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CBD Strategy and Action Plan Biological Diversity of Tajikistan Republic of Tajikistan The Legend: 1 - Acipenser nudiventris Lovet 2 - Salmo trutta morfa fario Linne ya 3 - A.a.a. (Linne) ar rd Sy 4 - Ctenopharyngodon idella Kayrakkum reservoir 5 - Hypophthalmichtus molitrix (Valenea) Khujand 6 - Silurus glanis Linne 7 - Cyprinus carpio Linne a r a 8 - Lucioperca lucioperea Linne f s Dagano-Say I 9 - Abramis brama (Linne) reservoir UZBEKISTAN 10 -Carassus auratus gibilio Katasay reservoir economical pond distribution location KYRGYZSTAN cities Zeravshan lakes and water reservoirs Yagnob rivers Muksu ob Iskanderkul Lake Surkh o CHINA b r Karakul Lake o S b gou o in h l z ik r b e a O b V y u k Dushanbe o ir K Rangul Lake o rv Shorkul Lake e P ch z a n e n a r j V ek em Nur gul Murg u az ab s Y h k a Y u ng Sarez Lake s l ta i r a u iz s B ir K Kulyab o T Kurgan-Tube n a g i n r Gunt i Yashilkul Lake f h a s K h Khorog k a Zorkul Lake V Turumtaikul Lake ra P a an d j kh Sha A AFGHANISTAN m u da rya nj a P Fig. 1.16. 0 50 100 150 Km Table 1.12. Game fish distribution Water sources Species Rivers Lakes Reservoirs Springs Ponds Dushanbe loach (Nemachilus pardalis) + Amudarya loach (Nemachilus oxianus) + Gray loach (Nemachilus dorsalis) + Aral spined loach (Cobitis aurata aralensis) + + + Sheatfish (Sclurus glanis) + + + Bullhead (Ictalurus punctata) А + + Turkestan bullhead (Glyptosternum reticulatum) + Pike (Esox lucius) + + + + Turkestan bullhead (Cottus spinolosus) + + + Mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis) А + + + + + Zander (Lucioperca lucioperea) А + + + Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon della) А + + + + + Black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) А + Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthus molitrix) А + + + + Motley carp (Aristichthus nobilis) А + + + + Big-mouthed buffalo (Ictiobus cyprinellus) А + Small-mouthed buffalo (I.bufalus) А + Black buffalo (I.niger) А + Mirror carp (Cyprinus sp.) А + + Scaly carp (Cyprinus sp.) А + + Pseudorasbora parva А + + + Amur goby (Neogobius amurensis sp.) А + + + Snakehead (Ophiocephalus argus warpachowski) А + + + Hemiculter sp. + + + Note: «А» – acclimatizant 61 National Strategy and Action Plan on Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity (Eriophidae), most of which are cosmopolites; there are many agricultural pests among them. Of 120 tick species, 29 are endemics of Tajikistan and Central Asia, 10 species – narrow endemics of the Pamirs. Among the invertebrates, there are many harmful species, which cause parasitoses (protozoa, parasitic worms), carry nature-focal diseases (ticks, bloodsucking dipterans), and are agricultural pests (vegetarian ticks, lepidoptera, many coleoptera, orthoptera, etc.). At the same time, there are useful species (pollinators, soil- Fish population in a high-mountain lake formers, natural regulators of harmful organisms numbers, etc.) among various taxonomic groups The ichthyofauna of Tajikistan water- of invertebrates. All 3 species of carmine worms courses was enriched by acclimatization of 18 of Tajikistan need restoration of their numbers. valuable fish species, including: crucian carp (Carassus auratus), American sheatfish (Silurus Insects (Insecta) of Tajikistan include glanis), zander (Lucioperca lucioperea), common over 10 thousand species, belonging to 29 or- bream (Abramis brama), grass carp ders. (Ctenopharyngodon idella), silver and motley Destructive insects - aphids, scales, vari- carp (Hypophthalmichthus molitrix, Aristichthus ous species of butterflies and beetles - live on nobilis), American buffalo (Ictiobus bufalus), a fruits and berries, and other agricultural crops. new breed of carp (Cyprinus sp.), a hybrid of be- There are approximately 70 species of mantis. luga (white sturgeon) and sterlet, Siberian peled Many of them are endemics. Such relic species (Coregonus peled), etc. belonging to class of Insects are: Protura, Diplura, A significant damage to specific biodiver- Blattoptera, Manthoptera, Mecoptera, as well as sity and fish population number is caused by hy- representatives of ancient insects — Odonata dro-power structures, chemical pollution, poach- and Ephemeroptera. ing and industrial waste discharge. Among the insects of the republic, there are many species, which are decorations of na- Invertebrates ture (dragonflies, mantis, butterflies, beetles, By the present time, there are 13 thousand walking sticks), much in demand among collec- species of invertebrate (Invertebrata) animals in tors. The negative human impact is also produced Tajikistan, including: protists (Protozoa) – 300 on the specific composition and numbers of many species, parasitic worms (Vermes) – 1400, arach- groups of invertebrates. The Red Data Book of noids (Arachnida) – 715, insects (Insecta) – Tajikistan includes 58 invertebrate animals, 50 of 10000, mollusks (Mollusca) – 204. Of great interest are arthropods, repre- sented by arachnoids (Arachnida) and insects (Insecta). Arachnoids are represented by: scorpi- ons (Scorpiones) – 10 species, phalanxes (Solifugae) – 40, spiders (Arachnei) – 260, oriba- toid ticks (Oribatei) – 104, tyroglyphoid ticks (Tyroglyphoidea) – 44, gamasoid ticks (Gamasoidea) – 50, ticks (Ixodoidea) – 82, and tetranichoid ticks (Tetranichoidea) – 120. 