DOCSLIB.ORG

Misuse of Licit Trade for Opiate Trafficking in Western and Central Asia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Misuse of Licit Trade for Opiate Trafficking in Western and Central Asia MISUSE OF LICIT TRADE FOR OPIATE TRAFFICKING IN WESTERN AND CENTRAL ASIA - DRAFT - Acknowledgements The present report was prepared by the UNODC Afghan Opiate Trade Project of the Studies and Threat Analysis Section (STAS), Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs (DPA), within the framework of the UNODC Trends Monitoring and Analysis Programme and in collaboration with the UNODC Country Office in Afghanistan and the UNODC Regional Office for Central Asia. UNODC is grateful to the national and international institutions that shared their knowledge and data with the report team including, in particular, the Afghan Border Police, the Counter Narcotics Police of Afghanistan, the Ministry of Counter Narcotics of Afghanistan, the customs offices of Afghanistan and Pakistan, the World Customs Office, the Central Asian Regional Information and Coordination Centre, the Customs Service of Tajikistan, the Drug Control Agency of Tajikistan and the State Service on Drug Control of Kyrgyzstan. Report Team Research and report preparation: Hakan Demirbüken (Programme management officer, Afghan Opiate Trade Project, STAS) Platon Nozadze (Consultant) Natascha Eichinger (Consultant) Hayder Mili (Research expert, Afghan Opiate Trade Project, STAS) Yekaterina Spassova (National research officer, Afghan Opiate Trade Project) Hamid Azizi (National research officer, Afghan Opiate Trade Project) Saurabh Sati (Consultant) Mapping support : Deniz Mermerci (STAS) Odil Kurbanov (National strategic analyst, UNODC Regional Office for Central Asia) Desktop publishing and mapping support: Suzanne Kunnen (STAS) Kristina Kuttnig (STAS) Supervision: Thibault Le Pichon (Chief, STAS), Sandeep Chawla (Director, DPA) The preparation of this report benefited from the financial contributions of the United States of America, Germany and Turkey. Photos: © UNODC, Alessandro Scotti Disclaimer The present report has not been formally edited. The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNODC or contributory organizations and neither do they imply any endorsement. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNODC concerning the legal status of any country, territory or city or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. DRAFT - ABUSE OF TRADE BY OPIATE TRAFFICKING IN WESTERN AND CENTRAL ASIA CONTENTS CONTENTS .................................................................................................................................. 1 GLOSSARY................................................................................................................................... 5 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................... 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................................. 11 I. TRADE NETWORKS IN WESTERN AND CENTRAL ASIA .............................................................. 19 ANALYSIS OF DRY PORTS........................................................................................21 DEFINITION OF A DRY PORT ...................................................................................21 KEY FUNCTIONS .....................................................................................................21 Trans-shipment of cargo between different modes of transportation..........................22 Sorting.....................................................................................................................................22 Storing.....................................................................................................................................22 Management of container flows .........................................................................................22 Consolidation of individual container flows.....................................................................23 Relieving transportation by road.........................................................................................23 Provision of special and extra services...............................................................................23 II. OVERVIEW OF TRADE AGREEMENTS: FACTS AND PROBLEMS................................................. 25 AFGHANISTAN-PAKISTAN TRANSIT TRADE AGREEMENT (APTTA) ......................................... 25 Transit trade trends ...............................................................................................25 Transit transportation routes.................................................................................26 Transportation regulations.....................................................................................28 Customs checks......................................................................................................28 Dry ports along APTTA transit transportation routes..............................................29 Opiate and chemical precursor smuggling along transit routes and at dry ports ....35 1 DRAFT - ABUSE OF TRADE BY OPIATE TRAFFICKING IN WESTERN AND CENTRAL ASIA SOUTH ASIAN FREE TRADE AREA (SAFTA) ............................................................................ 38 Trade Trends..........................................................................................................39 Transportation Routes ...........................................................................................40 Customs Regulations..............................................................................................42 Dry Ports along Trade Routes.................................................................................42 Opiate smuggling along trade routes and dry ports................................................45 AFGHANISTAN-IRAN BILATERAL TRANSIT AGREEMENT ........................................................ 