LIVELIHOODS ά͸Ͳ͜ͲG ͞΄ͫΕ΋͟ ACTIVITY IN TAJIKISTAN

A SPECIAL REPORT BY THE FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK (FEWS NET)

January 2011 LIVELIHOODS ά͸Ͳ͜ͲG ͞΄ͫΕ΋͟ ACTIVITY IN TAJIKISTAN

A SPECIAL REPORT BY THE FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK (FEWS NET)

January 2011

Α·͋ ̯Ϣχ·Ϊιν͛ ϭΊ͋Ϯν ͋ϳζι͋νν͇͋ ΊΣ χ·Ίν ζϢ̼ΜΊ̯̽χΊΪΣ ͇Ϊ ΣΪχ Σ͋̽͋νν̯ιΊΜϴ ι͕͋Μ͋̽χ χ·͋ ϭΊ͋Ϯν Ϊ͕ χ·͋ United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. 1

Contents

Acknowledgments ...... 3

Methodology ...... 3

National Livelihood Zone Map and Seasonal Calendar ...... 4

Livelihood Zone 1: Eastern Pamir Plateau Livestock Zone ...... 1

Livelihood Zone 2: Western Pamir Valley Migratory Work Zone ...... 3

Livelihood Zone 3: Western Pamir Irrigated Agriculture Zone ...... 5

Livelihood Zone 4: Rasht Valley Irrigated Potato Zone ...... 7

Livelihood Zone 5: Khatlon Mountain Agro-Pastoral Zone ...... 9

Livelihood Zone 6: Southern Khatlon Cotton, Vegetable and Wheat Zone ...... 11

Livelihood Zone 7: Khatlon Rainfed Wheat and Livestock Zone ...... 14

Livelihood Zone 8: Central and Eastern Tajikistan Agro-Industrial Zone ...... 16

Livelihood Zone 9: Eastern and Central Zeravshan Valley Agro-pastoral Zone ...... 18

Livelihood Zone 10: Panjakent Rice, Fruit, and Vegetable Zone...... 20

Livelihood Zone 11: Ghonchi and Istaravshan Rainfed Cereal, Fruit, and Vegetable Zone ...... 23

Livelihood Zone 12: North Sughd Agro-Industrial Zone ...... 25

Livelihood Zone 13: Khatlon Agro-industrial Peri-urban Zone ...... 28

Annex One: Jamoats by Livelihood Zone ...... 30

Annex Two: Workshop Participants ...... 42

2

Acknowledgments

This work was done by Famine Early Warning Systems Network in collaboration with its partners the Ministry of Agriculture, The Statistical Agency under the President of Tajikistan, the World Food Programme, the Food and Agriculture Organization, Save the Children and the Aga Khan Foundation. Α·͋ ζιΪ͕ΊΜ͋ν Ϯ͋ι͋ ζιΪ͇Ϣ͇̽͋ ̯ν ̯ ΙΣΪϮΜ͇͋ͽ͋ ̼̯ν͋ ͕Ϊι FEΡ΋ ͲEΑ͛ν ·͋΢Ϊχ͋ ͱΪΣΊχΪιΊΣͽ ̯̽χΊϭΊχΊ͋ν ΊΣ χ·͋ country.

FEWS NET thanks their partners in the Government of Tajikistan and WFP for their detailed comments and help in making this a better product.

Methodology

Α·Ίν ͫΊϭ͋ΜΊ·ΪΪ͇ν άΪΣΊΣͽ ͞΄ΜϢν͟ ζιΪ͇Ϣ̽χ ·̯ν ̼͋͋Σ ̯̽ιιΊ͇͋ ΪϢχ ϢνΊΣͽ ̯ ι̯ζΊ͇ ΜΊϭ͋ΜΊ·ΪΪ͇ν ̯ssessment approach that aims to identify and describe trends and patterns in livelihoods that can be used as a starting point for early warning analysis. It is based on the Household Economy Analysis (HEA) methodology that FEWS NET uses as a foundation for its livelihoods activities.

Α·͋ ΢͋χ·Ϊ͇ΪΜΪͽϴ ͕Ϊι ̯ ͫΊϭ͋ΜΊ·ΪΪ͇ν άΪΣΊΣͽ ·΄ΜϢν͛ ζιΪ͇Ϣ̽χ ̽ΪΣνΊνχν Ϊ͕ χ·ι͋͋ νχ͋ζν΄

Step One: Representatives from each region come together in a national-level workshop to delineate the national map into livelihood zones, which are areas with similar livelihoods activities, agro-ecology, and access to markets.

Step Two: Descriptions of each livelihood zone are drafted at the national workshop, identifying the key characteristics of livelihoods found in each zone, as well as the Seasonal Calendar.

Step Three: A short field verification is conducted in which local administration and key informants are consulted to help verify and adjust the information for the zones that was compiled at the national workshop.

For more details on the Household Economy Analysis and principles, please visit the livelihoods section on www.fews.net Ϊι ͇ΪϮΣΜΪ̯͇ χ·͋ ζ̯ζ͋ι ·Application of the Livelihood Zone Maps and Profiles for Food Security Analysis and Early Warning͛΅

3

National Livelihood Zone Map

Livelihoods Highlights

 Livelihood zones 2: Western Pamir Valley Migratory Work Zone, 4: Rasht Valley Irrigated Potato Zone, 6: Southern Khatlon Cotton, Vegetable and Wheat Zone, and 9: Eastern and Central Zeravshan Valley Agro-Pastoral Zone are considered at risk of food insecurity in bad years due to their limited ability to cope with the frequent number of shocks that hit these areas.

 Most livelihoods in the country are defined by some combination of crop production and livestock husbandry, though dependence and focus differs.

 Remittances earned through labor migration to large cities within Tajikistan or to neighboring Russia and Kazakhstan are an important source of income for many households across the country in both better-off and poorer wealth groups.

 Dependence on the market for staple food purchases is high in most livelihood zones and wealth groups. 4

National Seasonal Calendar

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec SEASONS Rainy season Snow Winter crop harvesting planting Agriculture Seasons Spring crop planting harvesting Summer crop planting harvesting Lean Season

KEY CYCLES Staple food price cycles normal high low normal Local agricultural labor Labor migration Fuel price peak high SHOCKS AND HAZARDS Avalanche Locust Floods Hail Market access low low

Seasonal Calendar Key Points

 Two rainy seasons provide rain for three agricultural seasons that plan in winter, spring and summer and provide staggered harvests from June through November.

 The main shocks including avalanches, locust infestations, floods and hail are experienced through the spring and summer months, from March until June, and also coincide with the lean period in which resources for coping may be scarce

 The lean season – which differs in timing by one month or two, depending on the zone – coincides with peak staple food prices, and demand for labor in agricultural work

Livelihood Zone 1: Eastern Pamir Plateau Livestock Zone

Food Security Characterization This pastoral and employment based zone is a sparsely populated This zone is considered at risk of food mountainous zone that νΊχν ϮΊχ·ΊΣ E̯νχ͋ιΣ Α̯ΖΊΙΊνχ̯Σ͛ν GΪιΣΪ- insecurity in bad years. Badakshan Autonomous region. Characterized as at risk of food

Key Livelihoods Activities insecurity in bad years, t·͋ ϹΪΣ͋͛ν ·̯ιν· ͋ΣϭΊιΪΣ΢͋Σχ ΜΊ΢Ίχν ·ΪϢν͋·ΪΜ͇ livelihood options to livestock rearing: mostly yaks, goats and sheep. Poor Better-off Unable to produce crops as in neighboring livelihood zones, Livestock Livestock husbandry households residing on the Eastern Pamir Plateau rely on wheat flour husbandry Migration purchases to meet the bulk of the annual food needs, supplementing Local employment Trading the remainder from livestock products such as meat, milk, butter and Migration yogurt from their animals. Better-off households also barter livestock Staple Foods and Sources products for food. Poor and Better-off Households are thus heavily dependent on the market for noth food Livestock meat and products from own and the medium through which to sell their animal produce. Yet poor herd market access results in frequent fluctuations in terms of trade – often Wheat, rice: market purchase unfavorable – for food and livestock, and this combination places many Key Income Sources households in this zone (poorer in particular) at risk of food insecurity in bad years. Poor Livestock and products Most of the precipitation in this zone occurs through snowfall, which Manual labor occurs from October through May. Remittances from migrants The main source of income for most of the zone’s population is sale Better-off of animals and animal products, as well as remittances. Livestock sold Livestock and livestock product sales according to need. Households sell meat from primarily September Remittances from migrants until February and wool and leather goods from September to Small business November. Unable to generate enough food and income from their Productive Assets herds to cover all needs, both better-off and poor households may have one or two household members migrate to Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Poor Better-off Khorog or Dushanbe from May to October, sending remittances back Livestock: Sheep, Livestock: Yaks home. Some better-off households also own a small business or Goats Sheep, Goats engage in trade. Main Markets Murgab Center Market access in the zone is limited by poor road networks and long distances. Most households in the zone travel to Murgab market every Shocks and Hazards week to buy essential food (mostly wheat) and non-food items. This is Frost/extreme cold also where most go to sell their livestock; wool and leather products; Food price spikes and to a lesser extent, dairy products. From October to May, market Livestock diseases access is hampered by heavy snow, avalanches and rock falls. If roads Inability to access the market (seasonal) are not passable, households reduce their weekly market trips to 1

Key Early Warning Indicators monthly. Food price spikes Shocks in the zone are largely related to market access fluctuations. Livestock diseases from March to June IN the face of poor prices received for livestock or higher staple prices, poorer households cope largely through reliance on credit to overcome gaps. They may also eat less food, buy less expensive food, sell additional animals or migrate out of the zone to look for work. The better-off, on the other hand, have access to more resources and assets and can typically sell additional animals without compromising herd sustainability. Additionally, the better-off consume food stocks, reduce non-essential expenditures and get credit to cover food gaps.

