mainly inhabited by Uzbeks and Kazakhs. There are also Kyrgyz, Tajiks, Russians, Ukrainians, Armenians, Tatars, Koreans, Jews, and etc. 357. There are enterprises of the construction industry, light and food industries, represented by the shoe, clothing factories, meat processing plants, etc. in the city. The machine-building industry is represented by the “Chirchik Transformer” plant. Also, there is a large chemical plant JSC “MAXAM-CHIRCHIK” (formerly “Electrokhimprom”) in the city. Chirchik is located in the middle of an intensively cultivated area, producing mainly vegetables and fruits, including melons and grapes. 358. There are the following public facilities in Chirchik: 70 preschools, 72 Primary schools, 3 Universities, 2 Professional colleges, 1 Academic lyceum, 1 Industrial college, 3 Children's Art Schools, 96 State clinics.

4.7.3 Yangiyul district

359. Yangiyul district is administrative unit in Tashkent province. The administrative center is Yangiyul city. The territory of the district is 431.7 km² from them 24,073 is agricultural land, including 20,048 ha irrigated area and 1066 ha is pasture. 360. There are 22 kindergartens, 68 schools and 9 colleges in the Yangiyul district. The food, textile, construction materials productions, oil refinery are developed in the district. Around 23.3 thousand ha is cultivated area, where cotton, wheat and various vegetables grows.

4.7.4 Chinaz district

361. The territory of Chinaz district is 0,34 thousand km². There are 1 big city (Chinaz-capital), 2 small cities (Almazar, Yangi Chinoz), 8 rural citizens assemblies (RCAs) (Islohot, Ittifoq, Koʻtarma, Turkiston, Chinoz, Eski Toshkent, Yallama, Uzbekistan) in the district. Information about the population in the settlements included in the project area is presented in Table 48. Table 48. Population of project area and quota sampling

№ Cities Population

1 Angren 94 227 2 Almalik 71 350 3 Akhangaran 18 336 4 Bekabad 47769 5 Chirchik 42 193 6 Yangiyul 25145 7 Chinaz 13999 Total 313 019 Source: PSA, TRTA Consultant 2019

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4.8 Cultural Heritage 362. There are no historical heritages Chinaz and Yangiyul districts. The closest historical complex - a complex of mausoleums Zangi – Ota is located in more than 20 km from the project area Yangiyul district. It means that the Project will not impact on this heritage.

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5 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 363. This section provides information on alternatives analysis. The reviewed alternatives are mainly related to the technical aspects. Thus, alternatives of design water treatment technology, methods of treated water disinfection, sludge dewatering approaches have been studied. The decisions on selected methodologies were done based on the current technological potential of the country, climatic conditions and financial aspects. 364. The reviewed alternatives do not include options for locations of WTTPs. Almost all WWTP are already exist and projects works will be on their reconstruction or replacement. All reconstruction/rehabilitation works will be implemented within existing territory of WTTPs. New construction - Chinaz WWTP (with capacity 2,000 m3/day) - will be implemented as extension to recently constructed and operating WWTP with the same capacity. The land for construction of WWTP (with total capacity in 4,000 m3/day) in two stages was allocated in 2017. Therefore, consideration of other location of WWTP as alternative was not possible. 365. Analysis of reviewed alternatives is presented below.

5.1 Design of wastewater treatment facilities 366. Selection of proper wastewater treatment technology was done through careful analysis and comparison of available approaches, technologies and methods on various stages of design. A selection process presented further was done by national design institute with consultations of TRTA’s engineers. 367. As a rule, wastewater processes are characterized and classified based on the main applied technology. Currently there are three main technologies in the wastewater treatment sector: (i) technical technologies based on physical and chemical treatment, (ii) biological technologies based on natural processes of changing and destruction of organic and inorganic pollutants in water ponds, lakes, rivers and etc., and (iii) combination of both technologies. Considering existing experience, technological development and natural conditions, it was decided to select 3rd approach which is most common worldwide – combination of physical, chemical and biological treatment. 368. Alternatives were reviewed during selection of type of biological technology. The following criteria were taken into consideration during selection: (i) area required for construction such facilities, (ii) maintenance sustainability (treatment of water with low concentration of upcoming sewage, shortage of electricity, and others), (iii) investment cost, (iv) maintenance cost, and (v) existing experience in maintenance. 369. The results of comparison of all approaches are presented in Table 49.

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Table 49: Comparison of different approaches in wastewater

Technology Required area Sustainability of Investment cost Maintenance Existing Environmental Maintenance cost experience in aspects Uzbekistan А) Biological Medium Technological High High Exist only in big Electricity aerobic treatment process requires cities consuming with aeration and operation of process of active pumps and sludge aeration units С) Anaerobic Small Very low High High Not exist Electricity treatment of (industrial process consuming sewage with various maintenance parameters) D) Biological Big Technological Medium (size of bio Medium (depends Exist scientific Electricity active ponds (with process requires ponds could be on technology of papers but consuming technical aeration operation of less that for option aeration) practical and biological aeration units “E”) but additional experience does activation) costs for aeration not exist and further stages of biotreatment Е) Natural pond Very big Very high Low in general (but Low Exist Almost now (without aeration) depends on area negative and suitability local environmental construction impact materials F) Constructed Very big Very high In general – low, bit Low Not exist Low negative wetland sites will depend on environmental suitability of site) impact G) Membrane Very small Very low (Industrial Very high Very high Not exist Low negative technologies process with environmental various impact maintenance parameters) Source: National Feasibility Study, 2019

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370. Based on this comparison and taking into consideration current stage of technological development for mid-term perspective it was decided to focus on low-cost technologies D), E), F). Technologies A), B), C) and G) can be considered for long term perspective. 371. Further selection of most effective and suitable technology was done with consideration of various stages. First option included combination of mechanical, biological treatments, disinfection and sludge treatments and drying on sludge ponds. Second option was based mainly on mechanical and biological treatments. 372. First approach has number of advantages: possibility to manage treatment process depending on concentration of pollutants in upcoming sewage, ambient temperature and requirements to water quality in receptor. The process of aerobic stabilization of sediment is much simpler and safer than anaerobic processes both structurally and in operation. Aerobic stabilization is carried out in tanks such as aeration tanks during prolonged aeration of sediment with air. 373. Disadvantages of this process: investment and maintenance cost are much higher in comparison with bio ponds. 374. Second option has the following advantages: low investment and maintenance cost, and small amount of generated sludge which exclude necessity in construction of sludge frying beds. 375. However, this method has several advantages: this method is more suitable for WWTP with capacity less than 30,000 m3/day, required depth of bio ponds in 1.5 m is not suitable for Uzbekistan due to temperature features (too high in summer and cold in winter). In addition, such bio ponds require huge area of land which is not acceptable in current land use conditions. Among other constrains difficulties with management of the treatment process and cleaning processes. Therefore, it was decided to stay with first option combination of mechanical, biological treatments.

5.2 Selection of disinfection technology 376. For wastewater disinfection the following methods are using chlorination, ozonation, and ultraviolet irradiation.

5.2.1 Chlorination

377. Wastewater chlorination is the most widely used disinfection method, since with its availability and low cost, it shows good results. To disinfect wastewater by chlorination, bleach, chlorine and its derivatives are used. Under the influence of these chemicals bacteria in wastewater die as a result of oxidation of substances that make up the protoplasm of cells. Chlorine added to the wastewater must be thoroughly mixed with it, and then be in contact with the wastewater for at least 30 minutes, after which the amount of residual chlorine in treated water should be at least 1.5 mg/l. 378. Advantages of this method are: (i) high efficiency against pathogenic bacteria; (ii) availability of raw material; (iii) low cost. 379. Disadvantages: to ensure water safety a level of chlorine residual in the disinfected water has not to be less than 1.5 mg/l. Organochlorine compounds have high toxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. They are able to accumulate in bottom sediments, tissues of aquatic organisms and ultimately enter the human body. Chlorine in liquid forms is highly toxic substances and requires careful maintenance.

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5.2.2 Ozonation

380. The most common chemical method for water disinfection using oxygen compounds is ozonation (O3). Ozone has a high bactericidal activity and provides reliable disinfection of water even in relation to spore-forming bacteria. Due to its strong oxidizing ability, ozone destroys cell’s membranes and walls. Treatment of wastewater with ozone at the final stage allows to obtain a higher degree of purification and neutralize various toxic compounds. 381. Advantages: due to its high oxidizing ability, ozonation is used both for disinfection and for the destruction of heavy-oxidized organic pollutants. An additional effect of ozonation of water is its enrichment with dissolved oxygen. Ozone can be obtained directly at treatment plants, the feed being technical oxygen or atmospheric air. 382. Disadvantages: the maximum effects are reached after chlorination, increased toxicity and explosiveness; high probability of the formation of by-products that pose a threat to humans and the environment; relatively high cost

5.2.3 UV disinfection

383. An effect of UV- disinfection is based on exposure to ultraviolet rays with a wavelength of 200-300 nm on protein colloids and protoplasm enzymes of microbial cells. The bactericidal effect depends on the direct exposure to ultraviolet rays on each bacterium. UV disinfection plants are equipped with two types of mercury lamps: high and low pressure. The coefficient of conversion of electricity to usable bactericidal for low-pressure lamps is approximately 40%, and for high (medium) pressure lamps, this indicator is 8-10%. 384. Advantages: not requires usages of chemicals, has no impact on smell and test and impacts only on bacterial flora and bacterial spores. This type of disinfection does not impact water organisms does not generate harmful chemical compounds. It does not require special conditions for storage as other type of disinfection. 385. Disadvantages: water disinfected through UV has to be sufficiently transparent, which requires usage of additional post-treatment, cost of lamp replacement, necessity to export the UV-lamps. 386. Based on comparison of three methods disinfection with chlorination was selected as most suitable for current condition.

5.3 Selection of sludge dewatering technology 387. Solid’s dewatering is commonly used in wastewater treatment facilities to concentrate combined or separate solid streams. Dewatering is beneficial for the purpose of reducing the volume of solid streams requiring treatment. Dewatering processes differ significantly in terms of extent of achievable solids thickening, chemical use, energy consumption, and required operator attention. Biosolids thickening is typically implemented prior to a biosolids stabilization process. If biosolids stabilization is not being used, a dewatering process is more appropriate. Dewatering processes evaluated in this section include solar drying beds, centrifuges, and belt filter presses.

5.3.1 Solar (Sun) Drying Beds

388. Solar drying beds have been used to dewater biosolids for over 150 years. While the technology can be applied in any climate, drying beds are used extensively in arid climates where high temperatures and minimal rainfall promote optimum operation. Drying beds are typically

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paved beds that rely on evaporation to dewater solids. The pavement also facilitates sludge removal from the beds, typically accomplished using a front-end loader or similar equipment. 389. Drying beds are simple to operate, inexpensive to construct, and have a very low operation and maintenance cost. They are also more forgiving relative to changing solids characteristics than mechanical dewatering equipment. However, drying beds require a large footprint and represent a challenge associated with odor control, since the beds are not covered. 390. The advantages of solar drying beds for biosolids dewatering include: (i)Lowest capital cost where land is readily available; (ii) small amount of operator attention and skill required; (iii) very low energy consumption; and (iv) process is less sensitive to sludge variability. 391. The disadvantages of solar drying beds for biosolids dewatering include: (i) potential odor and vector attraction problems; (ii) requires large land area; (iii) design requires consideration of climatic effects; and (iv) sludge removal is labor intensive.

5.3.2 Centrifuge

392. Centrifuges are a common process used for thickening and dewatering sludge. The separation of the solids-liquids slurry occurs as a result of the centrifugal forces and the difference in density between the solids and liquids. Because centrifugal force is applied, a high capacity can be achieved, and footprint requirements are minimized. 393. The advantages of centrifuge dewatering include: (i) less odor potential and housekeeping required; (ii) fast start-up and shut down; (iii) ability to produce dry sludge cake; (iv) ability to control process performance; (v) low capital cost to capacity ratio; and (vi) small footprint required. 394. The disadvantages of centrifuge dewatering include: (i) high capital and O&M; (ii) requires upstream grit removal to reduce wear; (iii) the best suited for continuous operation applications; (iv) skilled maintenance personnel required; and moderate-high suspended solids.

5.3.3 Solar Sludge Dryer

395. A solar sludge dryer can accept digested or undigested liquid, thickened, or dewatered sludge. The system can generate dried biosolids with up to 90 percent solids content. The biosolids are dried using drying beds enclosed in a greenhouse-like structure. The greenhouse structure is designed to optimize biosolids drying by minimizing the impacts of climate changes through a computer-based system of fans, vents, etc. The biosolids discharged to the drying beds are tilled by a computerized “mole” or similar windrow device that aerates the material by moving in a random pattern around the drying bed. 396. Although the solar dryer can accept wet sludge, increasing the feed solids concentration ultimately reduces the feed volume, increases operational efficiency, and reduces capital costs (as a smaller facility footprint is required). 397. The advantages of solar sludge dryers for biosolids dewatering include: (i) system can produce a Class A biosolids, providing beneficial reuse opportunities; (ii) a solids content of up to 50 to 90 percent can be achieved, thereby reducing hauling costs; (iii) the process has low energy and operating costs; (iv) enclosed greenhouse configuration controls odors; and (v) Enclosed greenhouse configuration allows continuous drying even during inclement weather. 398. The disadvantages of solar sludge dryers for biosolids dewatering include: (i) the process is land intensive compared to mechanical dewatering; and (ii) the sludge turning device (“mole”) can be maintenance intensive.

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5.3.4 Belt Filter Press

399. The belt filter press utilizes a system of double belts to dewater solids through gravity and compression. Chemical conditioning through polymer addition is required to obtain optimum results. Similar to a GBT, a belt filter press employs a gravity zone with a fabric-mesh belt to eliminate free water from the sludge. These solids are then compressed between two belts around a series of drums to further reduce entrained liquid. 400. The advantages of belt filter press dewatering include: (i) low energy requirements; (ii) relatively low capital and operating costs; (iii) relatively simple and easy to maintain process; (iv) high-pressure presses can produce dry cake in the range of 15 to 30 percent; (v) minimal effort required for system shutdown; and (vi) continuous feed operation. 401. The disadvantages of belt filter press dewatering include: (i) high odor potential; (ii) a sludge grinder may be required in the feed stream; (iii) chemical addition is required to optimize the solids content; (iv) sensitive to incoming sludge feed characteristics; and (v) requires operator’s attention due to semi-automatic operation. 402. Based on analysis of all alternatives, cost for O&M, technological parameters and considering climatic conditions of Tashkent province, Solar (Sun) drying beds were selected as dewatering process.

5.4 Alternatives “do nothing” 403. In the case of “do nothing”, the quality of the environment, especially water quality, will deteriorate. The magnitude of the negative impact will increase due to the increasing population and the consequences of generating sewage. Low coverage by centralized or non-centralized systems and leakages from old sewage pipes will lead to a worsening of the sanitarian- epidemiological situation among populations.

6 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATE MEASURES 404. Anticipated the project’s environmental impacts were reviewed at the three stages – pre- construction, construction and operation stages. A summary of potential impacts is presented in the table below. Table 49a: Summary of project activities for the project

Construction phase Operation phase Rehabilitation/Construction WWTP  Construction and workers camp operation  Demolishing of existing buildings in accordance with detail design  Earthworks for construction of WWTP’s new facilities in accordance with detail design  Opening new borrow pits (if required) or using existing ones.  WWP operation  Rehabilitation of existing facilities  WWTP  Rehabilitation of buildings Maintenance  Landscaping  Maintenance of construction camps  Waste generation and its disposal Water use Rehabilitation/Construction of sewage networks  Digging tranches

 Pipe lying

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Construction phase Operation phase  Filling tranches Pipeline  Opening new borrow pits or using existing ones maintenance Installation of solar panels  Prepare detail design.  Installation of solar panels and streetlights Panel  Connections of solar panels to the buildings electricity supply system maintenance 405. The baseline lists in a tabular format the environmental factors likely to be affected by the project activities. The table was created by breaking down the environmental subsystems into the lowest level of environmental subfactors. Table 49b: Environmental factors hierarchy for the project

Subsystem Environment Factor Subfactor Climate Noise Atmosphere Vibration Air Quality Physical Environment Soil and Subsoil Quality Soil Structure Natural physical Water quality Subsystem Hydrology Groundwater quality Water quantity Fauna habitats Fauna Biotic Behavior patterns Environment Natural vegetation Flora Anthropic vegetation Rural Agriculture and livestock use Land use Productive Industrial use Nature conservation Protected land Archeological Population and Cultural heritage Resources Indigenous people Activities Employment Subsystem Occupation Health and safety Population Population welfare Welfare Development of local economy Communication and Railway infrastructure Infrastructure infrastructures Non-railway infrastructure 406. Finally, the cross-reference between project actions and environmental factors was generated, as the main item of the impact identification process. The matrix of identification is shown next, in which are included the potential interactions between the project actions and the environmental factors (potential impacts). 407. The cells with grey color indicated negative impact and cells with green – positive impacts. The level of impacts’ significance is divided on three categories: major (Maj), moderate (Mod) and low (Low). 408. Major significance: an accepted limit or standard may be exceeded, or large magnitude impacts occur to highly valued/sensitive resource/receptors. 409. Moderate significance: has an impact magnitude that is within applicable standards but falls somewhere in the range from a threshold below which the impact is minor, up to a level that 124

might be just short of breaching a legal limit. Clearly, to design an activity so that its effects only just avoid breaking a law and/or cause a major impact is not best practice. The emphasis for moderate impacts is therefore on demonstrating that the impact has been reduced to a level that is as low as reasonably practicable. This does not necessarily mean that impacts of moderate significance have to be reduced to low, but that moderate impacts are being managed effectively and efficiently. 410. Low significance: a resource/receptor will experience a noticeable effect, but the impact magnitude is sufficiently small and/or the resource/receptor is of low sensitivity/ vulnerability/ importance. In either case, the magnitude should be well within applicable standards.

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Table 50: Assessment of anticipated impacts during pre-construction and construction

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS NATURAL PHYSICAL SUBSYSTEM POPULATION AND ACTIVITIES SUBSYSTEM PERCEPTUAL COMM. / PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT BIOTIC ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMEN LAND USE POPULATION INFRASTR T . Nature Occupationa Atmosphere Soil Water Flora Fauna Landscape Rural Product. Welfare Infrast. PROJECT ACTIVITIES Cons. l

Air quality Air quality

Climate Climate Noisecomfort Vibration subsoilSoil and Resource Water quality Groundwater Natural Anthropic Faunahabitats Aquatic fauna Landscape Visual Intrusion Agriculture and Industrial Use Protected land Employment Health & Safety Population ofDevelopment WWTP quality quantity quality Vegetation Vegetation quality livestock use welfare local economy infrastructure

PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE Selection sites for construction camps and Mod Mo Mod Min their set up d Opening new borrow pits (if required) Mod Mod Min Mod Arrangements of energy and water supply, Mod Min Min domestic and construction wastes disposal Conduction of water dispersion modeling Mod Min Maj and selection WWTP parameters Conduction odor propagation modeling Mod CONSTRUCTION PHASE Construction of WWTP Construction and workers camp operation Mi Mi Mi Mod Min Min Min Min Mod n n n

Demolishing of existing buildings in Mo Mi Mo Mod Min Mod accordance with detail design d n d

Mo Mo Mo Mo Mo Mo Earthworks for construction of WWTP’s new Mod Min Min Mod Mod Mod facilities in accordance with detail design d d d d d d

Opening new borrow pits or using existing Mo Mod Min Mod ones d

Rehabilitation of existing treatment facilities Mo Mo Mo Mo Mo Mod Mod Mod Maj d d d d d

Rehabilitation of administrative buildings Mo Mi Mo Mod Mod Mod Maj d n d

Landscaping Mo Mo Mo Mod Min Min d d d

Waste generation and its disposal Mi Mid Min Mod Mod Min n

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Air quality Air quality

Climate Climate Noisecomfort Vibration subsoilSoil and Resource Water quality Groundwater Natural Anthropic Fauna habitats Aquatic fauna Landscape Visual Intrusion Agriculture and Industrial Use Protected land Employment Health & Safety Population ofDevelopment WWTP quality quantity quality Vegetation Vegetation quality livestock use welfare local economy infrastructure

Rehabilitation/Construction of sewage networks Digging tranches Mo Mo Mo Mod Min Min Mod Min Min Mod d d d

Pipe lying Mo Mi Mi Mo Min Mod Min Min Mod d n n d

Filling tranches Mo Mi Mo Min Min Min Mod d n d

Waste generation Mi Mod Mod Mod Min n

Opening new borrow pits Mo Mod Min Min Mod d

Installation of solar panels Prepare detail design Mod

Installation of solar panels and streetlights Mo Min Mod Mod d Connections of solar panels to the buildings Mod electricity supply system

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Table 51: Impact identification matrix – Operation phase

NATURAL PHYSICAL SUBSYSTEM POPULATION AND ACTIVITIES SUBSYSTEM

PERCEPTUAL COMM. / PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT BIOTIC ENVIRONMENT LAND USE POPULATION ENVIRONMENT INFRASTR

PROJECT Nature Atmosphere Soil Water Flora Fauna Landscape Rural Product. Occupational Welfare Infrast. ACTIVITIES Cons.

infrastructure infrastructure

Air quality and odor

Climate Climate Noisecomfort Vibration subsoilSoil and Resource quantity Water quality qualityGroundwater Natural Vegetation Anthropic Vegetation Faunahabitats Behavior patterns Landscape quality Visual Intrusion Agriculture and Industrial Use Protected land Employment Health & Safety Population welfare of Development local WWTP quality livestock use economy WWTP operation WWTP Min Mod Min Maj Mod Min Min Mod Maj Major operation WWTP Min Min Mod maintenance Maintenance of sewage system

Min Pipeline’s Min Min Min Min maintenance Maintenance solar panels

Solar panel Mod Major maintenance

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6.1 Pre-construction stage Impact 411. During pre-construction stage the following aspects may impact on effectiveness of implementation of environmental safeguards during whole project cycle and may lead to non- compliance with requirements: (i) wastewater treatment facility designs that are unable to achieve the required level of treatment, (ii) environmental requirements that are not included in bidding documents and contracts, (iii) installation of individual household septic tanks in not-suitable areas (with high ground water table); (iv) non-compliance with requirements to obtain approvals and permissions, and, (v) non-compliance goods, techniques and machinery purchases do not comply with the ADB Prohibited Investment Activities List set forth at Appendix 5 of ADB SPS (2009) and national standards on exhausted gases and effluent. 412. Some changes in WWTPs, design route of main drainage pipes and sewage networks may take place at the stage of the project details design. If there are any unanticipated impacts, the IEE/EMP will be updated to account for any additional or new environmental impacts and relevant corrective actions. 413. A situation when environmental requirements are not included in bidding documents and contracts may lead to improper implementation of EMP and low capacity and responsibility of Contractor in the field of environmental performance. 414. It is planning that in the area where construction of centralized sewage system is not technically and economically feasible, individual household septic tanks will be installed. To ensure effectiveness of septic tanks performance and avoid pollution of shallow water technical specifications on installation will be included in the tender documents for Contractors and further in their contracts. 415. In accordance with national environmental regulations, a national Environmental Impact Assessment (ZVOS) for each project site has been conducted and Environmental Appraisal (Positive Conclusion) were received. As next step of national EIA procedure, a SEC for each WWTP will have to be prepared by TST and submitted to SCEEP prior commissioning of rehabilitated WWTPs. 416. It is planned that purchase of goods, techniques and machinery which is not comply with ADB Prohibited Investment Activities List set forth at Appendix 5 of ADB SPS (2009) and national standards on exhausted gases and effluent will not be allowed. 417. The following activities are proposing to mitigate impacts identified at the pre-construction stage. Mitigation measures  PCU with the assistance of EPCM-IES and EPCM-NES will ensure inclusion of environmental provision along with EMP in the bidding documents and in contracts for Contractors;  Bid’s evaluation will be done with consideration of capacity of bidders to meet EMPs requirements, proposing adequate budget efficient for implementation EMP, existence of good practice in environmental performance within other similar projects;  Within 30 days after contract awarding and prior to commencing any physical works, SSEMPs will be developed by the Contractors under the guidance of the EPCM, and be endorsed by EPCM before submission to PCU for approval;

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 Topic Specific SSEMPs will be prepared by Contractors as part of the SSEMPs, endorsed by EPCM and approved by PCU for the following activities: Traffic Management Plan for construction of distribution network within settlements, Waste management Plan for sites with demolishing works, Hazardous Wastes Management Plans as described in the next sub-sections, Construction Camps Management Plan and Occupational Health and Safety Plan (OHSP);  Goods procured for project implementation will be done in compliance with ADB Prohibited Investment Activities List set forth at Appendix 5 of ADB SPS (2009);  Environmental specifications will be included in bidding packages for purchase machinery within the project. Particularly, toxic level of machinery must meet “Euro 3” environmental requirements as defined by national regulations50;  Prior identification areas where individual septic tanks will be installed, EPCM will make sure that the highest ground water table in the area is below 3 m.  If there are any unanticipated impacts, the IEE/EMP will be updated to account for any additional or new environmental impacts and relevant corrective actions;  After selection a Design and Build Contractor (DBC) conduct odor and water dispersion modeling for finalizing technical parameters of the rehabilitated WWTPs.

