REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN

FIRST NATIONAL REPORT ON BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Dushanbe – 2003 1

REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN

FIRST NATIONAL REPORT ON BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Dushanbe – 2003

3 ББК 28+28.0+45.2+41.2+40.0 Н-35

УДК 502:338:502.171(575.3)

NBBC GEF

First National Report on Biodiversity Conservation was elaborated by National Biodiversity and Biosafety Center (NBBC) under the guidance of CBD National Focal Point Dr. N.Safarov within the project “Tajikistan Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan”, with financial support of Global Environmental Facility (GEF) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).

Copyright  2003 All rights reserved

4 Author: Dr. Neimatullo Safarov, CBD National Focal Point, Head of National Biodiversity and Biosafety Center With participation of: Dr. of Agricultural Science, Scientific Productive Enterprise «Bogparvar» of Tajik Akhmedov T. Academy of Agricultural Science Ashurov A. Dr. of Biology, Institute of Botany Academy of Science

Asrorov I. Dr. of Economy, professor, Institute of Economy Academy of Science

Bardashev I. Dr. of Geology, Institute of Geology Academy of Science

Boboradjabov B. Dr. of Biology, Tajik State Pedagogical University

Dustov S. Dr. of Biology, State Ecological Inspectorate of the Ministry for Nature Protection Dr. of Biology, professor, Institute of Plants Physiology and Genetics Academy Ergashev А. of Science Dr. of Biology, corresponding member of Academy of Science, professor, Institute Gafurov A. of Zoology and Parasitology Academy of Science Gulmakhmadov D. State Land Use Committee of the Republic of Tajikistan Dr. of Biology, Tajik Research Institute of Cattle-Breeding of the Tajik Academy Irgashev T. of Agricultural Science Ismailov M. Dr. of Biology, corresponding member of Academy of Science, professor

Khairullaev R. Ministry for Nature Protection of the Republic of Tajikistan

Khaitov A. Dr. of Biology, Tajik Agrarian University Dr. of Biology, corresponding member of the Academy of Science, professor, Khisoriev Kh. Institute of Botany Academy of Science Khuseinov N. Forest Productive Enterprise of Republic of Tajikistan

Kurbanov Sh. Forest Productive Enterprise of Republic of Tajikistan

Madaminov А. Dr. of Biology, Institute of Botany Academy of Science

Muminov N. Dr. of Biology, Institute of Zoology and Parasitology Academy of Science Dr. of Biology, Scientific Productive Enterprise «Bogparvar» of Tajik Academy Nazirov Kh. of Agricultural Science Novikova T. Ministry of Transport, «Tajikgiprotransstroi»

Rakhimov S. Dr. of Biology, Botanical Garden Academy of Science

Saidov А. Dr. of Biology, Institute of Zoology and Parasitology Academy of Science

5 National Focal Point: Safarov N.М.

Editorial Board: National consultants: Najmuddinov S.М. Коimdodov К.К. Каrimov Kh.Kh. Shokirov U.Sh. International consultant: Каrimov Kh.Kh. Teleuta А.S. Safarov N.М. Official reviewers: Novikova Т.М. Nasirov Yu.S Novikov V.V. Boltov V.V. Idrisova А.I. Pereladova O.

National Focal Point expresses gratitude for assistance and presented materials to:

• Government of the Republic of Tajikistan • UN Development Programme in Tajikistan • Academy of Science of the Republic of Tajikistan • Ministry for Nature Protection • Ministry for Finance • State Land Use Committee • Forest Productive Enterprise • Tajik Academy on Agricultural Science

as well as to: Rajabov Sh., Shokirov U., Каhane М., Аzizova N., Теleuta А. for the consultative assistance during development of First National Report on Biodiversity Conservation.