47 Transit Trade Trends ..............................................................................................48 Transit Trade Routes..............................................................................................49 Transportation and Customs Regulations...............................................................51 Dry Ports along Transit Routes ...............................................................................51 Opiate and chemical precursor smuggling along transportation routes and dry ports ..............................................................................................................................54 AFGHANISTAN-INDIA PREFERENTIAL TRADE AND STRATEGIC AGREEMENTS......................... 57 Trade Trends and Trade Routes .............................................................................58 Transportation and customs regulations................................................................59 Opiate and chemical precursor smuggling along transportation routes and dry ports ..............................................................................................................................60 AFGHANISTAN-UZBEKISTAN TRADE AND TRANSIT AGREEMENT........................................... 63 Trade and Transit Trade Trends..............................................................................63 Transit Transportation Routes................................................................................63 Dry Ports along Transit Routes ...............................................................................65 Opiate and chemical precursor smuggling along transportation routes and dry ports ..............................................................................................................................65 AFGHANISTAN-TAJIKISTAN JOINT ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND BUSINESS AGREEMENT ............. 68 Trade and Transit Trade Trends..............................................................................68 Transit Routes........................................................................................................70 Transport Regulations............................................................................................72 Opiate and chemical precursor seizures along transportation routes and dry ports ..............................................................................................................................72 AFGHANISTAN-TURKMENISTAN TRANSPORT AND TRANSIT AGREEMENT............................. 75 Trade and Transit Trade Trends..............................................................................75 Transit Transportation Routes................................................................................76 Dry Ports along Transit Routes ...............................................................................77 2 DRAFT - ABUSE OF TRADE BY OPIATE TRAFFICKING IN WESTERN AND CENTRAL ASIA Opiate and chemical precursor smuggling along transportation routes and dry ports ..............................................................................................................................78 AFGHANISTAN-KAZAKHSTAN AGREEMENT ON TRADE AND ECONOMIC COOPERATION........ 80 Trade Trends..........................................................................................................80 Transit Transportation Routes................................................................................80 Dry ports along transit routes in Kyrgyzstan...........................................................84
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Health and Integrated Protection Needs in Kunduz Province
    [Compa ny name] Assessment Report- Health and Integrated Protection Needs in Kunduz Province Dr. Noor Ahmad “Ahmad” Dr. Mirza Jan Hafiz Akbar Ahmadi Vijay Raghavan Final Report Acknowledgements The study team thank representatives of the following institutions who have met us in both Kabul and Kunduz during the assessment. WHO – Kabul and Kunduz; UNOCHA – Kunduz; MSF (Kunduz); UNHCR- Kunduz; Handicap International Kunduz; Provincial Health Directorate, Kunduz; Regional Hospital, Kunduz; Afghanistan Red Crescent Society (ARCS), Kunduz; DoRR, Kunduz; Swedish Committee for Afghanistan, Kunduz; JACK BPHS team in Kunduz Thanks of INSO for conducting the assessment of the field locations and also for field movements Special thanks to the communities and their representatives – Thanks to CHNE and CME staff and students District Hospital staff of Imam Sahib Our sincere thanks to the District wise focal points, health facility staff and all support staff of JACK, Kunduz who tirelessly supported in the field assessment and arrangement of necessary logistics for the assessment team. Thanks to Health and Protection Clusters for their constant inputs and support. Thanks to OCHA-HFU team for their feedback on our previous programme and that helped in refining our assessment focus and added the components of additional issues like operations, logistics and quality of supplies which were discussed elaborately with the field team of JACK. Thanks to Access and Security team in OCHA for their feedback on access and security sections. Page 2 of 102 Final
    [Show full text]