6.2 Construction stage

6.2.1 Physical resources 6.2.1.1 Impact on air quality Construction of WWTP 418. During construction stage pollutants emissions could be generated due to earth works, construction/demolishing activities and exhaust gases from vehicles. It is expected that dust pollution will occur more frequently. Risk of dust pollution will increase during the windy weather and movements of trucks with high speed inside settlements. 419. During the rehabilitation works on WWTPs it is expected that significant amount of dust will be generated during old buildings demolishing, earth works, movements of vehicles and transportation of bulk construction materials. 420. Asbestos dust generating during demolishing of old buildings on rehabilitated WWTPs may cause a serious risk for health of people living in surrounded settlements. This impact is described in detail in the section named “hazardous wastes”. 17. There is a risk that impact of hazardous dust may occur during rehabilitation of existing sewage network. Certain part of pipes in network contains asbestos materials. Therefore, it will be necessary to make sure that old asbestos pipes will not be excavated, and new pipes will be placed next to existing pipelines. 421. Equipment and vehicle with improper technical characteristics or in poor conditions also may lead to pollution by exhausted gases. Improper waste management, particularly burning of construction and domestic wastes may lead to air pollution. Construction and rehabilitation of sewage networks

50 Resolution of President of RUz “On measures for further development of production at the Samarkand automobile plant and renewal automobile park”, dated from December 14, 2006 130

422. Inside settlements dust will be generated during construction/rehabilitation of sewage networks and construction of sewage pump station - digging trenches, movement of vehicles and transportation of bulk construction materials. Mitigation measures: 423. During construction period regular mitigation measures will be used in most of the cases:  apply watering of construction sites and roads inside settlements during dry season;  cover transported bulk materials;  control speed limitation for vehicles during movement inside of settlements - no more than 40 km/h;  all vehicles and techniques must comply with technical requirements and will pass regular inspection as indicated into the national standards51;  prohibit open burning of solid wastes generated particularly from labor camps and construction activities;  Clean wheels haul trucks prior to leaving construction site;  Restrict demolition activities during period of the high winds or under more stable conditions when winds could direct dust towards adjacent communities;  Prepare and implement AMDP;  Vehicles are not allowed to idle onsite for more than 3-5 minutes. 6.2.1.2 Noise WWTPs 424. During construction and rehabilitation works on WWTPs temporary noise emissions may be caused the following works: a. Decommissioning b. Earth moving activity c. Construction works d. Movement of vehicles used for material transport 425. To assess an anticipated noise level from these works’ calculations were done based on existing information about operation of various equipment. Noise generated by equipment on the distance of 15 m from machinery cabs is presented on below Table: Table 52: Noise level form various techniques (at the distance 15 m)52

Noise source Equivalent noise level, dBA Excavator 81 Dozer (Bulldozer) 82 Track crane 83 Trucks 88 Vibrator for concrete compaction 76 Air compressor 81

51 “O’z DSt 1057:2004 Vehicles. Safety requirements for technical conditions” and “O’z DSt 1058:2004 Vehicles. Technical inspection. Method of control”. 52 Part Two – Construction noise impact assessment, Table 7-4 131

426. mong 5 WWTPs the closest settlement is located in Chirchik WWTP - on a distance around 300 m from plant’s fence. In case of Bekabad WWTP the settlements are located on the distance of 500 m from the rehabilitated WWTP facilities (Figure 45and Figure 46).

Figure 45: Location of the closest settlements to Bekabad WWTP

Figure 46: Location of the closest settlements to Chirchik WWTP

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427. There are no settlements within a radius 500 m from Almalyk, Angren and Chinaz WWTPs. The closest buildings are industrial enterprises (Figure 46).

Figure 47: Location of industrial zones near Almalyk WWTP (no settlements closer than 500 m)

Figure 48: Location of industrial zones near Angren WWTP (no settlements closer than 500 m)

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Figure 49: Location of industrial zones near Chinaz WWTP (no settlements closer than 500 m) 428. Calculations of noise propagation from the noisiest equipment is presented in Table 32. Table 53: Noise levels at the various distances

Equivalent noise level (maximum), dBA Distance Trucks (88) Dozer (82) Track crane (83) 100 72 66 67 220 65 59 60 250 64 58 59 300 62 56 57 429. As shown in the Table 52, at the distances up to 300 meter (Bekabad WWTP) the noise level from the noisiest equipment – truck will be 62 dB. Due to fence between the closest house and WWTPs’ territory noise level will decrease on 6 dB. In addition, noise level will reduce on 1.5 dB due to non-asphalted soil absorption. Thus, the anticipated noise level from trucks in front of living houses will be around 53.5 dB which is below standards (55 dB53 for daytime in the area adjusted to the living houses). Therefore, the impact from noise could be considered as negligible. 430. The noise during demolishing and construction works will have adverse impact on workers working with on construction sites. To mitigate the impact OH&S requirements will be applied by all workers. More detail information on OH&S is provided in the section 6.2.8 Construction and rehabilitation of sewage networks 431. During sewage pipes lying works some noise impact will occur due to work of technics. The main collectors will be placed outside of project cities. However, replacement/installation of

53 SanN&R 0267-09, Acceptable noise levels for habitable areas Uzbekistan 0267-09 and IFC, EHS Guidelines, 2011 (See footnote 35 and 36.) 134

sewage network will be done inside cities and therefore will require implementation of mitigation measures. Mitigation measures: 432. The following measures will be implemented to avoid noise impact on project sites located within settlements:  During construction period establish limits on speed for vehicles inside of settlements (40 km/h);  In the settlement areas construction works generating noise will be undertaken during period from 8.00 in the morning and until 8.00 in the evening;  Schedule construction so as to minimize the multiple use of noisier equipment near sensitive receptors (houses, schools);  Use of PPE by workers involving in demolishing and construction works in conditions of increased noise level is mandatory;  Inform population about anticipated works. 6.2.1.3 Vibration Vibration impact 433. Vibration impact during construction stage could be caused by the same machinery. Vibration level from different techniques was calculated in accordance with methodology provided in Transportation and Construction Vibration Guidance Manual (2013) The table does not provide data on mobile and assembles cranes since vibration level is not significant. 434. Values of vibration level calculated in accordance with this formula are presented in Table 53. Table 54: Calculation of vibration from equipment

Distance, Vibration from equipment, m Small bulldozer Loaded trucks Excavator in PPV (in/sec) dB in PPV (in/sec) dB in PPV (in/sec) dB 20 0.004 37 0.1 66 0.28 74 30 0.002 34 0.05 62 0.16 71 50 0.001 29 0.028 57 0.08 65 Source: TRTA’s consultants, 2018 435. National standards for vibration level in residential houses are provided in Sanitarian Norms and Rules (SNR) № 0146-04 “Design of the living houses in climatic conditions of Uzbekistan”. For living houses the standards is 67 dB for nighttime and 72 dB for daytime with frequency in 37 and 61 Hz and for nighttime is 67 dB. Table 55: National standards for vibration

Period Permanent vibration, dB Day time 72 Nighttime 67 436. As showed results of calculation of vibration level (Table 33), vibration from construction activities on this stage will not impact on people living on surrounded area and structures since it is below standard (72 dB for daytime).

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437. Therefore, above-described impacts on air quality, noise and vibration will be temporary and they will be mitigated by implementation of recommended measures.

6.2.2 Impact on water resources Construction of WWTP 438. The surface water may be polluted due to improper placement of excavated soil, poor management of construction camps, and improper storage of construction materials, leakage of fuel and lubricates from construction machinery, washing of vehicles and techniques without proper treatment. 439. Bekabad, Chirchik, Angren WWTPs are located on the distance between 103 m and 255 m from Syrdarya, Chirchik and Angren rivers, respectively. Chinaz WWTP is located next to drainage canal which after 5.5 km is discharged into Syrdarya river. Currently drainage canal is not used for drinking or irrigation purposes (Figure 48).

Angren WWTP Bekabad WWTP

Chinaz WWTP

Chirchik WWTP Chinaz WWTP Figure 50: Location of WWTPs close to

Construction and rehabilitation of sewage networks 440. Besides construction works on WWTPs, in some areas works on pipe lying of transmission main will be conducted along small canals inside or outside of settlements (Figure 49). The canals inside cities are not used for drinking purposes, usually they could be used for irrigation purposes.

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Sewage network in Chinaz city Sewage network in Chirchik city Figure 51: Location of canals and networks inside of cities

441. Implementation of the mitigation measures and continuously monitoring of water quality in the points indicated in Environmental Monitoring Table (Chapter 8) is essential to avoid deterioration of water quality. Mitigation measures: 442. The following mitigation measures will be implemented to minimize impact on water resources:  Construction and labor camps (if any), including storage places for lubricant, fuel and other oils will be located 50 m away from water bodies;  Refueling, oil replacement, and repair work will not be done within 50 m of surface water bodies;  Untreated wastewater and solid waste will not be released directly into water bodies;  Topsoil stripped material will not be stored where natural drainage will be disrupted;  Water quality will be monitoring near Bekabad WWTP on Syrdarya river and next to Chinaz WWTP on drainage canal. Location of monitoring points, frequency and monitoring substances are presented in Environmental Monitoring Plan (Chapter 8.2). 443. Groundwater table level in the upper part of the Project zone is located (mainly in Yangiyul district) 18-20 m. In the downstream area (Chinaz district) on the depth 8-10 meter. In the territory close to the Chirchik river (lower part of Chinaz district) ground water table increase up to 2-3 m. Therefore, potential impact arises from maintenance of contractors' camps, transport, maintenance of vehicles and handling and storage of lubricants and fuel. The required provisions for construction camps and monitoring of ground water quality are described in the subsections describing impacts on soil quality and waste management. 444. There is some possibility that ground water may have impact during construction of Chinaz WWTP. Therefore, it is recommended that all construction works related to digging on the depth more than 3 m (pump station and administrative buildings’ basement) will be conducted during non-irrigation season. The irrigation season in the region is May-August. If this period could not be avoided, usage of standard technology for construction in areas with high water logging will be applied – pumping water into the nearest drainage canal.

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6.2.3 Impact on soil Construction of WWTPs 445. The main anticipated impacts on soil during construction stage will be disturbance or loss of topsoil, its compaction and pollution. Surplus excavated soil will be generated during construction of new facilities on WWTPs in Angren, Almalyk and Chinaz (Table 19). Even surplus materials will be used as embankment fill as much as possible certain amount of earth will remain. 446. The movement of equipment and the temporary storage of materials on the ground during the construction may lead to compaction of the soil. This compaction will take place in the area affected by the construction and rehabilitation works, in its vicinity, in the access areas, pipelines, etc. 447. Poor management of construction materials such as concrete preparation, their storage may also lead to soil pollution. Reconstruction and construction of sewage network 448. For pipe lying works, earth excavation, pipe laying and backfill of material including compaction will be implemented. Excavated soil will be temporary stored alongside the trench and refilled after pipe lying. Gravel will be used as a bed for the pipes and excavated soil will be placed back to fill tranche and be compacted. Spoil Management Plan will also be prepared as part of SSEMPs and properly implemented. 449. Gravel and sand will be required for construction of WWTP, pipe lying and rehabilitation of damaged roads. Unauthorized excavation of such construction materials and improper restoration works will negatively impact on soil. Mitigation measures: 450. To minimize this impact on soil quality the following measures will be implemented:  The topsoil of about 30 cm depth will be removed and stored separately during excavation work, and after the construction of the main trunk pipes the same soil will be replaced on the top, in unpaved areas;  The excess topsoil and earth reminded after construction new facilities in Angren, Almalyk and Chinaz WWTPs will be used on the territory of the other project sites or disposed at the places prior approved by local government authorities and The State Committee for Ecology and Environmental protection (Goskompriroda);  To minimize soil compaction, movement of all type techniques will be allowed only through identified assess roads;

451. Soil pollution may occur due to improper storage, handling and disposal of oil, fuel and hazardous materials. Impacts description and required mitigation measures are provided in the next chapter.

6.2.4 Waste management 6.2.4.1 Hazardous Wastes Mitigation measures:  Used oil from vehicles and machinery will be collected into containers placed at the concreted sites and disposed to national oil company designated for accepting and treatment of used oils;

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 Refueling vehicles and replacement oils also will be conducted in special designated and properly equipped places. Emergency facilities will be at the place for elimination of accident of oil spills;  Used batteries will be collected separately and transferred to the local branches “Cvetmet”54 for further disposal. Reconstruction and construction of WWTPs 452. During construction phase, hazardous wastes will be generated from vehicle operation and maintenance, rehabilitation works at the WWTPs, particularly replacement of old transformers. In addition, there is possibility of presence of asbestos materials in remaining buildings and facilities of rehabilitated WWTPs. 453. There are old transformers on the territory of each WWTP. Some of them could be produced before 199455 and there is a possibility that oil contained a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) was used for such equipment. Due to the nature of works required for transformers demolishing, replacement and further hand over of installed new transformers to WWTPs, such works will be conducted only by eligible organizations with appropriate certificates/license. Therefore, this activity will be implemented by SJC “Regional electric lines (REL)”, owner of the electricity facility. Demolished transformers will be transferred to SJC “(REL)” as well for further storage and disposal.

Transformer in Angren WWTP Transformer in Bekabad WWTP Figure 52: Old transformers on WWTPs

454. There is procedure on disposal of used oils and transformer in Uzbekistan,56 however taking into consideration a possibility of PCB content in transformer oil, disposal of this equipment requires special approach. This approach was developed within Framework of the “Modernization and Upgrade of Transmission Uzbekistan” project in 2015 and approved by Uzbekenergo Substations. The framework requires conduction of laboratory testing transformer oils on PCBs.

54 Local entity responsible for collection and treatment non-ferrous metals 55 In Russia, Last transformer contained PCB was produced in 1993. all transformers used at WWTPs were produced in Russia. 56 Safety regulations for the maintenance of electrical consumers, Approved by State Inspection under Uzenergonadzor, 2004 and Regulation guideline 34-301-941:2007Individual norms for oil usage for repairing and maintenance needs for equipment of energy enterprises

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However, as showed baseline survey, there are no certified laboratories which can conduct such analysis in Uzbekistan. 455. Special kits for PCBs analysis in transformer oil will be used to conduct analysis of oil from transformers under the current project. 57 456. During construction phase, other types of hazardous wastes (used oil and batteries, fuel, used boxes from paints) will be generated during operation and maintenance of machinery. In case of improper handling and dispose of such materials pollution of soil, ground and surface water may occur. Along with this, such materials are hazardous to human health. 457. The project involves demolishing of existing building on WWTPs some of which have roofs containing asbestos materials (in roofing slate). Mitigation measures: 458. On PCB,  Used oil from demolishing transformers produced before 1993 will be analyzed on content of PCBs. This analysis will be conducted by the designated specialist from Uzbekenergo – national electrical company authorized on handling used transformers. Or these analyses will be undertaken by Environmental Specialist of Engineering, Procurement, Construction Management (EPCM) Consultant on equipment which was purchased within Second Tashkent Province Water Supply Development Project 58 Phase II for PCBs testing. If PCBs are found in the transformers’ oil, all transformers will be carefully handled and disposed without pouring oil and avoiding oil leakage. Transformers contained PCBs will be labeled with sign “Content PCB” and disposed in accordance with “Rules for the organization of accounting, operation and storage of equipment, materials and waste containing PCBs.59 Notification on presence of such equipment will be sent to the SCEEP (Goskompriroda) and Sanitarian Epidemiological Station for their further actions;  If demolishing transformers do not contain PCBs, they will be disposed in accordance with national regulation “Safety regulations for the maintenance of electrical consumers”, Approved by State Inspection under Uzenergonadzor, 2004 and Regulation guideline 34- 301-941:2007 “Individual norms for oil usage for repairing and maintenance needs for equipment of energy enterprises”.  A separate Waste Management Plan will be developed by Contractor, endorsed by EPCM and approved by PCU for the construction sites with demolishing works. The Plan will include information about type of generating wastes, amount, procedure of their collection and disposal. The plan also will include information about responsible person, training, action plan for emergency situation; 459. On asbestos;  Prior to commencement of rehabilitation works at the WWTPs, CEO with EPCM-IES or EPCM-NES will conduct vision observation of old buildings and facilities on presence of asbestos materials.

57 Similar kit is planned to be purchased for another ADB project; Uzbekistan: Second Tashkent Province Water Supply Development Project. 58 See footnote 57. 59 https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiUzLrVj_nv AhWslYsKHXT0CpUQFjAQegQIBxAD&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caresd.net%2Fimg%2Fdocs%2F9606.doc&usg =AOvVaw3eU5WWJcuf-jZwVS5XYwOY – document in Russian 140

 Develop AMDP that includes identification of hazards, the use of proper safety gear and disposal methods. (Sample AMDP is provided in Appendix 2) Any activities involving asbestos materials will be prohibited until the AMDP is approved by the PCU and the EPCM Consultant.  Conduct awareness program on safety during the construction work  Provide barricades, and deploy security personnel to ensure safe movement of people and also to prevent unnecessary entry and to avoid accidental fall into open trenches Reconstruction and construction of sewage network 460. Replaced asbestos pipes in existing sewage networks will be considered as other potential hazardous wastes. There are asbestos pipes which will be replaced in each sewage network of the project sites. The main impact could occur during handling of asbestos pipe through asbestos dust. Therefore, to avoid adverse impact from asbestos dust it is important to minimize contact with asbestos pipes. 461. Mitigation measures:  Undertake the construction work stretch-wise; excavation, pipe laying and trench refilling will be completed on the same day  Identify risk of intervention with existing asbestos concrete pipes. If there is significant risk, implement the AMDP strictly that includes identification of hazards, the use of proper safety gear and disposal methods.  During rehabilitation of existing sewage network, make sure that old pipes (especially asbestos) are not excavated or touched. The new pipes will be laid along to the existing networks.  Maintain records of asbestos concrete pipes as per the AMDP 6.2.4.2 Non-hazardous wastes 462. Municipal solid wastes and waste waters will be generated at the construction and camp sites. Mainly this is rubbish, plastic or glass bottles, glasses, waste food, etc. Improper wastes management may cause the spread of infectious diseases, emergence of insects and parasites in construction camp sites. In addition, it may lead to conflict with local population. 463. Reconstruction and construction of WWTPs. Significant amount of construction wastes will be generated during demolishing of existing buildings and facilities at the WWTPs. These types of works will be done on Angren and Chirchik WWTPs. Based on information provided by engineers and from field observation approximate volume of wastes were calculated (Table 55). Table 56: Amount of waste generating from demolishing of existing facilities

Name of buildings and Unit Quantity Waste volume facilities Angren WWTP Primary sedimentation tanks pcs 4 559,548 D=30m with pumping station 3 Chirchik WWTP 푚 Chlorination unit pcs 1 50, 4 Horizontal sand traps pcs 2 13,5 3 Boiler room pcs 1 33,92푚 3 TOTAL 657.368푚 3m3 푚 141

Source: TRTA Consultant, 2019 464. The construction wastes may consist of demolishing concrete blocks, broken bricks, glasses, used woods and used equipment. Besides these wastes, used welding rods, packing materials, woods will be generated as well. 465. Old equipment from rehabilitated WWTPs, such as old pumps, iron pipes and etc. will be handed over to Tashkent Suvtaminot (TST) for further use or disposal. Other demolishing metal construction will be sold to the respective disposal company – Vtorchermet.60 Old transformers produced before 1994 will be demolished and be storage in accordance with established procedure. 466. During public consultations and meeting with stakeholders it was confirmed that there is enough capacity to accommodate generated wastes on respective districts’ landfills. 467. Reconstruction and construction of sewage network. During construction and rehabilitation of sewage network certain amount of domestic and construction wastes will be generated. In most of the cases works on sewage will be implemented inside settlements. Therefore, improper collection, storage and disposal of wastes may create inconveniences for population, difficulties for urban transport movement and spreading diseases. Mitigation measures:  Waste disposal will be done in accordance with agreement concluded between Contractor and local agency “Toza hudud” 61 in timely (no more than 3 days) manner only on official landfills;  Wastes will be segregated on recyclable (paper, used metal, plastic, and etc.) non- recyclable (concrete blocks, broken bricks, glasses and etc.);  Selling recyclable wastes to relevant organizations and timely disposal of non-recyclable wastes to the landfill, determinate by local agency “Toza hudud”;  Burning of waste on any construction site is forbidden  Do not use chemical and burning for removing vegetation  Segregation of wastes on recyclable and non-recyclable wastes;  Selling recyclable wastes to relevant organizations (paper, scraps, accumulators) and timely disposal of non-recyclable wastes to the landfill, determinate by local hokimiyats.  Providing hydro isolated septic tank for collecting waste waters at the camp sites and bio toilets for workers at the construction sites and timely disposal of waste waters to the local WWTPs;

6.2.5 Biological resources Construction of WWTPs 468. It is expected that during the construction works limited impact on biological resources may occur because all works will be implemented inside existing WWTPs. Although there are some plants on the territory of Chirchik, Angren and Almalyk WWTPs, main construction works will be conducted on the territory already occupied by buildings and constructions, only few new facilities will be constructed (Chapter 3, Table 12) on small area close to existing structures. As

60 National company responsible for collection and processing ferrous metals 61 National Agency responsible for transportation and disposal wastes. 142

showed a biological assessment (Chapter 4.5) there are no rare or endemic species on the territory of WWTPs and surrounded areas. 469. Chinaz WWTP will be used on the territory of former agriculture field which was represented by typical agro-biocenoz. The nearest protection zone - Chatkal national park is located in more than 30 km to east-south from Chirchik WWTP (until Reserve are) and 8 km to south-west from Angren WWTP (until Landscape area) (Chapter 4.5, Figure 43). 470. Nevertheless, unnecessary cutting trees, or usage trees as fuel, clearing of sites from vegetation, improper selection of a location of construction and labor (if any) camps and their maintenance may adversely impact on that plants.

Chirchik WWTP: Aeration tanks Chirchik WWTP: Secondary sedimentation tanks

Almalyk WWTP: Area where project works will be Almalyk WWTP: Trees behind aeration tanks- no implemented works will be done there

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Angren WWTP: View of Bio ponds Angren WWTP: Secondary sedimentation tanks

Territory of Bekabad WWTP: Territory of Bekabad WWTP Figure 53: Vegetation on the territory of project WWTP

Reconstruction and construction of sewage network 471. The project works will be implemented on the territory of the existing WWTPs, in the populated areas and agricultural lands with limited presence of wild animals, therefore impact on flora is considered as insignificant. 472. As a rule, construction works on pipe laying will be conducted along existing roads. As per LARP, trees will be cut for main collectors construction. These trees exist along the right of way of wastewater collector line to be constructed in Yangiyul district. No trees will be lost in other project cities. A total of 204 trees will be affected out of which 164 are fruit trees and 40 are non- fruit trees. For cut trees, compensation calculations will be prepared by SCEEP representatives in accordance with Resolution of Cabinet Ministries of Uzbekistan #290 (2014). The project will pay the required compensation following the LARP. Compensation will however not be paid for the cutting of trees within the WWTP territories. Local people will be compensated if their crops are destroyed during construction. 473. As indicated in Chapter 6.2.2, water courses (Syrdarya, Angren and Chirchik rivers) are located on the distance more than 100 m from fence of Bekabad WWTPs (Syrdarya) and 200- 300 m from fence two other WWTPs. Therefore, impact on aqua fauna will be low. However, to avoid any negative impacts on these rivers, quality of Syrdarya river before Bekabad WWTP and after will be monitored during construction. In case of exceeding standards, additional measures will be applied in order to minimize impact.

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474. Chinaz WWTP will be constructed next to the small open collector. However, due to high pollution of the collector, there are no species. Due to short term duration of construction pipeline, the impact on small canals inside settlement will be limited. As usual these canals used for irrigation and may have seasonal water, the impact on aquafauna in that canals will be minimal. 475. Other than cutting trees, impacts on flora and fauna during construction are considered insignificant because project works will be implemented on the territory of the existing WWTPs, in populated areas and agricultural lands. Observations within the WWTP sites and project cities and desk research have not revealed the presence of species that are included in the national Red Book and IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.62 Mitigation measures: 476. To mitigate adverse impact on vegetation and wildlife and to comply with national requirements the following measures will be implemented:  Location of construction camps inside WWTPs will be selected in order to minimize non-necessary cutting of trees and removing vegetation;  Do not use chemical and burning for removing vegetation;  At the project details stage select an alignment of pipeline in a way which allows to minimize cutting of trees and bushes;  Conduct joint revision of the project sites with representatives of inspectors from relevant district branches of Goskompriroda to identify number of cutting bushes and trees if any and to pay compensations.