6 CONTENTS

Foreword ...... 9 Introduction ...... 10 I. CURRENT STATE AND MAIN TRENDS OF BIODIVERSITY DEVELOPMENT ...... 11 1.1. Natural and Historical Conditions of Biodiversity Development ...... 11 1.1.1. Natural Conditions ...... 11 1.1.2. Natural Zones or Geosystems ...... 14 1.1.3. Area Subdivision ...... 15 1.1.4. History and the Socio-Economic State of Tajikistan ...... 18 1.2. Biological diversity of Tajikistan ...... 20 1.2.1. Ecological Systems ...... 21 1.2.2. Specific Diversity ...... 27 a) Vegetation world ...... 27 b) Valuable communities ...... 28 c) Animal world ...... 30 d) Microorganisms ...... 37 i) Alien and invasive species ...... 37 1.2.3. Agricultural biodiversity ...... 38 1.3. Main Trends of Biodiversity Transformation ...... 39 1.4. Biodiversity Conservation and Management ...... 49 1.4.1. Biodiversity Conservation in natural habitats (in-situ) ...... 51 1.4.2. Biodiversity Conservation outside natural habitats (ex-situ) ...... 56 1.4.3. Genetic Resources and Biological Safety ...... 57 1.4.4. Use of Biological Resources ...... 59 1.5. Prerequisites for Biodiversity Conservation ...... 64 1.5.1. Legislative and Institutional Base ...... 64 1.5.2. Requirements of Biodiversity Conservation Included in Industrial Policy ...... 66 1.5.3. Biodiversity Research and Monitoring ...... 66 1.5.4. Informational Exchange. Environmental Education and Training ...... 67 1.5.5. Local Potential Use ...... 68 II. NATIONAL STRATEGY ...... 69 2.1. Strategy Actuality...... 69 2.2. Strategy Goals ...... 69

7 2.3. Strategy Objectives ...... 69 2.4. Methods of Strategy Development ...... 70 2.5. Main Strategic Action Trends on Biodiversity Conservation ...... 70 2.6. Priorities of Biodiversity Conservation ...... 71 2.7. Strategy Components ...... 73 2.8. Principles of Biodiversity Conservation ...... 75 2.9. Terms of Strategy Implementation ...... 75 III. IMPLEMENTATION OF ACTION PLAN ON BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION ...... 76 3.1. Financial Mechanism ...... 76 3.2. Funding Action Plan ...... 76 3.3. Economic Mechanisms and Means of the Action Plan Implementation ...... 79 3.4. International Support ...... 80 3.5. Actions on Biodiversity Conservation in Particular Regions ...... 80 3.6. Coordinating and Organizing Monitoring of Strategy Introduction Process ...... 81 3.7. Monitoring and Evaluation ...... 81 Annex ...... 86 Abbreviations ...... 89 Glossary ...... 91 Bibliography ...... 93

8

FOREWORD

The area of Tajikistan is one of the global centers for speciation of living organ- isms located on the Eurasian continent; it plays the vital role in global biodiversity con- servation. The geographical location of the country in the middle of Eurasia, at the junc- tion of many floristic and faunal provinces of the northern hemisphere, among the huge mountain systems of Central Eurasia, vast de- serts, and complex landscapes, favoured con- centration of the richest biological diversity, with numerous endemic species, relict com- munities, ecosystems, and genetic resources. The ancient agricultural activity of the population of Tajikistan promoted a creation of numerous varieties of cultivated crops and do- mestic animals, based mainly on the genetic resources of local wild species. The present period of transition to the market economy promotes increasing involvement of the unique and fragile biodiversity components in the economy of the country, which can disturb its balance. Problems of Biodiversity conservation should become the priority among other strategic issues. First National Report on biodiversity conservation, elaborated according to the state environ- mental policy, foster the sustainable environmental development of the country. It is aimed at taking co- ordinated decisions on using biological resources and promote harmonization and integration of scien- tific ideas, research, and state instructions, and their implementation in situ. While elaborating First National Report, the international organizations (UNDP, GEF), the Go- vernment of Tajikistan, and non-governmental organizations made efforts to include the issues of con- serving the unique biodiversity of Tajikistan in the global priorities. These efforts make us hope for a conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in mountainous Tajikistan. Number of political, legislative, and economic initiatives on improving the environment, under- taken by the Government of the country at the national and international levels, created favourable con- ditions for development of protected area network and taking measures on biodiversity restoration and conservation. The UNDP country-office in Tajikistan, with the financial support of GEF, is making a con- siderable contribution in this work. Activity planned for improving the institutional, legislative, educational, and scientific base in the state ecological structure of the country, as well as the re-orientation of nature use for mountain tourism and recreation, may ensure a significant poverty alleviation and conservation of unique biodiversity of Tajikistan. The National Focal Point and National Biodiversity and Biosafety Center thank those who took part in the development of the First National Report and promoted this process, primarily the Global En- vironmental Facility, UNDP, Secretariat of the Convention on Biodiversity and the Ministry for Nature Protection of Republic of Tajikistan.