Seasonal calendar

Zone 1: Eastern Pamir Plateau Livestock Zone Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec SEASONS Rainy Season Snowy Season Dry Season Lean Season

LIVESTOCK ACTIVITIES Meat sales PEAK Milk sales Butter sales Kurut sales Wool/leather sales

OTHER LIVELIHOODS ACTIVITIES Remittances Local labor Formal employment Migration to Russia Local trade Cross border trade Mining Wheat purchase

SHOCKS AND HAZARDS Staple food price spikes PEAK PEAK Livestock disease Frost/extreme cold Malaria Tuberculosis

2

Livelihood Zone 2: Western Pamir Valley Migratory Work Zone

Food Security Characterization This employment-based zone has some agricultural land and is located This zone is often at risk of food in southwestern Gorno-Badakshan Autonomous Region. It is sparsely insecurity in bad years. populated, mountainous area in which most households reside in the valleys. Precipitation comes mostly in the form of snow from October Key Livelihoods Activities through May. The majority of households are engaged in the growing of Poor Better-off wheat, potatoes, tomatoes, cucumbers and fruits. Livestock ownership is Migration Salaried work limited, with households keeping mostly sheep and goats and some Seasonal work Trade/business poultry; these used for household consumption and are sold according to Livestock Livestock need. husbandry husbandry Food is sourced primarily from the market by both the poor and the Staple Foods and Sources better-off as agricultural production is insufficient to meet most ·ΪϢν͋·ΪΜ͇ν͛ ͕ΪΪ͇ Σ͇͋͋ν. Better-off households supplement their food Poor and Better-off purchases with wheat and potatoes from their own production and meat Wheat from market and own crops from their own animals. The poor rely heavily on credit for their market Fruit, vegetables, potato from market purchases. Poorer households may also source small portions of their and own crops annual food needs from their fields and food gifts from relatives and Livestock meat and products from own neighbors. herds Sources of income in this zone vary significantly between the poor and Key Income Sources better-off. Better-off households earn cash through government Poor Better-off salaries1, small businesses and informal trade, limited livestock sales and Remittances Government salaries remittances. Though some crops are sold by both the poor and better- Seasonal work Trade/business off, crop sales represent a small proportion of household income. Remittances from family members working in Russia and seasonal labor Livestock sales in construction are among the most important sources of income for the Productive Assets poor. Some poor households receive pensions and government support. Poor and Better-off With limited resources, poorer households rely heavily on credit. Livestock: Poultry, Sheep, Goats Market access is only good on a seasonal basis, and hampered by Main Markets remoteness, road conditions and winter weather conditions. From Khorog December to April snowfall and the hazards associated with it, hinders Ishkoshim commodities from entering the zone in addition to preventing Rushon households living in the more remote areas from reaching the market to sell and buy commodities. Seasonal vegetables such as tomatoes, Shughnon cucumbers, potatoes and fruit are sold in small quantities at the smaller Roshgala

1 Government salaries include any work paid for by the government, including teachers, nurses, bureaucrats, etc. 3

Shocks and Hazards local markets then transported to the larger market of Khorog. Meat and milk are sold seasonally (July through October) whereas animals are sold Staple food price spikes from mid-July through December. Wheat, rice and pasta imported from Inability to access markets in winter Dushanbe to Khorog and the smaller zone markets, are the main staples Flooding ̼ΪϢͽ·χ ̼ϴ χ·͋ ϹΪΣ͋͛ν ι͋νΊ͇͋Σχν΅ Land slides Avalanches The main shocks are related to market access and behavior which impacts ·ΪϢν͋·ΪΜ͇ν͛ ̯̼ΊΜΊχϴ χΪ ζϢι̽·̯ν͋ ͕ΪΪ͇. As the majority rely on Livestock diseases purchases to meet their annual needs these hazards are especially Key Early Warning Indicators Ί΢ζΪιχ̯Σχ χΪ ΢ΪΣΊχΪι΅ FΜΪΪ͇ΊΣͽ ̯Σ͇ ΜΊϭ͋νχΪ̽Ι ͇Ίν̯͋ν͋ ̯͕͕͋̽χ ·ΪϢν͋·ΪΜ͇ν͛ Food price spikes ability to earn cash, which is then used to purchase essential food and Livestock diseases from March to June non-food items. Since most households reside in valleys they are Erratic rains and flooding from March susceptible to floods, particularly if snows from higher elevations melt at through August above average rates.

Seasonal calendar

Zone 2:Western Pamir Valley Migratory Work Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

LP Land prep. PL Planting WE Weeding HA Harvesting

SEASONS Wet Season Dry Season Lean Season

CROP ACTIVITIES Wheat LP PL WE HA Potatoes LP PL WE HA Vegetables LP PL WE HA

LIVESTOCK ACTIVITIES

Livestock sales PEAK Livestock migration

Milk production PEAK OTHER LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITIES Remittance receipt Agricltural labor Off-farm labor Labor migration Wild food collection Staple food prices Festivals

SHOCKS AND HAZARDS

Staple food prices PEAK PEAK Market access Livestock disease Floods Diarrhea Tubercolosis

4

Livelihood Zone 3: Western Pamir Irrigated Agriculture Zone

Food Security Characterization This small, mixed agriculture zone sits within the northwest sector of This zone is rarely considered at risk of food the Gorno-Badakshan Autonomous Region, and includes the southern insecurity. half of Darvoz and northern three-quarters of Vanj districts. Most Key Livelihoods Activities households in this sparsely populated mountainous area live in the valleys producing wheat and vegetables, fruit2 and potatoes. Most of Poor the land is irrigated by gravity flow systems. The hillier plots are tilled Potatoes, vegetable, fruit production by hand or animal traction while flatter plots are tilled by tractors. Casual and agricultural work Better-off households will rent tractors, paying in cash or grain. Poorer Migration households use oxen or organize work parties called hashar to till and perform other agricultural work. In addition to crop production Better-off households also keep livestock, mostly goats and sheep but also Potatoes, vegetable, fruit, wheat turkeys and chickens. Better-off households own cattle, donkeys, production sheep, goats and poultry while poorer households may only own the Migration latter three livestock types. Households typically take livestock to the Livestock husbandry northern hills from April to October, bringing them back down during the winter. Staple Foods and Sources

Poor Crop production plays an important role in household food access. Wheat from market Land size and access to irrigated land limit the type and amount of crops produced. Better-off households are able to cultivate up to four Fruits and vegetables from own crops or five times more land than poor households. Better-off households Livestock meat and products from own typically harvest sufficient food from their own crops and livestock to herd cover most of their annual food needs. Conversely, poorer households Better-off rely on the market to meet most of their food needs, and purchase Wheat from market and own crops wheat and other needs. Like other zones, poor households rely heavily Fruits and vegetables from own crops on credit offered by local shop keepers. They tend to mostly produce potatoes and vegetables, which is consumed, sold or traded for wheat Livestock meat and products from own and other essentials. In-kind payment in wheat is another important herd source of food for the poor. Though poor households may have Key Income Sources livestock the contribution to their total annual food needs is minimal. Poor Crop sales are the primary source of income for both the poor and Sales of potatoes, vegetable, fruit better-off. The poor sell potatoes, vegetables, and, to a lesser extent, Remittances fruit, while the better-off sell these, as well as wheat. Remittances, Livestock and livestock product sales pensions, and livestock product sales are additional income sources for χ·͋ ζΪΪι΅ ͱ̯Σϴ Ϊ͕ χ·͋ ϹΪΣ͋͛ν ζΪΪι ·̯ϭ͋ ΪΣ͋ ·ΪϢν͋·ΪΜ͇ ΢͋΢̼͋ι Ϯ·Ϊ Better-off will travel to Russia from March to November to search for work. The Crop sales of potatoes, vegetables, wheat better-off also earn income from small businesses, shops and trading. Remittances

2 Fruits grown include lemon, pomegranate and persimmon 5

Salaried government work While livestock and livestock products represent smaller portions of Productive Assets the better-Ϊ͕͕͛ν ̯ΣΣϢ̯Μ ΊΣ̽Ϊ΢͋΂ χ·͋ν͋ Ίχ͋΢ν ̯ι͋ νχΊΜΜ Ί΢ζΪιχ̯Σχ ΊΣ financing food and non-food essentials. Poor Better-off Livestock: Livestock: Cattle, Market access is generally good; however those living in the eastern Sheep, Goats, Donkeys, Sheep, Goats, part of the zone are more limited during severe winter conditions and Poultry Poultry associated landslides or avalanches. The areas closer to the Afghanistan border are influenced more by cross-border trade Main Markets activities. Traders from Dushanbe and regional trading centers Darvoz purchase potatoes, vegetables and fruit and transport them back to be Vanj sold in their local/village market.

Shocks and Hazards Options for coping strategies in the zone are constrained. Poor Staple food price spikes households are limited to finding additional work opportunities, Landslides/avalanche purchasing cheaper foods, and increasing reliance on credit. The latter can often push households further into poverty particularly if they are Crop/livestock disease unable to re-pay the debts. Another typical strategy is to reduce Key Early Warning Indicators expenditure on non-essentials and purchase cheaper foods. Having Staple food price spikes more resources, the better-off typically can compensate from most Livestock diseases deficits incurred by hazards. Flooding from March to July Crop diseases in May and June

Zone 3:Western Pamir Irrigated Agriculture Zone Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

LP Land prep. PL Planting WE Weeding HA Harvesting

wealth group SEASONS Wet Season Dry Season Lean Season

CROP ACTIVITIES Wheat LP PL WE HA Potatoes LP PL WE HA Vegetables LP PL WE HA

LIVESTOCK ACTIVITIES Livestock sales PEAK PEAK PEAK Livestock migration Milk production PEAK

OTHER LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITIES Remittances Local labor Wild food collection Wheat purchase Poor Potato purchase Poor Festivals

SHOCKS AND HAZARDS Staple food price spikes PEAK Flooding Crop diseases Livestock disease 6 Landslides Malaria Diarrehea

Livelihood Zone 4: Rasht Valley Irrigated Potato Zone

Food Security Characterization This irrigated agriculture zone produces mostly potatoes, fruit and This zone is considered at risk of food vegetables, but also wheat. It is large, mountainous, sparsely populated insecurity in bad years. and stretches from Rasht and Jirgatol District borders with Kirgizstan towards the south and west. It encompasses most jamoats3 in Tavildara, Key Livelihoods Activities Tojikobod, Nurobod, Roghun and the northern jamoats of Faizobod Poor districts. The majority of households are concentrated within the fertile Potato production for income and food valleys which allows for the use of gravity flow and spring box irrigation Casual work systems to cultivate mostly potatoes and vegetables, but also wheat. The Livestock husbandry for food and sale early rains occur in October and November and the late rains take place in April and May. Snow falls from December until March bringing the total Better-off amount of precipitation in the zone to 500 to 800 mm. Most of the flat Potato, fruit and vegetable production lands are tilled using mechanized traction while animal traction is used in for income and food hilly areas. Households also keep cattle, sheep, goats and poultry. A Migration to send remittances minority of households also produce honey for sale. Livestock husbandry for food and sale Nearly all households in the zone rely on purchased food to meet the Staple Foods and Sources majority of the food needs. Though households do consume potatoes Poor and Better-off their own potatoes they are mostly sold or traded for wheat, vegetables, oil and non-food essentials. Other crops from their own farms and Wheat from trading or the market livestock products fulfill their remaining food needs. Poor households also Potatoes, fruit and vegetables from own rely heavily on in-kind grain payments and livestock products. Similar to crops other livelihood zones, the poor initially purchase their food using credit, Livestock meat and products from own repaying their debts according to seasonal cash flow. herds Income sources for the poor and better-off are highly dependent on Key Income Sources employment opportunities. The main source of income for the poor Poor Better-off comes from work within the zone. Compensation is mostly paid in cash Local work Remittances however some is paid in-kind. Crop and livestock sales are another source Crop and livestock Crop sales Ϊ͕ ΊΣ̽Ϊ΢͋ ͕Ϊι χ·͋ ϹΪΣ͋͛ν ζΪΪι΂ ͕ΪΜΜΪϮ͇͋ ̼ϴ νΪ΢͋ ΜΊ΢Ίχ͇͋ ͽΪϭ͋ιΣ΢͋Σχ sales Livestock sales support. Better-off households rely largely on remittances received from Government household members working in Russia, followed by crop and livestock support sales. Some better-off households earn revenue from small shops, businesses and salaries from government jobs. Productive Assets Poor and Better-off Market access is seasonal. From March until November access to the ϹΪΣ͋͛ν ΢̯ΖΪι ΢̯ιΙ͋χ Ίν ι͋ΜΊ̯̼Μ͋΂ ·ΪϮ͋ϭ͋ι ͇ϢιΊΣͽ χ·͋ ϮΊΣχ͋ι ΢ΪΣχ·ν – Livestock: Sheep, Goats, Chicken, Cows December until February – many roads are closed because of excessive Main Markets snow. Commodities produced in the zone are sold at the village market