6.2.6 Impacts on land use Construction of WWTPs 477. Impacts on land use was accessed based on LARP63 materials prepared for this project. The feasibility design attempted to minimize the land acquisition and involuntary resettlement. The project is expected to have temporary impacts and no permanent impacts, as there is no land acquisition requirement. Civil works on 4 rehabilitating WWTPs will be implemented within borders of existing plants. Construction of Chinaz WWTP will be done on the land which was transferred to Chinaz branch of TST several years ago. Therefore, there is no impact due to rehabilitation and construction of WWTPs. Reconstruction and construction of sewage network 478. The construction of wastewater networks will not have any significant impact. Most of the impacts will be possible to be avoided during construction by the contractor. The exact line route for these small diameter wastewater pipelines is not yet final and these have various flexibility during laying of the line where adverse impacts can be avoided. During the survey, no impact was identified due to construction of wastewater networks. Anyway, some additional provision (15%) will be made into the resettlement budget to cover any unanticipated impacts during the project implementation. 479. Temporary impacts may occur due to the construction of wastewater collectors. These impacts are expected in Yangiyul and Chinaz districts. No impact is expected in other project cities as per information available at this stage. Totally, 2.26 hectares of land is likely to be impacted temporarily due to the construction of new wastewater collectors, of which 1.64 ha is

62 See footnote 9. 63 Land Acquisition and Resettlement Report, TRTA, 2019 145

arable/crop cultivation land and 0.62 ha of land is classified as orchard/garden land. There will be no physical displacement. 480. The time for implementation of the LARP will be scheduled as per the overall project implementation schedule. All activities related to the addressing of the temporary impacts must be planned to ensure that compensation is paid prior to the commencement of civil works. Public consultation, monitoring and grievance redress will be undertaken continually throughout the project duration. Monitoring will be the responsibility of the JSC. The implementation of LARP will be closely monitored. 481. The Project is expected to have only temporary impacts on land in terms of loss of crops, trees, etc. A summary of various impacts is shown in Table 56. Table 57: Summary Impacts

Permanent Temporary # Impacts TOTAL Impact Impact 1 Affected land area (ha) 0 2.26 2.26 2 Affected land users/households (#) 0 4 4 3 Affected households’ members (#) 0 14 14 5 Arable/crop cultivation land area (ha) 0 1.64 1.64 6 Orchard/garden land area (ha) 0 0.62 0.62 7 Severely affected households (#) 0 0 0 8 Total number of trees, including 0 204 204 8.1  Fruit trees 0 164 164 8.2  Non-fruit trees 0 40 40 Source: IOL and Census Survey, March-May 2019

6.2.7 Socio-economic resources 482. The project will have positive effect and may have some negative impacts on socio- economic resources during construction works. 483. Personnel with different qualifications will require for construction works, and local population will be hired for some of activities, which means creation of new jobs. Moreover, indirect services will provide needs for housing, catering, petrol stations, etc. This temporary positive impact will contribute overall project positive impact. 484. Construction of the main trunk and pipelines will pass through mostly agricultural fields, some orchards, and vineyards. The impact related to construction of pipelines is temporary in terms of losses of standing crops if unavoidable. Cutting trees and vineyards may also lead to loss of people incomes. Mitigation measures 485. The following measures will be undertaken to minimize or compensate this impact:  Construction during agricultural off- season will minimize the impact (loss of agricultural income). Major crops in the project affected are wheat, sunflower, vegetables and cotton, which growing seasonally;  If cutting trees is unavoidable, compensation calculations will be prepared by SCEEP representatives in accordance with Resolution of Cabinet Ministries of Uzbekistan #290 (2014). The project will pay the required compensation following the LARP.  Local people will be compensated if their crops are destroyed during construction.  Recommend to Contractor to hire local population for works not requiring specific skills. 146

6.2.8 Occupational and Community Health and Safety Issues 486. Besides impacts on air, water and soil quality, described in previous chapters, certain risks may take place related to community health and safety, for workers in campsites. 6.2.8.1 For community 487. Inadequate lighting and fencing of construction sites inside of settlement areas can be dangerous for pedestrians and vehicles especially during the nighttime. Increasing of traffic due to trucks and vehicles movements to construction sites, temporary closing of roads during pipe lying inside of settlements may cause inconvenience for local population as well. In addition, pipe lying will cause temporary blockage of household access. 488. Untimely and inefficient disposal of solid waste and improper sanitary conditions generated by the construction workers at construction sites and labor camps may cause pollution of the surrounding environment and affect the health of local people. There could also be some social problems due to irresponsible behavior of the outside work force such as gambling, alcoholism and disrespect to local people and their culture. 489. Cultural interference workers with local communities may cause HIV and sexually communicable diseases (SCD) spreading in case of law awareness about these diseases among workers and community. 490. Moreover, a movement of heavy tracks may destroy or deteriorate conditions of roads inside settlements. This concern was raised several times by residents during public consultation. Mitigation measures 18. The following measures will be undertaken to minimize these impacts:  Contractor and EPCM will inform population about anticipated works in the settlement in advance;  Contractors will require to develop a Traffic Management Plan (TMP) as part of the SSEMPs with clear indication routes of vehicles’ movements, placement special signs, and speeding allowance inside of the settlements and schedule transportation activities by avoiding peak traffic periods. Template for TMP is presented in Appendix 3. The TMP will be approved by Traffic Police and disclosed to local community prior commencement of construction works on respective sites;  Clear signs will be placed at construction sites in view of the public, warning people of potential dangers such as moving vehicles, hazardous materials, excavations etc. and raising awareness on safety issues.  Contractor will require to install temporary bridges and effectively organize works, which will allow avoid unreasonable delaying of construction works;  All construction sites (especially inside settlements) must be properly lightened and fenced;  Development of Construction Camps Management Plan;  After completion construction works all roads will be rehabilitated at least up to condition of pre-construction stage;  Carry out regular awareness campaigns among work staff, including specific hazards associated with the spread of HIV/AIDS.

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491. For construction of WWTPs organizing of construction camps could be required. Due to available land, more likely that construction camps will be organized on the territory of existing WWTPs. Nevertheless, they will require proper maintenance as well.  After completion of the main construction Contractor will provide full reinstatement of the construction and camp sites by bringing them to its primary condition;  Remove all rubbish, or temporary structures (such as buildings, shelters, and latrines) which are no longer required; and  The area that previously housed the construction camp is to be checked for spills of substances such as oil, paint, etc. and these will be cleaned up;  All hardened surfaces within the construction camp area will be ripped, all imported materials removed;  EPCM will conduct post-construction audit during defect liability period to make sure that construction sites and camps are properly cleaned and restored to pre-project conditions before acceptance of works before hand-over to Tashkent Province Suvoqova and local khokimiyats. 492. Construction Camps Management Plan will be developed by Contractors as part of the SSEMPs, endorsed by EPCM and approved by PCU-ESS prior commencement of works. Construction Camps Management Plan will describe waste collection and disposal procedure, set up of camp facilities (such as a storage place for construction materials and techniques if any, laundry and toilets, access roads) in the way, which will allow to minimize disturbance of local population. If washing equipment and vehicle is planning to be conducted at the labor/construction camp’s site, appropriate wastewater treatment facilities will be organized on the camp and respective permissions on water intake and wastewater disposal will be received by Contractor from relevant government agencies. At the same time, labor camps will provide safe and adequate living conditions for workers, such as dining rooms, toilets, shower rooms etc. In addition, the Contractors will instruct all the workers to act in a responsible manner. After completion works, construction camps 493. At the completion of work at a particular site, Contractor will remove all equipment and structure, clean up and dispose all waste materials, rehabilitate all construction sites and work areas so that these can be returned as possible to their previous use. 6.2.8.2 For workers 494. Construction Camps Management Plan will be developed as part of the SSEMPs by Contractors, endorsed by EPCM and approved by PCU-ESS prior to commencement of works. Construction Camps Management Plan will describe waste collection and disposal procedure, set up of camp facilities (such as a storage place for construction materials and techniques if any, laundry and toilets, access roads) in the way, which will allow to minimize disturbance of local population. If washing equipment and vehicle is planning to be conducted at the labor/construction camp’s site, appropriate wastewater treatment facilities will be organized on the camp and respective permissions on water intake and wastewater disposal will be received by Contractor from relevant government agencies. At the same time, labor camps will provide safe and adequate living conditions for workers, such as dining rooms, toilets, shower rooms emergency medical kits. Other measures for firefighting and preventing electric shocks etc. In addition, the Contractors will instruct all the workers to act in a responsible manner. After completion works, construction camps. 495. At the completion of work at a particular site, Contractor will remove all equipment and structure, clean up and dispose all waste materials, rehabilitate all construction sites and work 148

areas so that these can be returned as possible to their previous use. Safety and health non- compliance may create a risk for construction workers. The Contractors will require to develop an OHSP. The OHSP may consist of three parts: (i) general, (ii) safety, and (iii) hygiene and health. The template of OHSP is provided in Appendix 4. Mitigation measures 496. The following measures will be undertaken:  Contractor will comply with requirements of Labor Code of Uzbekistan (1998) and standards on work and health safety64;  Contractors will develop OHSP, EPCM will review and endorse and PCU will approve OHSP;  Contractors will ensure proper implementation of OHSP;  TST will coordinate works with local municipalities – khokimiyats and Traffic Police. 6.2.8.3 Impact assessment due to Coronavirus Desease 2019 (COVID-19) 497. The projects’ construction/civil works will involve work force, together with suppliers and supporting functions and services. The work force may comprise workers from national, regional, and local labor markets. They may need to live in on-site accommodation, lodge within communities close to work sites or return to their homes after work. There may be different contractors permanently present on site, carrying out different activities, each with their own dedicated workers. Supply chains may involve international, regional and national suppliers facilitating the regular flow of goods and services to the project (including supplies essential to the project such as fuel, and water). As such there will also be regular flow of parties entering and exiting the site; support services, such as catering, cleaning services, equipment, material and supply deliveries, and specialist sub-contractors, brought in to deliver specific elements of the works. 498. Given the complexity and the concentrated number of workers, the potential for the spread of infectious disease in projects involving construction is serious, as are the implications of such a spread. Projects may experience large numbers of the work force becoming ill, which will strain the project’s health facilities, have implications for local emergency and health services and may jeopardize the progress of the construction work and the schedule of the project. Such impacts will be exacerbated where a work force is large and/or the project is in remote or under- serviced areas. In such circumstances, relationships with the community can be strained or difficult and conflict can arise, particularly if people feel they are being exposed to disease by the project or are having to compete for scarce resources. The project must also exercise appropriate precautions against introducing the infection to local communities. 499. The Government of Uzbekistan has adopted the special procedure on acting in conditions of pandemic - the Temporary Sanitarian Norms and Rules (SanN&R) # 0372-20 “On organization of performance of state agencies and other organizations, commercial entities in limited measures condition due to pandemic COVID-19". The document was approved by the Agency on Sanitarian Epidemiological Well-Being (3rd edition), May 11, 2020. The SanN&R provides general requirements and specific requirements for different sectors: pharmacy, public transport, markets, construction sites and etc. 500. According to SanN&R, the managers of organizations are personally responsible for compliance with the SanN&R. All works will be organized in order to ensure:

64 Construction Norms and Rules # 3.01.01-03. Organization of Construction works. 2003 149

 preventing the introduction of infection into the organization;  taking measures to prevent the spread of coronavirus infection (COVID-19) in teams in organizations;  implementation of organizational and technical measures to prevent infection of workers;  other organizational measures to prevent infection of workers. 501. The rules present requirements for safe transportation workers, organizing medical examination at the entrance points, provision with disinfection equipment and disinfectants, catering facilities, construction camps, etc. Also, SanN&R describes requirements on organizing an isolator in medical centers (if any) in case if patient is identified with a high fever or with individual symptoms of an acute respiratory viral infection (lack of smell, dry cough, malaise, etc.) and isolating him from the work team. 502. All managers will conduct introductory training for new workers and routine training for working staff. The rules provide an action plan for cases when workers with COVID-19 symptoms. 503. Section 5.1.4 of SanN&R provides specific norms for construction sites. The section pays special attention to dust and provides recommendation for dust generation mitigation and protection. The rules provide a list of Personal Protection Equipment for COVID-19. 504. The document also provides instruction on communication with local health care institutions for organizing regular medical examination of workers and mobilization in case of identification infections. Mitigation measures  In conditions of pandemic risk organize works in accordance with Temporary Sanitarian Norms and Rules (SanN&R) # 0372-20;  Ensure proper recording and reporting of any cases of infection and undertaken actions.  The contractors will be required to (i) assess implications of the project-level COVID-19 related risks and impacts; (ii) identify necessary risk mitigation measures; and (iii) prepare a COVID-19 Health and Safety Management Plan as part of the OHSP. The COVID-19 Health and Safety Management Plan will be aligned with any government regulations and guidelines on COVID-19 prevention and control, or in the absence thereof, with international good practice guidelines as may be updated from time to time. The COVID- 19 Health and Safety Management Plan will be reviewed by the EPCM Consultant in consultation with public health inspectors of the area, local medical officers and other relevant health specialists, with a recommendation forwarded to the CPU for clearance. The status and adequacy of project’s COVID-19 response will be fully documented in the SAEMRs.

6.2.9 Cultural heritage Construction of WWTPs 505. Majority of construction works will be implemented on the territory of existing WWTPs. Chinaz WWTP will be constructed on the territory of former agriculture field. Therefore, there is a very low archeological chance finds on that sites. Reconstruction and construction of sewage network 506. The land and vegetation clearing, earthmoving activities during pipe lying works may affect the archaeological heritage in the project areas. There are no historical places in the project area. The pipe lying works will be implemented along the existing main roads. Most of the project cities were built in 50-60 years of last century and they were designed as industrial zones. Only in two

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project sites - rural areas in Yangiyul and Chinaz districts cultural heritages could be found during earth excavation works. 507. Therefore, Contractor will be aware mitigation measures which will be undertaken which are indicated in the Law of RUz “On Protection and Use of Objectives of the Archeological Heritages” (2009). Procedure on chance finds procedure is presented in Appendix 5. Mitigation measures 508. The following measures will be undertaken in case of possibility to chance of finding heritage:  Excavation and other works will be suspended immediately;  Area with possible heritage will be fenced with fencing tape;  A designated focal point from a local administration (khokimiyat) will be informed and invited for assessment of potential heritage and undertaken necessary actions;  Civil works at the finding place will be recommenced after obtaining permission from the focal point. Installation of solar panel 509. It is planned that solar panels will be installed on the roof of existing administrative buildings on Almalyk and/or Angren WWTPs. The main impacts anticipated with this activity is related to waste generation and Occupational H&S. Special attention will be paid to the work conducted on the roof of buildings. The works on installation of the panels will be implemented in compliance with relevant regulations adopted in Uzbekistan. 510. Generated wastes will be mainly packing materials which will consist of carton and woods. All wastes are recyclable and will be disposed to the recycling companies. Mitigation measures  The following measures will be undertaken Proper storage and dispose wastes to the relevant waste recycling agencies;  During installation works ensure implementation of Operation Health and Safety requirements.

6.3 Operational stage

6.3.1 Impact on the air Operation of WWTPs 6.3.1.1 Air pollution 511. Air emissions from wastewater treatment operations may include hydrogen sulfide, methane, volatile organic compounds (such as from industrial discharges), gaseous or volatile chemicals used for disinfection processes (e.g., chlorine), and bio-aerosols. Odors from treatment facilities can also be a nuisance to workers and the surrounding community. 512. Limited and short-term temporary pollution of air quality will occur during maintenance works on WWTP. Some impact on air quality due to exhausted gases will be during the maintenance works on the sewage network. Under the project, as part of institutional capacity building the special machinery for identification of water leakages inside pipes will be purchased. It will help to identify exact location of leakage and minimize duration and scale od maintenance works. 151

513. Raw wastewater contains a large diversity of microorganisms, such as bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses, and protozoans. These microorganisms may be aerosolized during aeration processes. WWTPs have been identified as one of the sources for bioaerosol emission65. As metabolites, toxins, and fragments of microorganisms, including pathogenic microorganisms, may exist in bioaerosols, their emission is closely correlated with air pollution and health hazards for on-site workers and nearby residents. Since there are no residential area close to the project site, only on-site workers will be impacted by bioaerosol emissions. Mitigation measures  Ensure proper functioning of WWTP in accordance with established requirements (KMK 2.04.03-96 Sewage. External networks and buildings);  In case of complaints on odors from population, to implement additional measures such as additional greening of the territory;  Watering of earth during maintenance works on WWTP;  Immediately replacing defective equipment and removing it from the work site;  Workers working close to aeration tanks will use PPE - respiratory protection including respirators with clean filtered air supply, personal protective equipment (clothes, gloves and goggles). 6.3.1.2 Noise impact 514. During normal operation phase the noise mainly will be generated from functioning pumps. All pumps will be located inside the buildings and produced noise level in the settlements located close to WWTPs (Bekabad) will unlikely exceeds standards on noise level (45 dB for nighttime and 55 dB for daytime, Table 16, Chapter 2). Exceeding of noise level on the territory of the WWTPs the norms for industrial area (70dB) are also not anticipated. In case of exceeding noise level inside buildings with operating pumps the limits for industrial area (70 dB), PPE will be used by workers. Necessity of usage PPE will be defined after assessment of each workplace on each WTTP. The assessment will be conducted by relevant government agency before commissioning of rehabilitated WWTP and each three years during operation. 515. According to the project’s engineers’ opinion, the emergency situation which may generated significant noise is not anticipated during operation phase. 516. The following mitigation measures will be implemented to avoid impact on WWTPs’ personal and population:  Timely conduct assessment of each workplace and strictly follow requirements on PPE usage on the territory of WWTP;  In case of complaints from population on disturbance by noise, conduct noise measurements in the settlements. If noise exceed standards, find a source of noise, fix or apply mitigation measures. Among mitigation measures will be replacement of windows, installation mini acoustic screens around noise source and etc. 6.3.1.3 Odor 517. Industrial and municipal wastewater treatment generates odors that can be strong, persistent, and a nuisance to employees, residents, businesses, and industries located near the

65 Chemicals and microbes in bioaerosols from reaction tanks of six WWTPs: survival factors, generation sources, and mechanisms, Yanjie Wang, Huachun Lan, Lin Li, Kaixiong Yang, Jiuhui Qu & Junxin Liu, Scientific Reports volume 8, Article number: 9362 (2018) 152

WWTP. Odors are generated in varying degrees throughout the wastewater treatment process. In addition, odors can create for plant personnel and plant equipment, odors can adversely impact the community surrounding the treatment plant. Not only is this a problem for the community, but it also puts a strain on treatment plant resources to solve the problem and appease the community. Proper facility design, operation, management, control and careful oversight are necessary to minimize odors. 518. Odors are present in some form at all wastewater facilities, but particular problems are encountered at treatment plant headworks facilities. This is due in part to the multiple odor sources contained in a typical headworks facility (screens, screenings conveyors, washers, grit basins, grit classifiers, residuals containers, etc.) and the often complicated multiple-source air handling and ventilation requirements inside a headworks building. The ventilation of headworks buildings becomes even more complicated when you consider the overlapping regulations, building codes and ventilation standards that are applicable to headworks facilities. 519. There are a number of sources for odors within wastewater treatment and solids management facilities. Significant potential sources at treatment facilities include:

 Headworks’ area  Primary clarifiers  Solids holding and thickening tanks  Aerobic digesters  Dewatering systems  Solids loading areas

520. The following are some parameters to express the concentration of odors:

 Perceptibility Threshold (ATC: Absolute Threshold Concentration), defined as the minimum concentration that can be detected by 100% (in some cases by 50%) of the persons involved with an olfactory analysis. In some cases, the geometric mean of the measurements of the single members is used.  Odor Number (TON: Threshold Odor Number), or the number of dilutions will reduce the concentration of the sample to the ATC.  Maximum Exposure Concentration (TLV: Threshold Limit Value). This represents the maximum concentration at which persons can be exposed for a period of 8 hours a day, 5 days a week and 50 weeks a year (weighted average over 8 hours), for a work life of 40 years.  Maximum Allowable Concentration (MAC: Maximum Allowable Concentration): Maximum concentration which should never be exceeded.

521. Table 57 below reports the values of these indices relative to a series of compounds found in the atmosphere of sewage treatment plants. Table 58: Odor measurement in the atmosphere of sewage treatment plants

Component ATC TLV MAC (ppm or mg/m3) Olfactory (ppm) (ppm) sensation USA UK ppm mg/m3 ppm mg/m3

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H2S 0.00047 10 50 70.69 20 28.278 Rotten eggs

NH3 46.8 25 - 37.5 23.334 Pungent

522. The national legislation does not provide limits for odor in air. The requirements imply that acceptable level of unpleasant odor is ensured by compliance to the buffer zones for WWTP. The width of buffer zone depends on capacity of WWTP which is for the Project facilities varies from 400 m up to 500 m. All Project WWTPs will comply with the buffer zone requirements. 523. Due to absence of requirements on odor level in the country, it is recommended to apply international requirement.

524. For H2S the EPA recommends a lifetime exposure limit of 0.7 parts per billion (ppb), a residential limit of 15 ppb, a property line limit of 70 ppb and a 0.14 ppb limit for children and the elderly. H2S is regulated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and has a permissible exposure limit of 20ppm ceiling limit concentration for no longer than 10 minutes. Hazardous H2S concentration levels are detailed in Table 4. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, however, recommends a Threshold Limit Value of 10 ppm and a short-term exposure (STEL) limit of 15 ppm averaged over 15 minutes. Exposure at the STEL will not be repeated more than four times per day with at least 60 minutes between successive exposures in this range. 525. Based in this, limits for working place and living area will be:

Table 59: Limits for odor (H2S) for working place and living area

Location Limits Source Working place, ppm 20 OSHA guidelines Lifetime exposure limit (living area), ppm 0.70 EPA

526. Baseline odor measurements have not been conducted. However, requirements on conduction odor measurement are included into the Term of Reference for Design and Build Contractor (DBC). The DBC will prepare a detail design of each reconstructed facility with consideration requirements on different parameters including compliance with odor requirements. Odor modeling will be part of DBC assignment. The Contractor will conduct odor modeling and in case of exceeding limits indicated in Table 58, mitigation measures will be developed. 527. Various methods to mitigate odor impact could be applied: mechanical (installation of fence, cover smelling facility), biological (planting of trees 66 ), and chemical (flocculants, polymers67, etc.). 528. During operation phase the following mitigation measures will be implemented:  Conduct H2S measurements on the working places with high risk (Headworks’ area, primary clarifiers, solids holding and thickening tanks, aerobic digesters, dewatering systems, solids loading areas);

66 IFC, Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Water and Sanitation, Chapter 1.1-1.3 67 https://izvmor.ru/novosti/obshchestvo/v-saranske-prodolzhayut-borbu-s-nepriyatnym-zapakhom 154

 In case of exceeding norms for working area (Table 58), find the sources of emissions and apply mitigation measures. Ensure that all workers are wearing PPE during repairing works;  Conduct monitoring of odor level in settlement as per receiving complaints from population and in case of exceeding standards (Table 58) apply additional mitigation measures (trees, additional fences and applying chemicals).

6.3.2 Impact on water 529. It is expected that water quality will significantly improve due to rehabilitation of WWTPs. Currently very poor treated wastewater is discharged into Syrdarya (directly), Angren and Chirchik rivers. Syrdarya river is under the biggest adverse impact since wastewater from Bekabad WWTP and collectors from Chinaz district are discharged water into the river. Current wastewater treatment efficiency on WWTP not exceed 20-40% (Chapter 3). According to the technical design of WWTPs, after rehabilitation outflow will fully comply with national standards for water bodies. Technical specification of module WWTP in Chinaz also ensures full compliances with national standards.

Bekabad WWTP: Effluent from the treatment Chinaz district: open sewage collector inside Chinaz discharging water into Syrdarya river Figure 54: Current situation with outflow from WWTPs

530. After the WWTPs commissioning discharge of untreated sewage into the small canals/drains inside cities and settlements will stop, as a consequence water quality will improve as well. 531. There is some risk that water bodies – a receiver of treated sewage could be polluted due to deterioration of wastewater treatment efficiency, presence in inflow chemicals in concentration which could be dangerous for a biological process of treatment or emergency situation such as overflow due to extreme weather conditions. 532. To evaluate impact of discharges of treated water into the water courses, high level modeling of dispersion of pollutants in the receiver was undertaken. Similar to case with odor modeling detail water dispersion modeling will be undertaken by Design and Build Contractor (DBC). 533. The basis for calculating the movement and transformation of an admixture was the equation of water movement in the river (two-dimensional, horizontal) and the equation of conservation of the mass of a conservative admixture. For calculating the transformation of spots

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of impurities discharged into the river the Saint-Venant equations are usually used for calculating water velocities,

(1) 2 휕ℎ 1 휕푄 1 휕풰 풰 휕풰 휕ℎ 푄 2 534. And the equation of conservation휕푡 + 푏 ∙ 휕푥 푔 of ∙ impurity휕푡 + 푔 ∙ 휕푥 + 휕푥 − 퐽 + 퐾 = 0 = I (2) 휕푆 휕(푆∙ 풰) 휕퐷푠휕푆 where 2 휕푡 + 휕푥 + (휕푥) + – depth of flow [m], – derivative sign [ b.r.], h – time [ сек], ∂– width of flow [m], t – discharge of flow [ ], b 3 – distance along the mriver [m], Q 푠푒푘 – acceleration of gravity [ ], x 푚 – water movement velocity [2 ], g 푠푒푘 – riverbed slope [ b.r.], 푚 풰 푠푒푘 coefficient of friction [ ] 3 J 푚 impurity concentration [ ] K– 푠푒푘 푘푔 diffusion coefficient [ 3 ] 푆 – 푚2 метр point source of impurity [ ] 퐷푠– сек 푘푔 3∙ 535. Relative퐼 – pollution is calculated 푚 푠푒푘 in relation to the amount of pollution at the point of discharge. As a result of the normalization, it will be possible to obtain a nomogram of the pollution spot for any type of conservative impurity in the discharge. Nomograms fully answer the question of where and how much any conservative impurity entering the discharge will be observed. Detail water dispersion modeling is provided in Appendix 8. 536. The graphs with water dispersion models for each water discharges are presented in the below.

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6.3.2.1 Akhangaran river, Angren WWTP

8,00

6,00

4,00

2,00

- 1 8 15 22 29 36 43 50 57 64 71 78

Figure 55: Spatial pattern of impurity propagation from a point source. Low discharge case, Angren WWTP. Horizontal steps - 10 m downstream and 0.25 across the flow 537. Fall of the maximum concentration of impurities in the Akhangaran river relative to the concentration at the discharge point from Angren WWTP. With an average annual flow rate of 23 m3/s and an average minimum flow rate of 4.73 m3/s per month, the flow width is 10 m and 5 m, respectively.

