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Morphometric Analyses of Cave Bear Mandibles (Carnivora, Ursidae)
Revue de Paléobiologie, Genève (décembre 2018) 37 (2): 379-393 ISSN 0253-6730 Morphometric analyses of cave bear mandibles (Carnivora, Ursidae) Gennady F. BARYSHNIKOV1*, Andrei Yu. PUZACHENKO2 & Svetlana V. BARYSHNIKOVA1 1 Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia 2 Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Staromonetnyi per. 29, 109017 Moscow, Russia * Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Morphometric variability of cave and brown bears and their ancestors (Ursus minimus and U. etruscus) is examined using multivariate statistics based on measurements of 679 mandibles from 90 localities in Northern Eurasia. The variability is dependent on sexual dimorphism in size: it is well seen in big cave bears (U. spelaeus, U. kanivetz = ingressus, U. kudarensis), whose males are nearly 25% larger than females. In the morphological space, we identified two main types of mandibles: the “arctoid” type [U. minimus, U. etruscus, U. arctos, U. rodei (?)], and the “spelaeoid” type (U. spelaeus spelaeus, U. s. eremus, U. kanivetz, U. kudarensis). The intermediate “deningeroid” type includes U. deningeri, U. savini, U. rossicus (males), and U. spelaeus ladinicus. An additional unit is formed by female sample of U. rossicus. The mandible bones are less informative for understanding of cave bear evolution, because in comparison to crania, they have a rather simple shape. Keywords Ursus, cave bears, morphometrics, variations, mandible, evolution, adaptation, Pleistocene. Résumé Analyse morphométrique de la mandibule chez les ours des cavernes. - La variabilité morphométrique des ours des cavernes, des ours bruns et de leurs ancêtres (Ursus minimus et U. etruscus) est étudiée à partir des mesures de 679 mandibules de 90 sites d’Eurasie du nord, à l’aide des méthodes d’analyses statistiques multivariées. -
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Conservation news First biodiversity survey of Zorkul reserve, Pamir m. The team identified at least 12 species of butterflies, many Mountains, Tajikistan in some abundance, including Apollos Parnassius spp.. Some 1,589 Marco Polo sheep, a focal species for the reserve, In July–August 2011 a team of local and international were counted. Grey wolf Canis lupus was observed twice, scientists performed the first detailed biodiversity survey of including a group with young, and field signs widely noted. the remote Zorkul Zapovednik (nature reserve) in south- Brown bear Ursus arctos signs were found at several points, eastern Tajikistan, on the border with Afghanistan. There including once above 5,000 m. Long-tailed marmots had been previous surveys of the bird fauna of Lake Zorkul Marmota caudata were frequent and large-eared pikas but the surrounding mountains, particularly the southern Ochotona macrotis were seen on rocky slopes. Wakhan range, were largely unknown. The area was initially In conjunction with the NGO Panthera 11 camera traps listed as a zakaznik (sanctuary) in 1972 and in 2000 was were placed at seven locations in the Wakhan range where upgraded to a zapovednik (Strict Nature Reserve, IUCN snow leopard Panthera uncia sign was found. Over an Category I) and expanded to 87,700 ha, including both the 8-week period three cameras took 252 photographs of at main Lake Zorkul, nearby lakes and wetland systems, and the least four individual snow leopards. One camera was lost surrounding mountains. The Reserve was included as a and the photograph from the paired camera showed two Ramsar wetland site in 2001, is an Important Bird Area, and is snow leopard cubs playfully removing the other camera. -
Tourism in Tajikistan As Seen by Tour Operators Acknowledgments
Tourism in as Seen by Tour Operators Public Disclosure Authorized Tajikistan Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized DISCLAIMER CONTENTS This work is a product of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......................................................................i The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other INTRODUCTION....................................................................................2 information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. TOURISM TRENDS IN TAJIKISTAN............................................................5 RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS TOURISM SERVICES IN TAJIKISTAN.......................................................27 © 2019 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank TOURISM IN KHATLON REGION AND 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: +1 (202) 522-2422; email: [email protected]. GORNO-BADAKHSHAN AUTONOMOUS OBLAST (GBAO)...................45 The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and li- censes, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, PROFILE AND LIST OF RESPONDENTS................................................57 Cover page images: 1. Hulbuk Fortress, near Kulob, Khatlon Region 2. Tajik girl holding symbol of Navruz Holiday 3. -
Himalayan and Central Asian Studies