  • PROFILE 2020 “The Source of Premium Quality Petroleum Products” CONTENTS
    COMPANY PROFILE 2020 “The Source of Premium Quality Petroleum Products” CONTENTS ABOUT US 01 OUR STORY 02 SERVICES 03 OUR ASSETS 04 PRODUCTS 05 Afghan Petrol Group Ltd – The Premium Fuel & Gas Source 01 ABOUT US Afghan Petrol Group Ltd. is a joint import and export company, specializing mostly in fuel, gas, storage, transportation and retailing, founded in 2004 as result of fuel shortage had hit the country and total lack of fuel storages in conjunction with expansion of family enterprise companies. Today the company is one of the leading fuel retail operators in the country and the third largest fuel importer and distributor with sufficient storage capacity of 83 million liters and expertise with a skilled motivated workforce to expand oil products in Afghanistan, Afghan Petrol Group currently holds over 15 % share of fuel market imports. The company provides premium fuel and gas for in several locations of Afghanistan specially in border points of Hairatan, Aqina, and Tourghundi, which are the main three location that the petroleum products are sourced and imported from neighbor countries. The company has built the most modern and standardized strategic fuel and gas storage at three border locations to operate properly and can provide different kind of fuel within it’s specification. MISSION VISION The market in the country is running There is increasingly health concerns over the poor quality of fuel and here with using the hazardous and our company’s task is to provide contaminated fuel products in the superior quality of petroleum products country and as a premium energy to every part of the country for facilitator we aim to make sure every consumers who are aware of the quality one will use such high quality of product of fuel to use.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Problems of the Marine and Coastal Area of Pakistan: National Report
    -Ç L^ q- UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME Environmental problems of the marine and coastal area of Pakistan: National Report UNEP Regional Seal Reports and Studies No. 77 PREFACE The Regional Seas Pragra~eMS initiated by UMEP in 1974. Since then the Governing Council of UNEP has repeatedly endorsed a regional approach to the control of marine pollution and the ma-t of marine ad coastal resources ad has requested the develqmmt of re#ioml action plans. The Regional Seas Progr- at present includes ten mimyand has over 120 coastal States à participating in it. It is amceival as an action-oriented pmgr- havim cmcera not only fw the consqmces bt also for the causes of tnvirommtal dtgradation and -ssing a msiveapproach to cantrollbg envimtal -1- thmqb the mamgaent of mrine and coastal areas. Each regional action plan is formulated according to the needs of the region as perceived by the Govemnents concerned. It is designed to link assessment of the quality of the marine enviroment and the causes of its deterioration with activities for the ma-t and development of the marine and coastal enviroment. The action plans promote the parallel developmmt of regional legal agreemnts and of actioworimted pmgr- activitiesg- In Hay 1982 the UNEP Governing Council adopted decision 10/20 requesting the Executive Director of UNEP "to enter into consultations with the concerned States of the South Asia Co-operative Envirof~entProgran~e (SACEP) to ascertain their views regarding the conduct of a regional seas programe in the South Asian Seasm. In response to that request the Executive Director appointed a high level consultant to undertake a mission to the coastal States of SACW in October/November 1982 and February 1983.
    [Show full text]
  • Misuse of Licit Trade for Opiate Trafficking in Western and Central
    MISUSE OF LICIT TRADE FOR OPIATE TRAFFICKING IN WESTERN AND CENTRAL ASIA MISUSE OF LICIT TRADE FOR OPIATE Vienna International Centre, PO Box 500, 1400 Vienna, Austria Tel: +(43) (1) 26060-0, Fax: +(43) (1) 26060-5866, www.unodc.org MISUSE OF LICIT TRADE FOR OPIATE TRAFFICKING IN WESTERN AND CENTRAL ASIA A Threat Assessment A Threat Assessment United Nations publication printed in Slovenia October 2012 MISUSE OF LICIT TRADE FOR OPIATE TRAFFICKING IN WESTERN AND CENTRAL ASIA Acknowledgements This report was prepared by the UNODC Afghan Opiate Trade Project of the Studies and Threat Analysis Section (STAS), Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs (DPA), within the framework of UNODC Trends Monitoring and Analysis Programme and with the collaboration of the UNODC Country Office in Afghanistan and in Pakistan and the UNODC Regional Office for Central Asia. UNODC is grateful to the national and international institutions that shared their knowledge and data with the report team including, in particular, the Afghan Border Police, the Counter Narcotics Police of Afghanistan, the Ministry of Counter Narcotics of Afghanistan, the customs offices of Afghanistan and Pakistan, the World Customs Office, the Central Asian Regional Information and Coordination Centre, the Customs Service of Tajikistan, the Drug Control Agency of Tajikistan and the State Service on Drug Control of Kyrgyzstan. Report Team Research and report preparation: Hakan Demirbüken (Programme management officer, Afghan Opiate Trade Project, STAS) Natascha Eichinger (Consultant) Platon Nozadze (Consultant) Hayder Mili (Research expert, Afghan Opiate Trade Project, STAS) Yekaterina Spassova (National research officer, Afghan Opiate Trade Project) Hamid Azizi (National research officer, Afghan Opiate Trade Project) Shaukat Ullah Khan (National research officer, Afghan Opiate Trade Project) A.
