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Misuse of Licit Trade for Opiate Trafficking in Western and Central

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Misuse of Licit Trade for Opiate Trafficking in Western and Central MISUSE OF LICIT TRADE FOR OPIATE TRAFFICKING IN WESTERN AND CENTRAL ASIA MISUSE OF LICIT TRADE FOR OPIATE Vienna International Centre, PO Box 500, 1400 Vienna, Austria Tel: +(43) (1) 26060-0, Fax: +(43) (1) 26060-5866, www.unodc.org MISUSE OF LICIT TRADE FOR OPIATE TRAFFICKING IN WESTERN AND CENTRAL ASIA A Threat Assessment A Threat Assessment United Nations publication printed in Slovenia October 2012 MISUSE OF LICIT TRADE FOR OPIATE TRAFFICKING IN WESTERN AND CENTRAL ASIA Acknowledgements This report was prepared by the UNODC Afghan Opiate Trade Project of the Studies and Threat Analysis Section (STAS), Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs (DPA), within the framework of UNODC Trends Monitoring and Analysis Programme and with the collaboration of the UNODC Country Office in Afghanistan and in Pakistan and the UNODC Regional Office for Central Asia. UNODC is grateful to the national and international institutions that shared their knowledge and data with the report team including, in particular, the Afghan Border Police, the Counter Narcotics Police of Afghanistan, the Ministry of Counter Narcotics of Afghanistan, the customs offices of Afghanistan and Pakistan, the World Customs Office, the Central Asian Regional Information and Coordination Centre, the Customs Service of Tajikistan, the Drug Control Agency of Tajikistan and the State Service on Drug Control of Kyrgyzstan. Report Team Research and report preparation: Hakan Demirbüken (Programme management officer, Afghan Opiate Trade Project, STAS) Natascha Eichinger (Consultant) Platon Nozadze (Consultant) Hayder Mili (Research expert, Afghan Opiate Trade Project, STAS) Yekaterina Spassova (National research officer, Afghan Opiate Trade Project) Hamid Azizi (National research officer, Afghan Opiate Trade Project) Shaukat Ullah Khan (National research officer, Afghan Opiate Trade Project) A. Qahir Khan (National research officer, Afghan Opiate Trade Project) Saurabh Sati (Consultant) Emma Bale (English editor) Botakoz Kassimova (Russian translator) Mapping support: Deniz Mermerci (STAS) Odil Kurbanov (National strategic analyst, UNODC Regional Office for Central Asia) Desktop publishing and mapping support: Suzanne Kunnen (STAS) Kristina Kuttnig (STAS) Supervision: Thibault Le Pichon (Chief, STAS), Sandeep Chawla (Director, DPA) The preparation of this report benefited from the financial contributions of the United States of America, Germany, Turkey and the Russian Federation. Photos: ̹ UNODC, Alessandro Scotti Disclaimer This report has not been formally edited. The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNODC or contributory organizations and neither do they imply any endorsement. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNODC concerning the legal status of any country, territory or city or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. MISUSE OF LICIT TRADE FOR OPIATE TRAFFICKING IN WESTERN AND CENTRAL ASIA CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 7 KEY FINDINGS ................................................................................................................................ 9 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................ 11 I. TRADE NETWORKS IN WESTERN AND CENTRAL ASIA ............................................................... 21 ANALYSIS OF DRY PORTS ........................................................................................... 23 DEFINITION OF A DRY PORT ...................................................................................... 23 KEY FUNCTIONS ......................................................................................................... 23 Trans-shipment of cargo between different modes of transportation .......................... 24 Sorting ..................................................................................................................................... 24 Storing ..................................................................................................................................... 24 Management of container flows ......................................................................................... 25 Consolidation of individual container flows ..................................................................... 25 Relieving transportation by road ......................................................................................... 25 Provision of special and extra services ............................................................................... 25 II. OVERVIEW OF TRADE AGREEMENTS: FACTS AND PROBLEMS .................................................. 27 AFGHANISTAN-PAKISTAN TRANSIT TRADE AGREEMENT (APTTA) .......................................... 27 Transit trade trends ................................................................................................... 27 Transit transportation routes .................................................................................... 28 Transportation regulations........................................................................................ 29 Customs checks ......................................................................................................... 30 Dry ports along APTTA transit transportation routes ............................................... 31 Opiate and chemical precursor smuggling along transit routes and at dry ports .... 36 SOUTH ASIAN FREE TRADE AREA (SAFTA) .............................................................................. 39 1 MISUSE OF LICIT TRADE FOR OPIATE TRAFFICKING IN WESTERN AND CENTRAL ASIA Trade trends .............................................................................................................. 40 Transportation routes ............................................................................................... 41 Customs regulations .................................................................................................. 43 Dry ports along trade routes ..................................................................................... 43 Opiate smuggling along trade routes and at dry ports ............................................. 46 AFGHANISTAN-IRAN BILATERAL TRANSIT AGREEMENT (2005) .............................................. 49 Transit trade trends ................................................................................................... 49 Transit trade routes ................................................................................................... 50 Transportation and customs regulations .................................................................. 52 Dry ports along transit routes ................................................................................... 52 Opiate and chemical precursor smuggling along transportation routes and at dry ports .......................................................................................................................... 54 AFGHANISTAN-INDIA PREFERENTIAL TRADE AND STRATEGIC AGREEMENTS ......................... 57 Trade trends and trade routes .................................................................................. 58 Transportation and customs regulations .................................................................. 59 Opiate and chemical precursor smuggling along transportation routes and at dry ports .......................................................................................................................... 60 AFGHANISTAN-UZBEKISTAN TRADE AND TRANSIT AGREEMENT (2004) ................................. 63 Trade and transit trade trends .................................................................................. 63 Transit transportation routes .................................................................................... 63 Dry ports along transit routes ................................................................................... 65 Opiate and chemical precursor smuggling along transportation routes and at dry ports .......................................................................................................................... 65 AFGHANISTAN-TAJIKISTAN JOINT ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND BUSINESS AGREEMENT ............. 68 Trade and transit trade trends .................................................................................. 68 Transit routes ............................................................................................................ 70 Transport regulations ................................................................................................ 73 Opiate and chemical precursor seizures along transportation routes and at dry ports .......................................................................................................................... 73 AFGHANISTAN-TURKMENISTAN TRANSPORT AND TRANSIT AGREEMENT ............................. 76 Trade and transit trade trends .................................................................................. 76 Transit transportation routes .................................................................................... 77 Dry ports along transit routes ..................................................................................
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