50% of spiders are endemics of Central Asia. The sub-family of vegetarian ticks (Tetranychoidea) of Tajikistan consists of 4 fami- lies: web ticks (Tetranychiidae), briobids Papilio machaon (Briobidae), Tenuipalpidae, and eriphoids 62 Biological Diversity of Tajikistan which are insects. Much more species require Type Acanthocephala (Proboscis protection, and the list of rare and endangered worms) of Tajikistan includes 71 species of pro- species will be increasing, as the invertebrates boscis worms – parasites of animals. are being studied. Type Annelides (Annelid worms). These are free-living organisms, the total specific com- position of which has not been studied yet in Taji- Worms are one of the widespread groups kistan; however, 30 species of oligochaete of invertebrates. (Oligochaeta) have been found in reservoir ben- Type Plathelminthes (flat worms). In thic fauna. They serve as food for fish. In the Tajikistan, there are about 210 species of trema- Kairakkum Reservoir, they make 42% of the total todes (Trematodes) – parasites living in internal biomass. organs of animals and carrying some infectious diseases to people and animals. In addition to trematodes, many vertebrate animals of Tajikistan Zoogeographic zones are found to contain 82 species of monogenetic Zoogeographically, the plain territory of suckers (Monogenea) and 280 species of cesto- Tajikistan relates to Turan province. Fauna of des (Cestodes). Tajikistan belongs to three faunistic zones of Mid- Type Nemathelmantes (Nematode dle Asia mountain province (fig. 1.17). worms) of Tajikistan includes 250 species of phy- The Western Tien Shan zone covers the tonematodes and 450 species of zoonematodes, northern side of the Turkestan Range and the some of which are used as agents of the biologi- Syrdarya River Valley with Farkhad and Kairak- cal fight against destructive insects. The class of kum reservoirs. Here, typical animals of the rotifers (Rotatoria) of Tajikistan has 25 species; mountain-forest zone, river valleys, and arable all of them develop in water sources and are con- lands, including 35 species of mammals, occur. sidered useful organisms. 15 species, which are Among insects there is a considerable number parasites of invertebrate animals, are established of endemic genera and species: Loniceraphis in the class of hair-worm (Nemathomorpha) of (L.paradoxa), Ferganaphis (F.lonicericola, Tajikistan. Republic of Tajikistan The Legend: Map-Scheme of Western Tien-Shan district ya zoogeographical division ar Tajikistan district rd Sy Pamir district Khujand cities Kayrakkum reservoir lakes and water reservoirs UZBEKISTAN rivers KYRGYZSTAN Zeravshan ob Surkh CH Karakul Lake INA gou hin bik O Dushanbe ir o v r e P ch z a n e n a r j V ek em Nur gul Murg u az ab s Y h k a Y u ng Sarez Lake s l ta i r a iz B K Kulyab n a Kurgan-Tube g i n r Gunt i Yashilkul Lake f h a s K h Khorog k a Zorkul Lake V ra P a an d j kh Sha A AFGHANISTAN m u da rya nj a P Fig. 1.17. 0 50 100 150 Km 63 National Strategy and Action Plan on Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity F.alticola alticola, F.tschatcalica), Aphiduromyzus phora Class in Tajikistan exceeds 200 species. (А.rosae), Prociphilus umarovi, Rhopalomyzus They serve as food for young fish and other small lonicerina, Ruceraphis pilosa, and Dicraeus kir- organisms. gisorum. Much better studied are parasitic protists – Tajikistan (Bukhara) zone includes lands pathogenic organisms (causing people and ani- from the southern slopes of the Zeravshan mals diseases) of Sarcomastigophora type. The Range to the western and southwestern borders sarcomastigophors, found in Tajikistan, contain of the Pamirs, covering the total system of the free-living species, as well. Tajikistan is known to Western Pamirs and Hindu-Kush. Amphibians have several species of amebas (Amoeba pro- are represented by 2 species, while reptiles – by teus, A.linax). In shallow ponds and reservoirs, 40 species. Nesting birds are typical; 70 species there are fresh-water shelly rhizopods from the of these are common in Palearctic, 22 species genera Arcella and Difflugia (e.g. Arcella vulgaris, are European, 33 – of Central Asian origin, 20 – A.discoides, Diffluggia ablonga lacustris, D. Iranian and Turkestanian, 7 – Indian and African, ablonga caudata), which, being components of 14 – Chinese, 12 – Tibetan, and 6 – Mongolian. wetland benthos,
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