    [Show full text]
  • Winning Hearts and Minds? Examining the Relationship Between Aid and Security in Afghanistan’S Faryab Province Geert Gompelman ©2010 Feinstein International Center
    JANUARY 2011 Strengthening the humanity and dignity of people in crisis through knowledge and practice Winning Hearts and Minds? Examining the Relationship between Aid and Security in Afghanistan’s Faryab Province Geert Gompelman ©2010 Feinstein International Center. All Rights Reserved. Fair use of this copyrighted material includes its use for non-commercial educational purposes, such as teaching, scholarship, research, criticism, commentary, and news reporting. Unless otherwise noted, those who wish to reproduce text and image files from this publication for such uses may do so without the Feinstein International Center’s express permission. However, all commercial use of this material and/or reproduction that alters its meaning or intent, without the express permission of the Feinstein International Center, is prohibited. Feinstein International Center Tufts University 200 Boston Ave., Suite 4800 Medford, MA 02155 USA tel: +1 617.627.3423 fax: +1 617.627.3428 fic.tufts.edu Author Geert Gompelman (MSc.) is a graduate in Development Studies from the Centre for International Development Issues Nijmegen (CIDIN) at Radboud University Nijmegen (Netherlands). He has worked as a development practitioner and research consultant in Afghanistan since 2007. Acknowledgements The author wishes to thank his research colleagues Ahmad Hakeem (“Shajay”) and Kanishka Haya for their assistance and insights as well as companionship in the field. Gratitude is also due to Antonio Giustozzi, Arne Strand, Petter Bauck, and Hans Dieset for their substantive comments and suggestions on a draft version. The author is indebted to Mervyn Patterson for his significant contribution to the historical and background sections. Thanks go to Joyce Maxwell for her editorial guidance and for helping to clarify unclear passages and to Bridget Snow for her efficient and patient work on the production of the final document.
    [Show full text]
  • IOM in Herat, Western Afghanistan, Facts & Figures
    IOM in Herat, Western Afghanistan Facts & Figures 22 April 2002 Returns – The IOM office in Herat is helping internally displaced persons (IDPs) to return home from camps on a daily basis. At the same time IOM staff have been deployed to the border to assist Afghan refugees return- ing from Iran. Currently, the IOM Office in Herat is assisting between 4,000 and 5,000 IDPs and returnees per day to return home from camps and from the Islam Qala border cross- ing. IOM Herat is currently employing 285 local staff and using a fleet of some 700 hired vehicles. IOM Western Afghanistan Chief Rafael Robillard describes the complexities of the ongoing operation. “Managing these two large migration programmes simul- taneously remains a challenge. With the number of per- sons assisted on a daily basis, between four to five thou- sand, we’ve had to hire some 700 trucks to make sure people can return safely to their homes before the planting season ends.” The returnees are provided with overnight accommodation in transit centres. These centres provide shelter, security, water and food for the returnees. Travel to some of the most distant locations can take up to five days. Returns are currently taking place from Maslakh, Shaidayee and Rawzabagh IDP camps and from the former Central PolyClinic in the centre of Herat. As of 21 April, IOM Herat has assisted 29,655 persons (8,210 families) to return to their home districts of Ab Kamari, Moqor, Qadis, Qale Naw, Dara-e-Boom, Morghab, Ghormach, Jawand, Gulran, Kushk, Kusan, Karukh, Obe and Kabul.