Distribution of concentration of impurities in the discharge 1,20 zone

1,00 Distribution of impurities at the distance 2000 meters

0,80

0,60

0,40

0,20

- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 -0,20

Figure 56: The rate of decrease in the concentration of impurities (relative to the maximum at the point of discharge) along the length of the flow (meters). Minimal flow

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538. Transformation of impurity distribution over the cross section of the Akhangaran river from Angren WWTP. With an average discharge of 23 m3/s, the flow width is 10 m, the distance between the discharge diameter and the full mixing diameter is 1,500 m.

1,20

Distribution of concentration of impurities in the discharge 1,00 zone

Distribution of impurities at the distance 1500 meters 0,80

0,60

0,40

0,20

- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Figure 57: The rate of decrease in the concentration of impurities (relative to the maximum at the point of discharge) along the length of the flow (meters). Average flow 6.3.2.2 Tanachi-Buka canal, after Almalyk WWTP 539. Discharge from the Almalyk WWTP ends up in the Tanachi-Buka canal. The maximum channel width is 2 m. The water flow rate in the canal is fully human-controlled. This means that the maximum flow rate in the channel is equal to its throughput. The minimum flow rate can be anything and can be reduced to zero. The channel bed usually has a triangular shape with the sides laid close to 45 degrees. This means that the depth of the channel will be about one meter. This means that the maximum flow rate in the channel will be about 4.5 m3/s. Transformation of impurities will be done for this flow 4.5 m3/s. 540. Spatial distribution of impurities along the flow on cannel with discharge rate 4.5 m3/s with horizontal steps - 2 m downstream and 0.10 m across is presented below.

158

0,20

0,15

0,10

0,05

- 1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 66 71 76 81 86 91 96

Figure 58: Spatial distribution of impurities in Tanachi-Buka canal

541. Transformation of the relative impurity value on the canal near the Almalyk WWTP. The lower section is selected as the section on which the maximum impurity value exceeds the average impurity value by less than 20% in relation to the average value. The transformation distance is 110 m.

1,20

1,00 Distribution of concentration of impurities in the discharge zone

0,80 Distribution of impurities at the distance 110 meters

0,60

0,40

0,20

- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Figure 59: Transformation of the relative impurity value on the canal near the Almalyk object

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542. Change in the relative maximum concentration of impurities (relative to the concentration of impurities in the discharge) along the length of the flow is presented in below Figure.

1,20

1,00

0,80

0,60

0,40

0,20 метр - 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Figure 60:Change in the relative maximum concentration of impurities, Almalyk WWTP

6.3.2.3 Chirchik river 543. Due to big flow of Chirchik river only case with minimal flow was studied. The river has a minimal average monthly flow 20 m3/s. The horizontal step across the stream is 0.5 m and along the length of the stream 10 m.

6,00

4,00

2,00

- 1 8 15 22 29 36 43

Figure 61: Spatial distribution of impurities in Chirchik river

544. Diagrams of the distribution of the impurity concentration (relative to the value of the impurity concentration at the discharge point) for two cross sections: the discharge zone and the zone of almost uniform distribution of the impurity along the flow (20% deviation of the maximum impurity concentration from its average value relative to the average value).

160

1,20

1,00

Distribution of concentration of impurities in the discharge zone 0,80 Distribution of impurities at the distance 1200 meters

0,60

0,40

0,20

- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Figure 62: Transformation of the distribution of impurities along the Chirchik river Chirchik WWTP, river discharge 20 m3/flow width 10 m, distance 1,200 m 545. Changes of relative concentration of impurities is presented in below figure

1,20

1,00

0,80

0,60

0,40

0,20

- метр 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

Figure 63: Changes of relative concentration of impurities in Chirchik river

6.3.2.4 Syrdarya river, Bekabad WTTP 546. Water flow in Syrdarya river in the section close to Bekabad WWTP is 20 m3/s (minimum average monthly). The horizontal step across the stream is 1.0 meter and along the length of the stream 10 m. Spatial distribution of impurities in Syrdarya river from Bekabad WWTP is presented below

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3,50 3,00 2,50 2,00 1,50 1,00 0,50 - 1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 Figure 64: Spatial distribution of impurities along the flow in Syrdarya river.

547. Diagrams of the distribution of the impurity concentration (relative to the value of the impurity concentration at the discharge point) for two diameters: the discharge zone and the zone of almost uniform distribution of the impurity along the flow (20% deviation of the maximum impurity concentration from its average value relative to the average value)

1,20

1,00 Distribution of concentration of impurities in the discharge zone

0,80 Distribution of impurities at the distance 1200 meters

0,60

0,40

0,20

метр - 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Figure 65: Transformation of the distribution of impurities along the Syrdarya river Bekabad WWTP, river discharge 20 m3/s flow width 10 m, distance 1000 m 548. Changes of relative concentration of impurities is presented in below figure

162

1,20

1,00

0,80

0,60

0,40

0,20

метр - 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Figure 66: Changes of relative concentration of impurities in Syrdarya river

549. Summarizing above analysis, concentration of pollutants discharged with effluents from WWTP will reach value in 0.2 units on the distance from 110 m from discharge point (Tanachi- Buka canal, Almalyk WWTP) until 1,500 m (Akhangaran river). After the project implementation, this area of influence will significantly decrease, which will have only positive impact on environment. 550. To avoid emergency release of untreated wastewater into the rivers, each WWTPs are designed in the way which ensures storage of untreated flow during 3 days without release to a water course. This time will be enough to fix broken part or treat the overflow equivalently distributing during the day. 551. Another risk that may impact on efficiency of WWTPs’ is quality of industrial effluents discharging into the network. Exceeding of allowed concentration and types of pollutants may lead to decreasing an efficiency of treated sewage. To minimize such risk the Government has adopted several institutional tools and regulations to enhance control for the quality of discharged industrial effluents. 552. Among institutional tools, the following could be highlighted: increasing fines for discharging into network sewage non-complaining with established standards; increasing fee for sewage treatment service; re-allocate fines for exceeding standards and directing 74 % of collected fines into the Development Fund under Ministry of Housing and Communal Services. 553. All these measures will minimize the risk of discharging industrial sewage which is not compliant with standards for WWTPs. Mitigation measures  At the stage of detail design, conduct water modeling to ensure compliance of treated water in the monitoring point with standards (Table 8, standards for Fishery);  Ensure proper functioning of WWTP in accordance with established requirements (KMK 2.04.03-96 Sewage. External networks and buildings);

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 Continuously work on monitoring the quality of sewage receiving from industry and undertake immediate measures to avoid negative impacts of sewage which is not comply with standards indicated in Table 9 on WWTP operation;68  Immediately replacing defective equipment and removing it from the work site;  Conduct continuously monitoring WWTPs’ operation and quality of water in water bodies – receiver of treated water (Chapter 8, Table 40).

6.3.3 Waste management 554. Non-hazardous waste. Wastes will be generated during the operation and maintenance of WWTPs. They will consist of domestic wastes, debris from the cleaning of the plants’ territory and maintenance of WWTPs’ facilities. Exceeded sludge will be disposed on sludge drying beds. Sludge beds have been designed to accommodate sludge from WWTPs during two years of plant operation. After two years sludge will be properly disposed. 555. Due to high fertility of sludge, it could be used as fertilizer for non-fruit trees and non- consumed plants (cotton, alfa-alfa and others). This practice is common in Uzbekistan. As described in Chapter 4, several options for sludge dewatering were considered. It was decided to use drying sludge under the Sun as the best solution. In parallel, sludge is disinfected under the sun rises. Nevertheless, even dried sludge may content heavy metals which could be dangerous for people working on the field or parks where this sludge was applied. Therefore, before usage of sludge as a fertilizer each consignment of sludge will be tested on presence of heavy metal. Standards for allowed concentration of the heavy metals is presented in Table 5, Chapter 2. 556. Therefore, there are two ways for disposal of sludge: disposing on agricultural lands after testing on absence of heavy metals or disposing on the municipal landfill. Both approaches comply with international and national practices. 557. In case of identification a presence of such materials, dry sludge will be disposed on municipal landfill as cover layer or just disposed. The same procedure will apply for garbage from screens and sediments generating in primary sedimentation tanks. 558. Hazardous waste. Operation of chemical laboratories for monitoring treated water quality without proper treatment of chemical’s reagents residual may pollute surface and ground water. Also, hazardous wastes could be generated in form of used oil, luminescent lamps, used battery. Mitigation measures  Ensure proper and timely sludge disposal for agriculture or landfills;  Waste segregation on recycling and non-recycling will be applied of WWTPs. All recycled wastes will be sold to the processing companies and non- recycled will be disposed on municipal landfills;  Awareness program on proper and timely wastewater disposal for population in the project districts will be conducted;  Ensure proper maintenance of the septic tanks and timely removal sludge from tanks;  Discharging chemical’s reagents residual into water stream without treatment will be prohibited.

68 In accordance with national regulations, all sewage discharging in municipal sewage network must be pre-treated at source – Table 9. 164

6.3.4 Community Health and Safety 559. Danger of operations and maintenance-related injuries. Poor waste management practices and unhygienic conditions at the improved facilities can breed diseases. 560. The use of hazardous chemicals in the WWTPs can pose potential environmental, health, and safety risks. Sodium hypochlorite (SHC) will be used for disinfection. Even SHC is less dangerous than gas chlorine, the special prevention measures will be undertaken to minimize possibility of SHC leakage and consequently negative impact on facilities personnel, population from vicinity and environment. Mitigation measures  Providing required facilities: storage of SHC in well ventilated rooms;  Applying special marking for containers with this agent;  Using vehicles with increased safety measures for transportation;  Special procedure will be developed and applied for utilization leakages. 561. Thus, during the project operation stage some negative impacts and risks may take place. However, all of them will be mitigated by implementation proposed measures described in EMP and required by national legislation. Detail information about impacts, recommended mitigation measures, responsible people for EMP implementation and monitoring with cost estimates for these activities are presented in Chapter 9. 562. Positive environmental and social impacts will be much more. Wastewater will be properly collected from the territory of settlements, safely transported, efficiently treated and disposed into river in quality which meet national standards. Coverage of population with sewage service will increase from 54% up to 85 % in average within whole Tashkent province.

Basement of 4-storey residential house full Sewage from 2-storey houses is collected of sewage next to residential area Figure 67: Current conditions of settlements without proper connection to sewage

6.3.5 Indirect Impact 563. Besides the direct impact described in the previous para, the project will have significant positive indirect impact. Due to replacement of old deteriorated sewage pipelines, and installation of local treatment facilities (in Yangiyul and Chinaz districts), filtration from sewage pipeline will significantly decrease. This will lead to reduction of risk of water pollution in ground wells which are used currently as a drinking water sources in some areas in Chinaz and Yangiyul districts.

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6.3.6 Cumulative Impact 564. Cumulative impacts are defined as two or more individual effects which, when considered together, are considerable or which compound or increase other environmental effects. 565. There are no other on-going projects or are anticipated to occur in the near future within the project study area. While there are environmental impacts of construction and operation of the WWTP, as discussed in Chapter 6 of this report. Therefore, no cumulative impacts envisaged during the construction stage. During operation stage, the water quality in Syrdarya river will improve especially into the discharge points.

6.3.7 Transboundary Impact 566. In accordance with IFC Guidance Note69, transboundary impacts are impacts that extend to multiple counties, beyond the host country of the project, but are not global in nature. 567. In the Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (Espoo, 2001188), the notion of "transboundary impact" is defined as any impact, not exclusively of a global nature, within an area under the jurisdiction of a Party caused by a proposed activity the physical origin of which is situated wholly or in part within the area under the jurisdiction of another Party. 568. Within current IEE it was accepted that transboundary impact is an impact that affects receptors, beyond the boundaries of the country in which the project is located and produces transboundary effects, including global effects. 569. Location of the Project site in relation to the national frontiers of the Republic Uzbekistan. The nearest frontiers of other countries are presented in Table 59. Table 60: The distance between WWTPs and countries (km)

№ Name of Distance Direction Country WWTP 1 Angren 20 South East Tajikistan 2 Almalyk 6.5 South Tajikistan 3 Bekabad 4.5 South Tajikistan 5 East 4 Yangiyul 18 North West Kazakhstan 5 Chirchik 10 North West Kazakhstan

570. Considering the Project location, scale and nature of impacts, the potential for transboundary impacts from the Project can be assessed and summarized as follows. All the Project activities will be entirely implemented within the Republic of Uzbekistan and the key potential impacts will be of local scale. During construction phase no transboundary impact is anticipates. 571. Project implementation will bring positive impact to the quality of Syrdarya river. The Syrdarya river is transboundary river which flow from Uzbekistan to Kazakhstan. The distance between Bekabad WWTP and point where Syrdarya river crosses border is more than 90 km. Transboundary impacts are therefore not anticipated.

69 International Finance Corporation’s Guidance Notes: Performance Standards on Environmental and Social Sustainability, 2012 166

7 INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION, AND PARTICIPATION

7.1 Consultation 572. One of the main goals of the IEE is to facilitate the participation of all stakeholders and local communities at all stages of the project cycle: from the pre-construction phase and construction activities to its operation. In this regard, a number of consultations were held in the project districts to capture the stakeholders’ opinions about the project and agree on the project activities. 573. Prior to the public consultations, several meetings were conducted with internal and external stakeholders, such as representatives of the Tashkent Committee for Ecology and Environmental protection (Goskompriroda), district khokimiyats and makhallas, Sanitary Epidemiological Agency and others. 574. In compliance with ADB requirements with the aim of informing the communities in the project area about the upcoming consultations, the announcements on planning consultation were submitted to the khokimiyats for each district the official letters under the Ministry of Housing and Communal Services (Appendix 6). In addition, all chairman of Rural Citizen Assemblies (RCAs) - makhallas covered by the project, were informed about planning activities from local representatives of districts TST and khokimiyats. In some project cities, public consultations were conducted several times to make sure that representatives of all makhallas where project works will be undertaken are informed. 575. Total number of participants attended public consultations were more than 270, of which 80 were females. During the meetings, it was agreed that chairmen of makhallas will distribute the information about the project among citizens of respective makhallas. Considering the fact, that makhallas’ chairmen directly work with all groups of populations (including disable, vulnerable people) it is expected that information about the project will reach all groups. 576. In case of raising questions, proposals and concerns related to the project any citizen could contact the TST’s representatives (before project commissioning). During the project implementation stage, a public may contact PIU’s representative as well. Mobile phone numbers of TST’s representative were distributed during public consultations. During project implementation communication with population in the project area will continue. 577. General information on settlements’ representatives from each makhallas triggered by the project participated at the public consultation is presented in below table. Table 61: Settlements whose representatives participated at the public consultations

Akhangaran city, Khokimiyat’s building Almalyk city, Tashkent Province 14 and 29 June, 2019 30 May, 2019 # Name of settlement # Name of settlement 1 Adolat 1 Otabek 2 Baht 2 Hayot 3 Birlik 3 Mukavvar 4 Vatan 4 Porlok 5 Guliston 5 Kelajak 6 Dustlik 6 Hushorbek Omad 7 Ilok 7 Bogora 8 Mustakillik 8 Oltin Vodiy 9 Navbahor 9 Istikbol Nur Ota 10 Orzu 10 Yahshilik 11 Ohunbabaeva 11 Sadik

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Akhangaran city, Khokimiyat’s building Almalyk city, Tashkent Province 12 Umid 12 Namuna 13 Shodlik 13 Guzalik 14 Yangilik 14 A. Navoi 15 Yoshlik 15 M. Ulugbek 16 Buston 16 Kamolok 17 Kurgon 17 Yulduz 18 Namuna 19 Nugoy Kurgon 20 Honobod 21 Yangiobod Angren city, Tashkent Province Bekabad city, Tashkent Province 15 June, 2019 22 May, 2019 # Name of settlement # Name of settlement 1 Kimyogar 1 Umid 2 Gulbog 2 Dustlik 3 Bogi Surh 3 Behzod 4 Yoshlik 4 Erkin 5 Korvon 5 Pahtakor 6 Saglam 6 Umids Ziyo 7 Kupterak 7 A Navoi 8 Yangi Hayot 8 Birdalik 9 Navruz-1 9 Farhod 10 Istiqbol 10 Tinchlik 11 Istiklol 11 Azizbek 12 Semurg Bunyod 12 Istiklol 13 Dustlik 13 Mustakiliq 14 Farbon A. 14 Samarkand 15 Bobo-Tog 15 Turkiston1 16 Nurchen Chirchik city, Tashkent Province Chinaz, city, Tashkent Province 3 and 4 June, 2019 10 July, 2019 # Name of Settlement # Name of Settlement 1 Shark 1 Yallama 2 Navbahor 2 Avgon 3 Ikbol 3 Yoshlik 4 Dustlik 4 Pahtaobod 5 Gupzor 5 Besh Kapa 6 Tinchlik 6 Tinchlik 7 Bahor 7 Bunyodkor 8 Yulduz 8 Alisher Navoi 9 Turon 9 Sarbozor 10 Kamolot 10 Huja 11 Galaba 11 Hamza 12 Lola 12 Yangi Makhalya 13 Iftihor 13 Kozi 14 Nur 14 Gulzorobod 15 Yoshlik 16 Kuyosh 17 Semurg 18 Humo 19 Shodlik 20 Navruz

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Akhangaran city, Khokimiyat’s building Almalyk city, Tashkent Province 21 Istiklol 22 Madaniyat 23 Umid 24 Guliton 578. The main issues raised during the public consultation are presented in the Table 61. Table 62: Questions and answers raised during the public consultation

Issues raised Response Akhangaran city, June 14, 2019. Administrative building of Akhangaran Khokimiyat. Number of participants - 22 Will only multi-store buildings comm All houses will be able to be connected to sewage network. The Private Sector can connect to the project design covers almost whole population of the city sewage network or private houses as well? How houses will be connected to The project will build sewage network until street. Household the network? Who will connect us connections will be done by district TST When will the project start? According to plan the project will start in 2020 The project should coordinate with Prior commissioning of the civil works, the project design will be other organizations/utilities – gas approved by all relevant authorities. Without their non-objections supply, water supply, cables and the project will not start etc. The project should invite for audit During the project implementation the GRM will be established and monitoring of the civil works and will operate. You can participate in the observation of representatives of local makhallas implementation of the project works and The project should ensure proper Yes, during the project implementation Contractors will be storage and disposal of wastes responsible for development of a Waste Management plan to during construction ensure proper storage and disposal Almalyk city, May 30, 2019, administrative building of Almalyk khokimiyat, number of participants - 37 Who will be responsible for According to national legislation and to EMP provided in IEE, repairing of roads if they be Contractor will be responsible for rehabilitation of roads damaged during construction destroyed/ damaged during project works. works? Could you include in the project The project design is under development. You can communicate construction of sewage network on on inclusion of the streets in the project with representatives of the street Mashrof, Tabassum, district khokimiyat. They are here and we provided their contact Zulfiya and etc.? during our presentation Who will conduct tender? Will local Tender will be conducted by special commission consisted of companies participate at that representatives of various state entities and endorsed by tender? Government. Local companies also could participate in the tender if they meet requirements indicated in the bidding documents. You mentioned about land Under this project there is no physical or economic displacement acquisition issue. In case if it takes is anticipated in Almalyk city. Nevertheless, if any resettlement be place – who will compensate and needed, land acquisition procedure will be implemented under how? national and ADB relevant requirement as it was presented during today’s presentation Angren city, on June 15, 2019 administrative building of Angren Suvokova, The project is very important for us Yes and an area where we live. Poor water treatment facility leads to pollution of groundwater

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Issues raised Response Suvoqova needs in capacity The project includes a big component on capacity building, building, Current financial purchase of additional equipment and training. All these activities conditions and equipment that they along with proposed rehabilitation works will enhance a capacity work does not allow to work them of Suvoqova effectively Collection of payment for sewage is After the project implementation, the quality of providing services very low. It is not allowing by Suvoqova will improve, level of satisfaction with provided Suvoqova to work properly service will increase and fee collection rate will improve. Bekabad city, administrative building of Suvokova on June 3, 2019 and on June 4, 2019 in the administrative building of Chirchik Khokimiyat. Total number of participants - 66 Will the project purchase equipment Yes, under the project the number of techniques will be for Vodocanal – techniques, purchased to enhance capacity of Vodocanal’s provide services. equipment? Chirchik city administrative building of Suvokova on June 3, 2019 and on June 4, 2019 in the administrative building of Chirchik Khokimiyat, Total number of participants - 66 Sewage system is real issue in our Thank you very much region. All of us suffer from this problem. We really support this imitative, and we will help the project as much as possible To make sure high quality of According to proposed institutional arrangement for the project implementing works, the project implementation, hired under this project EPCM Consultant will shall hire auditors assist PCU in supervision of the project works. They will be responsible for quality of work through daily checking construction sites. Tashkent Suvtaminot (TST) does To enhance capacity of TST number of technical, institutional and not have enough technical capacity other interventions are included in this project to fix all problems in the networks We have to work on increasing Yes, we agree that public awareness about functioning of sewage public awareness on the issues of should be improved. For these purposes, the project includes a proper management of sewage capacity building program which considers conduction training, network use. We have to work with workshop for different groups of population, development training school, makhallas and producers materials, poster and video. improve their attitude to sewage system operation. Very often we can see that simply garbage or wastes from enterprises could be through into the sewage network. Fee for non-compliances standards This question is also reviewing by the Project. Suggestions on for discharges into sewage system institutional, financial aspect will be part of the project is too low. The enterprises prefer to pay fee than to install local waste treatment facilities You said that loan’s funds will be Yes, this is loan and Government of Uzbekistan will pay back. But used for this project. Who will pay possible revision of fees for sewage services will be related only back the loan? Does it mean that to make sure sustainable operation of the system. Government of fee for sewage service for Uzbekistan will pay back for the loan. population will increase due to necessity to pay back? You mentioned about possible During the presentation we introduce the main safeguards compensation. Who will pay principle which will be applied during this project implementation. compensation? However, as we also explained under this project, we do not expect that in Chirchik case any resettlement or land acquisition activities will happen. If project design changes, and land

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Issues raised Response acquisition will happen, the Government will be responsible for compensation payment in accordance with presented principles Who will be responsible for The project will not work with households’ connections to the connection of our houses to new sewage network. It will be done jointly by respective districts’ TST sewage? and households itself. The project will stop on street level. Unfortunately, we face with the The project can only contribute to raising awareness among situation when wells’ covers are population. We could not provide guarantees that covers will ne stolen. What project can do with be stolen. this Chinaz district administrative building of Chinaz Khokimiyat on July 10, 2019, number of participants – 34 Who will be responsible road after According to national legislation and requirements included in completion of the project works EMP, the Contractor will be responsible for fixing damaged roads after competition of the civil works Is there any chance pollution of Current situation with deteriorated sewage system and open drinking water supply system from ponds with sewage inside settlements are dangerous due to in may lead to pollution of water in water supply pipes if they have leaches. In addition, existing situation leads to spreading various infection diseases. After project implementation all old sewage network will be replaced, new network will be installed. It will minimize leakages and percolation of sewage into soil and water supply network. How sewage network will work – by According to the project design, 3 sewage pump stations will be gravity or with pumps built in Chinaz district, they will pump water into the WWTP. Will private houses be able to We presented list of makhallas where sewage networks will be connect to the new network? built. In this makhallas private houses will be able to connect to network. In addition to this, it is planned that 7,750 local sanitary system will be installed in Chinaz district What are a size pipes which will be The diameter of pipe will vary from 160 mm until 500 mm. used in new sewage network? Contractor’s work should be well According to proposed institutional arrangement for the project monitored to make sure that work implementation, hired under this project, EPCM Consultant will will be done properly assist to PCU in supervision of the project works. They will be responsible for quality of work through daily checking construction sites. Yangiyul district, PC were conducted in administrative buildings of Yangiyul Khokimiyats on June 4 and June 28, 2019, number of participants - 80 Will roads after completion of the According to national legislation and to EMP provided in IEE, project works be rehabilitated by Contractor will be responsible for rehabilitation of roads the project? destroyed/ damaged during project works Who will be eligible to participate in Yes, any national or international firm which meet requirements project implementation? of bidding conditions, can participate. You have raised very important Yes, according to the EMP developed for this project, Contractor issue – safety during construction will be responsible to ensure proper implementation of OH&S works. We would like to ask to pay requirements on the project site for both: workers and community. more attention and increase We already discussed what kind of requirements will be applied Contractor’s responsibility in these for Contractor. In addition to this, EPCM and PCU itself will regards monitor proper implementation of OHSP requirements. The project should coordinate The project team works in close coordination with district construction works with khokimiyats. These questions will be discussed separately with other agencies: water, electricity, gas supply and etc.

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Issues raised Response implementation of the state program “Obod Qishloq”70 Could you please include “Umid” Please, check with TST’s representative’s inclusion of “Umid” makhalla area into the scope of the makhalla into the list of rehabilitated areas and if it is not included project? discuss possibility on inclusion. Also, please remember that 15,750 local sewage treatment facilities will be built in Yangiyul district.

7.2 Information Disclosure 579. The IEE report will be disclosed on ADB website. JSC will translate the summary of the IEE into Uzbek language and post it on JSC’s website,71 with the full report in Russian language, within two weeks after ADB’s clearance of the report. The printed copy of the documents (in Russian and Uzbek languages) will also be delivered to 6 hokimiyats for disclosure to the local people. 580. The SAEMRs will be disclosed on ADB website. The relevant information of the reports in Russian and Uzbek language will also be disclosed to the affected people by posting on JSC’s website.