3 Jamoats are the lowest administrative unit in Tajikistan. 7

Gharm level and transported to one of the main regional markets. From there Jirgatol traders take the goods to Dushanbe or to large markets in Khatlon. Imported staples like wheat and rice flow from Dushanbe to the district Dushanbe centers and down to the village cluster markets. Shocks and Hazards Crop diseases and pests There is a range of options for coping in this zone. For the most part poorer households rely more on credit, which means they must also find Insufficient rainfall additional income sources to pay back debtors. Sending more members to Floods look for labor opportunities and/or selling additional livestock may are Frost/hail strategies the poor implement to finance debt repayments The poor also Staple food price spikes collect wild fruits and vegetables to eat, trade or sell. Better-off Unfavorable terms of trade households typically sell additional livestock, petition migrant household members to send more remittances or engage in self-employment Key Early Warning Indicators activities. Food price spikes Flooding from March to July

Zone 4: Rasht Valley Irrigated Potato Zone Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

LP Land prep. PL Planting W/T Weeding/ HA Harvesting Tending wealth group SEASONS Snow Wet Season Dry Season Lean Season

CROP ACTIVITIES Wheat All LP PL W/T HA Potatoes All LP PL W/T HA Vegetables All LP PL W/T HA Fruit All W/T HA

LIVESTOCK ACTIVITIES Livestock sales Livestock migration Hills Valleys Milk production

OTHER LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITIES Remittances Honey sales Off-farm labor Local labor Wild food collection Staple food purchase

SHOCKS AND HAZARDS Crop diseases PEAK Flooding Frost/hail Poor market access Landslides 8

Livelihood Zone 5: Khatlon Mountain Agro-Pastoral Zone

Food Security Characterization This mountainous, agro-pastoral livelihood zone includes Baljuvon, This zone is rarely considered at risk Muminobod, Khovaling, Shuroobod (except Doghiston jamoat) and Norak of food insecurity. districts. Though there is some gravity flow irrigation, the majority of households rely on 400 to 600 mm of rainfall per yield. The main crops grown Key Livelihoods Activities in the zone are wheat, legumes (lentils, peas, beans) and fruits (apple, grapes, Poor pears, apricots). Animal traction is the main form of land preparation though Livestock husbandry for income and better-off households may use tractors if their fields are flat enough. Pastures food and crop residues are the main source of fodder for zone livestock. In Rural Crop production for food households in Norak share largely similar agriculture-based livelihoods, but Migration the hydro-electric dam also provides local work for many.

Local employment Land holding and herd size are the main determinants of wealth and food Better-off security status in this zone. Better-off households can cultivate up to 5 to 10 Livestock husbandry for income and hectares of land while their poorer neighbors may only cultivate .2 to .5 food hectares. This translates into a decreased reliance on food from their own fields and only 5-6 months worth of production from their own fields. As in Wheat production for food and many other zones, market food access for the poor is based on a credit income system. The poor also barter small stock for grain and the meat and dairy Vegetable and fruit production for products supplied by their animals. Better-off households are able to harvest food 7-9 months worth of wheat, leaving only 3-4 months for market dependence. Staple Foods and Sources Vegetables from neighboring zones are purchased throughout the year while Poor and Better-off local dairy products are mostly consumed from March until November. Legumes and fruit are both consumed fresh and sold in the market dried. Wheat from market and own crops Legumes from own crops Livestock sales represent the main income source for all households in the Fruits and vegetables from own zone. Better-off households may sell more cattle, donkeys, sheep and goats crops whereas the poor will be limited to selling small ruminants and poultry. Crops, Livestock from own herd mostly wheat and some potatoes are another important income sources. However, limited land holdings limit the quantity of crops and produce poor Key Income Sources households are capable of selling for cash. The poor may also sell some of the Poor Better-off grain they earn from working on better-Ϊ͕͕ ·ΪϢν͋·ΪΜ͇ν͛ ζΜΪχν΅ E΢ζΜΪϴ΢͋Σχ Ίν Livestock sales Livestock sales generally local and payment is usually in-ΙΊΣ͇΅ ! ΢ΊΣΪιΊχϴ Ϊ͕ χ·͋ ϹΪΣ͋͛ν population find informal employment in Kulob, Dushanbe, Qurghonteppa and Remittances Wheat sales Russia. Local work

Productive Assets Market access in the zone is good from May to December, and challenging from January to May. Obstacles to market access are generally seasonal and Poor and Better-off characterized by bad roads, distance and inaccessibility due to winter snow Livestock: Sheep, Goats, Cows and and spring thaws between January and May. The distance and cost of Poultry transporting produce to this remote zone results in unfavorable trade terms Land on local producers. Kulob is the major markets within the zone, followed by

9

Main Markets markets in district centers. Smaller weekly markets located near village clusters often serve as the main trading post for rural households. Crops and Kulob livestock are sold locally, or at the district market then transported to Kulob Qurghonteppa and Qurghonteppa. Traders from the large regional trading centers come and Muminobod purchase commodities at the local markets. Shuroobod The primary shock in this zone is livestock disease, which occur both in Khovaling winter and spring months, and has a significant impact on household food Baljuvon security due to universal reliance on animal sales as a key income source. Hail Shocks and Hazards and crop pest/diseases are among the other major shocks. Chronic indebtedness of the poor is also a key hazard for the poor households. To Hail cope, poorer households respond by asking for more credit, selling additional Livestock diseases livestock and reducing the amount of food consumed. Owning more livestock, Flooding the better-off are better positioned to sell additional animals without Crop pest/diseases affecting future resiliency. They can also lean on their savings and grain stocks or increase bartering available assets for food and non-food essentials. Key Early Warning Indicators Food price spikes Excessive rains March to May Crop pest infestations March through July

Zone 5: Khatlon Mountain and Agro-Pastoral Zone Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

LP Land prep. PL Planting W/T Weeding/ HA Harvesting Tending

SEASONS Wet Season Dry Season LeanSeason Wealth CROP ACTIVITIES group Wheat All LP PL HA Legumes All LP PL HA Fruit All HA

LIVESTOCK ACTIVITIES Livestock sales Milk production Livestock migration

OTHER LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITIES Labor migration Remittances Local labor Honey sales Staple food purchase

SHOCKS AND HAZARDS Staple food price spikes PEAK Flooding Crop pest/disease Livestock disease 10

Livelihood Zone 6: Southern Khatlon Cotton, Vegetable and Wheat Zone

Food Security Characterization Agriculture and, to a lesser degree, animal husbandry are the dominant This zone is considered at risk of livelihood activities in this relatively fertile zone. It stretches across most of food insecurity in bad years. southern Khatlon Region and is interspersed with Khatlon Rainfed Wheat and Livestock zone. Irrigation infrastructure is found throughout the livelihood zone, Key Livelihoods Activities however since Soviet times the maintenance of some of these systems have Poor largely fallen into disrepair. Crop production for sale and 4 food Most households in the zone are part of the dehkan land tenure system and are still grow cotton 5. In addition to cotton, households also produce wheat, fruits Agricultural and casual work and vegetables, mostly onions, potatoes, carrots, cabbage, and fruits. Some Migration households also produce fruits such as lemon, grapes, apricots, peaches and Better-off pomegranates. Better-off households cultivate larger areas of land, can afford Crop production for sale and tractor and thresher rental and hire agricultural laborers. Cattle, sheep, goats and food chickens are the main livestock kept by households, though poorer households Cotton production for income may only own some chickens, sheep or goats.

Livestock husbandry for food Households in this zone are largely dependent on the market for their food. and income Generally, the harvest of better-off households lasts until December, with the Staple Foods and Sources remaining half of their food needs coming from the market and their own livestock. Poor households are only capable of producing three to four months of Poor and Better-off food from their fields and rely on purchases to meet most of their annual food Wheat from the market and needs. The poor initially purchase food through credit in the lean season. A small own crops proportion of pooι ·ΪϢν͋·ΪΜ͇ν͛ ͕ΪΪ͇ Σ͇͋͋ν ̽Ϊ΢͋ ͕ιΪ΢ ΊΣ-kind payments and Legumes and vegetables from livestock products. the market and own crops Livestock and their products Main income sources differ significantly between the poor and better-off. The from own herds better-off rely largely on crop sales including mainly cotton, wheat and vegetables, with sales of livestock and livestock product sales providing a second Key Income Sources source of income. The better-off also engage in small businesses and trading, such Poor Better-off as renting out their thresher to other households in exchange for grain then Remittances Cotton sales selling the grain when prices peak, which includes cross-border trade. One of the Agricultural Wheat and main income source for the poor comes from remittances received from and casual vegetable household members who migrate to Russia in search of employment. The second

4 Because of the diverse ecology and current legal land tenure framework in Tajikistan, dehkan farms generally refers to farm land that households use to earn their livelihoods. In this report dehkan farm refers to all privatized farmers that households access as a collective member, renter, or individual to grow cash and food crops for either individual or collective sale and household consumption. It is recognized that land tenure issues are evolving while reform is ongoing and will likely continue in the near- to medium-term.

5 Vladimir V. EϭχΊ΢Ϊϭ΂ ΄ιΪΖ͋̽χ ͜͞΢ζιΪϭ͇͋ FΪΪ͇ ΋͋̽ϢιΊχϴ ̯Σ͇ EΣ·̯Σ͇̽͋ ͫΊϭ͋ΜΊ·ΪΪ͇ν χ·ιΪϢͽ· ͜ΣνχΊχϢχΊΪΣ̯Μ ̯Σ͇ G͋Σ͇͋ι-sensitive ̯ͫΣ͇ ·͕͋Ϊι΢ ΊΣ Α̯ΖΊΙΊνχ̯Σ͟(͸΋·͸/Α!ͧ/602/C!Ͳ)΂ ΄ιΪΖ͋̽χ χ͋̽·ΣΊ̯̽Μ ι͋ϭΊ͋Ϯ ι͋ζΪιt, 2008 11

work sales source of income is agricultural labor and casual labor activities throughout the Crop sales Livestock and zone. Poor households typically are unable to produce enough crops for product sales household consumption but may sell a small portion immediately after harvest to pay back creditors. They may also sell goats or sheep, poultry or their products, Productive Assets (milk and eggs). Many households have one or two members working in Russia Poor Better-off and Kazakhstan from March until November. Livestock: Livestock: Sheep, Cattle, Market access is the zone is good locally and regionally. Throughout the zone Goats, Sheep, households buy and sell their commodities at smaller daily markets. Good feeder Poultry Goats, roads and reliable informal transportation systems allow year round access to the Poultry larger regional weekly markets of Shaartuz (west of Vakhsh River), Qurghonteppa (east of the Vakhsh River) and Kulob (eastern part of the zone). Traders from Main Markets Dushanbe, and the larger regional centers buy wheat, vegetables and fruits and Qurghonteppa transport them back to sell at their local/village for a profit. Wheat flour and to a Kulob lesser extent, peas, lentils and rice, originating from Dushanbe, are the main Shaartuz staple foods purchased by households.