Neimatullo Safarov, CBD National Focal Point

9 INTRODUCTION

Biological diversity is the main source of was among the first countries that ratified the all life varieties formation and development, Convention on Biological Diversity. keeping a stable ecological balance and pro- Considering the national priorities, a viding mankind with material welfare. mechanism of diminishing the biodiversity vul- In modern Tajikistan a considerable nerability at the present stage of the country world specific diversity of flora and fauna is development is to be worked out, which en- accumulated, as in composition of forest, sures achieving of the country three main meadow, desert, steppe, and other ecosys- goals: tems. • conservation of biological diversity; 75% of population living in Tajikistan • sustainable use of its components; are engaged in cultivation and use of biological • fair and equitable sharing of the benefits, resources and their living standards depend on related to genetic resources manage- the state of these resources. ment. The socio-economic problems of Tajiki- To solve the problems of biological di- stan cause a negative impact on the biological versity, the strategic trends of the Convention diversity of the country. The consequences of implementation should be determined; they will the past historical periods and human activity provide evaluation of priorities in conserving led to the worsening of the environment: land flora and fauna. resources are exhausted; the state of pas- First National Report provides base for tures, forests and other ecosystems is dis- the biodiversity sustainable development at all turbed. levels, from genotypes of plants and animals, The anthropogenic impact in our moun- communities and ecosystems, to soils, wild tainous country is becoming more intensive, and cultivated plants and domestic animals. increasing the dangerous and unpredictable The environmental activity of the country changes of biological diversity and the threat of is based on conservation of plant and animal losing the richness of biological diversity of Ta- varieties among the main biodiversity compo- jikistan is great, since recently the population nents. has been involving more and more biological resources in the economic activity. First National Report in this aspect is valuable and includes evaluation of the biodi- Thus, the need of taking adequate versity current state, change tendencies, main measures to provide conservation and sustain- strategic trends of biodiversity development, able development of biological resources of system of activities aimed at implementation of national, regional, and global value is urgent. the Action plan and identification of economic, Recognizing the priority of biodiversity political, and financial mechanisms of biodiver- conservation, our country is to develop the ba- sity conservation and sustainable manage- sic mutually acceptable documents. Tajikistan ment.