70 “Obod Qishloq” is a state program implementing mostly on funds of government and dedicated on improvement of living conditions (rehabilitation of roads, external lightening, schools, hospitals and etc.) in the rural area 71 See footnote 33. 172

8 GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM 581. A project specific grievance redress mechanism (GRM) will be established after the project effectivity by co-opting the country legal requirements to receive and facilitate the resolution of project affected persons’ concerns, complaints and grievances about environmental and social safeguard at the project level. 582. The GRM will aim to provide a time bound and transparent mechanism to voice and resolve environmental and social concerns linked with the project. The main goals of GRM are ensuring the free submission and timely redress of grievances and remarks submitted by aggrieved from the project person and resolve complaints at the project level and prevent escalation to the national courts or ADB Accountability Mechanism. Along with the ADB requirements on development and approval of GRM by implementation of investment projects, grievance redress procedure in Uzbekistan is also regulated by the national legislation of Republic of Uzbekistan, in particular by the law “On Citizens’ Applications” and the law “On the order of submission of appeals of physical and legal entities” (2014). 583. The project specific GRM is not intended to bypass the government’s own redress process, rather it is intended to address project affected people’s concerns and complaints promptly, making it readily accessible to all segments of affected persons and is scaled to the risks and impacts of the project. Hence, depending on the nature and significance of the grievances or complaints, the GRM will comprise procedures to address grievances at the local level (through district subdivisions of TST). More serious complaints, which cannot be addressed at the local level, will be forwarded to Tashkent provincial level. The GRM for the current project considers the national legislation, the specificity of the project sites and results of public consultations. PCU under JSC will be responsible for establishment of GRM after the project effectivity and act as the GRM secretary to make sure that the GRM is operational to effectively handle environmental and social concerns of project affected persons. The proposing GRM was presented during the public consultations to affected people, discussed with representatives of Yangiyul and Chinaz districts, TST subdivisions, JSC representatives and manager of existing ADB PCU. 584. The submission procedure for grievances and citizens’ applications has been discussed during the public consultations in the project districts. In addition, the GRM was discussed with PPTA Social Team and updated into the format applicable for both aspects – environmental and social in term of land acquisition and resettlement. The affected households and communities will be made aware of the Project GRM they can follow to seek redress, including, if necessary, resort to the courts through the Government’s GRM. The affected households and communities are free to refer their complaints to the courts at any time during the GRM process. All costs involved in resolving the complaints (meetings, consultations, communication and reporting/information dissemination) will be borne by the Project. 585. After discussion with all parties, the following GRM was proposed which consisted of several levels:  Level 1. The aggrieved person applies to district subdivisions of TST. After registration received complaints, district TST will review nature/specificity of the complaint and will forward it to relevant party for resolving. In parallel, district TST informs JSC about received complaint. Depending on nature of complaint it may go to Contractor, Land Cadaster, Makhalla or district branch of Committee for Ecology and Environmental protection (Goskompriroda). For example, complaints related to resettlement issues may be forwarded to Land Cadaster, hokimiyat and makhallas. In case of environmental issue, compliant will be forwarded to Contractor or District Goskompriroda. In GRM implementation district TST will be assisted by EPCM and PCU-ESS. At this level

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complaint should be resolved during 2 weeks. The district subdivision of TST will inform the aggrieved person and JSC about undertaken measures.  Level 2. In case the grievance was not redressed on the first stage or applicant is not satisfied with the decision made/solution, s/he can submit the grievance directly to the ADB PCU in Tashkent. Thereafter, the received grievance will be reviewed by the PCU with the assistance of EPCM consultant and representatives of TST. In case the grievance is not related directly to the project, the further instance will be recommended to the applicant where s/he should apply for the decision making.  Level 3. If the issue was not solved or the applicant is dissatisfied with the decision/resolution, the aggrieved person may submit grievance to Economic Court where decision will be made in accordance with relevant national legislation. 586. People who are, or may in the future be, adversely affected by the project may submit complaints to ADB’s Accountability Mechanism. The Accountability Mechanism provides an independent forum and process whereby people adversely affected by ADB-assisted projects can voice, and seek a resolution of their problems, as well as report alleged violations of ADB’s operational policies and procedures. Before submitting a complaint to the Accountability Mechanism, affected people should make an effort in good faith to solve their problems by working with the concerned ADB operations department. Only after doing that, and if they are still dissatisfied, should they approach the Accountability Mechanism.32F72 Complaints referred to ADB Accountability Mechanism should be addressed to the Complaint Receiving Officer (CRO), Asian Development Bank, ADB Headquarters, 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City 1550, Metro Manila, Philippines (phone: +632-4444 loc 70309; email: [email protected]). Alternatively, the complaint may be submitted through ADB Uzbekisan Resident Mission. 587. Most of grievances on environmental issues are redressed at 1-2 levels. All grievances received from the population will be registered in a logbook which should be available at all levels: at the site office of Contractor, each subdivision of LLC TST and Tashkent province “Suvtaminot”. Even so, the information on received by Contractor grievances and applications from the aggregated persons and undertook measures should be submitted to the district subdivisions of “Tashkent Suvtaminot” for the accounting all grievances. Consequently / Thereafter the information on all received grievances will be collected at the province subdivision of “Tashkent Suvtaminot”. 588. The Contractor should include the information on grievances in monthly progress reports submitted to the province subdivision of “Tashkent Suvtaminot”, who in their turn will include aggregated information to the semiannual reports on environmental monitoring submitted to ADB.

72 Accountability Mechanism.http://www.adb.org/Accountability-Mechanism/default.asp. 174

Figure 68: Grievance Redress Process

9 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 589. The EMP compiles the comprehensive information gathering a summary of impacts previously identified, the actions required to mitigate those impacts in accordance with the laws of Uzbekistan and the ADB safeguard policy; and the monitoring activities that are to be undertaken as part of the project in order to confirm that they have been effective in reaching their objectives. 590. The EMP also details the institutional arrangements and capacities that currently exist, or that will be put in place during project implementation, to ensure that the IEE (including the EMP) has (i) comprehensively considered both Uzbek and ADB requirements for environmental protection, (ii) identified all likely environmental impacts, (iii) proposed appropriate mitigation measures, and (iv) put in place the necessary systems to ensure that effective procedures for environmental monitoring and control of the project impacts, and mitigation measures are implemented throughout the life of the project.

9.1 Environmental Mitigation measures 591. Mitigation measures required to address the impacts identified by this IEE have been consolidated in the following EMP (Table 62). The table provides information on anticipated impacts during the pre-construction, construction and operation phases with proposing mitigation measures, defining responsible party for their implementation. PCU-ESS, EPCM consultant’s Environmental Specialists and CEO will be responsible people for EMP implementation.

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592. Contractors will be required to prepare SSEMPs outlining how they intend to implement the EMP, describing the precise locations of the required mitigation /monitoring, the persons responsible for the mitigation / monitoring, the schedule and reporting methodology. The SSEMPs needs to include COVID-19 Health and Safety Management Plan and Emergency Response Plan, which are prepared based on risk assessment following relevant government regulations and guidelines or international best practices. The SSEMPs will be submitted to EPCM and then to PCU for approval at least 10 days before taking possession of any work site. No access to the site will be allowed until the SSEMPs are approved by EPCM and PCU.

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Table 63: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

Impact Mitigation measure Responsibility Cost Pre-construction stage Lack of proper  Ensure inclusion of environmental provision along with EMP in the bidding PCU with EPCM No cost required environmental documents and in contracts for Contractors; Consultant requirements  Within 30 days after contract award and prior to commencing any physical works, Site-specific Environmental Management plans (SSEMPs) will be developed by the Contractors under the guidance of the EPCM, and be endorsed by EPCM before submission to PCU for approval Improper assessment of  Bid’s evaluation needs to be done with consideration of capacity of bidders JSC, No cost required bidders’ environmental to meet EMPs requirements, proposing adequate budget efficient for PCU capacity implementation EMP, existence of good practice in environmental performance within other similar projects; Non-compliance with  Include the requirements indicated in the IEE into the final EMP. JSC, TST Will be founded TST national environmental  JSC, through TST, will obtain Statement on Environmental Consequences budget legislation in term of (SEC) approval Before the Project WWTPs go into operation conduction environmental impact assessment and required permission Generation of different  If there are any unanticipated impacts, the IEE/EMP will be updated to TST, Included in EPCM potential environmental account for any additional or new environmental impacts and relevant PCU with EPCM contract impacts due to changes corrective actions. Consultant in design, layout Non-compliance with  Goods procured for project implementation will be done in compliance with PCU with EPCM national and ADB Prohibited Investment Activities List set forth at Appendix 5 of ADB Consultant international SPS (2009); requirements during  Environmental specifications will be included in bidding packages for conduction bidding for purchase machinery within the project. Particularly, toxic level of purchase machinery machinery must meet “Euro 3” environmental requirements as defined by and mechanisms national regulations73; Improper SSEMPs and  Within 30 days after contract award and prior to commencing any physical Contractors develop Included in the SSEMPs development works, SSEMPs will be developed by the Contractors under the guidance SSEMPs Contractors budget of the EPCM, and be endorsed by EPCM before submission to PCU for EPCM review and approval; endorses  Topic specific plans need to be prepared by Contractors, endorsed by PCU approve EPCM and approved by PCU for the following activities: TMP for construction of distribution network within settlements, Waste management Plan for sites with demolishing works, Hazardous Wastes Management

73 Resolution of President of RUz “On measures for further development of production at the Samarkand automobile plant and renewal automobile park”, dated from December 14, 2006 177

Impact Mitigation measure Responsibility Cost Plans, Construction Camps Management Plan, OHSP, Spoil Management Plan and Waste Management Plan; Non-compliance of  After selection a DBC conduct odor and water dispersion modeling for Selected Design and Included in the technical parameters of finalizing technical parameters of the rehabilitated WWTPs. Build Contractor Contractors budget rehabilitated WWTPs (Contractor) with requirements for odor and water dispersion Construction stage Air pollution  apply watering of construction sites and roads inside settlements during Contractors implement Included in the dry season; Contractors budget  cover transported bulk materials; PCU and EPCM Consultant monitor $24,000 for installation  control speed limitation for vehicles during movement inside of implementation of noise and dust settlements - no more than 40 km/h; protection screen  all vehicles and techniques must comply with technical requirements and will pass regular inspection as indicated into the national standards74;  prohibit open burning of solid wastes generated particularly from labor camps and construction activities;  Clean wheels and under carriage of haul trucks prior to leaving construction site;  Restrict demolition activities during period of the high winds or under more stable conditions when winds could nevertheless direct dust towards adjacent communities;  Prepare and implement AMDP;  Vehicles are not allowed to idle onsite for more than 3-5 minutes. Noise and vibration  During construction period establish limits on speed for vehicles inside of Contractors implement Included in the settlements (40 km/h); Contractors budget  operation of heavy equipment will be conducted between 7 am and 7 pm PCU and EPCM only, limitation on speed for vehicles; Consultant monitor implementation  In case of receiving any complaints from population, noise measurements need to be conducted and in case of exceeding established standards, additional mitigation actions for decreasing noise level need to be undertaken (establishing temporary sound absorbing barriers and others);  Schedule construction so as to minimize the multiple use of the noisiest equipment near sensitive receivers (living houses or school);  Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) by workers involving in demolishing and construction works in conditions of increased noise level (more than 80dB) is mandatory;

74 “O’z DSt 1057:2004 Vehicles. Safety requirements for technical conditions” and “O’z DSt 1058:2004 Vehicles. Technical inspection. Method of control”. 178

Impact Mitigation measure Responsibility Cost  during pipe lying works in the site where digging of tranche will be implemented closer than 2 m to the wall use compact less noisy pipe lying techniques;  Inform population about anticipated works. Pollution of surface and  Construction and labor camps, including storage places for lubricant, fuel Contractors implement Included in the ground water and other oils will be located 100 m away from water bodies; Contractors budget  Refueling, oil replacement, and repair work will not be done within 50 m of PCU and EPCM surface water bodies; Consultant monitor implementation  Untreated wastewater and solid waste will not be released directly into water bodies;  Topsoil stripped material will not be stored where natural drainage will be disrupted;  Water quality will be monitored near Bekabad WWTP on Syrdarya river and next to Chinaz WWTP on drainage canal. Location of monitoring points, frequency and monitoring substances are presented in Environmental Monitoring Plan (Chapter 8.2).  all works related to digging on the depth more than 2 m need to be conducted during non-irrigation season. The irrigation season in that region is May-August.  If this period could not be avoided, use standards technology for construction in areas with high water logging: pumping water into the nearest drainage canal. Soil contamination  The topsoil of about 30 cm depth will be removed and stored separately Contractors implement Included in the during excavation work, and after the construction of the main trunk the Contractors budget same soil will be replaced on the top, in unpaved areas; PCU and EPCM  The excess topsoil and earth reminded after construction new WWTPs will Consultant monitor be used at other project sites or disposed at the places prior approved by implementation local government authorities and The State Committee for Ecology and Environmental protection (Goskompriroda);  To minimize soil compaction, movement of all type techniques will be allowed only through identified assess roads; Hazardous  Used oil will be collected into containers placed at the concreted sites and Contractors implement Included in the waste/materials disposed to national oil company designated for accepting and treatment Contractors budget of used oils; PCU and EPCM  Refueling vehicles and replacement oils also will be conducted in special Consultant monitor designated and properly equipped places. Emergency facilities will be at implementation the place for elimination of accident of oil spills.

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Impact Mitigation measure Responsibility Cost

 Used batteries will be collected separately and transferred to the local branches “Cvetmet”75 for further disposal. PCB from Construction/ Contractors implement Included in the rehabilitation of WWTPs  Used oil from demolishing transformers produced before 1993 will be Contractors budget analyzed on content of PCBs. This analysis will be conducted by the PCU and EPCM designated specialist from Uzbekenergo – national electrical company Consultant monitor authorized on handling used transformers. Or these analyses could be implementation undertaken by Environmental Specialist of EPCMC Consultant on equipment which was purchased within Second Tashkent Province Water Supply Development Project76 Phase II for PCBs testing. If PCBs are found in the transformers’ oil, all transformers will be carefully handled and disposed without pouring oil and avoiding oil leakage. Transformers contained PCBs will be labeled with sign “Content PCB” and disposed in accordance with " Rules for the organization of accounting, operation and storage of equipment, materials and waste containing PCBs”.77 Notification on presence of such equipment will be sent to the SCEEP (Goskompriroda) and Sanitarian Epidemiological Station for their further actions78;  If demolishing transformers do not contain PCBs, they will be disposed in accordance with national regulation “Safety regulations for the maintenance of electrical consumers”, Approved by State Inspection under Uzenergonadzor, 2004 and Regulation guideline 34-301-941:2007 “Individual norms for oil usage for repairing and maintenance needs for equipment of energy enterprises”.  A separate Waste Management Plan needs to be developed by Contractor, endorsed by EPCM and approved by PCU for the construction sites with demolishing works. The Plan will include information about type of generating wastes, procedure of their collection and disposal; Health impacts due to For Construction/rehabilitation of WWTPs; Contractors implement Included in the air borne asbestos if  Prior to commencement of rehabilitation works at the WWTPs, CEO with Contractors budget handled unsafely, cut, EPCM-IES or EPCM-NES will conduct vision observation of old buildings PCU and EPCM drilled or broken into and facilities on presence of asbestos materials. Consultant monitor pieces  Develop AMDP that includes identification of hazards, the use of proper implementation safety gear and disposal methods. (Sample AMDP is provided in Appendix

75 Local entity responsible for collection and treatment non-ferrous metals 76 See footnote 57. 77 See footnote 59. 78 At the stage of IEE preparation, the Government of Uzbekistan is developing “national Guidebook on POP handling”. If by the beginning of the construction works, the Guidebook be completed, the contractor has to follow this national Guidebook. 180

Impact Mitigation measure Responsibility Cost 2) Any activities involving asbestos materials will be prohibited until the AMDP is approved by the PCU and the EPCM Consultant.  Conduct awareness program on safety during the construction work  Provide barricades, and deploy security personnel to ensure safe movement of people and also to prevent unnecessary entry and to avoid accidental fall into open trenches For Reconstruction and construction of sewage network;  Undertake the construction work stretch-wise; excavation, pipe laying and trench refilling will be completed on the same day  Identify risk of intervention with existing asbestos concrete pipes. If there is significant risk, implement the AMDP strictly that includes identification of hazards, the use of proper safety gear and disposal methods.  During rehabilitation of existing sewage network, make sure that old pipes (especially asbestos) are not excavated or touched. The new pipes will be laid along to the existing networks.  Maintain records of asbestos concrete pipes as per the AMDP Non-hazardous  Segregation of wastes on recyclable and non-recyclable wastes; Contractors implement Included in the materials  Selling recyclable wastes to relevant organizations (paper, scraps, Contractors budget accumulators) and timely disposal of non-recyclable wastes to the landfill, PCU and EPCM determinate by local hokimiyats. Consultant monitor  Waste disposal needs to be done in accordance with agreement concluded implementation between Contractor and local agency “Toza hudud”79 in timely (no more than 3 days) manner only on official landfills;  Providing hydro isolated septic tank for collecting waste waters at the camp sites and bio toilets for workers at the construction sites and timely disposal of waste waters to the local WWTPs.  Burning of waste on any construction site is forbidden Biological resources  At the project details stage select an alignment of pipeline in a way which Contractors implement Included in the allows to minimize cutting of trees and bushes; Contractors budget  Conduction of a preliminary survey together with Contractor and respective PCU and EPCM representative of Goskompriroda to define trees for cutting and payments Consultant monitor Cost for tree (non-fruits) in accordance with CMR # 290 dated from 2014. implementation for fees is  Construction during agricultural off- season may further minimize the approximately $9,200 impact (loss of agricultural income). Major crops in the project affected are (included in LARP) wheat, sunflower, vegetables and cotton, which growing seasonally;  If cutting trees is unavoidable, compensation calculations will be prepared by SCEEP representatives in accordance with Resolution of Cabinet Ministries of Uzbekistan #290 (2014). The project will pay the required compensation following the LARP.

79 See footnote 61. 181

Impact Mitigation measure Responsibility Cost  Local people will be compensated if their crops are destroyed during construction.  Do not use chemicals or burning for removal of vegetation;  Greening of WWTPs as part of the project design;  Location of construction camps inside WWTPs will be selected in order to minimize non-necessary cutting of trees and removing vegetation. Health and safety  Contractor and EPCM will inform population about anticipated works in the Contractors implement Included in the issues settlement in advance; Contractors budget  Contractors will require to develop a TMP with clear indication routes of PCU and EPCM vehicles’ movements, placement special signs, and speeding allowance Consultant monitor inside of the settlements and schedule transportation activities by avoiding implementation peak traffic periods. Template for TMP is presented in Appendix 3. The TMPs will be approved by Traffic Police and disclosed to local community prior commencement of construction works on respective sites;  Clear signs will be placed at construction sites in view of the public, warning people of potential dangers such as moving vehicles, hazardous materials, excavations etc. and raising awareness on safety issues.  Contractor will require to install temporary bridges and effectively organize works, which will allow avoid unreasonable delaying of construction works;  All construction sites (especially inside settlements) must be properly lightened and fenced;  After completion works all roads will be rehabilitated at least up to condition of pre-construction stage.  Development OHSP, which covers among others the following topics: usage of PPE, working procedure with hazardous materials (such as asbestos materials, PCBs etc.), training activities and others. The workers will be provided with appropriate living conditions: safe water supply, washing conditions.  Contractor will comply with requirements of Labor Code of Uzbekistan (1998) and standards on work and health safety80;  Contractors will develop OHSP, EPCM will review and endorse and PCU will approve OHSP;  Contractors will ensure proper implementation of OHSP;  TST will coordinate works with local municipalities – khokimiyats and Traffic Police.  Carry out regular awareness campaigns among work staff, including specific hazards associated with the spread of HIV/AIDS  Comply with requirements of Labor Code of Uzbekistan (1998) and standards on work and health safety81;

80 Construction Norms and Rules # 3.01.01-03. Organization of Construction works. 2003 81 Construction Norms and Rules # 3.01.01-03. Organization of Construction works. 2003 182

Impact Mitigation measure Responsibility Cost  Ensure that all site personnel have a regular safeguards training and basic level of environmental awareness training;  Ensuring all workers are provided with and required to use personal COVID-19 impact  In conditions of pandemic risk organize works in accordance with Contractors implement Included in the Temporary Sanitarian Norms and Rules (SanN&R) # 0372-20; PCU and EPCM Contractors budget  Ensure proper recording and reporting of any cases of infection and Consultant monitor undertaken actions. implementation  The contractors will be required to (i) assess implications of the project- level COVID-19 related risks and impacts; (ii) identify necessary risk mitigation measures; and (iii) prepare a COVID-19 Health and Safety Management Plan as part of the OHSP. The COVID-19 Health and Safety Management Plan will be aligned with any government regulations and guidelines on COVID-19 prevention and control, or in the absence thereof, with international good practice guidelines as may be updated from time to time. The COVID-19 Health and Safety Management Plan will be reviewed by the EPCM Consultant in consultation with public health inspectors of the area, local medical officers and other relevant health specialists, with a recommendation forwarded to the CPU for clearance. The status and adequacy of project’s COVID-19 response will be fully documented in the SAEMRs. Construction camps  Development of Construction Camps Management Plan as part of Contractors implement Included in the SSEMPs. Contractors budget  Construction Camps Management Plan will describe waste collection and PCU and EPCM disposal procedure, set up of camp facilities (such as a storage place for Consultant monitor construction materials and techniques if any, laundry and toilets, access implementation roads).  If washing equipment and vehicle is planning to be conducted at the labor/construction camp’s site, appropriate wastewater treatment facilities will be organized on the camp and respective permissions on water intake and wastewater disposal need to be received by Contractor from Goskompriroda Provide safe and adequate living conditions for workers, such as dining rooms, toilets, shower rooms etc.  Contractors will instruct all the workers to act in a responsible manner. After completion works, construction camps;  After completion of the main construction Contractor will provide full reinstatement of the construction and camp sites by bringing them to its primary condition;  Remove all rubbish, or temporary structures (such as buildings, shelters, and latrines) which are no longer required; and  The area that previously housed the construction camp is to be checked for spills of substances such as oil, paint, etc. and these will be cleaned up;  All hardened surfaces within the construction camp area will be ripped, all imported materials removed; 183

Impact Mitigation measure Responsibility Cost  EPCM will conduct post-construction audit during defect liability period to make sure that construction sites and camps are properly cleaned and restored to pre-project conditions before acceptance of works before hand- over to Tashkent Province Suvoqova and local khokimiyats. Archeological heritages:  Excavation and other works need to be suspended immediately; Contractors implement Included in the Chance of finding  Area with possible heritage will be fenced with fencing tape; Contractors budget heritage  A designated focal point from a local administration (khokimiyat) needs to PCU and EPCM be informed and invited for assessment of potential heritage and undertaken Consultant monitor necessary actions; implementation  Civil works at the finding place could be recommenced after obtaining permission from the focal point. Representative from Khokimiyat assist in assessment and undertake necessary actions

Installation of solar  Proper storage and dispose wastes to the relevant waste recycling Contractors implement Included in the panels agencies; Contractors budget  During installation works ensure implementation of Operation Health and PCU and EPCM Safety requirements. Consultant monitor implementation Operation phase Impact on air  Ensure proper functioning of WWTP in accordance with established TST Included in TST requirements (para 422); operational costs

 In case of complaints on odors from population, to implement additional

measures such as additional greening of the territory;  Watering of earth during maintenance works on WWTP;  Immediately replacing defective equipment and removing it from the work site;  Workers working close to aeration tanks will use PPE - respiratory protection including respirators with clean filtered air supply, personal protective equipment (clothes, gloves and goggles).