Shocks and Hazards Common shocks in this zone are largely related to crop failures and, to a lesser Hail extent, livestock losses. Household responses to the many shocks vary according Flooding to wealth. In addition to asking for additional credit, poorer households may have Crop pest and diseases more family members to find work in other countries, other zones or locally Livestock diseases and/or sell additional livestock. There is a limit to how many animals the poor are able to sell without risking future shock resiliency. The poor may also switch Key Early Warning Indicators expenditure patterns by reducing amount of cash spent on non-food items and Food price spikes purchasing cheaper foods. They also collect wild fruits and nuts. Better-off Inadequate rains from January households can afford to sell additional livestock to cover food or cash deficits to April incurred by the shock. Additionally they typically have food stocks, and go in search of additional work or self-employment opportunities.

12

Seasonal calendar

Zone 6: Southern Khatlon Cotton, Vegetabes and Wheat Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

LP Land prep. PL Planting W/T Weeding/ HA Harvesting Tending

SEASONS Wet Season Dry Season Lean Season Wealth CROP ACTIVITIES group

Wheat All LP PL HA

Vegetables All LP PL W/T LP PL W/T HA Legumes All LP PL W/T HA Cotton All LP PL W/T HA

LIVESTOCK ACTIVITIES Livestock sales Milk production

OTHER LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITIES Off-farm labor Local labor Staple food purchase

SHOCKS AND HAZARDS

Staple food prices PEAK Inadequate rain Floods Livestock disease Crops disease/pest Malaria Diarrehea

13

Livelihood Zone 7: Khatlon Rainfed Wheat and Livestock Zone

Food Security Characterization This mixed-agriculture zone includes all hilly, rain-fed wheat areas in This zone is rarely considered at risk of the Khatlon Region and the southern jamoats of the Rudaki district. The food insecurity. zone is interspersed with Zone 6: Southern Khatlon Cotton, Vegetable and Wheat Zone. The zone receives between 350-500 mm of Key Livelihoods Activities precipitation annually, providing wheat, beans, lentils, sesame and Poor sunflower crops with enough moisture to mature. A minority of those Local work for income living in the zone, may also produce fruits and pistachios. Land is mostly Migration prepared by animal traction; however those that can afford the expense Crop production for food and sale: rent tractors to plow their fields. Livestock-poor households exchange a wheat, beans, lentils, oil seeds portion of their future wheat harvest for the use of a pair of plow oxen. Animals raised in the zone are cattle, sheep, goats and poultry, mostly Better-off turkeys. Before winter, the poor de-stock their herd either by selling or Crop production for food and sale: slaughtering. wheat, beans, lentils, oil seeds Livestock husbandry for sale and food: ! household’s own production is a significant source of food for all cattle, sheep, goats, turkey wealth groups, but the poor are still highly dependent on the market for a large proportion of their food needs. The poor also consume livestock Small business and trading products from their own herds, and receive in-kind payment for local Staple Foods and Sources agricultural work, which helps meet minimum food needs. Better-off Poor households are capable of meeting the bulk of the annual food needs from their crops but will also purchase food according to need and Wheat from the market and own crops consume their livestock products. Livestock products such as meat, dairy Beans from the market and own crops and eggs are consumed by all households but contribute only a small Livestock products from own herd portion to their annual food requirement. Better-off Income sources differ significantly between wealth groups in this zone. Wheat from own fields and the market For better-off households, livestock sales are the main source of income Beans from own crops and the market and a response to the demand at Dushanbe and Qurghonteppa markets. Livestock products from own herd Crop sales of wheat and some vegetables are another source of cash for Key Income Sources the better-off followed by trading and small businesses. The latter two income earning activities are mostly tractor renting, grain and livestock Poor Better-off trading and small shops. With minimal assets the poor rely on local labor Local work Livestock sales opportunities, remittances from household members in Russia and Remittances Crop sales Dushanbe, petty trading and crop sales. Crop sales are minimal and Petty trading Trading and small typically are sold immediately after harvest to cover urgent food and non-food needs and repay creditors. They may also sell some of the grain Crop sales business they receive as payment in-kind. Petty trading by poor households is Productive Assets done by purchasing sugar, salt and spices in large quantities then re- Poor Better-off selling the commodities in smaller portions. Most of the work opportunities in the zone are found locally however some may travel to Livestock: Sheep, Livestock: Cattle, Goats, Poultry, Sheep, Goats, 14

Donkey Poultry, Donkeys Russia from March to November, or Dushanbe throughout the year.

Main Markets Market access in the zone is good and connects various village clusters Qurghonteppa with larger main markets. Well-maintained feeder roads, year-round Yovon access and adequate transportation ensure a regular flow of Danghara commodities into and out of the zone. Selling households take their livestock or crops to weekly markets where traders will buy commodities Shocks and Hazards and transport them back to regional centers or Dushanbe for sale. Wheat Insufficient rainfall flour, rice, lentils and peas are imported by traders from Qurghonteppa Crop disease/pests, especially locust and Dushanbe and sold to the zone residents. Livestock disease This zone is afflicted with numerous shocks that affect access to income Staple food price spikes and food. Insufficient rainfall, crop pest and disease, livestock disease, Hail irregular staple food prices increases and hail are among the most Floods common threats. Drought is a hazard, but not a common shock within Key Early Warning Indicators the last five years. Poorer households typically respond by selling Food price spikes additional livestock, reduce the amount of food they consume and collect wild onions, mushrooms and dog rose from the forest for consumption Insufficient rainfall January to April and sale. Better-off households should be able to recover from hazard Livestock diseases infestations incurred losses by selling more animals and eating food reserves. Crop disease infestations from January through April

Seasonal calendar

Zone 7: Khatlon Rainfed Wheat and Livestock Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

LP Land prep. PL Planting WE Weeding HA Harvesting

SEASONS Wet Season Dry Season Lean Season

Wealth CROP ACTIVITIES group Season

Wheat All LP PL WE HA Potatoes All LP PL WE HA Oil seed crops All LP PL WE HA

LIVESTOCK ACTIVITIES

Livestock sales PEAK Livestock migration Milk production

OTHER LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITIES Remittances Festivals

SHOCKS AND HAZARDS

Staple food price spikes PEAK Flooding Crop diseases Livestock disease Landslides Malaria Diarrehea 15

Livelihood Zone 8: Central and Eastern Tajikistan Agro-Industrial Zone

Food Security Characterization This agricultural zone’s landscape is mostly flat and fertile agricultural land This zone is rarely considered at risk through the northern and southern borders of the zone slope to high of food insecurity. elevations becoming increasingly hilly and less dependent on irrigation. The zone extends eastward from the border of Uzbekistan through most of Key Livelihoods Activities Tursunzoda, Shakhrinav, Hissor, southern Varzob, Vahdat, the northern parts Poor of Rudaki and Vahdat Districts. The Tajikistan railroad traverses the center of Local work the zone connecting households with large commercial centers of Dushanbe Migration with peri-urban areas and Uzbekistan. Vegetable production Nearly 90% of the agricultural land is irrigated and households mostly Livestock husbandry cultivate vegetables such as tomatoes, cucumbers, carrots and cabbage. Fruit, Better-off such as grapes, apples, pear and apricots are also grown on family plots and on orchards. The hillier areas use the 600 to 800 mm of rainfall received to Vegetable production produce some wheat, legumes and oilseeds but these crops are mostly used Trading in livestock and as livestock fodder. Goats and chicken are the main livestock kept in the zone Livestock husbandry and are used for household consumption and for sale. Staple Foods and Sources The majority of households in the zone source the bulk of their food from Poor and Better-off the market. The poor, however, source most of their purchased food on Wheat from the market and own credit which is repaid when cash becomes readily available. Though this is an crops agriculture-dominant livelihood zone, most of the crops produced are sold, Vegetables from own crops with a small amount reserved for household consumption. Both better-off Livestock products from own herd and poor households will supplement their food needs with livestock products, such as milk, meat and eggs. The poor will also barter fruits and Key Income Sources vegetables for essential food and non-food items. Poor Better-off Income for all wealth groups is based in agriculture, though the better-off Agricultural and Vegetable sales earn theirs from crop sales, whilst the poor earn income by working on the casual work Trading farms of the better-off. The second most important source of cash is Remittances Livestock sales remittances from migrating family members. Many poor households have Vegetable or one member work in Russia or Kazakhstan who send cash back on a monthly livestock basis. To fill remaining income gaps poor households may get cash from one product sales or all of the following activities: vegetable sales, pensions, and/or livestock Productive Assets sales. Vegetable sales represent the main source of income for better-off households followed by trading and livestock sales. Regularly operating trains, Poor and Better-off extensive road networks and reliable transport allows many better-off Livestock: Sheep, Cattle, Poultry households to travel throughout the zone purchasing and reselling agriculture Main Markets commodities.

Dushanbe Given its location, market access is excellent and year-round access is Istaravshan

16

Ayni generally possible Vegetables, fruit, livestock and livestock products are Shocks and Hazards taken from the village level and brought to one of the major markets within the zone. Wheat from Kazakhstan and rice from other countries are imported Food price spikes to Dushanbe or Sughd and transported to the zone and sold at the village Crop diseases and pests level. Livestock diseases and pest Excessive power cuts Price spikes are common shocks and important to monitor given the dependence on staple food purchases and sales. Crop diseases and pest also Key Early Warning Indicators put many households at risk of food insecurity since many depend on Food price spikes production, either through direct sales or the labor opportunities they Insufficient rainfall January to April provide. Poor households have fewer options to respond to shocks but still Livestock diseases from March to migrate to other areas within and outside of Tajikistan, sell additional goats or June chickens, rely more on credit, and reduce expenditure on non-food items and purchase cheaper foods.