ISSN 0971-9318 HIMALAYAN AND CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES (JOURNAL OF HIMALAYAN RESEARCH AND CULTURAL FOUNDATION) NGO in Special Consultative Status with ECOSOC, United Nations Vol. 17 No. 3-4 July-December 2013 Political change in China and the new 5th Generation Leadership Michael Dillon Financial Diplomacy: The Internationalization of the Chinese Yuan Ivanka Petkova Understanding China’s Policy and Intentions towards the SCO Michael Fredholm Cyber Warfare: China’s Role and Challenge to the United States Arun Warikoo India and China: Contemporary Issues and Challenges B.R. Deepak The Depsang Standoff at the India-China Border along the LAC: View from Ladakh Deldan Kunzes Angmo Nyachu China- Myanmar: No More Pauk Phaws? Rahul Mishra Pakistan-China Relations: A Case Study of All-Weather Friendship Ashish Shukla Afghanistan-China Relations: 1955-2012 Mohammad Mansoor Ehsan HIMALAYAN AND CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES Guest Editor : MONDIRA DUTTA © Himalayan Research and Cultural Foundation, New Delhi. * All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electrical, mechanical or otherwise without first seeking the written permission of the publisher or due acknowledgement. * The views expressed in this Journal are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the opinions or policies of the Himalayan Research and Cultural Foundation. SUBSCRIPTION IN INDIA Single Copy (Individual) : Rs. 500.00 Annual (Individual) : Rs. 1000.00 Institutions : Rs. 1400.00 & Libraries (Annual) -
CBD First National Report
REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN FIRST NATIONAL REPORT ON BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Dushanbe – 2003 1 REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN FIRST NATIONAL REPORT ON BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Dushanbe – 2003 3 ББК 28+28.0+45.2+41.2+40.0 Н-35 УДК 502:338:502.171(575.3) NBBC GEF First National Report on Biodiversity Conservation was elaborated by National Biodiversity and Biosafety Center (NBBC) under the guidance of CBD National Focal Point Dr. N.Safarov within the project “Tajikistan Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan”, with financial support of Global Environmental Facility (GEF) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Copyright 2003 All rights reserved 4 Author: Dr. Neimatullo Safarov, CBD National Focal Point, Head of National Biodiversity and Biosafety Center With participation of: Dr. of Agricultural Science, Scientific Productive Enterprise «Bogparvar» of Tajik Akhmedov T. Academy of Agricultural Science Ashurov A. Dr. of Biology, Institute of Botany Academy of Science Asrorov I. Dr. of Economy, professor, Institute of Economy Academy of Science Bardashev I. Dr. of Geology, Institute of Geology Academy of Science Boboradjabov B. Dr. of Biology, Tajik State Pedagogical University Dustov S. Dr. of Biology, State Ecological Inspectorate of the Ministry for Nature Protection Dr. of Biology, professor, Institute of Plants Physiology and Genetics Academy Ergashev А. of Science Dr. of Biology, corresponding member of Academy of Science, professor, Institute Gafurov A. of Zoology and Parasitology Academy of Science Gulmakhmadov D. State Land Use Committee of the Republic of Tajikistan Dr. of Biology, Tajik Research Institute of Cattle-Breeding of the Tajik Academy Irgashev T. of Agricultural Science Ismailov M. Dr. of Biology, corresponding member of Academy of Science, professor Khairullaev R. -
Yellowstone Grizzly Bears: Ecology and Conservation of an Icon of Wildness
YELLOWSTONE GRIZZLY BEARS ecology and conservation of an ICON OF WILDNESS EDITED BY P.J. White, Kerry A. Gunther, and Frank T. van Manen YELLOWSTONE GRIZZLY BEARS Yellowstone Grizzly Bears: Ecology and Conservation of an Icon of Wildness Editors P. J. White, Kerry A. Gunther, and Frank T. van Manen Contributing Authors Daniel D. Bjornlie, Amanda M. Bramblett, Steven L. Cain, Tyler H. Coleman, Jennifer K. Fortin-Noreus, Kevin L. Frey, Mark A. Haroldson, Pauline L. Kamath, Eric G. Reinertson, Charles T. Robbins, Daniel J. Thompson, Daniel B. Tyers, Katharine R. Wilmot, and Travis C. Wyman Managing Editor Jennifer A. Jerrett YELLOWSTONE FOREVER, YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK AND U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, NORTHERN ROCKY MOUNTAIN SCIENCE CENTER Yellowstone Forever, Yellowstone National Park 82190 Published 2017 Contents Printed in the United States of America All chapters are prepared solely by officers or employees of the United States Preface ix government as part of their official duties and are not subject to copyright protection Daniel N. Wenk, Superintendent, Yellowstone National Park in the United States. Foreign copyrights may apply. National Park Service (NPS) photographs are not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Foreign Introduction xv copyrights may apply. However, because this work may contain other copyrighted images or other incorporated material, permission from the copyright holder may be P. J. White, Kerry A. Gunther, and Frank T. van Manen necessary. Cover and half title images: www.revealedinnature.com by Jake Davis. Chapter 1: The Population 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data P. J. White, Kerry A. Gunther, and Travis C. -