    [Show full text]
  • Customs Reforms and Modernization & Transit Facilitation in Afghanistan Customs Reforms and Modernization & Transit Faci
    CustomsCustomsCustoms ReformsReformsReforms andandand ModernizationModernizationModernization &&& TransitTransitTransit FacilitationFacilitationFacilitation ininin AfghanistanAfghanistanAfghanistan AbdulAbdulAbdul JalilJalilJalilAhmadAhmadAhmad DirectorDirectorDirector GeneralGeneralGeneral CustomsCustomsCustoms DepartmentDepartmentDepartment The views expressed in this paper are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Directors, or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequences of their use. Terminology used may not necessarily be consistent with ADB official terms. 1 KeyKey CustomsCustoms PrioritiesPriorities andand OngoingOngoing Reforms.Reforms. AutomationAutomation ofof CustomsCustoms processes.processes. AdoptionAdoption ofof bestbest CustomsCustoms practices.practices. DevelopmentDevelopment andand simplificationsimplification ofof CustomsCustoms proceduresprocedures andand regulations.regulations. CapacityCapacity buildingbuilding ofof CustomsCustoms workforce.workforce. IntegrityIntegrity management.management. BuildingBuilding betterbetter imageimage ofof department.department. RevenueRevenue enhancementenhancement && CommunityCommunity protection.protection. 2 InternationalInternational BestBest CustomsCustoms PracticesPractices Adopted.Adopted. LegislationLegislation –– CustomsCustoms Code.Code. RegulationsRegulations-- ValuationValuation
    [Show full text]
  • Request for Quote
    جمهوری اسﻻمی افغانستان Islamic Republic of Afghanistan REQUEST FOR QUOTE FOR PROCUREMENT OF GOODS UNDER NATIONAL SHOPPING PROCEDURES FOR Procurement of Solar Power System for Injil, Guzara and Islam Qala Hospitals in Herat province. Package ID No: AF-DABS-171544-GO-RFQ Project : Herat Electrification Project (HEP) Purchaser : Da Afghanistan Breshna Sherkat (DABS) Funding : ARTF – World Bank Grant No : IDA-D2080 Issued by: Da Afghanistan Breshna Sherkat 19 May 2020 2 Table of Contents Request for Quotations ................................................................................................................... 3 ANNEX 1: Purchaser’s Requirements ............................................................................................ 7 ANNEX 2: Quotation Forms ........................................................................................................ 23 ANNEX 3: Contract Forms .......................................................................................................... 32 3 Request for Quotations RFQ Ref No.: AF-DABS-171544-GO-RFQ RFQ issue Date: 19 May 2020 Gentleman/Ladies: Request for Quotation (RFQ) The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan has received grant from the IDA towards the cost of the Herat Electrification project (HEP) and intends to apply part of the proceeds toward payments under the contract for procurement of the items under this RFQ. The Herat Electrification Project (HEP) now invites sealed quotations from suppliers for the Goods and the Related Services, described in Annex 1: Purchaser’s
    [Show full text]
  • Himalayan and Central Asian Studies
    ISSN 0971-9318 HIMALAYAN AND CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES (JOURNAL OF HIMALAYAN RESEARCH AND CULTURAL FOUNDATION) NGO in Special Consultative Status with ECOSOC, United Nations Vol. 17 No. 3-4 July-December 2013 Political change in China and the new 5th Generation Leadership Michael Dillon Financial Diplomacy: The Internationalization of the Chinese Yuan Ivanka Petkova Understanding China’s Policy and Intentions towards the SCO Michael Fredholm Cyber Warfare: China’s Role and Challenge to the United States Arun Warikoo India and China: Contemporary Issues and Challenges B.R. Deepak The Depsang Standoff at the India-China Border along the LAC: View from Ladakh Deldan Kunzes Angmo Nyachu China- Myanmar: No More Pauk Phaws? Rahul Mishra Pakistan-China Relations: A Case Study of All-Weather Friendship Ashish Shukla Afghanistan-China Relations: 1955-2012 Mohammad Mansoor Ehsan HIMALAYAN AND CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES Guest Editor : MONDIRA DUTTA © Himalayan Research and Cultural Foundation, New Delhi. * All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electrical, mechanical or otherwise without first seeking the written permission of the publisher or due acknowledgement. * The views expressed in this Journal are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the opinions or policies of the Himalayan Research and Cultural Foundation. SUBSCRIPTION IN INDIA Single Copy (Individual) : Rs. 500.00 Annual (Individual) : Rs. 1000.00 Institutions : Rs. 1400.00 & Libraries (Annual)
    [Show full text]