Seasonal calendar

Zone 8: Central and Eastern Tajikistan Agro-Industrial Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

LP Land prep. PL Planting WE Weeding/ HA Harvesting Tending

SEASONS Wet Season Dry Season Hunger Season

CROP ACTIVITIES Wheat LP PL WE HA Vegetables LP PL WE HA LP Fruit/grapes LP PL WE HA LP

LIVESTOCK ACTIVITIES Livestock sales Livestock migration Milk production PEAK

OTHER LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITIES Remittances Local labor Off-farm labor labor migration PEAK Wild food collection Trade Petty trade Fishing

SHOCKS AND HAZARDS Staple food prices PEAK Crop disease/pest

17

Livelihood Zone 9: Eastern and Central Zeravshan Valley Agro-pastoral Zone

Food Security Characterization This sparsely populated, mountainous zone is located in the portion of the This zone is considered at risk of Zeravshan Valley running from Kuhistoni Mastchoh district through Ayni district, food insecurity in bad years. and parts the eastern and southern part of Panjakent districts. Inhabitants mainly live along the Zeravshan River where water and road access within the zone is Key Livelihoods Activities best. However, there are a few settlements located deeper in the mountains. Poor Migration The livelihood system is best characterized as agro-pastoral. Households Livestock husbandry: sheep , depend largely on sheep and goats for food and income and, to a lesser extent, goats, and cattle crop production. Soil fertility differs throughout the valley. Higher altitude in Fruit agriculture: apricots and Kuhistoni Mastchoh and western Panjakent tends to be more fertile while soil in apples Ayni district tends to be sandy and less fertile. The zone receives relatively high Vegetable agriculture: potatoes, amounts of precipitation in the form of rain and snow as compared to the much cabbage, carrots of the country; sometimes reaching as much as 1000 millimeters per year. The ϹΪΣ͋͛ν ͋Μ͋ϭ̯χΊΪΣ ι̯Σͽ͋ν ͕ιΪ΢ ̯ζζιΪϳΊ΢̯χ͋Μϴ 1΂000 χΪ Ϊϭ͋ι 4΂000 ΢͋χ͋ιν΅ Better-off Agricultural land in the zone mostly uses gravity-fed irrigation from snowmelt Livestock husbandry and natural springs. Fruit and vegetable production Migration Wealth is largely dependent on livestock holdings, with land holdings being a Staple Foods and Sources less significant indicator. Sheep and goats are the dominant types of livestock in the zone with some better-off households holding cattle. Better-off households Poor and Better-off tend to hold more sheep and goats than poorer households. Land holdings - Wheat purchased from the distributed to household through the dehkan land tenure system - are small in market this rocky canyon-like terrain. Depending on wealth group and location, Potatoes from own production households may have between a third of a hectare and a hectare of land. Livestock and livestock products Kuhistoni Mastchoh and southern Panjakent districts are less densely populated from own production than Ayni district, and tend to have more arable land per household. Key Income Sources Wheat, potatoes, and vegetables are the dominant foods grown and consumed Poor Better-off in the zone. Most households grow winter wheat and vegetables for household Remittances Remittances consumption during late summer and autumn. For the remainder of the year, Livestock and Livestock and households purchase imported wheat flour from the market. Potatoes are more livestock livestock heavily cultivated in Kuhistoni Mastchoh and Shariston districts and Basmanda product sales product jamoat of Ghonchi district than other parts of the zone because of the favorable sales Fruit and growing conditions. Besides being used for household consumption, potatoes are vegetable sales Fruit and also sold outside of the zone. Apricots, pear, and apple orchards are also a major Petty trade and vegetable income source for both the better-off and poor households. local work sales In addition to income from agricultural activities, a significant proportion of Productive Assets income comes from migration from which remittances are sent from Russia or Poor and Better-off Kazakhstan. Because of the limited agricultural land, there is limited demand for Livestock: Sheep, Goats, Cattle local labor and few work opportunities. Better-off households tend to have

18

Main Markets larger remittance earnings because of access to skilled labor jobs abroad. Poor Ayni households are more heavily dependent on income from remittances to meet Dushanbe their food and basic survival needs. Income from livestock is mainly earned Istaravshan through livestock sales rather than livestock product sales like milk, yogurt or Panjakent kefir/shaka. Khujand Regional market access from Dushanbe and Istaravshan has considerably Shocks and Hazards improved thanks to a new tunnel and tarmac that bisects the zone from north to Landslides / mudslides south, through Ayni town. Road conditions within the zone remain poor and Avalanches leave some parts of the zone like Kuhistoni Mastchoh and southern Panjakent Livestock Diseases mostly isolated during the winter and spring. Shariston and Basmanda have better access to Istaravshan and Khujand market than the rest of the zone. Key Early Warning Indicators Food price spikes Mudslide and avalanches are common shocks that disrupt the agricultural and Excessive rainfall March to May livestock practices. In some parts of the zone, low snow accumulation/drought Livestock diseases and locusts also negatively affect harvests.

Seasonal calendar

Zone 9: Eastern and Central Zeravshan Agro-Pastoral Zone Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

PL Planting I/W Irrigate/Weed HA Harvest LP Land prep. SEASONS Rainy Season Dry Season Agricultural Season Lean Season

Wealth CROP ACTIVITIES group Wheat HA LP PL LP PL Potatoes All PL I/ W HA LP Ground Nuts All PL I/ W HA LP Apricots All I/ W HA Apple All HA

Maize and other fodder crops PL HA

Alfalfa PL HA

LIVESTOCK ACTIVITIES

Milk Production n o rmal p eak n o rmal Livestock Sales Livestock Migration Heat and Birth Birth Heat

OTHER LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITIES Local agricultural labor Poor Non-agricultural labor Poor SEASONAL PRICE BEHAVIOR Wheat Flour Prices All Increase Decrease Price of LS All Decrease Increase SHOCKS AND HAZARDS Landslide and Avalanche Excessive rains/Mudslides

CONSUMPTION Better Off Household Production All Poor 19 Better Off Purchase All Poor Livestock and Livestock Better Off All Products Poor

Livelihood Zone 10: Panjakent Rice, Fruit, and Vegetable Zone

Food Security Characterization This border zone is located in the alluvial plains along the This zone is rarely considered at risk of food western Zeravshan River along the Uzbekistan boarder near insecurity. Samarkand. This small zone is densely populated with marginally Key Livelihoods Activities fertile soil. Before cross-border trade between Tajikistan and Uzbekistan deteriorated, Panjakent town served as a major border Poor and Better-off trading town and has remnants of a good road network. Cereal, fodder and cash crop agriculture for food and sale: rice, grapes, wheat, apple and Agriculture in the zone has been in a state of transition since apricots independence. Some major crops, like tobacco, have been Livestock husbandry: sheep, goats and cattle replaced with vegetables, wheat and fodder crops. Rice is heavily Migration cultivated along the northern bank of the Zeravshan River while grapes are predominantly grown south of the river. Wheat is Staple Foods and Sources intermittently grown throughout the zone. A second agricultural Poor season is mainly used to grow fodder crops such as alfalfa and Wheat purchased from the market maize, but also include some cash crops like sunflowers and melons. Rice, wheat, and vegetables from own production Land is fairly equally distributed amongst the population through Milk and other livestock products from own the dehkan land tenure system. Differences in better-off and production poorer households mainly lie in the ownership of tilling and Better-off threshing equipment, sheep and goat herd size, and access to Rice, wheat, and vegetables from own more productive lands. production Livestock plays a major role in the livelihoods of both the poor Milk and other livestock products from own and better-off households in this zone, but is eclipsed by grape production and rice production. Better-off households own larger numbers of Wheat purchased from the market sheep and goats and some cows, while poor households will work Key Income Sources to maintain at least one cow and some sheep and goats.

Poor Better-off The preferred cereal for consumption is wheat, which is largely Remittances Rice, fruit, and obtained in the market – this despite households cultivating a Livestock and livestock vegetable sales large amount of rice and some maize. Rice is consumed at the product sales Livestock and household level once or twice a week throughout the year, but most is sold. Fruits like apricots, apples, and pears are cultivated Rice, fruit, and livestock product vegetable sales sales and marketed, but not to the same extent as the neighboring Remittances Eastern and Central Zeravshan Valley: Agro-pastoral zone. Grapes are considered the most valuable cash crop in the zone. As grapes Productive Assets were originally intended for wine making, since the closing of a Poor and Better-off local winery farmers are now transitioning their vineyards to table Livestock: Sheep, Goats, Cattle

20

Main Markets grapes.

Panjakent Income sources are similar for the poor and better-off, though Istaravshan relative importance differs between wealth groups. Remittances Khujand are an important income source for poor and better-off Dushanbe households, particularly because Panjakent no longer holds its importance as a trading town. Poorer households rely heavily on Shocks and Hazards remittances to meet basic needs, while better-off households use Flooding / flash floods remittances for improvements in livelihood activities. Mudslides Market access within the zone is good, but becomes isolated from Hail and heavy rain major regional markets in the winter due to road blockages. There Livestock and crop diseases is some informal trade with Uzbekistan, but largely this trade route Key Early Warning Indicators is no longer open. Food price spikes Flooding, mudslides, and hail are the major common shocks Rain shortages June to August faced in the zone, resulting in the destruction of standing crops. Excessive rain September to November Some of the flooding come from melting glaciers, and this is Livestock diseases from March to June affecting rice crops in particular.

21

Seasonal calendar

Zone 10: Panjakent Rice, Fruit, and Vegetable Zone Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

PL Planting I/W Irrigate/Weed HA Harvest LP Land prep. SEASONS Rainy Season Dry Season LeanSeason

Wealth CROP ACTIVITIES group Rice PL I/ W HA

Grapes Uncov er HA Bur y Wheat HA PL LP PL HA Vegetables PL I/ W HA LP

Apple I/ W I/ W HA Pear I/ W I/ W I/ W HA Tomatoes PL I/ W HA LP PL I/ W HA LP Maize and fodder crops PL HA PL HA

Alfalfa PL HA

LIVESTOCK ACTIVITIES Milk Production Livestock Sales Livestock Migration

Heat and Birth Birt h Heat

OTHER LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITIES Local agricultural labor Labor migration Non-agricultural labor Remittance All PRICE BEHAVIOR

Wheat Flour All In crea se Decr ease Livestock Prices All Decr ease In crea se SHOCKS AND HAZARDS Rain shortages Excessive rains Crop diseases Winds Respiratory infections

CONSUMPTION

Wheat Crop Better-off Poor Rice Crop Better-off Poor Wheat Flour Purchases Better-off Poor

22

Livelihood Zone 11: Ghonchi and Istaravshan Rainfed Cereal, Fruit, and Vegetable Zone

Food Security Characterization This moderately populated zone is located in the rolling hills at the This zone is rarely considered at risk of food foot of the Zeravshan Valley. This zone mainly lies in Ghonchi and insecurity. Istaravshan districts; south of the North Sughd Agro-Industrial zone and Key Livelihoods Activities north of the Eastern and Central Zeravshan Valley Agro-pastoral zone.

Poor and Better-off The livelihood system is primarily comprised of rain-fed cereal, Cereal, fodder, and vegetable agriculture: viticulture, and vegetable agriculture as well as some livestock rearing. wheat, barley grapes, potatoes, During the Soviet era, the zone was well irrigated, but in the past several vegetables decades the irrigation system has been disassembled. There are Livestock husbandry currently a limited number of newly renovated irrigation systems within Migration the zone. Poor and better-off households in the zone access arable land through the dehkan farm tenure system. Important Foods and Sources Poor and Better-off Most households cultivate rain-fed cereal crops such as wheat and barley, which are then sold to mills or breweries for cash. In some cases Wheat purchased from the market poor households consume wheat harvests for several months in the fall. Wheat and vegetables from own Wheat and barley remnants and other fodder crops are gathered and production stored for winter fodder for livestock. When there is excess, fodder Milk and other livestock products from own crops are sometimes sold to households within the region. Throughout production the zone there are garden plots growing grapes and household Key Income Sources vegetables for household consumption and sale, but income from this activity is limited. Better-off households tend to have higher yields than Poor Better-off poorer households because of better access to quality seeds, fertilizer Remittances Rice, fruit, and inputs, and tractors and threshers. Cereal, fruit, and vegetable sales vegetable sales Livestock and livestock Cattle, sheep, goat, and poultry rearing also play an important role as both an income and food sources for better-off and poor households. Livestock and product sales livestock product Trading Cattle are more dominant than sheep. Better-off households tend to sales have more sheep, goats, and cattle than poorer households.