Odor impact  Conduct H2S measurements on the working places with high risk TST Included in TST (Headworks’ area, primary clarifiers, solids holding and thickening tanks, operational costs aerobic digesters, dewatering systems, solids loading areas);  In case of exceeding norms for working area (Table 58), find the sources of emissions and apply mitigation measures. Wnsure that all workers are wearing PPE during repairing works;  Conduct monitoring of odor level in settlement as per receiving complaints from population and in case of exceeding standards (Table 58) apply

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Impact Mitigation measure Responsibility Cost additional mitigation measures (trees, additional fences and applying chemicals). Impact on water  Ensure proper functioning of WWTP in accordance with established TST Included in TST resources requirements (para 422); operational costs

 Immediately replacing defective equipment and removing it from the work

site;  Conduct continuously monitoring WWTPs’ operation and quality of water in water bodies – receiver of treated water (Chapter 7, Table 40). Waste management  Ensure proper and timely sludge disposal for agriculture or landfills TST Included in TST operational costs  Waste segregation on recycling and non-recycling will be applied of

WWTPs. All recycled wastes will be sold to the processing companies and

non- recycled will be disposed on municipal landfills;  Awareness program on proper and timely wastewater disposal for population in the project districts will be conducted;  Ensure proper maintenance of the septic tanks and timely removal sludge from tanks;  Discharging chemical’s reagents residual into water stream without treatment will be prohibited Health safety  Providing required facilities: storage of SHC in well ventilated rooms; TST Included in TST operational costs  Applying special marking for containers with this agent;

 Using vehicles with increased safety measures for transportation;  Special procedure needs to be developed and applied for utilization leakages. AMDP = Asbestos Materials Disposal Plan, CEO = Contractor’s Environmental officer, COVID-19 = coronavirus diseases, DBC = Design and Build Contractor, EMP = Environmental Management Plan, EPCM = Engineering, Procurement, Construction Management, IEE = Initial Environmental Examination , IES = International Environmental Specialist, NES = National Environmental Specialist , OHSP = Occupational Health and Safety Plan, PCB = polychlorinated biphenyls, PCU = Project Coordination Unit, PPE = Personal Protective Equipment, SCEEP = State Committee on Ecology and Environmental Protection, SHC = Sodium Hypochlorite, SSEMP = Site-Specific Environmental Management Plan, SPS = Safeguard Policy Statement, TMP = Traffic Management Plan, TST = Tashkent Suv Ta’minot, JSC = Join Stock Companies “Uzsuvtaminot”, WWTP = Waste Water Treatment Plant

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9.2 Environmental Monitoring 593. To ensure that mitigation actions are implemented in accordance with the requirements of the EMP, monitoring will be undertaken as follows:  Instrumental Monitoring for environmental quality such as air, water, soil quality and noise level. Costs for this equipment and services are included in EPCM Consultant budget. Schedules, parameters, locations are indicated are presented in Table 64.  Observational Monitoring – Throughout the Projects Construction phase, EPCM will continually monitor the Contractors actions. This will be achieved through weekly inspections of the Contractors environmental performance by EPCM’s national environmental specialist (EPCM-NES) throughout the construction period. EPCM will have the right to suspend works or payments if the Contractor is in violation of any of his obligations under the EMP and SSEMPs. 594. Developed within current IEE an Environmental Monitoring Plan provides details on required measurements, the locations of measurements points, frequency and responsibilities associated with each monitoring task (Table 63). 595. Besides instrumental environmental monitoring indicated into Table 63, monitoring of EMP’s implementation will be carried out. For efficient implementation of this activity, it is proposed that several levels of supervision activities need to be undertaken: (i) daily inspection by CEO, (ii) monthly inspection by EPCM-NES, and (iii) periodic audit (quarterly) by PCU-ESS. 596. Results of environmental performance including monitoring activity will be properly documented and reported. As indicated in EMP and Chapter 8, each Contractor will perform a book logbook with information about conducted training on EH&S for workers and another book for registration accidents during the civil works. Original records on results of required instrumental environmental monitoring (air and water quality) also need to be kept in the separate file for records. 597. It is recommended that prior commencement of the civil works Contractors with assistance of EPCM will develop a format for site inspection to optimize a process of environmental supervision. The format may could be in form of checklist with list of mitigation measures to be implemented at the construction sites, their performance status and some explanations as required.

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Table 64: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN

Mitigation Parameter to Location Frequency Responsibility Standards Cost82 measures be monitored Construction Stage

Air quality NOx, SO2, CO, WWTP Construction sites Quarterly; and Contractor will hire Hygienic norms. List of Cost for hiring PM10 (5 sites) located within Per complaints certified laboratory Maximum Allowable external settlements from people on air to conduct analysis Concentrations (MACs) of laboratory is pollution pollutants in ambient air of included in EPCM communities in the Republic budget – $24,000

of Uzbekistan including Annex 1. SanR&N RUz No.0179-04 Dust Construction sites located On daily base Contractor Hygienic norms. List of Dust within settlements Maximum Allowable measurement Concentrations (MACs) of devices (2 units) pollutants in ambient air of – $400. The cost communities in the Republic will be included in of Uzbekistan including Annex EPCM budget. 1. SanR&N RUz No.0179-04 Noise level Noise level Living houses located next Monthly; and Contractor, EPCM 1. "Sanitarian Noise to construction sites Per complaints Norms of allowed level of noise measurement from people on at the construction sites” devices (2 units) – $400. The cost noise disturbance SanR&N №0120-01 during construction is included in 2. SanR&N No.026709 EPCM budget Sanitarian Rules and Norms on providing allowed noise level into the living building, public building and territory of living areas Water 1. Visual a) Syrdarya river, 1. Visual during 1. Contractor 1. Absence of oil films on the1. 1. No costs is quality monitoring of Bekabad WWTP (figure each visit of water bodies surface. needed surface water 19, points #3 and 4), construction site (at 2-3. Contract will 2. If baseline shows non on existence oil b) Angren river, Almalyk least weekly). exceeding standards indicated film and turbidity hire certified Cost for water WWTP (figure 12, points 2. Baseline – laboratory to in “Sanitarian requirements for quality analysis 2. Oil products, #3 and 4) before construction conduct analysis development and approval of will be included in dry residual, works and after on maximum allowed discharges с) Angren river, Angren EPCM budget - BOD, COD, pH, WWTP quarterly base and (MAD) of pollutants discharged $19,200 ammonia, SO4 per complaints from into the water bodies with (figure 7, points #3 and 4) people waste waters”. SanR&N No

82 See Table 67. 187

Mitigation Parameter to Location Frequency Responsibility Standards Cost82 measures be monitored d) Collector in Chinaz 0088-99, this standard need to district, next to Chinaz be used. If baseline exceeds WWTP standards (for example as in 100 m before and 500 m Table 9) use baseline after construction site; indicators for comparison.

Soil quality Oil products, For points around each Bi-annually EPCM Table 21, Chapter 2 2. Cost for soil Heave metals area with sludge beds quality analysis will be included in EPCM budget - $ 15,200 per set of samples Operation Stage Air quality Odor WWTP working places, On annual base TST Recommended odor level as Cost is included Closest settlements Per complaints indicated in Table 58 into the annual from people on budget of TST odor Water Wastewater After each stage of In accordance with TST, WWTP’s staff Water quality will comply with Cost is included quality quality on treatment process WWTP procedure requirements for treatment in into the annual different stages (at least on daily KMK (Construction norms and budget of TST of treatment base) Rules) 20.04.03-96 Sewage. External networks and Buildings, para 6.10 Water quality Rivers where wastewater In accordance with Tashkent province Hygienic norms for surface Cost is included before and are discharged. State branch of SCEEP water protection on the into the annual WWTP 100 m before discharge Environmental territory of Republic of budget of SCEEP and 500 m before Monitoring Program Uzbekistan # 0172-04, discharge Attachment # 1 Sludge Presence of WWTPs’ drying beds Prior usage sludge TST Content of heavy metals will Cost is included quality Heavy metals as a fertilizer comply with standards into the annual indicated in Table 5 of this IEE budget of TST Timely Level of sludge Households where septic Annually PPP Level of sludge will not exceed Cost will be sludge in household tanks were installed half of effective volume of included in PPP disposal septic tanks septic tanks (de-sludged only annual budget from septic when they are at least half full) tanks

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9.3 Reporting 598. During construction, environment officer of contractor(s) is responsible for the preparation of weekly environmental checklists and environmental section of the contractor’s monthly progress reports. The reports should comprehensively address all relevant aspects of environmental requirements and, in particular, all environmental audits undertaken during the period covered by the report. The monthly reports will be reviewed and endorsed by the contractor’s project manager and then submitted to the EPCM and PCU for review. 599. EPCM will prepare Quarterly Progress Reports to PCU which includes the information on the implementation and compliance with the EMP/SSEMPs, including information on oil spills, accidents, grievance received, if any, and appropriate actions taken. 600. Based on the contractor’s monthly environmental reports, observation from the site visit and the EPCM’s Quarterly Progress Reports, the EPCM will support PCU in preparing semi- annual environmental monitoring reports (SAEMRs), which will be submitted to ADB for disclosure until ADB’s Project Completion Report is issued (in January and July every year). Within three months after completion of all civil works, a report on the project's environmental compliance performance (including lessons learned that may help the PCU in their environmental monitoring of future projects) will also be prepared. This report will be part of the input to the overall Project Completion Report. 601. During the operation phase, PCU will collect environmental monitoring information from TST, for the preparation of the SAEMRs. In case the liability period ends before ADB’s Project Completion Report’s issuance, PCU itself will prepare the SAEMRs. 602. The SAEMRs will be disclosed on ADB website. The relevant information of the reports in Russian and Uzbek language will also be disclosed to the affected people by posting on JSC’s website. 83 In addition to the above-mentioned reports, in case of any accident related to occupational and community health and safety, PCU is expected to (i) report to ADB within 72 hours, and (ii) prepare and submit an incident report with action plan within 7 days of the occurrence. EPCM will support the PCU in preparing such reports.

9.4 Implementation arrangements

9.4.1 Institutional arrangements 603. JSC is a central government body with overall responsibility to improve water supply and wastewater services nationwide. Currently ADB funded projects are being implemented in JSC under the PCU management. ADB PCU has generally good procurement capacity and well- established procurement processes. ADB PCU is well familiar with ADB procurement guidelines because PCU is implementing ADB projects since 2009. 604. The PCU at JSC will be responsible for implementation of EMP to comply with ADB’s safeguards requirements and environmental national regulations. Currently the PCU has an Environmental and Social Specialists. Under the project, the PCU will hire another full-time Environmental Safeguards Specialist (PCU-ESS) exclusively for this project, who will be assisted by the EPCM’s international environmental specialist (EPCM-IES) and EPCM-NES in overseeing the implementation of the EMP and health and safety matters. The cost for environmental supervision will be included in the consulting service of the EPCM. PCU is responsible for overall environmental compliance with ADB SPS (2009).

83 See footnote 33. 189

605. In addition to the full-time CEO and the EPCM-NES backed up with an EPCM-IES, it is required that PCU designate a full-time safeguard position (PCU-ESS) to manage and coordinate the contractors and EPCM in reporting to the Communal Services Agency (CSA) and ADB on safeguard performance of the project. PCU is responsible for overall EMP implementation and will be assisted by the EPCM. 606. The PCU-ESS should have at least a bachelor’s degree in environmental sciences or equivalent, with at least 5 years’ working experience in conducting environmental impact assessments and implementation of environment mitigation plans and/or monitoring implementation of environmental mitigation measures during implementation of projects including foreign aided road project. Fluent in English, Russian and Uzbek. 607. The PCU-ESS’s responsibilities include the following, but not limited to: (i) Ensure all necessary government permits and license, including ecological expertise opinion, for all civil works will be obtained; (ii) Ensure inclusion of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) in bid and contract documents; (iii) Review and clear contractor’s Site-Specific EMPs (SSEMPs); (iv) Ensure that the SSEMPs contain COVID-19 health and safety management plan following international good practice and relevant national/local requirements; (v) Carry out public consultation during project implementation; (vi) Establish a GRM after the project becomes effective and act as the GRM secretary to make sure that the GRM is operational to effectively handle environmental and social concerns of project affected persons; (vii) Build up and sustain institutional capacity in environmental management; (viii) Supervise contractors and EPCM consultant in implementation of the EMP and health and safety matters for overall compliance with ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (2009) requirements and project environment-related legal covenants. (ix) Conduct environmental monitoring and ensure that the day-to-day construction activities are carried out following the EMP and SSEMPs and in an environmentally sound and sustainable manner; (x) Ensure corrective actions are implemented when necessary; (xi) Prepare semi-annual environmental monitoring reports (SAEMRs) and submit to ADB for disclosure, within 30 days after a completion of the monitoring period, until ADB’s Project Completion Report is issued; (xii) Disclose relevant information from environmental safeguards documents (including SAEMRs) to affected persons; (xiii) Report in a timely manner to ADB of any non-compliance or breach of ADB safeguard requirements. (xiv) Update the project’s Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) in case of unanticipated impacts. 608. The EPCM is tasked with specific responsibility to assist PCU in ensuring safeguard compliance of civil works – with particular emphasis on the monitoring of implementation of EMP through the Contractors SSEMPs and related aspects of the project. EPCM will assign an EPCM- IES (4 person-months) and 2 EPCM-NES (8 person-months for design stage [1 specialist] and 50 person-months [2 specialists] for construction and post-construction stage) to ensure that the Contractor is compliant with its environmental obligations, and ensure compliance with environmental and social safeguards, including the EMP, SSEMPs, health and safety standards and core labor standards. It is required that the EPCM-IES provides a short training program to the PCU safeguard person including PCU-ESS and CEO prior to the start of construction to

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develop their knowledge and understanding of the environmental, social, health and safety aspects of the Project. 609. The EPCM-IES, with the support of the EPCM-NES, will be responsible for supervising the contractor’s environmental performance, coordinating the public consultations and project GRM, and assisting PCU to prepare SAEMRs. 610. During the pre-construction stage, s/he will prepare a detailed action plan including environmental monitoring checklists to be completed by the EPCM-NES to ensure that the Environmental Management System is established, implemented, maintained and will monitor its performance. S/he will also take care of all environmental issues during construction works. 611. S/he will also conduct environmental training and briefings to provide environmental awareness on ADB and the government environmental safeguards policies, requirements and standard operating procedures in conformity with the government’s regulations and international practice for project; ensure baseline and periodic monitoring and reporting of Contractor’s compliance with contractual environmental mitigation measures during the construction stage. S/he will also help with the development of the Contractors’ SSEMPs. 612. Detailed tasks: (i) Assist PCU and the EPCM’s team leader in managing and implementing the project and ensuring compliance with the project implementation plan, the loan agreement, and the project agreement(s), particularly with ADB SPS (2009) requirements, and the project IEE; (ii) Review the IEE including the EMP to understand the project’s environmental safeguards requirement, and assist PCU in updating the IEEs in case of unanticipated impacts; (iii) Conduct trainings, workshops, and other knowledge sharing sessions on lessons and good practices on safeguards, health and safety, etc. to the PCU staff (including PCU-ESS) and contractor’s staff (especially the contractor’s environmental officer, the contractor’s health and safety officer), and build capacity of relevant staff to undertake their tasks in EMP implementation and monitoring. One of the trainings should be conducted prior to the start of construction to develop the knowledge and understanding of the environmental, health and safety aspects of the project; (iv) Ensure that all the environmental mitigation measures required to be implemented are incorporated into the contract documents; (v) Assist PCU in reviewing the SSEMPs prepared by contractor(s) and provide clearance; (vi) Ensure that the contractors (and its subcontractors, if any) comply with the relevant measures and requirements set forth in the IEE and any corrective or preventative actions set out in SAEMRs; (vii) Assist PCU in supervising and monitoring the EMP/SSEMPs implementation and in preparation of SAEMRs for further submission to ADB; and (viii) Support PCU in resolving project-related complaints/grievances; (ix) Assist PCU in organizing and conducting consultations and awareness-raising activities; (x) Contribute inputs to the EPCM’s Quarterly Progress Reports, highlighting potential and actual issues and/or problems related to the EMP/ SSEMPs and recommending corrective measures for PCU’s actions; (xi) Upon completion of the civil works, prepare a report on the project's environmental compliance performance; including lessons learned that may help PCU in their

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environmental monitoring of future projects. This report will be part of the input to the overall Project Completion Report. 613. EPCM-IES’s Qualification: Master’s degrees in environmental science or equivalent, with at least 12 years of continuous experience working in the field of environmental management, for internationally funded infrastructure development projects. The specialist should be familiar with ADB SPS (2009) as well as having experience in ADB-financed infrastructure development projects including road projects, as an environmental specialist. The specialist should be guided by the government’s procedures on environmental management, ADB SPS (2009), the project IEE and the EMP/SSEMPs. Training skills would also be an advantage. Working knowledge in Russian Language and experience in Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries is preferred. 614. EPCM-IES’s Time Period: The EPCM -IES should be engaged on a part-time basis for a period of four months spread over the duration of the construction period. The specific on-site inputs will be determined by the EPCM and PCU. 615. The EPCM-NES will support the EPCM-IES in conducting his/her tasks. S/he will also undertake periodic audit and monitor the contractor’s activities. S/he will (i) review all documents and reports regarding the integration of environmental including contractor’s environmental action plan, and (ii) supervise the contractors' compliance to EMP/SSEMPs. 616. EPCM-NES’s Qualification: Degree in environmental sciences or equivalent. Preferably five (5) years’ experience in conducting environmental impact assessments and implementation of environment mitigation plans and/or monitoring implementation of environmental mitigation measures during implementation of projects including road projects funded by developing partners. 617. Contractors will be responsible for implementation of mitigation measures. Within 30 days after contract award and prior to commencing any physical works, SSEMPs will be developed by the Contractors under the guidance of the EPCM and be endorsed by EPCM before submission to PCU for approval. SSEMPs are the documents that the Contractors should prepare outlining how it intends to implement the EMP and ensure that all mitigation and monitoring measures are completed according to the implementation arrangements specified in this EMP. SSEMPs will be needed for major environmental issues and most critical sites relating to sensitive receptors. During construction, the Contractors must retain the expertise of a full-time CEO to implement and continually update the SSEMPs, and to report on the implementation of mitigation measures throughout the contract period. 618. As it was recommended for TPWSSP Phase I and Phase II, TST will hire full-time Environmental and Social Safeguard Specialist (TST-ESSS) who will be in charge for implementation of EMP and ensure compliance with national environmental requirements during operation phase. Along with implementation mitigation measures indicated in EMP, he/she will be responsible for in-time development and submission of environmental reports to the PCU (until ADB’s project completion report is issued), Statistical Committee of Uzbekistan and SCEEP; obtaining and timely updating permissions on discharge wastewater, exhausted gases in air and disposal of solid wastes; special permission on water use. 619. SCEEP of Tashkent province will be also involved in the process of project implementation and further operation. SCEEP will monitor implementation of requirements indicated in Positive Environmental Conclusions. Inspectors from district branches of SCCEP. Representatives of the Committee will also participate into the hand-over process as member of State Acceptance Commission. Before each WWTP commission, SCEEP will review and approve SEC which will be prepared by TST.

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Ministry of Finance Ministry of Housing (MOF), Ministry of and Communal Asian Development Investment and Foreign Services Bank Trade (MIFT), and other (MHCS) (ADB) concerned agencies

Join Stock Companies “Uzsuvtaminot”

Project Coordination Unit(PCU) Tashkent Suv Taminot Env/Soc Safeguards Specialist (TST)

Engineering, Procurement, Construction Project Management, Coordination, Management (EPCM) Consultant, Inter. Capacity Building (PMCCB) Consultant and Nat. Env.Consultants

Service Providers and Contractors for Service Providers and Contractors for Output 1 Components Output 2 Components

Contracts for Output 1: Urban and Rural Contracts for Output 2: Institutional capacity Sanitation Systems with inclusive and of operator for sustainable sanitation climate friendly features enhanced. This services delivery strengthened. This output output includes: (a) centralized sewerage will improve the capacity of TPS through systems in the cities of Akhangaran, Almalyk, corporate development training and coaching Angren, Bekabod, Chinaz, Chirchik, and in the areas of asset management; human Yangiyul improved, including (i) rehabilitation resource management; financial management; and/or upgrading of four WWTPs, and technical wastewater management; and O&M construction of one new WWTP, with a management. In addition, treatment plant combined capacity of 394,000 m3/day; (ii) managers and O&M operators in the project rehabilitation or construction of 114 km of areas will receive training provided by the sewerage collectors and 238 km of sewerage design-build contractors. networks; and (iii) installation of 50,000 water meters; and (b) decentralized wastewater disposal systems in 70 rural settlements in Zangiota, Yangiyul and Chinaz districts established, including: (i) installation of 23,500 individual household septic tanks; (ii) provision of 21 septage vacuum trucks; (iii) operationalization of a septage management unit in the TPS; (iv) formulation of a septage management program to rationalize and expand septage collection and disposal services; and (v) design and implementation of a sanitation and hygiene awareness program to improve community awareness and understanding of sanitation best practices.

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Figure 69: Project’s institutional structure and environmental team

9.4.2 Capacity building activity 620. It is proposed the Project’s capacity building on environmental aspects will cover three main directions: i) PCU’s capacity on EMP implementation during construction stage - to enhance PCU’s capacity on the EMP implementation EPCM-IES will provide respective training for PCU-ESS and further assistance in monitoring SSEMPs implementation and guidelines for CEO as required. ii) TST’s capacity on overall environmental performance during the project operation – EPCM jointly with PCU-ESS will develop and conduct training program on general compliance with national environmental requirements such as timely receiving necessary permission, conduction monitoring of environmental performance and submission reports to respective national agencies and etc. iii) awareness program for population in the project area – for the project sustainability it is important along with physical interventions, institutional improvements and financial enhancing, to increase people awareness about water resources use. The program should be targeted on two groups of people – (i) households, daily consumers and (ii) young generation (pupils, colleges’ students). The program should be developed by EPCM and implemented along with the project construction activities. Under the project institutional capacity building program to be conducted by the project, PMCCB consultant, a septage management unit within TST will be established, trained and operationalized to manage septage collection, hauling and disposal at wastewater treatment plants. As part of the project components, 21 septic tank vacuum trucks will be provided to this unit for its operation. The unit will send its operators to the residents upon request for service. During the project construction period, the contractors will provide user’s manuals (including the information on the need for regular desludging of septic tanks, treatment and proper disposal of the septage and the mechanism, fees for doing so, and information on items that should not be put down household drains and flushed down toilets) to homeowners when installing the septic tanks. In addition, the project community health and hygiene campaign will provide leaflets to households that include instructions for service call and hotline numbers. Septic tanks will be emptied by TST septic tank service operators (using vacuum trucks) and sludge will be transported to a wastewater treatment plant receiving inlet for treatment and disposal together with the WWTP sludge. 621. In case of determining a presence of PCBs in oil from old transformers and asbestos materials in demolishing buildings, separate training for handling and disposal of hazardous materials to be conducted for PCU and Contractors by EPCM. The tentative plan of required training is presented in Table 64. Table 65: Tentative program of training for PCU, TST and Contractors staff

Name of training Time Recipients Organizer 1 Overall EMP implementation, Prior PCU-ESS EPCM Environmental Monitoring Reports commencement of preparation the civil works 2 SSEMPs implementation Prior Contractors’ workers CEO with support commencement of of EPCM the civil works 3 Handling and disposal of hazardous Before starting PCU-ESS, EPCM materials respective works Contractors’ workers

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4 On occupational health and safety Regularly during Contractors’ workers CEO with support construction and TST staff of EPCM, operation period TST safety Engineer 5 Handling and disposal chemicals from Regularly during Staff of existing and TST water quality laboratories of TST operation phase new water quality laboratories CEO = Contractor’s Environmental Officer, EMP = Environmental Management Plan, EPCM = Engineering, Procurement, Construction Management, PCU-ESS = Project Coordination Unit-Environmental Safeguards Specialist, SSEMP = Site-Specific Environmental Management Plan, TST = Tashkent Suv Taminot

9.4.3 Cost estimation for EMP implementation 622. Costs required for implementing the EMP will cover the following activities: (i) Conduction instrumental environmental monitoring of air and water by Contractors; (ii) Conduction environmental monitoring measures and getting necessary permissions; and (iii) Awareness program including organizing of education center. 623. Although some of the measures included in EMP are an integral part of the civil works (watering, storage of topsoil and etc.), some measures (implementation of Asbestos Management Disposal Plan (AMDP), temporary bridges) are required additional funds. Cost estimation for EMP by the main items are presented in Table 65:

Table 66. Indicative Cost Estimate for Contractor’s Environmental Management Description Unit Quantity Rate Amount Tree Planting lumpsum 84 $9,200 $9,200 Installation of noise and dust protection screen lumpsum 84 $24,000 $24,000 Contractor’s Environmental Officer month 85 50 $300 $15,000 Contractor’s Safety Officer month 50 $300 $15,000 Training set 1 $300 $300 Asbestos Management Facility contract 6 86 $500 $3,000 Sub-Total $66,500 Contingencies (10%) $6,650 Total: $76,150

Table 67. Cost Estimate for the EPCM’s Environmental Monitoring87 Description Unit Quantity Rate Amount Air Quality (SO2, NO2, 100 (4 times/year x 5 years x 5 5 sites, quarterly $240 $24,000 CO, PM10)88 locations) Dust Device 2 $200 $400 Noise level Device 2 $200 $400 4 sites, 2 points each, 160 (4 times/year x 5 years x 4 Surface Water Quality $120 $19,200 quarterly locations x 2 samplings) 40 (2 times/year x 5 years x 4 Soil Quality 4 sites,89 bi-annually $380 $15,200 locations) Sub-Total $59,200 Contingencies (10%) $5,920 Total $65,120

84 See Table 63. 85 The project is planned to be implemented over a period of five years during 2021 – 2026 (para.250). 86 Calculation based on Asbestos materials management plan developed for Kyrgyz Republic: Issyk-Kul Sustainable Development Project (2015) 87 See Table 64. 88 Analysis will be conducted by external laboratory. 89 For points around each area with sludge beds (Table 64). 195

Table 68. Cost Estimate for EPCM’s Environmental Management Description Unit Quantity Rate Amount International Environmental Specialist (EPCM-IES) month 4 $18,000 $72,000 National Environmental Specialist (EPCM-NES)-1 8 $4,000 $32,000 month (design stage) National Environmental Specialist (EPCM-NES)-2 50 $4,000 $200,000 month (construction and post-construction stage) Analyzer for oil from transformers on content PCBs analysis kit 200 $100 $20,000 Capacity building program on sanitarian program lumpsum 1 $8,000 $8,000 Environmental Monitoring (Table 67) See Table 67 $65,120 $65,120 Sub-Total $332,000 Contingencies (10%) $33,200 Total $365,200 EPCM-IES= Engineering, Procurement, Construction Management-International Environmental Specialist, EPCM- NES= Engineering, Procurement, Construction Management-National Environmental Specialist

Table 69. Cost Estimate for the PCU’s Environmental Management Description Unit Quantity Rate Amount National Environmental Safeguards Specialist (PCU-ESS) month 60 $1,100 $66,000 624. Expenses related to staffing of PCU, EPCM and Contractors with Environmental Specialists are included into their respective budget. The total budget for EMP is $76,150 for contractor and $365,200 for EPCM. The budget of a full-time TST-ESSS to be hired under TST (para. 618) is not included in the above tables.