  • 45354-002: Building Climate Resilience in the Pyanj River Basin
    ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING REPORT _________________________________________________________________________ April 2021 Annual report Project No. 45354-002 Grant: G0352 Reporting period: 1 January 2020- 31 December 2020 TAJIKISTAN: "BUILDING CLIMATE RESILIENCE IN THE PYANJ RIVER BASIN" Component 1 and 2 (irrigation and flood management) (Financing by the Asian Development Bank) Prepared by the Agency for Land Reclamation and Irrigation under the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan (Project Implementation Unit) for the Asian Development Bank. This environmental monitoring report is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the views of ADB's Board of Directors, its managers, or employees, and may in fact only be preliminary. When preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by any indication or reference to a specific territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments regarding the legal or any other status of any of territories or districts ABBREVIATIONS ADB Asian Development Bank. ALRI Agency for Land Reclamation and Irrigation. CEP Committee on Environment Protection TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Purpose of the report ................................................................................................................. 2 2 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING ................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Afghanistan National Railway Plan and Way Forward
    Afghanistan National Railway Plan and Way Forward MOHAMMAD YAMMA SHAMS Director General & Chief Executive Officer Afghanistan Railway Authority Nov 2015 WHY RAILWAY IN AFGHANISTAN ? → The Potential → The Benefits • Affinity for Rail Transportation Pioneer Development of Modern – Primary solution for landlocked, Afghanistan developing countries/regions – At the heart of the CAREC and Become Part of the International ECO Program Rail Community – 75km of railroad vs 40,000 km of – Become long-term strategic partner road network to various countries – Rich in minerals and natural – Build international rail know-how resources – rail a more suitable (transfer of expertise) long term transportation solutions Raise Afghanistan's Profile as a than trucking. Transit Route • Country Shifting from Warzone – Penetrate neighbouring countries to Developing State Rail Market including China, Iran, Turkey and countries in Eastern – Improved connection to the Europe. community and the region (access – Standard Gauge has been assessed to neighbouring countries) as the preferred system gauge. – Building modern infrastructure – Dual gauge (Standard and Russian) in – Facilitate economic stability of North to connect with CIS countries modern Afghanistan STRATEGIC LOCATION OF AFGHANISTAN Kazakhstan China MISSING LINKS- and ASIAN RAILWAY TRANS-ASIAN RAILWAY NETWORK Buslovskaya St. Petersburg RUSSIAN FEDERATION Yekaterinburg Moscow Kotelnich Omsk Tayshet Petropavlovsk Novosibirsk R. F. Krasnoe Syzemka Tobol Ozinki Chita Irkutsk Lokot Astana Ulan-Ude Uralsk
    [Show full text]
  • Afghan Opiate Trade 2009.Indb
    ADDICTION, CRIME AND INSURGENCY The transnational threat of Afghan opium UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME Vienna ADDICTION, CRIME AND INSURGENCY The transnational threat of Afghan opium Copyright © United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), October 2009 Acknowledgements This report was prepared by the UNODC Studies and Threat Analysis Section (STAS), in the framework of the UNODC Trends Monitoring and Analysis Programme/Afghan Opiate Trade sub-Programme, and with the collaboration of the UNODC Country Office in Afghanistan and the UNODC Regional Office for Central Asia. UNODC field offices for East Asia and the Pacific, the Middle East and North Africa, Pakistan, the Russian Federation, Southern Africa, South Asia and South Eastern Europe also provided feedback and support. A number of UNODC colleagues gave valuable inputs and comments, including, in particular, Thomas Pietschmann (Statistics and Surveys Section) who reviewed all the opiate statistics and flow estimates presented in this report. UNODC is grateful to the national and international institutions which shared their knowledge and data with the report team, including, in particular, the Anti Narcotics Force of Pakistan, the Afghan Border Police, the Counter Narcotics Police of Afghanistan and the World Customs Organization. Thanks also go to the staff of the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan and of the United Nations Department of Safety and Security, Afghanistan. Report Team Research and report preparation: Hakan Demirbüken (Lead researcher, Afghan
    [Show full text]