Productive Assets Households in this zone seem to be heavily dependent on remittances for income, as in most of Tajikistan. Some agriculture-related local labor Poor and Better-off opportunities exist in this zone, although households often use tractors Livestock: Sheep, Goats, Cattle and threshers. Shocks and Hazards Drought Market access in this zone is relatively good, with Istaravshan, a major cereal and vegetable assembly and wholesale market, located within the Flooding zone. Khujand is also easily accessible. Erratic rain patterns Hail Insufficient or erratic rainfall is the commonest shock that will Crop diseases and pests (including locusts) negatively affect livelihoods is, as the area continues to transition into

23

Livestock diseases rain-fed agriculture. Because of a lack of an irrigation system, cereal and Avalanche vegetable production in zone is dependent on the timeliness and quantity of precipitation.

Key Early Warning Indicators Food price spikes Erratic rainfall from January to March and September to November Crop pest infestation May to October

Seasonal calendar

Zone 11: Ghonchi and Istaravshan Rainfed Cereal, Fruit, and Vegetable Zone

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

PL Planting I/W Irrigate/Weed HA Harvest LP Land prep. SEASONS Rainy Season Dry Season Lean Season

Wealth CROPS ACTIVITIES group Season

Wheat Winter HA LP PL Spring LP PL HA

Apple All I/W I/W I/W HA Pears All I/W I/W I/W HA Vegetables LP PL I/ W HA Grapes

LIVESTOCK ACTIVITIES

Milk production Nor mal High Nor mal Livestock sales High Nor mal High Nor mal High Migration

Heat and birth Birt h Heat

OTHER LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITIES Local agricultural labor Poor Remittances (labor migration) Non-agricultural labor Poor Wild food collection All

PRICE BEHAVIOR Wheat flour All Increase Decr ease In crea se

SHOCKS AND HAZARDS Rain shortage Flood Crop pests

CONSUMPTION Wheat crop Better-off Poor Better-off Wheat flour purchases Poor 24

Livelihood Zone 12: North Sughd Agro-Industrial Zone

Food Security Characterization This relatively fertile zone is located in the alluvial planes of northern most This zone is rarely considered at region of Sughd; boarding Uzbekistan to the north and west and Kyrgyzstan to the risk of food insecurity. east. River, Karrakom reservoir, and Farghana valley water channel bisect the zone east to west. The zone is most densely populated in the urban and agricultural areas, but some inhabitants live in the mountains in Asht and Mastchoh district. Key Livelihoods Activities Though the zone is considered to have adequate Soviet-era electrical irrigation Poor and Better-off systems, the geographical expanse of the zone means there are wide swaths of Irrigated cash crop agriculture land above the limits of the irrigation system that are barren and uninhabited. production: cotton, rice, fruit, melons and vegetables Cash cropping, agricultural product processing and, to a lesser extent, livestock rearing are the predominant livelihoods activities for rural households. The Agricultural post-harvest agricultural land is primarily located in flatlands near the major water sources and processing only goes as high as the electric powered irrigation system will allow. However, Trade even households living in the mountains depend on the irrigated agricultural land Livestock rearing: sheep, goats, for their livelihoods. and cattle Households in this zone cultivate a variety of food, cash and fodder crops Staple Foods and Sources including rice, wheat, cotton, melons, tomatoes, cucumbers, apricots, pears, and Poor and Better-off apples. Despite high volumes of rice and some wheat production in the zone, Wheat purchased from the households primarily depend on purchasing wheat flour as a major food source. market The crop varieties in this zone are not distributed evenly throughout the area. For Wheat, rice, and vegetables instance rice is mostly grown in centrally located jamoats and Isfara district, while from own production watermelons are more common in the western jamoats. Cotton is grown Milk and other livestock throughout the zone, but as cotton policies have changed, agricultural practices in products from own production the area are also transitioning. One observed example includes taking advantage of irrigated land for growing other lucrative cash crops such as apricots. Key Income Sources

Poor Better-off Better-off households have better access to land through the dehkan farm system. In addition better-off households have enough income and access to Crop sales Agriculture credit for investing in agricultural and livestock activities. For example, farming Remittances product sales practices use mechanized traction and threshing, and better-off households will Remittances Local work either own these machines or have access to income to rent them. Whereas poor Industrial and households will not have income to use these machines and therefore may not state fully utilize all the land allocated to them through the dehkan farming system. employment

25

Main Markets All wealth groups in this zone are heavily dependent on crop sales as a major source of income, whether it be cotton, fruit, rice, or vegetables. Remittances also Khujand play an important role as an income source, as in most of Tajikistan. Other Istaravshan important economic activities in the zone include cotton and food processing Isfara plants, silk production, and livestock rearing. While there is fishing in the reservoir, it is managed by the government and does not serve as a substantial source of food or income for any one group.

Shocks and Hazards There is relatively good market access in the zone due to an adequate intra-zonal road system. A new road linking Dushanbe with Sughd is under construction, Heavy Rain and Hail which may improve transportation through the northern region of Tajikistan. The Locust largest market in the zone is in Khujand which serves as an assembly and Power outages wholesale market for commodities imported and exported to and from Russia, Crop disease and pests Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan. Istaravshan, an important assembly market for regionally produced vegetables and cereals is also easily accessible. Key Early Warning Indicators Staple food price spikes Shocks that may result in crop failures are most common and include erratic Excessive rainfall June to July rains, crop pests, diseases, and power outages that impact the performance of the irrigation systems.

26

Seasonal calendar

Zone 12: North Sughd Agro-industrial Zone Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

PL Plant WE Weed HA Harvest LP Land prep. SEASONS Rainy Season Dry Season Lean Season

CROPS ACTIVITIES Wealth group Cotton LP PL WE HA Rice LP PL HA Wheat WE HA LP PL Vegetables PL WE WE HA PL WE HA Melon LP PL WE HA Apples HA Apricots & pears HA Maize and other fodder crops PL HA Alfalfa PL HA

LIVESTOCK ACTIVITIES Milk Production Normal High Normal Livestock Sales Livestock Migration Heat and Birth Birth Heat

OTHER LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITIES Local labor Poor Labor migration & remittances Non-agricultural labor Poor Wheat Prices Increase Decrease

SHOCKS AND HAZARDS Drought Floods Crop diseases Crop pests CONSUMPTION Wheat Crop Better-off Poor Rice Crop Better-off Poor Wheat Flour Purchases Better-off Poor

27

Livelihood Zone 13: Khatlon Agro-industrial Peri-urban Zone

Food Security Characterization This small, densely populated zone is peri-urban, with much intensive This zone is rarely considered at risk of food agricultural production, encouraged by the large markets within short insecurity. distance. A large proportion of the population is dependent on labor Key Livelihoods Activities opportunities to earn their livelihoods. It includes southern parts of Jomi and Sarband districts and all of Bokhtar and Western parts of Poor ·Ϣ΢Ί ̯Σ͇ Π̯Ι·ν· ͇ΊνχιΊ̽χν΅ Α·͋ ϹΪΣ͋͛ν ̯ͽιΪ-ecology and the crops Migration produced (cotton, vegetable and wheat) are similar to the Southwest Local work ϹΪΣ͋ν΅ Α·͋ ϹΪΣ͋͛ν ζιΪϳΊ΢Ίχϴ χΪ Qurghonteppa and Jilikul peri-urban Crops production centers and the reliability of irrigation influences how households Better-off source their food and income. Crop production Primary food sources differ depending on wealth group in this zone. Livestock husbandry for sale and food Like the Southwest Cotton, Vegetable and Wheat Zone better-off Migration households source most of their annual food needs from their fields filling remaining food gaps from their livestock and by purchases. Staple Foods and Sources Poorer households get most of their food from in-kind agriculture labor Poor payments, from their own fields or home gardens and a small portion Wheat from in-kind payments, market and through bartering. own crops Potatoes and vegetables from market and Poor and better-off households are all reliant on crop and livestock own crops sales, and remittances for income though to differing degrees. Poor Fruit from market and own crops households earn a significant amount of their cash from remittances sent by family members working in Russia, Kazakhstan and Dushanbe. Better-off They will also sell crops and livestock according to need throughout the Wheat from own crops and market year. Better-off households may also receive remittances but will Potatoes and vegetables from own crops mostly rely on crop and livestock sales. Some better-off households and market also engage in trading – buying crops from their poorer neighbors at Fruit from own crops and market reduced costs and reselling in the markets of Qurghonteppa and Jilikul. Key Income Sources The zone’s proximity to regional markets ensures a steady in/out flow Poor Better-off of commodities. Good road networks and affordable transportation Remittances Crop sales allows unhindered access to markets throughout the year. Local work Livestock sales Livestock sales Remittances Market-based shocks are the most common shocks in this zone. Poor Main Markets and better-off households respond to shocks similarly however the degree to which they are capable of coping with food or cash loss Qurghonteppa differs. Better-off households can sell more livestock, and engage in Dushanbe trading activities. Poor households will rely more on credit, and send Jilikul additional household members to look to work. Shocks and Hazards Staple food price spikes

28

Key Early Warning Indicators Staple food price spikes Excessive rains from March through July Crop disease infestations May to June

Seasonal calendar

Zone 13: Khalton Agro-industrial Peri-urban

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

LP Land prep. PL Planting W/T Weeding/ HA Harvesting Tending

SEASONS Wet Season Dry S eason Lean Season

CRO P ACTIVITIES Wheat All LP PL HA Vegetables All LP PL LP PL W/T HA Legu mes All LP PL HA Cotton All HA W/T HA HA

LIVESTOCK ACTIVITIES Livestock sales Milk p roduction

OTHER LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITIES Off-fa rm labor Local labor Stapl e food purchase SHOCKS AND HAZARDS Stapl e food price spikes PEAK Flooding Crop diseases Livestock disease Diarrehea

29

Annex One: Jamoats by Livelihood Zone

Livelihood Zone 1: Eastern Pamir Plateau Livestock Zone Region District Jomoat Population 2010 GBAO Murgab Alichur 1,990 GBAO Murgab Karakul 804 GBAO Murgab Gozho 1,127 GBAO Murgab Kizilrabat 1,628 GBAO Murgab Murgab 7,023 GBAO Murgab Rangkul 1,441 GBAO Rushan Savnob 2,880 Approximate Population of Livelihood Zone 1 16,893

Livelihood Zone 2: Western Pamir Valley Migratory Work Zone Region District Jomoat Population 2010 GBAO Vanj Rovand 5,705 GBAO Vanj Yazgulom 5,100 GBAO Ishkashim Andarob 2,567 GBAO Ishkashim Vrang 5,856 GBAO Ishkashim Zong 5,755 GBAO Ishkashim Ishkashim 7,810 GBAO Ishkashim Kozidekh 1,933 GBAO Ishkashim Shitkharv 2,103 GBAO Ishkashim Ptup 2,913 GBAO Roshtkala Mirsaid Mirshakar 3,661 GBAO Roshtkala Roshtkala 2,520 GBAO Roshtkala Sejd 2,706 GBAO Roshtkala Tavdem 6,168 GBAO Roshtkala Tusyon 2,327 GBAO Roshtkala Barvoz 2,629 GBAO Rushan Basid 1,323 GBAO Rushan Bartang 1,625 GBAO Rushan Bakhrushan 5,743 GBAO Rushan Pastkhuf 2,454 GBAO Rushan Rushan 5,975 GBAO Rushan Muminsho 1,737 GBAO Shugnan Vankala 4,129 GBAO Shugnan Dekhot Vir 3,690 GBAO Shugnan Darmorakht 2,102 GBAO Shugnan Navabad 5,510 GBAO Shugnan Porshnev 6,320 30