45354-002: Building Climate Resilience in the Pyanj River Basin
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING REPORT _________________________________________________________________________ April 2021 Annual report Project No. 45354-002 Grant: G0352 Reporting period: 1 January 2020- 31 December 2020 TAJIKISTAN: "BUILDING CLIMATE RESILIENCE IN THE PYANJ RIVER BASIN" Component 1 and 2 (irrigation and flood management) (Financing by the Asian Development Bank) Prepared by the Agency for Land Reclamation and Irrigation under the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan (Project Implementation Unit) for the Asian Development Bank. This environmental monitoring report is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the views of ADB's Board of Directors, its managers, or employees, and may in fact only be preliminary. When preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by any indication or reference to a specific territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments regarding the legal or any other status of any of territories or districts ABBREVIATIONS ADB Asian Development Bank. ALRI Agency for Land Reclamation and Irrigation. CEP Committee on Environment Protection TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Purpose of the report ................................................................................................................. 2 2 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING ................................................................................................ -
Brown Bear (Ursus Arctos) Animal Welfare
Care For Us Brown Bear (Ursus arctos) Animal Welfare Animal welfare refers to an animal’s state or feelings. An animal’s welfare state can be positive, neutral or negative. An animal’s welfare has the potential to differ on a daily basis. When an animal’s needs - nutritional, behavioural, health and environmental - are met, they will have positive welfare. A good life in captivity might be one where animals can consistently experience good welfare - throughout their entire life. Understanding that animals have both sentient and cognitive abilities as well as pain perception, reinforces the need to provide appropriate husbandry provisions for all captive animals, to ensure positive welfare. In captivity, the welfare of an animal is dependent on the environment provided for them and the daily care and veterinary treatment they receive. The brown bear lives in forests and mountains in northern North America, Europe and Asia. It is the most widely distributed bear in the world. There are many subspecies of brown bear, with the largest bears found in the islands of the Kodiak Archipelago. The brown bear's global home range has significantly shrunk and local populations have been made extinct, but it is still listed as a least concern species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Bears Like To Eat Bears are omnivores and feed on a huge range of different foods depending on availability and season. Much of their diet consists of nuts, berries, fruit, leaves, and roots. However they also eat invertebrates, fish and other mammals. A bear will spend a lot of energy and time searching or hunting for food. -
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Speciestm
Species 2014 Annual ReportSpecies the Species of 2014 Survival Commission and the Global Species Programme Species ISSUE 56 2014 Annual Report of the Species Survival Commission and the Global Species Programme • 2014 Spotlight on High-level Interventions IUCN SSC • IUCN Red List at 50 • Specialist Group Reports Ethiopian Wolf (Canis simensis), Endangered. © Martin Harvey Muhammad Yazid Muhammad © Amazing Species: Bleeding Toad The Bleeding Toad, Leptophryne cruentata, is listed as Critically Endangered on The IUCN Red List of Threatened SpeciesTM. It is endemic to West Java, Indonesia, specifically around Mount Gede, Mount Pangaro and south of Sukabumi. The Bleeding Toad’s scientific name, cruentata, is from the Latin word meaning “bleeding” because of the frog’s overall reddish-purple appearance and blood-red and yellow marbling on its back. Geographical range The population declined drastically after the eruption of Mount Galunggung in 1987. It is Knowledge believed that other declining factors may be habitat alteration, loss, and fragmentation. Experts Although the lethal chytrid fungus, responsible for devastating declines (and possible Get Involved extinctions) in amphibian populations globally, has not been recorded in this area, the sudden decline in a creekside population is reminiscent of declines in similar amphibian species due to the presence of this pathogen. Only one individual Bleeding Toad was sighted from 1990 to 2003. Part of the range of Bleeding Toad is located in Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park. Future conservation actions should include population surveys and possible captive breeding plans. The production of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is made possible through the IUCN Red List Partnership. -
The Amu Darya River – a Review