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10 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 625. Conducted IEE showed importance of the proposed project which will improve living conditions of population in 6 districts of Tashkent province. It will also improve environmental situation in the project area through decreasing pollution of ground water, and surface water and will have significant positive socio-economic impacts. 626. The project will provide the substantial positive environmental benefit of treating about 394,000 m3 per day (equivalent to 143,810,000 m3 per year) 90 of wastewater, which would otherwise continue to be discharged onto lands and waterways, and percolate to groundwater resources, causing substantial long-term environmental damage, threatening the public health of nearby receptors, and as a result, affecting the socioeconomic development aspects of affected populations. It is therefore recommended that this project is put forward for immediate implementation. 627. Along with this benefits IEE identified several aspects which need to be addressed during project preparation and implementation both in short and long terms perspectives. 628. IEE showed that during project implementation the project will have temporary impacts on air, water quality and may cause some inconveniences for local population. The main impact during operation phase will be related to handling, storage and disposal of wastes. all anticipated impacts could be properly mitigated by implementation of the EMP developed within current IEE. 629. Due to implementation of sewage network construction inside of settlements developed mitigation measures need to be strictly carried out to ensure safety for population and workers. 630. Conduction of environmental monitoring at all stages of the project is one of the crucial aspects. Monitoring of EMP implementation and adequate reporting at all levels of project cycle will provide effective mitigation of anticipated impacts. Environmental monitoring needs to be carried out at the stage of operation phase as well. 631. Implementation Agency should ensure a proper functioning of a GRM developed within current IEE and discussed with various stakeholders during Public Consultations. 632. During whole process of the project implementation, it is important to be in touch with local communities, comply with all national environmental and EMP requirements, and conduct awareness program among population to improve community awareness and understanding of sanitation best practices. 633. Overall, the project will have significant positive social and environmental impacts. Properly treated wastewater discharged into the receivers will improve the water quality and environment for aquafauna in Chirchik and Syrdarya rivers and Tanachi-Buka canal and further into Akhangaran. The extension of coverage with sewage networks and non-centralized sewage systems will improve sanitarian epidemiological situation in the project cities.

90 See footnote 1. 197

APPENDIXES

Appendix 1. National Positive Conclusion on Environmental Expertise

Chinaz WWTP

198

199

200

Chirchik WWTP

201

202

203

204

205

Bekabad WWTP

206

207

208

209

210

Akhangaran WWTP

211

212

213

214

Almalyk WWTP

215

216

217

218

219

Angren WTTP

220

221

222

223

224

Appendix 2. Example of Asbestos Management Disposal Plan The Asbestos Management and Disposal Plan (AMDP) describes and evaluates the risk of contractors (and others) encounteringM-containing material (ACM) at the Project construction sites during the implementation stage of the project; and it provides a procedure for dealing quickly and safely with any ACM that may be found. ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS, 2009) requires that ADB-funded projects apply pollution prevention and control technologies and health and safety measures that are consistent with international good practice, as reflected in international standards such as the IFC/World Bank Environmental, Health and Safety General Guidelines (2007). If national legislation differs from these standards, the borrower is required to achieve whichever is more stringent. There is national procedure Sanitarian Norms and Rules (SNR) of RUz # 0300-11 dated from 2011 “Organization of collection, inventory, classification, disposal, storage and recycling of industrial waste in the conditions of Uzbekistan” covering disposal of ACM91 in Uzbekistan. The procedure does not provide clear description of handling ACM, therefore, the AMDP follows the World Bank Guidelines. The main principles of the AMDP are as follows: A. Prompt recognition of ACM; B. Prompt and effective action to contain and deal appropriately with the ACM (including safe management and disposal); and C. Maintaining the safety of site personnel and the general public at all times. The AMDP is designed for use by the Project’s Project Coordination Unit (PCU) to manage the ACM risk over the project as a whole, and by contractors to deal efficiently with any ACM they or their worker’s encounter. The procedural element of the AMDP is therefore designed to provide straightforward instructions that can be easily and quickly understood without the need for specialist knowledge and without referring to other sources. PROTOCOL FOR HANDLING AND DISPOSAL OF ACM AT TPSIP SITES Source This protocol was developed from guidance given by the UK Health and Safety Executive (HSE), which complies with European Union (EU) legislation and the UK Control of Asbestos Regulations (2012). For further information see the HSE website.92 Applicability The Project AMDP applies to all project construction sites and any related areas (e.g., workshops, parking lots, storage or disposal areas, etc. used by Project contractors). Contractors employed by Project are legally responsible for their construction sites and related areas and must follow the provisions of the Project AMDP within those locations. Specifically, this protocol must be used to ensure the safe handling, removal and disposal of any and all ACM from those areas. Immediate Action On discovering ACM on a Project site, the contractor must:

91 Uzbek Sanitary Norms SanPiN 0233-07 “National standards “Sanitarian Norms and Rules on Work Hygiene and Environment Protection during production and usage of ACM” was one of a number of pieces of legislation deregulated in the 1980’s. Notwithstanding their lack of legal status, as the most recently-available local standard, the regulations were referred to in preparing the ACMMP and the protocol for handling and disposal of ACM (see Section 3) incorporates soil covering requirements from the SanPin. 92 http://www.hse.gov.uk/asbestos/essentials/ 225

a) Stop all work within a 5 m radius of the ACM and evacuate all personnel from this area; b) Delimit the 5 m radius with secure fencing posts, warning tape and easily visible signs warning of the presence of asbestos; c) If the site is in an inhabited area, place a security guard at the edge of the site with instructions to keep the general public away; d) Notify the EPCM and arrange an immediate site inspection; also notify the PCU. The PCU must: e) Notify the Territorial Department of the State Sanitary Epidemiological Service. Equipment To remove asbestos from a construction site, contractors must provide the following equipment: a) Warning tape, sturdy fence posts and warning notices; b) Shovels; c) Water supply and hose, fitted with a garden-type spray attachment; d) Bucket of water and rags; e) Sacks of clear, strong polythene that can be tied to close; f) Asbestos waste containers (empty, clean, sealable metal drums, clearly labelled as containing asbestos). Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) All personnel involved in handling ACM must wear the following equipment, provided by the contractor: a) Disposable overalls fitted with a hood; b) Boots without laces; c) New, strong rubber gloves; d) A respirator is not normally required if there are only a few pieces of ACM in a small area, and if the ACM is damp; e) In large or heavily contaminated areas, a disposable respirator is needed (not a dust mask) with an Assigned Protection Factor of 20 or more (e.g., a respirator with a P3 filter); f) There must be no smoking, eating or drinking on a site containing ACM. Decontamination Procedure 1: Removing small pieces of ACM a) Identify the location of all visible ACM and spray each lightly but thoroughly with water; b) Once the ACM is damp, pick up all visible ACM with shovels and place in a clear plastic bag; c) If ACM debris is partially buried in soil, remove it from the soil using a shovel and place it in the plastic bag; d) Insert a large label inside each plastic bag stating clearly that the contents contain asbestos and are dangerous to human health and must not be handled; e) Tie the plastic bags securely and place them into labelled asbestos waste containers (clean metal drums) and seal each drum; f) Soil that contained ACM debris must not be used for backfilling and must instead be shovelled by hand into asbestos waste containers; g) At the end of the operation, clean all shovels and any other equipment with wet rags and place the rags into plastic disposal bags inside asbestos waste containers.

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Decontamination Procedure 2: Removing ACM-contaminated backfill a) If soil containing ACM debris has inadvertently been used for backfilling, this must be sprayed lightly with water and shoveled out by hand to a depth of 300 mm and placed directly into asbestos waste containers (i.e., not stored temporarily beside the trench); b) Any ACM uncovered during the hand shoveling must be placed in a clear plastic bag; c) Once the trench has been re-excavated to 300 mm, if there is no visible ACM remaining, the trench may be refilled by excavator using imported clean topsoil. Decontamination Procedure 3: Removing asbestos concrete pipes or large pieces of ACM If asbestos concrete pipes or other large pieces of ACM are uncovered during excavation in an undamaged condition and they can be re-covered by soil and left in place in the ground undisturbed, this should be done. If asbestos concrete pipes or other large pieces of ACM will be removed from site: a) Inform the city Toza Hudud93 of the nature and size of the large ACM and arrange for them to dig a suitable cavity at the disposal site to receive and bury the material; b) Sprinkle the ACM thoroughly with water, ensuring that any broken or damaged areas in particular are thoroughly wetted; c) Inform excavator and truck drivers of the dangers associated with ACM and instruct them to remain inside their cabs with the windows closed throughout the operation. d) Lift the material by excavator into a dump truck, without causing additional breakage and with as little disturbance as possible; e) Cover the bed of the truck with a secure tarpaulin and transport the ACM to the disposal site with as little disturbance of the carried material as possible; f) Manual assistance should be limited to securing the tarpaulin if possible, and personnel providing such assistance should wear PPE; g) At the disposal site, tip the ACM directly into the prepared cavity and arrange for it to be covered with soil immediately. Disposal ACM should be disposed of safely at a local hazardous-waste disposal site if available, or at the city municipal dumpsite after making prior arrangement for safe storage with the site operator. a) The Contractor must arrange for the disposal site operator to collect the sealed asbestos waste containers as soon as possible and store them undisturbed at the disposal site. b) At the end of construction, Contractors must arrange for the disposal site operator to bury all ACM containers in a separate, suitably sized pit, covered with a layer of clay that is at least 250 mm deep. Personal Decontamination At the end of each day, all personnel involved in handling ACM must comply with the following decontamination procedure: a) At the end of the decontamination operation, clean the boots thoroughly with damp rags;

93 See footnote 61. 227

b) Peel off the disposable overalls and plastic gloves so that they are inside-out and place them in a plastic sack with the rags used to clean the boots; c) If a disposable respirator has been used, place that in the plastic sack, seal the sack and place it in an asbestos waste container; d) All personnel should wash thoroughly before leaving the site, and the washing area must be cleaned with damp rags afterwards, which are placed in plastic sacks as above. Clearance and Checking-Off a) The decontamination exercise must be supervised by EPCM site supervisors (engineering or environmental). b) After successful completion of the decontamination and disposal, the EPCM should visually inspect the area and sign-off the operation if the site has been cleaned satisfactorily. c) The contractor should send a copy of the completion notice to the PCU, with photographs of the operation in progress and the site on completion. TRAINING EPCM-IES will conduct training on AMDP implementation for Contractors staff and PCU. The training will include a session focusing on ACM, which coveres: a) Risks of contact with ACM (in general and the project risk assessment); b) Responsibilities for dealing with ACM on project construction sites; c) The project Asbestos Management Disposal Plan and the Protocol for site clean-up; d) Awareness-raising for the contractors’ workforce. COST ESTIMATE Costs incurred by contractors in implementing the Asbestos Management Disposal Plan are included in their budget in EMP budget.

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Appendix 3. Template for TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PLAN

CONSTRUCTION TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PLAN

(Template)

GENERAL INFORMATION

1. Full postal address of the site 2. Contact details for the person responsible for submitting Traffic Management Plan (Name, tel., e-mail) 3. Brief description of the work.

PROGRAMME/KEY DATES

4. A broad-brush program and total timescale for the project, giving the duration of each major phase of the construction and the anticipated start date if known. There is example of works which could be included in the Table:

# Type of work Planning start date Duration Completion 1 Mobilization 2 Demolishing of building 3 Leveling of the territory 4 Earth works 5 Construction of the main buildings 6 Finishing works 7 Equipment installation 8 Site cleaning

5. Indicate site operation date and hours.

ROUTEING OF DEMOLITION, EXCAVATION AND CONSTRUCTION VEHICLE

6. Proposed supply route to and from the site, showing details of links to the strategic road network (A and B roads). – provide a map with indication directions.

SITE ACCESS

7. Site plan showing all points of access and where materials, skips and plant will be stored, and how vehicles will access the site. 8. How will vehicles enter and leave the site? 9. Provide plan of site with indication of above-mentioned items (para 7 and 8)

VEHICLES ACCESSING THE SITE PER DAY/WEEK

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10. Provide a breakdown of the number, type, size and weight of vehicles accessing the site. 11. Deliveries and collections should generally be restricted to between 9.30am and 4.30pm. Please confirm your acceptance to this condition and describe how it will be forced. 12. Provide information will vehicle wheel wash facilities be provided or not. If yes, describe who it will be organized.

IMPACT ON OTHER ROAD USERS

13. Site plan showing all points of access and where materials, skips and plant will bу stored, and how vehicles will access the site.

GENERAL MANAGEMENT

14. Indicate who will be responsible for overall management of TMP and coordination with local Traffic Police.

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Appendix 4. Operational Health and Safety Plan Template 1. The main goal and tasks of the plan 2. Brief description of the project – provide description of types of works which will be implemented under the contract 3. Legislation base – include list of applicable national law and regulations 4. Institutional structure – list of people responsible for OH&S of the main contractor and sub-contractors 5. Training and capacity building program – describe what kind of training will be conducted by whom and when. 6. Identification and assessment of risks and minimizing accident 7. Accident on construction site – action plan, recording and informing 8. First aid 9. Monitoring of OH&S implementation 10. Reporting and documentation

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Appendix 5. Chance finds procedure 1. Purpose

Construction sites could be considered as subject to heritage survey and assessment at the planning stage. These surveys are based on surface indications alone, and it is therefore possible that sites or items of heritage significance will be found in the course of development work. The procedure set out here covers the reporting and management of such finds.

Scope: The “chance finds” procedure covers the actions to be taken from the discovery of a heritage site or item to its investigation and assessment by a trained archaeologist or other appropriately qualified person.

Compliance: The “chance finds” procedure is intended to ensure compliance with relevant provisions of the Law of RUz “On protection and Use of Objective of the Archeological Heritage” (2009). The procedure of reporting set out below must be observed so that heritage remains reported to the Ministry of Archeology are correctly identified in the field.

2. Responsibility

Operators/Workers - To exercise due caution if archaeological remains are found

Foreman/construction site manager - To secure site and advise management timeously

Contractor’s manager - To determine safe working boundary and request inspection

Archaeologist: To inspect, identify, advise management, and recover remains

3. Procedure

MITIGATION/MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY SCHEDULE ACTION

Should a heritage site or Person identifying When necessary. archaeological site be archaeological or heritage uncovered or discovered material during the construction phase of the project, the “change find” procedure should be applied. The details of this procedure are highlighted below:  If operating machinery or Person identifying equipment: stop work archaeological or heritage  Identify the site with flag material tape  Determine GPS position if possible  Cease any works in immediate vicinity

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 Report findings to foreman Foreman/construction site  Report findings, site manager location and actions taken to superintendent

 Visit site and determine Contractor’s manager whether work can proceed without damage to findings  Determine and mark exclusion boundary  Site location and details to be added to project GIS for field confirmation by archaeologist

 Inspect site and confirm Archaeologist addition to project GIS  Advise the Ministry of Archeology (MoA) and request written permission to remove findings from work area  Recovery, packaging and labelling of findings for transfer to National Museum

 Should human remains be Archaeologist found, the following actions will be required:

 Apply the change find Representatives of procedure as Khokimiyat and Ministry of described above. Archeology  Schedule a field inspection with an Police archaeologist to confirm that remains are human.  Advise and liaise with the (MoA)and Police  Remains will be recovered and removed either to the National Museum or the National Forensic Laboratory.

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Appendix 6. Letter to the Khokimiyats about planning Public Consultation Uzbek version

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235

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Appendix 7. Registration Lists and photos

Ahangaran (14 June 2019)

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242

Photos

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Ahangaran (29 June 2019)

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Photos

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Almaliq (30 May 2019)

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Photos

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Angren (15 June 2019)

249

Photos

250

Bekabad (22 May 2019)

251

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Photos

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Chirchik (4 June 2019)

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Chinaz (10 July 2019)

258

259

Photos

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Yangiyul (4 June 2019)

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Photos

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Yangiyul (28 June 2019)

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Appendix 8. Water modelling report Transport and transformation of impurity fields in the river. Table of content: 1. Statement of the problem. 2. Computational finite difference schemes. 3. Conservatism Checking. 4. Calculation objects. 5. Hydrological situation at the calculation objects. 6. Calculation results. 1. Statement of the problem. During the moving along the river, the admixture entering the stream is pointwise mixing and spreading of the admixture throughout the river stream. The total flow of the admixture through the cross section of the riverbed does not change if the admixture is conservative (mineralization) and the inflow of the admixture into the river is constant. The total impurity flux through the cross-section of the river channel may change if the impurity is not conservative (COD, BOD) and the inflow of the impurity into the river is constant. Calculating changes in the concentration of non-conservative impurities requires special studies with a huge number of separate high-precision specialized measurements and observations. It is unlikely that there is a specific universal set of research actions or measurements applicable to all rivers. Each case will be unique. Each case will depend on the life forms inherent in the watercourse. Each case will depend on the set of chemical elements already present in the river. Water clarity, sunlight, water temperature, turbulence of flowing water will matter. In this regard, as the only practically acceptable solution should be considered the desire to reach the same COD and BOD indicators in the river below the consumption point, which were observed before the consumption of impurities into the river. However, finding solution with a help of this method, it takes considerable time and significant efforts of a wide variety of highly qualified specialists. A huge amount of field measurement is required. In addition, even in this case, the result will be approximate, due to the complexity of the problem. Mathematical modeling alone without a set of field measurements cannot cope with the task at hand. Therefore, within the framework of this work, the transformation of the spot of non-conservative impurities will not be considered. The movement and transformation of a conservative impurity spot can be calculated accurately. It is quite possible even to find such modes of consumption of impurities into the river (depending on the flow rate of water in the river) that will ensure the fulfilment of environmental requirements for compliance with environmental standards. The basis for calculating the movement and transformation of the impurity will be the equation of water movement in the river (two-dimensional, horizontal) and the equation of conservation of the mass of the conservative impurity. In the process of calculation, the transformation of spots of impurities entering the river for calculating water velocities, the Saint-Venant equations are usually used

휕ℎ 1 휕푄 (1) 2 휕푡 + 푏 ∙ 휕푥 1 휕풰 풰 휕풰 휕ℎ 푄 And2 the impurity conservation equation 푔 ∙ 휕푡 + 푔 ∙ 휕푥 + 휕푥 − 퐽 + 퐾 = 0 = I (2) 휕푆 휕(푆∙ 풰) 휕퐷푠휕푆 Where 2 휕푡 + 휕푥 + (휕푥) + – flow depth [ meter], – derivative sign [ b.r.], h – time [ sec], ∂ t 266

– flow width [meter], – water consumption [ ], b 3 – distance along the rivermeter [meter], Q 푠푒푐 – acceleration of gravity [ ], x 푚푒푡푒푟 – water speed [ ], 2 g 푠푒푐 – riverbed slope [푚푒푡푒푟 b.r.], 풰 푠푒푐 coefficient of friction [ ] 3 J 푚푒푡푒푟 impurity concentration [ ] K– 푠푒푐 푘푔 diffusion coefficient [ ] 3 푆 – 푚푒푡푒푟2 푚푒푡푒푟 point source [ ]. 퐷푠– 푠푒푐 푘푔 In our cases, this is not3∙ enough. Average pollution of any river cross-section gives us insufficient퐼 – information. It 푚푒푡푒푟 is quite푠푒푐 possible that the next important water intake from the river in the densely populated area of the middle reaches of the Akhangaran, Chirchik and Syrdarya rivers in the city of Bekabad may be in the center of an unacceptable concentration of the pollution patch, despite the fact that on the average across the river cross section the situation may seem quite optimistic. One of the most important for us is the spatial distribution of the spot of impurities along the river. The calculation of the three-dimensional propagation of a conservative impurity is certainly possible. However, the anticipated efforts in solving the three-dimensional problem significantly exceed the small increase in the information content of the result that can be obtained when the vertical component in the transformation of the impurity spot is considered. Therefore, in the calculation process, the equation of impurity conservation will be used, integrated vertically from the point of the bottom position to the point of the free surface. = I 휕푆 휕(푆∙ 푉) 휕(푆∙ 푈) 휕퐷푠휕푆 휕퐷푠휕푆 2 2 휕푡 + 휕푥 + 휕푦 = + (휕푥) + (휕푦) + + (3) 휕푉 휕( 푉) 휕( 푉) 휕ℎ푝 휕퐷푣휕푉 휕퐷푣휕푉 푉 2 2 2 휕푡 + 푉 휕푥 + 푈 휕푦 = + 휌∙휕푥 + (휕푥) + (휕푦) +퐾푧 ∙ ℎ 휕푈 휕( 푈) 휕( 푈) 휕ℎ푝 휕퐷푣휕푈 휕퐷푣휕푈 푈 2 2 2 휕푡 + 푉 휕푥 + 푈 휕푦 + 휌∙휕푦 + (휕푥) + (휕푦) 퐾푧 ∙ ℎ 푥=ℎ푝 휕ℎ푝 휕푉 휕푈 Where: = ∫ ( + ) – the vertical coordinate of 휕푡the location푧=표 of휕푥 the free휕푦 surface of the flow. It is also equal to the flow depth when the zero of the vertical axis is located at the bottom of the flow [meter], 푝 ℎ – vertical coordinate of the flow bottom location which is equal to zero [meter], – first horizontal component of the flow velocity vector, average on the vertical [ ], 푧 = 표 - the second horizontal component of the flow velocity vector, average on the ver푚푒푡푒푟tical [ 푉 푠푒푐 ], 푚푒푡푒푟 푈 푠푒푐 – density of water [ ], 푘푔 – aspect ratio [ ], 3 휌 푚푒푡푒푟 푚푒푡푒푟 푧 kinematic viscosity of water [ ]. 퐾 – 푠푒푐 2 푚푒푡푒푟 The terms , the second degree at the average flow depth appeared because 퐷푣 푠푒푐 푉 푈 of double integration푧 along2 푧the 2vertical from the bottom to the free surface and the application of the theorem on the퐾 average∙ ℎ 퐾 value∙ ℎ of a definite integral.

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Undoubtedly, solving a system of equations is a very complex hydromechanical problem. However, the specificity of the tasks posed is such that the solution of system (3) can be significantly simplified. First, we are not particularly interested in the distribution of the water velocity in the river. For our tasks, it is enough to know the average speed of water movement in the river and the area of the free flow of water in the river. Thus, the problem is reduced to solving only the first equation from system (3), considering that the diagram of the velocity distribution across the movement of water in the river is known. That is, the distribution of the pollution spot over the river surface will be determined by solving equation (4). = I (4) 휕푆 휕(푆∙ 푉) 휕(푆∙ 푈) 휕퐷푠휕푆 휕퐷푠휕푆 If we calculate the transformation2 of the 2pollution spot in the steady-state regime of the ( ) ( ) river flow (the휕푡 + average 휕푥 + flow 휕푦 rates+ do 휕푥 not change+ 휕푦 for+ a long time), then (5) Since the position of 휕푉the water휕푈 surface does not change 휕푥 + 휕푦 = 0 . (6) In addition, the existence of the transverse휕ℎ푝 component of the average flow rates can be neglected. The pulsating turbulent part of the transverse휕푡 = 0 velocities will be considered through the dispersion of the water flow. Equation (4) can be simplified a bit = I (7) 휕푆 휕푆 휕퐷푠휕푆 휕퐷푠휕푆 Even so, solving2 the equation2 is not an easy task. ( ) ( ) To휕푡 + solve 푉 ∙ 휕푥 it, it will휕푥 be + necessary 휕푦 + to find conservative and protractor approximations of finite differences for all differential terms of the equation. After that, a stable solution should be found using an explicit or even implicit scheme, considering the calculation with a time step closest to the Courant-Levy condition. The maximum approximation to the upper limit of the Courant-Lévy condition allows one to reduce the manifestation of “parasitic” schematic viscosity in the calculations. Let us determine the value D_s which is responsible for the spread of the pollution spot by diffusion. There is a connection between the velocity dispersion and the velocity of motion of a continuous medium (water) according to the Karaushev formula (8). (8) 푔∙ℎ푝∙푉 Где 푠 (0.7∙퐶+6)∙퐶 퐷 = water flow depth [meter],

푝 free fall acceleration equals to 9,81 , ℎ − 푚푒푡푒푟 Chezy coefficient, approximately equals2 to 50 for lowland rivers flowing in a 푔С −– 푠푒푐 1/2 푚푒푡푒푟 fairly flat wide channel. Here and below, the Shezy coefficient is taken to be 50 . 푠푒푐 1/2 The velocity field in the river is set in the form of a parabola. On the banks푚푒푡푒푟 of the river, the speed was set to zero. The average speed of water movement and the depth푠푒푐 of the flow is calculated through the flow rate, the slope of the bottom and the width of the river, which is quite stable. Under the condition of the assumption of a parabolic diagram of velocities on the cross section of the river, then the average value of the velocity will be two-thirds of the maximum velocity (9) (9) 2 푉푎푣 = (3 ∙ 푉мах) 268

And the regularity of the velocity distribution across the flow is approximated by the formula V(y) = (10) 2 −4∙(푉мах)∙푦 The regularity (9) and (10) makes it possible2 to determineмах the coefficient of turbulent diffusion in the cross section of the river according퐵 to the + ( formula푉 ) (8)

3 −4∙( ∙푉 )∙푦2 2 2 푎푣 3 −4∙(푉мах)∙푦 3 (11) 푔∙ℎ푝∙( 퐵2 +(2∙푉푎푣) ) 푔∙ℎ푝∙( 퐵2 +(2∙푉푎푣) ) Equally, the formula is transformed (11) to a form that will be convenient for calculation 푠 (0.7∙퐶+6)∙퐶 (0.7∙퐶+6)∙퐶 and will rely only on the 퐷usual= initial parameters (water= consumption - Q, channel width - B, bottom slope - I). The Shezy equation is written (12) (12) where 푎푣 푝 I – the slope of the river bottom, defined푉 = as 퐶 ∙the√ℎ ratio 퐼 of the fall of the bottom marks on the river section and the length of the river section (dimensionless value), - Chezy coefficient, which is equal to 50 . С 1/2 푚푒푡푒푟 The velocity determined through the flow depth푠푒푐 is substituted into expression (11).