10 Natural and Historical Conditions of Biodiversity Development 40º 38º

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located at the boundary of the subtropical and and the subtropical boundary of the located at climatic zones. It occupies thetemperate south- between Asia, eastern part of Central 36° and 67°31´ lattitude of northern 40´and 41°05´ with borders It longitude. eastern of and 75°14´ and Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Turk- India, Pakistan, and is close to China, is area 1.1).country The (fig. and Iran menistan, km 143.1 thousand I First National Report on Biodiversity Conservation public. public. of resources genetic biodiversity the the Re- enrich elements) andArcto-Alpine complexes, Turandesert Asia, Central (Mediterranean, provinces andfloristic faunal other with flora pian, andMediterranean species. hot deserts hasalot ofIndo-Himalayan,Ethio- fauna oflowlandThe EasternAsian elements. and siderable numberofEuropean-Siberian con- containsa plains;it the of that richer than genetic composition. The mountain fauna is tion. species)vegeta- and flora (nearly10thousand particularlyrich complex, moted formation of mmfluctuationa year,from pro- 70to2000 arid, and humid conditions, with the precipitation ceeding 2000 mm a year. mum beinginCentralTajikistan, sometimes ex- tion levelvaries from 70to 160mm, the maxi- Easternthe annualaverageprecipita- Pamirs, in coldjikistan and high-mountain desertsof the Lake –-63°C.Inhotkul deserts ofsouthernTa- minimumThe absolute-6 ºC. to is attheBulun- vannas and steppes. ofsemisa-– period time formation; thepresent degradation, Pleistocenefloristiccomplex and cryophilization, paleoprairie andTurgaian forest paleoshiblyak; Pleistocene-Holocene –ageof sentatives ofPoltava flora,paleoprairies, and cene-Pliocene forests, – age of Turgai repre- age of paleomaquist and paleosavannas; Mio- broad-leafphyllic forests;Eocene-Oligocene – nature:Upper live Cretaceousage – meso-of climatic conditionsformedspecificcomplexes of The faunaofThe its Tajikistan is diverse in contrastcombinationThe of arid,sub- The regularThe succession of natural and and the fauna of relations genetic The Chimtarga Peak Chimtarga 12 12 6% of the country area. country6% the area. of Zeravshan, Karateghin,Badakhshan, etc.). (Khudjand-Fergana, Hissar, Vakhsh, Kulyab, withintermountain depressions and oases southernTajikistan andEastern Pamirs) (fig.1.3) ratishokh, and a number of small ranges of Shakhdara, Vakhan, Peter the Great, Khaz- ravshan, Hissar, Karateghin, Darvaz, Yazgulem, Ze- Turkestan, (Kuramin, ranges mountain of are widely represented (fig. 1.2). mixed forest, high-mountain desert, glacier – steppe,mountain savannoide,coniferforest, theNortherntems hemisphere–desert, of the themaingeosys- Eurasiancontinent, where of Central Asia, mountainin the desert zone of steppe, semi-deserts,deserts. and theformation semi-savannas,savannas, of began asearlylateCretaceous andcaused mation wasthe climate gradual aridizationthat The most important factorof the fauna transfor- form sincethe late Mesozoic-early Cainozoe. Central Asia. mountainmirs other that fauna areasof of from mountain regions,clearly distinguishes thePa- with Tibet, Kunlun, and other Central Asian complexes.The presence ofspecies common impacterable onthecomposition offloristic ghanistan, and Caucasus – produced aconsid- Af- Iran, mountains of tems Tibet, Himalayas, – “migrants” fromthe Palearctic ecologicalsys- The Tajik glaciers occupy 8.5 thousand kmTajikglaciers occupy8.5thousand The Central Asianglaciers are accumulated here. themodern mountainous glaciation. 70% of Tajikistan islocated the in southernpart The present floraofTajikistanto began period, manyIn last the glacier Tajikistan is one ofthe major centers of The relief is characterized by alternation High Mountains High 2 , or , or

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S KISTAN forest steppe deserts steppe semideserts 6 6 6 1 UZBE 2 1 3 4 Fig. 1.3. Fig. 1.3. Orographical map-scheme Republic ofTajikistan Fig. 1.2. First National Report on Biodiversity Conservation struction ecosystem andare- composition, of geosystem, transformationof ade- able the (Central Tajikistan).ratishokh Ridge Aconsider- Karateghin, Vakhsh and Khaz- ranges, and of ofthevalleys southern theHissar, slopes ranges Zeravshan river (northernTajikistan); min ranges, lowmountainsthe of Turkestan and irrigable agricultureontheMogoltau Kura- and Zone tation communities. ment ofthecompositionstructure and of vege- ecosystem fragmentation, andanimpoverish- Hissar Valley, are marked by geosystem and Kulyaboases,Kafirnigan, Vakhsh,and the and northernand Tajikistan, withintheSyrdaya, vegetation. hugeareas The of southwestern sively used zone,a withstrongly degraded km