Livelihood Zone 2: Western Pamir Valley Migratory Work Zone GBAO Shugnan Sokhcharv 10,029 GBAO Shugnan Suchon 6,293 GBAO Khorog town Khorog town 27,954 Approximate Population of Livelihood Zone 2 144,637

Livelihood Zone 3: Western Pamir Irrigated Agriculture Zone Region District Jomoat Population 2010 GBAO Vanj Vanj 9,646 GBAO Vanj Vodkhud 2,269 GBAO Vanj Jovid 3,130 GBAO Vanj Rovand 5,705 GBAO Vanj Tekharv 3,157 GBAO Darvaz Vishkharv 3,302 GBAO Darvaz Kalaikhum 8,411 GBAO Darvaz Nulvand 3,380 Approximate Population of Livelihood Zone 3 39,000

Livelihood Zone 4: Rasht Valley Irrigated Potato Zone Region District Jomoat Population 2010 GBAO Darvaz Kalaikhum 8,411 GBAO Darvaz Sagirdasht 5,759 DRS Rasht Gharm 6,997 DRS Rasht Navdi 13,810 DRS Rasht Qalanak 8,357 DRS Rasht Jafr 5,726 DRS Rasht Hoit 5,871 DRS Rasht Safedob 5,270 DRS Rasht N. Makhsum 11,422 DRS Rasht B.Rahimzoda 9,317 DRS Rasht Navobod 6,549 DRS Rasht Obi-Mehnat 3,151 DRS Rasht Tagoba 5,486 DRS Rasht Qalai-Surkh 12,823 DRS Rasht Hijborak 4,246 DRS Rasht Askalon 3,353 31

Livelihood Zone 4: Rasht Valley Irrigated Potato Zone DRS Tojikobod Qalai Labi-Ob 9,045 DRS Tojikobod Langari Shoh 7,134 DRS Tojikobod Shogadoev 4,010 DRS Tojikobod ShirinChashma 3,359 DRS Tojikobod Nushor 8,762 DRS Jergatol Jergatol 14,670 DRS Jergatol Yangishahr 9,595 DRS Jergatol Surkhob 2,734 DRS Jergatol Lyakhsh 4,376 DRS Jergatol Muqsu 8,114 DRS Jergatol Alga 5,102 DRS Jergatol Pildon 7,008 DRS Jergatol Qashot 3,255 DRS Jergatol Domrachi 3,351 DRS Nurobod Punbachi 14,107 DRS Nurobod Yakhak Yust 6,147 DRS Nurobod Samsoloq 14,011 DRS Nurobod Darband 1,004 DRS Nurobod Khumdon 8,972 DRS Nurobod Mujikharf 14,132 DRS Nurobod Hakimi 12,510 DRS Tavildara Tavildara 5,103 DRS Tavildara Sangvor 4,994 DRS Tavildara Childara 5,596 DRD Faizobod Buston 6,890 DRD Faizobod Mehrobod (Gumbuloq) 8,479 DRD Faizobod Shahbozi 3,873 DRD Faizobod Тиён 9,830 DRD Faizobod Javonon 9,753 DRD Faizobod Chamasor 4,787 DRD Faizobod Qalai Dasht 9,290 DRD Faizobod Miskinobod 13,656 DRD Faizobod Faizobod Settlement 7,665 DRD Roghun Sicharogh 2,780 DRD Roghun Obi Garm 3,020 Approximate Population of Livelihood Zone 4 373,662

32

Livelihood Zone 5: Khatlon Mountain Agro-Pastoral Zone Region District Jomoat Population 2010 Khatlon Norak Dukoni 12,640 Khatlon Norak Puli Sangin 10,689 Khatlon Baljuvon Baljuvon 4,516 Khatlon Baljuvon Dektur 6,377 Khatlon Baljuvon Satalmush 4,191 Khatlon Baljuvon Tojikiston 4,750 Khatlon Baljuvon Sari Khosor 5,011 Khatlon Muminobod Dehbaland 12,014 Khatlon Muminobod Kulchashma 15,569 Khatlon Muminobod Tutu 9,054 Khatlon Muminobod Balkhobi 8,890 Khatlon Muminobod Childukhtaron 5,433 Khatlon Khovaling Khovaling 9,447 Khatlon Khovaling Jonbakht 12,124 Khatlon Khovaling Lohuti 11,359 Khatlon Khovaling Shughnov 5,902 Khatlon Khovaling Sari Osiyob 7,468 Khatlon Shurobod Doghiston 6,548 Khatlon Shurobod Dashtijum 4,248 Khatlon Shurobod Shurobod 10,240 Khatlon Shurobod Chagam 5,328 Khatlon Shurobod Yol 5,616 Khatlon Shurobod Langardara 3,901 Khatlon Shurobod Sarichashma 12,268 Approximate Population of Livelihood Zone 5 19,3583

Livelihood Zone 6: Southern Khatlon Cotton, Vegetable and Wheat Zone Region District Jomoat Population 2010 Khatlon Khuroson Hiloli 12,944 Khatlon Khuroson Aini 21,046 Khatlon Khuroson Qizil-Qala 13,622 Khatlon Jilikul Garavuti 14,133 Khatlon Jilikul Jilikul 20,769 Khatlon Jilikul G.Gulmurodov 13,799 Khatlon Jilikul Dehqonobod 10,748 Khatlon Jilikul Navzamin 4,724 Khatlon Jilikul Nuri Vakhsh 13,769 33

Livelihood Zone 6: Southern Khatlon Cotton, Vegetable and Wheat Zone Khatlon Kolkhozobod Tugalang 28,874 Khatlon Kubodiyon U. Nazarov 17,564 Khatlon Kubodiyon N. Khusrav 28,891 Khatlon Kubodiyon I. Niyozov 15,763 Khatlon Kubodiyon Yangi Youl 23,791 Khatlon Kubodiyon Khudoiqulov 32,645 Khatlon Kubodiyon Navobod 8,841 Khatlon Qumsangir Dusti 6,404 Khatlon Qumsangir Telmon 18,148 Khatlon Qumsangir Krupskiy 10,875 Khatlon Qumsangir Yakkodin 7,031 Khatlon Qumsangir Qumsangir 21,361 Khatlon Qumsangir Panj 27,385 Khatlon Panj Sarmantoi 17,466 Khatlon Panj Kuldimon 15,272 Khatlon Panj Arab 19,549 Khatlon Panj Namuna 14,255 Khatlon A. Jomi 50 Sol.Tojikiston 15,490 Khatlon A. Jomi Ittifoq 15,786 Khatlon A. Jomi Iftikhor 11,996 Khatlon A. Jomi Kalinin 15,787 Khatlon A. Jomi Dusti 13,001 Khatlon A. Jomi Aral 19,039 Khatlon A. Jomi Yakkatut 20,380 Khatlon Yovon Obi Muki 23,054 Khatlon Yovon Chorgul 12,806 Khatlon Yovon G. Yousupova 15,423 Khatlon Yovon Sitorai Surkh 16,128 Khatlon Yovon Hayoti Nav 11,359 Khatlon Yovon Norin 17,314 Khatlon Sarband Guliston 16,041 Khatlon Kulob Kulob 15,439 Khatlon Kulob Dahana 24,472 Khatlon Kulob Ziraki 24,852 Khatlon Kulob Zarbdor 19,478 Khatlon Vose Aral 26,923 Khatlon Vose Guliston 20,523 Khatlon Vose Mehnatobod 15,412 Khatlon Vose Pakhtaobod 26,710 Khatlon Vose Michurin 7,900 Khatlon Vose Tugarak 24,582

34

Livelihood Zone 6: Southern Khatlon Cotton, Vegetable and Wheat Zone Khatlon Danghara Sebiston 11,523 Khatlon Danghara Pushing 11,737 Khatlon Danghara Sangtuda 11,399 Khatlon Danghara Oksu 15,696 Khatlon M.S.A.Hamadoni Panjob 8,744 Khatlon M.S.A.Hamadoni Kalinin 11,375 Khatlon M.S.A.Hamadoni Turdiev 8,716 Khatlon M.S.A.Hamadoni Mehnatobod 18,814 Khatlon M.S.A.Hamadoni Dashtigulo 16,390 Khatlon M.S.A.Hamadoni Kahramon 15,648 Khatlon M.S.A.Hamadoni Chubek 17,647 Khatlon Temurmalik Qaraqamish 6,496 Khatlon Farkhor Komsomol 12,641 Khatlon Farkhor Zafar 10,611 Khatlon Farkhor Dehqonariq 11,344 Khatlon Farkhor Darkad 11,155 Approximate Population of Livelihood Zone 6 1,069,500

Livelihood Zone 7:Livelihood Zone 7: Khatlon Rainfed Wheat and Livestock Zone Region District Jomoat Population 2010 Khatlon N. Khusrav Firuza 8,560 Khatlon N. Khusrav Komsomol 10,427 Khatlon N. Khusrav Istiqlol 7,524 Khatlon Vakhsh Okgaza 27,612 Khatlon Khuroson Ghallaobod 14,566 Khatlon Khuroson Dahana-kiik 10,200 Khatlon Kubodiyon Kubodiyon 8,527 Khatlon Panj Tugul 11022 Khatlon Panj Arab 19549 Khatlon Yovon Ozodi 19874 Khatlon Yovon Dahana 14914 Khatlon Sarband Vahdat 5767 Khatlon Sarband Guliston 16041 Khatlon Shahrituz Sayod 13798 Khatlon Shahrituz Pakhtaobod 17662 Khatlon Shahrituz Obshoron 6951 Khatlon Shahrituz J. Nazarov 14863 Khatlon Shahrituz H. Kholmatov 25568 35

Livelihood Zone 7:Livelihood Zone 7: Khatlon Rainfed Wheat and Livestock Zone Khatlon Vose Pakhtakor 20339 Khatlon Danghara Lolazor 12371 Khatlon Danghara Lohur 5209 Khatlon Danghara Sebiston 11523 Khatlon Danghara Korez 10891 Khatlon Danghara Sangtuda 11399 Khatlon Danghara I Sharif 13107 Khatlon Muminobod Boghgai 10,159 Khatlon Temurmalik Kushkiya 7,452 Khatlon Temurmalik Vatan 10,585 Khatlon Temurmalik Tanobchi 6323 Khatlon Temurmalik Bobo-Younus 7,345 Khatlon Temurmalik Kangurt 8,358 Khatlon Temurmalik Qaraqamish 6,496 Khatlon Farkhor Komsomol 12,641 Khatlon Farkhor Farkhor 10,909 Khatlon Farkhor Zafar 10,611 Khatlon Farkhor Ghairat 13,375 Khatlon Farkhor Vatan 19,206 Khatlon Farkhor Gulison 10,619 Khatlon Farkhor Darkad 11,155 Khatlon Farkhor Ghalaba 8,223 DRD Rudaki Kuktosh 20,812 DRD Rudaki K-Sardorova 14,651 DRD Rudaki Lohur 14,007 Approximate Population of Livelihood Zone 7 541,191