AMARTYA KUMAR BHATTACHARYA and D. M. P. KARTHIK The Amu Darya river – a review Introduction Source confluence Kerki he Amu Darya, also called the Amu river and elevation 326 m (1,070 ft) historically known by its Latin name, Oxus, is a major coordinates 37°06'35"N, 68°18'44"E T river in Central Asia. It is formed by the junction of the Mouth Aral sea Vakhsh and Panj rivers, at Qal`eh-ye Panjeh in Afghanistan, and flows from there north-westwards into the southern remnants location Amu Darya Delta, Uzbekistan of the Aral Sea. In ancient times, the river was regarded as the elevation 28 m (92 ft) boundary between Greater Iran and Turan. coordinates 44°06'30"N, 59°40'52"E In classical antiquity, the river was known as the Oxus in Length 2,620 km (1,628 mi) Latin and Oxos in Greek – a clear derivative of Vakhsh, the Basin 534,739 km 2 (206,464 sq m) name of the largest tributary of the river. In Sanskrit, the river Discharge is also referred to as Vakshu. The Avestan texts too refer to 3 the river as Yakhsha/Vakhsha (and Yakhsha Arta (“upper average 2,525 m /s (89,170 cu ft/s) Yakhsha”) referring to the Jaxartes/Syr Darya twin river to max 5,900 m 3 /s (208,357 cu ft/s) Amu Darya). The name Amu is said to have come from the min 420 m 3 /s (14,832 cu ft/s) medieval city of Amul, (later, Chahar Joy/Charjunow, and now known as Türkmenabat), in modern Turkmenistan, with Darya Description being the Persian word for “river”. -
LIFE and European Mammals Mammals European and LIFE
NATURE LIFE and European Mammals Improving their conservation status LIFE Focus I LIFE and European Mammals: Improving their conservation status EUROPEAN COMMISSION ENVIRONMENT DIRecTORATE-GENERAL LIFE (“The Financial Instrument for the Environment”) is a programme launched by the European Commission and coordinated by the Environment Directorate-General (LIFE Units - E.3. and E.4.). The contents of the publication “LIFE and European Mammals: Improving their conservation status” do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the institutions of the European Union. Authors: João Pedro Silva (Nature expert), András Demeter (DG Environment), Justin Toland, Wendy Jones, Jon Eldridge, Tim Hudson, Eamon O’Hara, Christophe Thévignot (AEIDL, Communications Team Coordinator). Managing Editor: Angelo Salsi (European Commission, DG Environment, LIFE Unit). LIFE Focus series coordination: Simon Goss (DG Environment, LIFE Communications Coordinator), Evelyne Jussiant (DG Environment, Communications Coordinator). The following people also worked on this issue: Frank Vassen (DG Environment). Production: Monique Braem. Graphic design: Daniel Renders, Anita Cortés (AEIDL). Acknowledgements: Thanks to all LIFE project beneficiaries who contributed comments, photos and other useful material for this report. Photos: Unless otherwise specified; photos are from the respective projects. Cover photo: www. luis-ferreira.com; Tiit Maran; LIFE03 NAT/F/000104. HOW TO OBTAIN EU PUBLICATIONS Free publications: • via EU Bookshop (http://bookshop.europa.eu); • at the European Commission’s representations or delegations. You can obtain their contact details on the Internet (http://ec.europa.eu) or by sending a fax to +352 2929-42758. Priced publications: • via EU Bookshop (http://bookshop.europa.eu). Priced subscriptions (e.g. annual series of the Official Journal of the European Union and reports of cases before the Court of Justice of the European Union): • via one of the sales agents of the Publications Office of the European Union (http://publications.europa.eu/ others/agents/index_en.htm). -
Bear Reintroductions:Lessons and Challenges
BEAR REINTRODUCTIONS:LESSONS AND CHALLENGES INVITEDPAPER JOSEPHD. CLARK,U.S. GeologicalSurvey, Southern Appalachian Field Laboratory, 274 EllingtonPlant Sciences Building, Universityof Tennessee, Knoxville,TN 37996, USA, email: [email protected] DJUROHUBER, Department of Biology,Veterinary Faculty University of Zagreb,Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb,Croatia, email: [email protected] CHRISTOPHERSERVHEEN, U.S. Fish and WildlifeService, UniversityHall, Room 309, Universityof Montana,Missoula, MT 59812, USA, email: [email protected] Abstract: Reintroductionis defined as an attemptto establisha species in an areathat was once partof its historicalrange, but from which it has been extirpatedor become extinct. Historically,one of the most successfulprograms was the reintroductionof 254 Americanblack bears (Ursus americanus) from Minnesotato the InteriorHighlands of Arkansasin the 1960s; that populationhas grown to >2,500 today. More recent efforts have involved fewer but bettermonitored animals and have sometimes employed techniquesto improve site fidelity and survival. In Pennsylvania,for example, pregnantfemale Americanblack bears were successfully translocatedfrom winterdens, the premisebeing thatthe adultfemales would be less likely to returnbecause of the presenceof young cubs. That winter-releasetechnique was comparedto summertrapping and release in Tennessee;winter releases resultedin greatersurvival and reducedpost-release movements. Homing has not been a problemfor small numbersof brownbears (Ursus arctos) reintroducedto the Cabinet-Yaakecosystem