ceeds 705km over 3000m. Thetotal area of the lakes ex- 80% ofwhich are locatedthe at elevation of etc. Gunt, Syrdarya, Kafirnigan,Bartang, Zeravshan, Pandj, therivers ter streams Vakhsh, are total lengthis28.5thousand km. Themajorwa- thropogenic impact . naturaland an- zonesaccordinginto to relief by the fallenasteroid 10 m. y. ago. 2 ), is located in a crater depressionformed crater a ), islocated in is actively used for rain-fed andpartially Low Mountain and Savannoide Hilly The country lakes,The has1.5 thousand areThere 947rivers in Tajikistan; their Foothill-Plain Zone The total area of Tajikistan is subdivided 1.1.2. Geosystems

2 . The largest lake, Karakul(380 Natural Zones or or Zones Natural High Mountain desert zone Mountain High is themost inten- 14 14 (fig. 1.4). and groups, includingbiological components isolation of anumber ofvegetation communities accountdistribution geographic forthebelt and activity. regulationtion, requires of kindsoftourist all Zone, tures. pasturing and biotechnical measures onpas- chokedwithweeds,tially requirescontrolled meadowsand activelyusedby people, is par- alpine with and steppevegetation,combined voirs are endangered. lakes Kairakkum, oftheNurek, other and reser- serves,the VarzobandYakhsurivervalleys, in Romit,Tigrovaya Balka, Dashti-Jum Re- nomic agencies. At present,flora and thefauna Resource areas. Theyare to assigned eco- of them located are beyond the State Forest number of rare animal and plant habitats. Most their functions are still preserved. zone, wherenatural ecosystems are numerous, ing, partiallyinvaded by alien andweeds plants. composition ofvaluablecommunitiesis worsen- ested areas have considerably reduced; the rain-fed agriculture (Central Tajikistan). The for- Forest Zone turbed. tems, thoughtheirfunctions arestrongly dis- eas occur here. duction ofvaluablecommunity andspecies ar- with rare and highly vulnerable vegeta- with rareandhighly The orographic features of the Republic Mountain Snow GlacierHigh and High Mountain Desert Zone, The protected areaspreserve limited The mid-high, lightforest,forest and Mid-High Mountain, LightForest, and The zone still preserves natural ecosys- is usedforcattlebreeding and Juniper forests top border border top forests Juniper with desert desert with Natural and Historical Conditions of Biodiversity Development

occupies occupies The Legend Legend The Area Subdivision Area

1.1.3. Quaternary, Neogene, and Palaeogene and Palaeogene Neogene, Quaternary, and geo- botanical to the According Province Sogd-Zeravshan tall grasses forests; juniper hemophylle herb tall semi-savannas; of shyblyak; steppes; 1 - zone of semi-savannas with semi-savannas low of herbs;of domination 1 - zone and semi-savannas shiblyak of 2 - zone forest; juniper thermophyllic of 3 - zone of with domination and shiblyak semi-savannas of 1 - zone deciduousof 2 - forests with zone domination herb steppes, andmeadows sub alpine various of 3 - zone steppes dominationof 4 -with zone of tragakan; cryophytone;of 5 - zone deserts; and sage of 1 -saltwort zone semi-savannas; and deserted herb of low 2 - zone shiblyak; tall grasses of and 3 - zone thermophyllic of 4 -and forests juniper zone steppes; and forests steppes; juniper microtherme of 5 - zone cryophytone;of 6 - zone with domination prickle of and herb 1 -deserts zone steppe deserted tragakan of 2 -steppes; zone deserted tragakan tragakan steppes; of and 3 - zone cryophitone; of 4 - zone high mountain of 1 - deserts and zone deserted cryophillic cryophytone.of 2 - zone considerable part of Southern Tien Shan, the Tien the part of Southern Shan, considerable part of the northwestern mountain- Pamir-Alai of landscapes and mountain the system, ous composed of River Valley, Zeravshan the and deposits mag- and Neogene Palaeogene ele- orographic The main formations. matic andare ranges, Kuramin Turkestan the ments Depres- Fergana and Mogoltau Mountains, the sion. are most common rocks intrusive and deposits gray desert of cover consists The soil here. and mountain- brown-carbonate, (sierozem), soils. steppe graphical conditions, relief, geological structure, structure, geological relief, conditions, graphical and animal vegetation the of composition of Tajiki- the area load, ecological and worlds, the Sogd-Zeravshan, into is subdivided stan and Tajikistan, Southern Tajikistan, Central which provinces, ecological Gorno-Badakhshan 1.5). (fig. regions subdivided into turn are in 1. Southern Tajikistan region: Tajikistan Southern 1. II. Gissar-Darvaz region: region: III. Zeravshan-Turkestan region: Pamir IV. West V. East Pamir region: 15 2 1 V 1