Livelihood Zone 8: Central and Eastern Tajikistan Agro-Industrial Zone Region District Jomoat Population 2010 DRD Tursunzoda Pakhtaobod 7,304 DRD Tursunzoda Navobod 29,035 DRD Tursunzoda Garav 15,836 DRD Tursunzoda Seshanbe 11,438 DRD Tursunzoda Solagii Istiqloliyat 21,182 DRD Tursunzoda Rahmonov 27,331 DRD Tursunzoda 1-May 17,029 DRD Shahrinav Selbur 12,252 DRD Shahrinav Boghiston 19,118

36

Livelihood Zone 8: Central and Eastern Tajikistan Agro-Industrial Zone DRD Shahrinav Shahrinav 7,435 DRD Hissor Khonakoh 22,726 DRD Hissor Dehkonobod 16,010 DRD Hissor Durbat 18,377 DRD Hissor Karamkul 17,349 DRD Hissor Navobod 22,574 DRD Hissor Sharora 416 DRD Rudaki Solagii Tojikiston 23,736 DRD Rudaki Rohati 23,197 DRD Rudaki Okkurghon 22,822 DRD Rudaki Sultonobod 11,831 DRD Rudaki Ispechak 15,982 DRD Rudaki Chorteppa 21,621 DRD Rudaki Qushteppa 21,147 DRD Rudaki Kiblai 9,497 DRD Rudaki Guliston 28,228 DRD Rudaki Zainabobod 33,894 DRD Vahdat Abdulvosiev 34,015 DRD Vahdat P. Ismoilov 15,543 DRD Vahdat Burunov 21,550 DRD Vahdat Bahor 23,635 DRD Vahdat Chorsu 3,220 DRD Vahdat Guliston 28,104 DRD Vahdat Bahor 24,754 DRD Varzob Luchob 5,936 DRD Varzob Chorbogh 19,376 DRD Varzob Aini 8,827 Approximate Population of Livelihood Zone 8 662,327

Livelihood Zone 9: Eastern and Central Zeravshan Valley Agro-pastoral Zone Region District Jomoat Population 2010 Sughd Ainee Ainee 12,140 Sughd Ainee Anzob 7,959 Sughd Ainee Dar-Dar 6,795 Sughd Ainee Rarz 9,410 Sughd Ainee Urmetan 17,039 Sughd Ainee Fon-Daryo 8,232 Sughd Ainee Shamtuch 6,753

37

Livelihood Zone 9: Eastern and Central Zeravshan Valley Agro-pastoral Zone Sughd Ghonchi Dalyoni- Bolo 19,835 Sughd Ghonchi Kalininobod 12,122 Sughd Ghonchi Rosrovut 13,352 Sughd Ghonchi Ovchi 28,394 Sughd Kuhistoni Matchoh Ivan Tojik 13,190 Sughd Kuhistoni Matchoh Langar 9,001 Sughd Panjikent Chinor 5,758 Sughd Panjikent Voru 9,954 Sughd Panjikent Loik Sherali 15,234 Sughd Panjikent Kosatarosh 17,715 Sughd Panjikent Mogiyon 16,371 Sughd Panjikent Rudaki 16,483 Sughd Panjikent Farob 6,535 Sughd Panjikent Shing 9,918 Sughd Shahristan Shahristan 18,334 Sughd Shahristan Yangikurgon 12,685 DRD Tursunzoda Rabot 10,727 DRD Tursunzoda Karatogh 29,832 DRD Tursunzoda Seshanbe 11,438 DRD Shahrinav Selbur 12,252 DRD Shahrinav Sabo 13,936 DRD Shahrinav A. Hasanov 23,561 DRD Hissor Khonakoh 22,726 DRD Hissor Hissor 32,076 DRD Hissor Almosi 17,354 DRD Hissor Navobod 22,574 DRD Hissor Mirzo Rizo 21,027 DRD Hissor Khonaqohi kuhi 22,986 DRD Vahdat Bahor 23,635 DRD Vahdat Romit 12,007 DRD Vahdat Chuyangaron 15,218 DRD Vahdat Simiganj 26,265 DRD Varzob Luchob 5,936 DRD Varzob Chorbogh 19,376 DRD Varzob Aini 8,827 DRD Varzob Varzob -Qala 9,165 DRD Varzob Deh-Malik 6,671 DRD Varzob Ziddi 6,125 Approximate Population of Livelihood Zone 9 666,923

38

Livelihood Zone 10: Panjakent Rice, Fruit, and Vegetable Zone Region District Jomoat Population 2010 Sughd Panjikent Amondara 11,440 Sughd Panjikent Yori 14,542 Sughd Panjikent Sudjina 13,908 Sughd Panjikent Khurmi 9,168 Sughd Panjikent Chimkurgon 24,976 Sughd Panjikent Khalifa Khasan 12,231 Approximate Population of Livelihood Zone 10 86,265

Livelihood Zone 11: Ghonchi and Istaravshan Rainfed Cereal, Fruit, and Vegetable Zone Region District Jomoat Population 2010 Sughd Ghonchi Gazantarak 16,177 Sughd Ghonchi Mudjum 23,133 Sughd Ghonchi Yahtan 13,974 Sughd Istaravshan Guli Surh 34,583 Sughd Istaravshan Kalaibaland 7,795 Sughd Istaravshan Leninabad 13,481 Sughd Istaravshan Kommunizm 26,479 Sughd Istaravshan Nidjoni 8,920 Sughd Istaravshan Nafarodj 8,361 Sughd Istaravshan Pravda 13,255 Sughd Istaravshan Poshkent 15,819 Sughd Istaravshan Frunze 13,598 Sughd Istaravshan Djavkandak 9,269 Approximate Population of Livelihood Zone 11 204,844

Livelihood Zone 12: North Sughd Agro-Industrial Zone Region District Jomoat Population 2010 Sughd Asht Shahidon 4,945 Sughd Asht Oshoba 16,124 Sughd Asht Asht 15,567

39

Livelihood Zone 12: North Sughd Agro-Industrial Zone Sughd Asht Yangisaroy 13,623 Sughd Asht Kamishkurgan 10,555 Sughd Asht Pongoz 22,910 Sughd Asht Punuk 7,722 Sughd Asht Kirkuduk 12,132 Sughd Asht Shodoba 7,094 Sughd Bobojon Ghafurov Ovchikalacha 17,681 Sughd Bobojon Ghafurov Goziyon 16,252 Sughd Bobojon Ghafurov Ismoil 23,558 Sughd Bobojon Ghafurov Isfisor 33,534 Sughd Bobojon Ghafurov Katagan 10,526 Sughd Bobojon Ghafurov Kistakoz 47,860 Sughd Bobojon Ghafurov Holmatov 10,925 Sughd Bobojon Ghafurov Undji 38,035 Sughd Bobojon Ghafurov Utkasoy 9,075 Sughd Bobojon Ghafurov Haidar-Usmonov 33,366 Sughd Bobojon Ghafurov Yova 36,046 Sughd J.Rasulov Gulhona 21,819 Sughd J.Rasulov Gulakandoz 35,833 Sughd J.Rasulov Dehmoy 12,955 Sughd J.Rasulov Uzbekkishlak 16,409 Sughd J.Rasulov Yangihayot 14,113 Sughd Zafarabad Djomi 4,336 Sughd Zafarabad Ravshan 11,712 Sughd Zafarabad Zafarabad 6,611 Sughd Zafarabad Mehnatobod 752 Sughd Zafarabad Hamid Aliev 671 Sughd Isfara Vorukh 22,536 Sughd Isfara Kulkent 18,929 Sughd Isfara Lakkon 6,214 Sughd Isfara Navgilem 31,230 Sughd Isfara Surh 10,005 Sughd Isfara Honobod 10,397 Sughd Isfara Chilgazi 12,614 Sughd Isfara Chorku 29,221 Sughd Isfara Shahrak 15,132 Sughd Kanibadam Artikov Gafurdjona 20,487 Sughd Kanibadam Lohuti 15,882 Sughd Kanibadam Patar 13,254 Sughd Kanibadam Puloton 25,837 Sughd Kanibadam Hamrabayev 19,638

40

Livelihood Zone 12: North Sughd Agro-Industrial Zone Sughd Kanibadam I. Sharipov 19,790 Sughd Matchoh Avzikent 10,795 Sughd Matchoh Matchinskiy 17,315 Sughd Matchoh Obburdon 32,354 Sughd Matchoh Paldorak 17,188 Sughd Spitamen Okteppa 15,572 Sughd Spitamen Kurkat 26,618 Sughd Spitamen Kushtegirmon 6,979 Sughd Spitamen Nov 25,742 Sughd Spitamen Tagoyak 15,724 Sughd Spitamen Farmongurgon 6,431 Approximate Population of Livelihood Zone 12 958,625

Livelihood Zone 13: Khatlon Agro-industrial Peri-urban Zone Region District Jomoat Population 2010 Khatlon Bokhtar Navbahor 13,945 Khatlon Bokhtar Zargar 43,937 Khatlon Bokhtar Mehnatobod 30,107 Khatlon Bokhtar Sarvati Istiqlol 26,857 Khatlon Bokhtar Oriyon 18,940 Khatlon Bokhtar Buston-Qala 15,563 Khatlon Bokhtar Bokhtariyon 29,830 Khatlon Vakhsh Kirov 26,893 Khatlon Vakhsh Rohi Lenin 18,554 Khatlon Vakhsh Mashaal 14,780 Khatlon Vakhsh Tojikobod 25,482 Khatlon Vakhsh Yangiobod 10,990 Khatlon Kolkhozobod Madaniyat 13,589 Khatlon Kolkhozobod Uzun 17,063 Khatlon Kolkhozobod Navobod 17,628 Khatlon Kolkhozobod Kalinin 12,066 Khatlon Kolkhozobod Frunze 17,650 Khatlon Kolkhozobod Orzu (Guliston) 13,150 Khatlon Qurghonteppa Qurghonteppa 69,900 Approximate Population of Livelihood Zone 13 436,924

41

Annex Two: Livelihood Workshop Participants

Name Organization Position/Title Districts Representing Sughd 1 Ochilov Aiyub Ministry of specialist agriculture 2 Jalolov Rustam Ministry of specialist agriculture Region of Republican Subordination 3 Kadirov Hikmatullo Ministry of specialist Faizabad agriculture 4 Huseinov Zikrulloh Ministry of Specialist agronomy Hissar agriculture 5 Khatlon 6 Nuriddin Mercy Corps Gharm Abdurahmonov 7 Bozorov Rahim Livestock expert Kulyab 8 Dushanov Odinakul Ministry of agriculture Gorno-Badakhshan 9 Sadshoev Sadsho AKDN – AKF Rural development GBAO, Rasht valley program officer Generalists 10 Nabiev F. Ministry of Senior specialist on Dushanbe agriculture crop 11 Vohidova Zarrina Ministry of economy Senior specialist Dushanbe 12 Azam Bahorov WFP Program Assitant Rasht Valley 13 Manuchehr Aminov WFP Zarafshon Valley 14 Ibrohim Ahmadov FAO Dushanbe 15 Mr. Turaev Barot Statistic Agency Head of the department of price indices and household services. 16 Kholikova Zuhro Statistic Agency Head of the Social Statistics division 17 Gadoeva Gulizor Statistic Agency Head of Social Statistics Department 18 Azamjon Ibodov FAO Dushanbe

42