LIVELIHOODS ά͸Ͳ͜ͲG ͞΄ͫΕ΋͟ ACTIVITY IN TAJIKISTAN A SPECIAL REPORT BY THE FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK (FEWS NET) January 2011 LIVELIHOODS ά͸Ͳ͜ͲG ͞΄ͫΕ΋͟ ACTIVITY IN TAJIKISTAN A SPECIAL REPORT BY THE FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK (FEWS NET) January 2011 Α·͋ ̯Ϣχ·Ϊιν͛ ϭΊ͋Ϯν ͋ϳζι͋νν͇͋ ΊΣ χ·Ίν ζϢ̼ΜΊ̯̽χΊΪΣ ͇Ϊ ΣΪχ Σ͋̽͋νν̯ιΊΜϴ ι͕͋Μ͋̽χ χ·͋ ϭΊ͋Ϯν Ϊ͕ χ·͋ United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. 1 Contents Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................................... 3 Methodology ................................................................................................................................................. 3 National Livelihood Zone Map and Seasonal Calendar ................................................................................ 4 Livelihood Zone 1: Eastern Pamir Plateau Livestock Zone ............................................................................ 1 Livelihood Zone 2: Western Pamir Valley Migratory Work Zone ................................................................. 3 Livelihood Zone 3: Western Pamir Irrigated Agriculture Zone .................................................................... 5 Livelihood Zone 4: Rasht Valley Irrigated Potato Zone ................................................................................. 7 Livelihood Zone 5: Khatlon Mountain Agro-Pastoral Zone ........................................................................... 9 Livelihood Zone 6: Southern Khatlon Cotton, Vegetable and Wheat Zone ............................................... 11 Livelihood Zone 7: Khatlon Rainfed Wheat and Livestock Zone ................................................................. 14 Livelihood Zone 8: Central and Eastern Tajikistan Agro-Industrial Zone .................................................... 16 Livelihood Zone 9: Eastern and Central Zeravshan Valley Agro-pastoral Zone .......................................... 18 Livelihood Zone 10: Panjakent Rice, Fruit, and Vegetable Zone................................................................. 20 Livelihood Zone 11: Ghonchi and Istaravshan Rainfed Cereal, Fruit, and Vegetable Zone ........................ 23 Livelihood Zone 12: North Sughd Agro-Industrial Zone .............................................................................. 25 Livelihood Zone 13: Khatlon Agro-industrial Peri-urban Zone ................................................................... 28 Annex One: Jamoats by Livelihood Zone .................................................................................................... 30 Annex Two: Workshop Participants ............................................................................................................ 42 2 Acknowledgments This work was done by Famine Early Warning Systems Network in collaboration with its partners the Ministry of Agriculture, The Statistical Agency under the President of Tajikistan, the World Food Programme, the Food and Agriculture Organization, Save the Children and the Aga Khan Foundation. Α·͋ ζιΪ͕ΊΜ͋ν Ϯ͋ι͋ ζιΪ͇Ϣ͇̽͋ ̯ν ̯ ΙΣΪϮΜ͇͋ͽ͋ ̼̯ν͋ ͕Ϊι FEΡ΋ ͲEΑ͛ν ·͋΢Ϊχ͋ ͱΪΣΊχΪιΊΣͽ ̯̽χΊϭΊχΊ͋ν ΊΣ χ·͋ country. FEWS NET thanks their partners in the Government of Tajikistan and WFP for their detailed comments and help in making this a better product. Methodology Α·Ίν ͫΊϭ͋ΜΊ·ΪΪ͇ν άΪΣΊΣͽ ͞΄ΜϢν͟ ζιΪ͇Ϣ̽χ ·̯ν ̼͋͋Σ ̯̽ιιΊ͇͋ ΪϢχ ϢνΊΣͽ ̯ ι̯ζΊ͇ ΜΊϭ͋ΜΊ·ΪΪ͇ν ̯ssessment approach that aims to identify and describe trends and patterns in livelihoods that can be used as a starting point for early warning analysis. It is based on the Household Economy Analysis (HEA) methodology that FEWS NET uses as a foundation for its livelihoods activities. Α·͋ ΢͋χ·Ϊ͇ΪΜΪͽϴ ͕Ϊι ̯ ͫΊϭ͋ΜΊ·ΪΪ͇ν άΪΣΊΣͽ ·΄ΜϢν͛ ζιΪ͇Ϣ̽χ ̽ΪΣνΊνχν Ϊ͕ χ·ι͋͋ νχ͋ζν΄ Step One: Representatives from each region come together in a national-level workshop to delineate the national map into livelihood zones, which are areas with similar livelihoods activities, agro-ecology, and access to markets. Step Two: Descriptions of each livelihood zone are drafted at the national workshop, identifying the key characteristics of livelihoods found in each zone, as well as the Seasonal Calendar. Step Three: A short field verification is conducted in which local administration and key informants are consulted to help verify and adjust the information for the zones that was compiled at the national workshop. For more details on the Household Economy Analysis and principles, please visit the livelihoods section on www.fews.net Ϊι ͇ΪϮΣΜΪ̯͇ χ·͋ ζ̯ζ͋ι ·Application of the Livelihood Zone Maps and Profiles for Food Security Analysis and Early Warning͛΅ 3 National Livelihood Zone Map Livelihoods Highlights Livelihood zones 2: Western Pamir Valley Migratory Work Zone, 4: Rasht Valley Irrigated Potato Zone, 6: Southern Khatlon Cotton, Vegetable and Wheat Zone, and 9: Eastern and Central Zeravshan Valley Agro-Pastoral Zone are considered at risk of food insecurity in bad years due to their limited ability to cope with the frequent number of shocks that hit these areas. Most livelihoods in the country are defined by some combination of crop production and livestock husbandry, though dependence and focus differs. Remittances earned through labor migration to large cities within Tajikistan or to neighboring Russia and Kazakhstan are an important source of income for many households across the country in both better-off and poorer wealth groups. Dependence on the market for staple food purchases is high in most livelihood zones and wealth groups. 4 National Seasonal Calendar Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec SEASONS Rainy season Snow Winter crop harvesting planting Agriculture Seasons Spring crop planting harvesting Summer crop planting harvesting Lean Season KEY CYCLES Staple food price cycles normal high low normal Local agricultural labor Labor migration Fuel price peak high SHOCKS AND HAZARDS Avalanche Locust Floods Hail Market access low low Seasonal Calendar Key Points Two rainy seasons provide rain for three agricultural seasons that plan in winter, spring and summer and provide staggered harvests from June through November. The main shocks including avalanches, locust infestations, floods and hail are experienced through the spring and summer months, from March until June, and also coincide with the lean period in which resources for coping may be scarce The lean season – which differs in timing by one month or two, depending on the zone – coincides with peak staple food prices, and demand for labor in agricultural work Livelihood Zone 1: Eastern Pamir Plateau Livestock Zone Food Security Characterization This pastoral and employment based zone is a sparsely populated This zone is considered at risk of food mountainous zone that νΊχν ϮΊχ·ΊΣ E̯νχ͋ιΣ Α̯ΖΊΙΊνχ̯Σ͛ν GΪιΣΪ- insecurity in bad years. Badakshan Autonomous region. Characterized as at risk of food Key Livelihoods Activities insecurity in bad years, t·͋ ϹΪΣ͋͛ν ·̯ιν· ͋ΣϭΊιΪΣ΢͋Σχ ΜΊ΢Ίχν ·ΪϢν͋·ΪΜ͇ livelihood options to livestock rearing: mostly yaks, goats and sheep. Poor Better-off Unable to produce crops as in neighboring livelihood zones, Livestock Livestock husbandry households residing on the Eastern Pamir Plateau rely on wheat flour husbandry Migration purchases to meet the bulk of the annual food needs, supplementing Local employment Trading the remainder from livestock products such as meat, milk, butter and Migration yogurt from their animals. Better-off households also barter livestock Staple Foods and Sources products for food. Poor and Better-off Households are thus heavily dependent on the market for noth food Livestock meat and products from own and the medium through which to sell their animal produce. Yet poor herd market access results in frequent fluctuations in terms of trade – often Wheat, rice: market purchase unfavorable – for food and livestock, and this combination places many Key Income Sources households in this zone (poorer in particular) at risk of food insecurity in bad years. Poor Livestock and products Most of the precipitation in this zone occurs through snowfall, which Manual labor occurs from October through May. Remittances from migrants The main source of income for most of the zone’s population is sale Better-off of animals and animal products, as well as remittances. Livestock sold Livestock and livestock product sales according to need. Households sell meat from primarily September Remittances from migrants until February and wool and leather goods from September to Small business November. Unable to generate enough food and income from their Productive Assets herds to cover all needs, both better-off and poor households may have one or two household members migrate to Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Poor Better-off Khorog or Dushanbe from May to October, sending remittances back Livestock: Sheep, Livestock: Yaks home. Some better-off households also own a small business or Goats Sheep, Goats engage in trade. Main Markets Murgab Center Market access in the zone is limited by poor road networks and long distances. Most households in the zone travel to Murgab market every Shocks and Hazards week to buy essential food (mostly wheat) and non-food items. This is Frost/extreme cold also where most go to sell their livestock; wool and leather products; Food price spikes and to a lesser extent, dairy products. From October to May, market Livestock diseases access is hampered by heavy snow, avalanches