2 4 3 IV 3 2 1 4 5 6 III 3 4 5 1 2 II 1 3 2 I The scheme ofin The scheme vegetation belts botanic-geographical zones

The Zeravshan-Turkestan Region is is Region The Zeravshan-Turkestan the of part in the mountain common Most The Region and a Western Pamirs small In the lower part of Western the Pamirs, is a preva- Region The Pamirs Eastern Semisavannas, combined with xerophytic xerophytic combined with Semisavannas, character- is Region The Hissar-Darvaz

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Here, in the lower reaches of the Pyandj, the Pyandj, of Here, in the lower reaches In vegetation, the region is considered region is considered the In vegetation, The climate of and Khulbek the Sarikho- are cover The flora and the vegetation all almost contains The area region Province Tajikistan South southern Pamir-Alai, consisting of small ranges: of small ranges: consisting southern Pamir-Alai, Teraklitau, Choltau, Aktau,Babatag, Touyuntau, the into turning are gradually They Jilantau. Beshkent-Shartuz and Vakhsh, Parkhar-Pyandj, Depression, oases, called the South-Tajikistan Quater- Cretaceous, by which is represented and Neogene deposits. nary, the highest-water and Kafirnigan rivers, Vakhsh, is – Amudarya Asia Central in river and largest and dark of composed are Thesoils formed. light sierozems. the richest one, represented by juniper, broad- juniper, by represented one, the richest alpine and and light forests, xerophytic, leaf, moun- and semisavanna meadows, sub-alpine at Theflora contains vegetation. tain steppe and of flowering species least 3.5 thousand plants. spore-bearing continen- mainly regions is variable, sor-Darvaz temperature average The annual cool. tal, and mm a year. – 500-1000 is +11°C, precipitation – Vakhsh, of Tajikistan largest rivers Here, the major – and Obikhingou and Yakhsu, Surkhob, knot with glaciation the Pamir glaciers, including Mo- formed. are Asian glaciers, Central of 40% occur. raine lakes high-grass forests, mesophyllic diverse, with moun- light forests, xerophytic semisavannas, meadows prevailing. and alpine tain steppes, 4000 at estimated is The floristic composition plants. higherand spore-bearing flowering nearly of Tajikistan, mammal and bird species and animal species. plant rare endemic of 50% en- and communities plant The valuable most to this regiondemic are assigned species area. First National Report on Biodiversity Conservation ibex ( Septemberof 1999.

1100 Somoni.countryIsmoil The celebrated the ofthe founder A.D.). state The Samanid was started at (IX-Xthe eraSamanids centuries of A.D.as theV-VIcenturies early are mentionedTajiks inancient manuscripts as western bordersofChina sinceancienttimes. Asian areafrom the Caspian Seato Indiaand the the peopleinhabiting entire name of Central the country comes from theword“Tajik” – the since the5th-4th millennium B.C. Thename of gal, secular, and unitary state. cal animals are argali ( species, including invertebrates. The most typi- animal world consistsmore600-800 ofno than position does not exceed 250-300 species. The and wetlandspecies.meadow floristiccom- The mostly byhigh-mountain desert, cryophytic Karakul – is located inthe region. originate here; the largest lakeofTajikistan – temperature isfrom to -6ºC +1°C. Manyrivers byasevere ized climate, theannualaverage ( data Lepus tolai