3 −4∙( ∙퐶∙√ℎ 퐼)∙푦2 2 푝 3 푔∙ℎ푝∙( 퐵2 +(2∙퐶∙√ℎ푝 퐼) ) (13) Next, it is necessary to determine the relationship between the flow depth and the water 푠 (0.7∙퐶+6)∙퐶 flow rate at a fixed flow width, at 퐷a given= bottom slope and some assumption about the shape of the channel cross-section in the areas of impurity consumption. (14) For wide, shallow channels 푄 = Ϣ ∙ 퐶 ∙ (15)√푅 퐼 The area of the free cross-section of a wide and shallow channel with the adopted approximation (15) is calculated by the formula ℎ (17)푝 ≈ 푅since the hydraulic radius is equal to the quotient of dividing the area of the free cross-section by the wetted perimeter (16). (16) Ϣ and considering ( .15) and considering will get 푅 = (퐵+2∙hp ) см (17) ℎ푝 ≈ 푅 hp ≪ 퐵 And correspondingly (18) p Consequently Ϣ ≈ B ∙ h 푄 = 퐵 ∙ ℎ푝 ∙ 퐶 ∙ √ℎ푝 퐼 2 (19) 푄 3 The calculation formula for determining푝 the coefficient of turbulent diffusion is determined by expression (20). Equations (13) and (19)ℎ were= (퐵∙퐶∙ used. √푖)

2 3 푄 3 −4∙( ∙퐶∙√( ) ∙퐼)∙푦2 2 2 퐵∙퐶∙ √푖 2 푄 3 3 푄 3 √ 푔∙(퐵∙퐶∙ √푖) ∙ 퐵2 +(2∙퐶∙ (퐵∙퐶∙ √푖) ∙퐼) (20) ( ) 퐷푠 = (0.7∙퐶+6)∙퐶

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As an example, figure (1) shows the distribution of the diffusion coefficient across the river in the zone of impurity consumption with a river width of 10 m, at consumption 20 and the 3 slope of the river in 0,001. 푚푒푡푒푟 The flow depth is calculated by the formula (19) 푠푒푐 1,1696 m Average speed according to the formula (12) 푝 ℎ =1,71 The approximation푚푒푡푒푟 of flow velocities across the channel will be reflected by formula (10). 푉 = 푠푒푐 Distribution of the turbulent diffusion coefficient over the cross- section of the river (at a flow rate of 20 m3/s, a river width of 10 m and a slope of 0.001)

2 0,010푚푒푡푒푟 0,009 푠 0,008 0,007 0,006 0,005 0,004 0,003 0,002 meter 0,001 0,000 (6) (5) (4) (3) (2) (1) - 1 2 3 4 5 6

Fig.1 Diagram of the distribution of the coefficient of turbulent diffusion over a river with a slope of 0.001, a river width of 10 m and the consumption 20 ퟑ The results obtained are very close to the results of other authors obtained풎풆풕풆풓 for lowland rivers.94 풔풆풄 . In the same way, the distribution diagrams of the turbulent diffusion coefficients were calculated for all calculated objects. For all rivers in spillway construction, the Shezy coefficient was equal to 50. The width of the rivers in the spillway was determined using maps and indicated at the beginning of the calculation of each object. Computational finite difference schemes. The main equation responsible for the spread of the stain is equation (7). This is an evolutionary (nonstationary) second-order equation, spatially two-dimensional. The equation is rewritten (7) to simplify the reading of material. = I 휕푆 휕푆 휕퐷푠휕푆 휕퐷푠휕푆 It is supposed to2 be solved2 using explicit finite-difference schemes. Recall that explicit ( ) ( ) schemes휕푡 +are 푉 schemes ∙ 휕푥 휕푥 in +which 휕푦 the+ unknown value of the desired variable, independent of its

94 https://studopedia.ru/7_143277_reshenie.html 270

environment at the calculated time, is based on the past state of the variable itself and its environment. For the evolutionary part (time derivative), a finite difference scheme will be used

푡+1 푡 (21) For the convection term, a finite difference휕푆 푆푖,푗 scheme−푆푖,푗 will be used 휕푡 ∽ △푡 푡 푡 (22) 푖,푗 푖−1,푗 The fact is used that the movement 휕푆of water푡 푆in −푆the river occurs in the same direction. The 푖,푗 coordinate axis is chosen so that the speed푉 ∙ 휕푥 will∽ always 푉 △푥 be positive. Obviously, in objects in which water moves in different directions because of eddies, the approximation will be more difficult. Note that this approximation is well studied, has an official name - “directed difference scheme”, is stable and conservative (not capable of causing the appearance of non-existent amounts of the carried substance). The main restriction on this scheme is the Courant-Levy restriction on the ratio of steps in time and space when choosing them. (23) Interest are the terms responsible for △푥 the transfer푡 of matter due to turbulent diffusion. △푡 ⩾ 푉푖,푗 (24) 휕퐷푠휕푆 휕퐷푠휕푆 2 2 (25) 2 2 휕푥 + 휕푦 휕퐷푠휕푆 휕퐷푠휕푆 휕 푆 휕 푆 휕퐷푠 휕푆 휕퐷푠 휕푆 For2 the first2 and second2 terms on2 the right-hand side of equality (25), there is a unique, 푠 푠 휕푥 휕푥 휕푦 휕푦 generally휕푥 accepted, + 휕푦 conservative,= 퐷 ∙ 휕푥 + 퐷 stable∙ 휕푦 calculation+ ∙ +scheme. ∙ (26) 2 2 푡 푡 푡 푡 푡 푡 휕 푆 휕 푆 푡 푆푖+1,푗−2푆푖,푗+푆푖−1,푗 푡 푆푖,푗+1−2푆푖,푗+푆푖,푗−1 Consequently,2 2 the Courant-Lévy2 condition also applies 2here, but in a slightly different 푠 푠 푠푖,푗 △푥 푠푖,푗 △푦 퐷 ∙ 휕푥 + 퐷 ∙ 휕푦 ∽ 퐷 ∙ form+ 퐷 ∙ (27) 2 Regarding the third and fourth terms on the△푦 right-hand side of equality (25), we can say 퐷푠 that it is possible to compose a conservative △approximation 푡 ⩽ form, but it is completely unstable in calculations. Taken in isolation, these terms generate “jagged” static instabilities, which ultimately lead to an abnormal termination of the calculations. The result of the solution can be achieved only because the second and third terms on the right-hand side of equality (25) smooth and suppress the oscillating effect of the third and fourth terms on the right-hand side of equality (25). Note that the third term on the right-hand side of equality (25) is equal to zero, since the channel is straight, stream flow is normalized. This means that there is no dispersion gradient at a given distance from the coast and along the river. Thereby, (28) 휕퐷The푠 calculations used the following approximation of the fourth term in equality (25). 휕푥 = 0

푡 푡 푡 푡 푡 푡 푡 푡 (29) 휕퐷푠 휕푆 퐷푠푖,푗+퐷푠푖,푗−1 푆푖,푗+푆푖−1,푗 퐷푠푖,푗+1+퐷푠푖,푗 푆푖,푗+1+푆푖,푗 The fontinal term - “I” in equation (7) does not raise questions in the calculation 휕푦 ∙ 휕푦 ∽ △푦 ∙ △푦Conservatism− △푦 ∙Checking. △푦 For conservatism checking purposes, the following problem was formulated. In a rectangular channel with a parabolic distribution of velocities across the flow, a substance with a mass of 2 kg from one of the banks was injected. After 30 calculated time intervals, it was calculated how much substance is in the flow. The amount of the substance did not change and still it was 2 kg. This led to the conclusion that the applied calculation schemes are conservative. Figure 2 shows the distribution of a substance in 2 kg along the flow after 30 calculated time intervals.

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0,04 49 43 37 0,03 31 25 0,03 19 0,02 0,02 13 0,01 0,01 -

(0,01) 7

Ряд8

Ряд7

Ряд6 Ряд5

Ряд4 1

Ряд3

Ряд2 Ряд1

Fig.2 Distribution of point discharge of matter along the riverbed at 30 calculated time intervals. The cross-sectional view of the impurity spot is remarkably interesting. The maximum pollution is attributed to the center of the flow. This fully corresponds to the observed transformations in the pollution spots spreading along the rivers. Undoubtedly, this is the manifestation of the fourth term in equality (25). The first and second terms of equality (25) are symmetric in their structure and therefore they are not responsible for the asymmetry in the distribution of impurities over the water flow. Figure 3 shows sequentially located diagrams of the impurity distribution at 30 calculated time steps.

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0,03

0,02

0,02 створ 1 створ 4 створ 2

0,01 створ 3 створ 4

0,01

- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Fig.4 Consecutive distribution diagrams of impurity distribution perpendicular to the flow.

Calculation objects. Location: Angren discharge coordinates 40 57'41.59 "N 69 59'26.42" E Almalyk discharge coordinates 40 50'39.40 "N 69 28'08.72" E Chirchik discharge coordinates 41 23 "48.49" N 69 31 "58.66" E Bekabad discharge coordinates 40 15'00.90 "N 69 11" 58.36 "E Hydrological situation at the calculation objects. Сhannel controls were selected near the discharge zones into rivers. The average annual and minimum average monthly water discharges in rivers were determined. If water flows exceed the minimum, the situation with river pollution can only get better. To take the average width of the rivers in the discharge zone the maps were used. The results of the data collection work are shown in Table 1

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Water discharge in the Syrdarya river, "Nadezhda" post 1000 куб.м/с средний расход 900 МИН.расход 800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Fig.5. Average annual and minimum average monthly water discharge on the Syrdarya river, "Nadezhda" post Chirchik, post "Chinaz"

300 куб.м/с средний расход МИН.расход 250

200

150

100

- 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980

Fig.6 Average annual and minimum average monthly water discharge on the Chirchik River, Chinaz post

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Akhangaran, "Soldier" post

70 куб.м/с средний расход МИН.расход 60

- 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Fig.7 Average annual and minimum average monthly water discharges on the Akhangaran river, "Soldatskoye" post Akhangaran, below the Akhangaran dam

45 куб.м/с средний расход 40 МИН.расход

- 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Fig.8 Average annual and minimum average monthly water discharges on the Akhangaran river, post "Below the Akhangaran dam" Table 1 The amount of discharge and characteristics of the river in the discharge zone The name of the river, River Discharge of River width slope Min. Q Av. Q impurity m3/s (average) meter b.r. m3/s m3/s Angren Akhangaran 20 m at 1.16 average (100,000 m3/day) consumption 0.0106 4.73 23 Almalyk 0.462 Canal Tanachi-Buka (40,000 m3/day) 2 m 0.0075 ??? ??? Chirchik 0.926 Chirchik 40 m (80,000 m3/day) 0.0052 20.00 100 Bekabad Syrdarya 80 m 0,694 0.0010 20.00 372

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Calculation results Note that equation (7) contains in each of its terms the impurity value - “S”. If the source term “I” is represented as the product of the discharge flow rate by the impurity concentration and then divide all the terms of equation (7) by the value of the impurity concentration in the discharge, we transform equation (7) to the form (30)

푆 푆 = 푆 푆 (30) 푠 푠 휕푆표 휕푆표 휕퐷 휕푆표 휕퐷 휕푆표 Where 2 2 휕푡 + 푉 ∙ 휕푥 (휕푥) + (휕푦) + 푄표

푚

푄표 − 푑푖푠푐ℎ푎푟푔푒 푟푎푡푒 [푐푢푏 . 푠 ], Relative 푆pollution is calculated in relation to the amount of pollution at the point of discharge since 푆표 [ ] it was on it− that 푟푒푙푎푡푖푣푒 equation 푝표푙푙푢푡푖표푛 (7) was 푖푛 normalized 푓푟푎푐푡푖표푛푠 표푓to obtain1 푏. 푟 .equation (30). As a result of normalization, it will be possible to obtain a nomogram of the pollution spot for any type of conservative impurity in the discharge. Nomograms fully answer the question of where and how much any conservative impurity entering the discharge will be observed. An example of using the nomogram will be given at the end of the report. The section where the maximum impurity concentration exceeds the average value of the impurity concentration over the entire section by 20% with respect to the average value will be adopted as a section of complete mixing. Angren

Fig.9 Discharge location from the city of Angren (taken from the project’s term of referance).

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Transformation of the distribution of impurities along the Akhangaran river, Angren object, river discharge 4.73 m3/flow width 5 meters, distance 2000 meters

1,20 Распределение концентрации примеси в зоне сброса 1,00 Распределение концентрации примеси на расстоянии 2000 метров 0,80

0,60

0,40

0,20

- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 (0,20)

Fig.10 Transformation of the distribution of impurities over the cross section of the Akhangaran river. Object - discharge from the city of Angren. At a minimum flow rate of 4.73 m3/s, the flow width is 5 m, the distance between the discharge cross-section and the complete mixing cross-section is 2,000 m.

Transformation of the distribution of impurities along the Akhangaran river, Angren object, river discharge 23 m3/flow width 10 meters, distance 1500 meters

1,20

1,00 Распределение концентрации примеси в зоне сброса 0,80 Распределение концентрации примеси на расстоянии 1500 метров 0,60

0,40

0,20

- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Fig.11 Transformation of the distribution of impurities over the cross section of the Akhangaran river. Object - discharge from the city of Angren. With an average flow rate of 23 m3/s, the flow width is 10 m, the distance between the discharge diameter and the full mixing diameter is 1500 m.

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The rate of decrease in the concentration of impurities (relative to the maximum at the point of discharge) along the length of the flow (meters)

1 0,9 0,8 падение максимальной концентрации при среднем расходе 0,7 0,6 падение максимальной концентрации при минимальном расходе 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 Fig.12 Fall of the maximum concentration of impurities in the Akhangaran River relative to the concentration at the discharge point, Object - discharge from the city of Angren. With an average annual flow rate of 23 m3/s and an average minimum flow rate per month of 4.73 m3/s, the flow width is 10 m and 5 m, respectively.

8,00

6,00

4,00

2,00

- 1 8 15 22 29 36 43 50 57 64 71 78 Fig.13. Spatial pattern of extraneous substance release from a point source. Low- cost case, Angren facility. Horizontal steps - 10 m downstream and 0.25 across the flow. Almalyk

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Fig.14 Discharge location from the city of Almalyk (taken from the project’s term of referance). Discharge from the treatment plant in Almalyk ends up in the Tanachi-Buka canal. The maximum channel width is 2 m. Thus, the flow rate in the canal is fully human-controlled. This means that the maximum flow rate in the channel is equal to its throughput. The minimum flow rate can be anything and can be reduced to zero. According to table 1 and formula (18)

The channel bed usually has a triangular푝 shape 푝with the sides laid close to 45 degrees. 푄 = 퐵 ∙ ℎ ∙ 퐶 ∙ √ℎ 퐼 This means that the depth of the channel will be about one meter. This means that the maximum discharge in the canal will be about 4.5 m3/s. Let us calculate the mixing of the pollution spot at this very rate.

0,20

0,15

0,10

0,05

- 1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 66 71 76 81 86 91 96

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Fig.15 Appearance of the spatial distribution of impurities along the flow. Channel flow rate 4.5 m3 / s. Horizontal steps are 2 m downstream and 0.10 m across the flow.

Transformation of impurity distribution along the canal, Almalyk object, river discharge 4.5 m3/flow width 2 meters, distance 110 meters

1,20

1,00 Распределение концентрации примеси в зоне сброса

Распределение концентрации примеси на расстоянии 110 метров 0,80

0,60

0,40

0,20

- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Fig.16. Transformation of the relative impurity value on the channel near the Almalyk object. The lower section is selected as the section on which the maximum impurity value exceeds the average impurity value by less than 20% in relation to the average value.

Fall of the maximum concentration in the section along the flow length

1,20

1,00

0,80

0,60

0,40

0,20 метр - 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Fig.17 The drop in the relative maximum impurity concentration (relative to the impurity concentration in the discharge) along the flow length. When the flow of water in the channel is equal to its throughput, a very rapid drop in the maximum concentration of impurities can be observed. At a distance of 110 m, the admixture almost uniformly fills the entire flow area in the channel. It should be noted that the treatment facilities of the Angren facility and the Almalyk facility are located sequentially. Therefore, the flow of water into which discharges from the Almylyk 280

treatment plant are added will have additional pollution, which came from the discharge of the Angren treatment plant located upstream of the river. In case of minimal flows in the Akhangaran river, it will be impossible to fill the Kaunchi- Buka canal up to its capacity. The situation can become extremely dangerous for the environment! What should be the sanitary releases in the Akhangaran river and the Kaunchi-Buka canal can and should be calculated using special water balance methods integrated with models of the distribution of impurities along the flow width. These calculations are outside the scope of this study, but their necessity should be mentioned. The situation during the low water period is extremely dangerous from the point of view of ecology and health of people living below the treatment plant in the city of Almalyk (Buka city). It may happen that through the Kaunchi-Buka canal the sewage treatment plants of the cities of Angren and Akhangaran with the city of Almalyk will be discharged almost without any dilution with river water. Regulations on sanitary releases in the river and canal should be developed and introduced into the practice of water resources management in the Akhangaran river basin. Chirchik The case of minimum average monthly water consumption in the river is considered. Even this water expenditure is quite enough for an acceptable dilution of consumption into the river.

Fig.18 Location of the object near the town of Chirchik (taken from the project’s terms of reference).

281

6,00

4,00

2,00

- 1 8 15 22 29 36 43

Fig.19. Facies of the spatial distribution of impurities along the flow. Chirchik river. Consumption of 20 m3/ s (minimum average monthly). The horizontal step across the stream is 0.5 m and along the length of the stream 10 m. Transformation of the distribution of impurities along the Chirchik river, Chirchik object, river discharge 20 m3/flow width 10 meters, distance between sections 1200 meters 1,20

1,00 Распределение концентрации примеси в зоне сброса

Распределение концентрации примеси на расстоянии 2000 метров 0,80

0,60

0,40

0,20

- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Fig.20 Diagrams of the distribution of the impurity concentration (relative to the value of the impurity concentration at the discharge point) for two diameters: the discharge zone and the zone of perequation distribution of the impurity along the flow (20% deviation of

282

the maximum impurity concentration from its average value with respect to the average Fall of the maximum concentration of impurities (relative value of the concentration in the discharge) along the Chirchik River

1,20

1,00

0,80

0,60

0,40

0,20

- метр 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 value). Fig.21 The fall in the relative maximum concentration of impurities along the length of the flow in the Chirchik River. The impurity concentration is calculated as a ratio to the impurity concentration that is observed at the point of discharge. Bekabad

Fig.22 Location of the object near the city of Bekabad (taken from the project’s terms of reference).

283

3,50 3,00 2,50 2,00 1,50 1,00 0,50 - 1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 Fig. 23. Facies of the spatial distribution of impurities along the flow. Syrdarya river. Consumption of 20 m3/s (minimum average monthly). The horizontal step across the stream is 1.0 m and along the length of the stream 10 m.

Transformation of the distribution of impurities along the Syrdarya river, Bekabad object, Syrdarya river discharge 20 m3/flow width 10 meters, distance 1,20 1000 meters

1,00 Распределение концентрации примеси в зоне 0,80 сброса

0,60

0,40

0,20 метр - 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Fig.24 Diagrams of the distribution of the impurity concentration (relative to the value of the impurity concentration at the discharge point) for two diameters: the discharge zone and the zone of perequation distribution of the impurity along the flow (20% deviation of the maximum impurity concentration from its average value with respect to the average value).

284

Fall of the relative maximum concentration of impurities along the Syrdarya river, Bekabad object, Syrdarya river discharge 20 m3/flow width 10 meters, distance 1000 meters

1,20

1,00

0,80

0,60

0,40

0,20

метр - 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Fig.25 The fall in the relative maximum concentration of impurities along the length of the flow in the Syrdarya river. The impurity concentration is calculated as a ratio to the impurity concentration that is observed at the point of discharge. An example of the use of nomograms to calculate the characteristics of the spread of a pollution spot. Let us consider the most difficult and unfavorable object. Object "Angren" - "Almalyk". Two sites were taken only because Angren, located upstream of the Akhangaran River, will influence the spread of impurities at the Almylyk site. Suppose the river has a minimum flow characteristic of the area of the "Angren" object - Qр - 4.73 m3/s. Suppose there is a maximum discharge of treated water into the river at the treatment plant (maximum throughput of the treatment plant) of water with a flow rate of Qс - 1.16 m3/s. Suppose some conservative impurity is dissolved in the discharge water, which must be tracked along the entire route from the Angren facility to the Almalyk facility and below. Suppose the river before the treatment plant was free of the calculated impurity Sin1 = 0 g / l. Suppose the concentration of this impurity in the discharge is equal to Sp1 = 5 g / l. At LOC Spdk = 2 g / l. The numbers were not chosen by chance. The numbers are selected in such a way as to use all the design possibilities provided by nomograms 12 and 16 (the main design nomograms for this case).

In the section of complete mixing after discharge from the Angren object, it will be possible to observe an impurity in concentration

푆푝1∙푄푐+푆푖푛1∙푄푝 5∙1.16+0∙4.67 We consider the conditions that the concentration of impurities according to LOC 푆о1 = 푄푐+푄푝 = 1.16+4.67 = 0.98гр/л is Spdk = 2 g / l. The concentration of impurities according to LOC is higher than the concentration of impurities in the river waters below the mixing point (2,000 m below the discharge point). The maximum concentration of impurities that can be detected at the

285

“complete mixing” section can exceed the average value by 20% (the condition for determining the full mixing section in the mathematical formulation of the problem, which was repeatedly mentioned above). That is, the maximum concentration of impurities in the full mixing section will be equal to 1.18 g / l. However, at a distance from the point of discharge to the point of complete mixing in the river, there will be a zone in which the concentration of impurities can exceed the LOC. The numbers in the example were chosen so that there was such a zone. It is quite possible in other tasks that such a zone will not exist. It will not be a dangerous zone if the sum of the concentration of impurities in the discharge and in the river at the discharge point is less than the concentration allowed by the LOC. In our case, the danger zone exists. Let us calculate the required relative decrease in the maximum concentration of impurities in the flow under the LOC requirement.

푝푑푘 푖푛1 It is possible to note the existence푆 in− the 푆 numerator of the subtracted equal 푛 = 푝1 concentration of the studied impurity in the푆 river. The presence of this deductible is required, as well as the condition S_pdk S_in1. The presence of the subtracted in the numerator ensures the correctness of the calculation in the case when the river is already sufficiently polluted with an admixture to the⩾ point of discharge. The limiting value S_pdk = S_in1 characterizes the situation when the river is already polluted with an admixture so that no dilution of the newly supplied admixture (provided that the concentration in the discharge is higher than the LOC) is unacceptable. In our case, n = (2-0) /5=0.4. On the nomogram (12), it is worth noting the value of the ordinate at the abscissa equal to 0.4. The found value is approximately 250 m for the function corresponding to the minimum flow rate in the river. This means that no water intake at a distance of 250 m from the point of discharge into any new intake system is allowed. Downstream is the Almalyk object. It will receive water containing 0.98g / l. This is less than the LOC concentration Spdk = 2 g / l. Therefore, we will continue the calculation. After reset and the channel for which the parameters are defined by the set: Qр – 4.5 cub.m / s, Qс – 0.462 cub.m / s, Sin2 = 0.98 g / l., Sp1 = 5 g / l. The concentration of the impurity in the complete mixing solution should be calculated

푆푝1 ∙ 푄푐 + 푆푖푛1 ∙ 푄푝 After the fullо1 mixing section located at5 ∙a 0.distance462 + 0.of98 110∙ 4.5 m below theg discharge, an 푆 = 푐 푝 = = 1.35 . impurity concentration of 1.35푄 +g 푄/ l will be observed.0.462 This+ 4.5 concentration isl below the LOC and the situation on the canal will be acceptable, but only at a distance greater than 110 m from the discharge point. In this case, there is again a dangerous zone on the channel in which the appearance of an impurity concentration higher than the concentration of the permitted LOC is possible.

286

Let us calculate this zone. The required relative decrease in the maximum impurity concentration will be

푆푝푑푘 − 푆푖푛1 2 − 0.98 According to the nomogram푛 = (16), we find= the distance= 0.corresponding204 to a decrease in the maximum concentration equal to 0.204푆 푝1 5 This distance is 30 m. There should not be any water intakes at a distance of 30 m from the discharge point from the Almalyk facility. A similar calculation should be repeated for all objects and for all types of pollutants and, if necessary, it is possible to change either the level or quality of treatment or water rules on rivers and canals. But it should be considered only if in some place the calculated value in the full mixing section exceeds the LOC concentration.

287