), ( snow leopard th anniversary of the state foundation in Capra sibirica Capra The formation of a unitary Tajik state unitary formation Tajik ofa The area ofThe Tajikistan beenoccupiedhas Tajikistandemocratic, isasovereign, le- vegetation represented israre, The character- Pamirsregion Eastern is The 1.1.4. 1.1.4. of Tajikistan Socio-Economic State ). History and ), marmot ( Uncia uncia Ovis ammon

Fedchenko Glacier Glacier Fedchenko Marmota cau- Marmota ), tolaihare ), Siberian 18 18 lation of the country increased more than six and 1.25%XX the century,2001. in In the popu- still high – annual average 2.5% in last years, dards, the rate inpopulation ofthe is increase Despite the sharp decline inthe living stan- is specialized mainly on cotton growing. a lesser degree. The agriculture ofthe Republic value), theindustrial sector developed being to the agrariansector (41% domestic ofgross the economy ofTajikistan isbasedmainly on come of the country. lurgy is still the main source of export and in- developed in Tajikistan. Thenon-ferrousmetal- ergetic, building, light, and food industries were erably changed itssocio-economicconditions. dustrialization and collectivization, which consid- USSR, underwent the stages of accelerated in- independence on September 9, 1991. 1929. The Republic of Tajikistan declared its was proclaimed an independentSSRTajik in viet Socialist Republic was established, which Shan, 1924,Tien theTajik in Autonomous So- Within the mountain system of Pamir-Alai and duced borders, the joined Russian Empire. unconquered bya miracle andwith greatly re- mountainous areaof Tajikistan, that remained cultural heritage and biological resources. ties,damage tobothwho causedgreat the a Sheibanid,Temurid, and Ashtarkhanid dynas- successively theunder power of Mongols, the then XIX century, grated and,was upto since invasion, the Samanid state (Tajikistan) disinte- 70%the population lives of rural areas. in Despite thedevelopedminingindustry, Mining, ore-concentration, chemical, en- Tajikistan, like all other republics ofthe At the end of XIX century, the small In XIII-XIV centuries, afterthe Gaznevids Karakul Lake Karakul

Natural and Historical Conditions of Biodiversity Development The consequences of the socio-political socio-political of the The consequences of first realization the The successful the realizing currently is The government crisis had a drastic impact on had a drastic the living stan- crisis per By 2000, the GDP the population. of dards basket consumer’s The US$179. was capita being US$24 – and per month month ration a is about US$9.9 wage an average US$35, per US$0.84 pension a minimum and (2001), month. of concepts transitioneconomic to themarket of restoration allowed in 1992-1995 economy The short-term system. credit-monetary the – 1997 1998) June (October policy economic a month before 20% from inflation reduced the at less than 5% to implementation program the increased Thereal GDP time. present the inroughly by 1997, 2% when the war ended yield and the cotton by nearly increased 15%. was liberal- foreign trade Program, Within the and the privatized, small ventures external ized, restructured. debts developed strategy economic medium-term of of the Program implementation the within by the (approved Transformations Economic Alle- the Poverty and July 1998) in Parliament in Parliament by the (approved Strategy viation 2002). 19 Yashikul Lake Since ancient times, Tajikistan raises cot- raises Tajikistan times, Since ancient times. The high rate of the increase in popula- the increase of The high rate times. and the extension tion of agricultural areas composition biodiversity to the damage caused and structure. including and cereals, leguminous crops, ton, of hexaploid wheat, populations specific the of forms cultivated leguminous small-seeded oil flax, alfalfa), lentil, chick pea, (pea, plants and onion. Fruits arecarrot, grown on a large walnut and grapes, apricot particularly: scale, pomegran- almond, elaeagnus, and pistachio, quince, sweet peach, fig, Mulberry, etc. ate, Eastern plum, etc. were introduced from cherry, origi- varieties fruit Many new countries. Asian in Tajikistan. nated