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Illicit Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts, Components and Ammunition To, from and Across the European Union

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Illicit Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts, Components and Ammunition To, from and Across the European Union Illicit Trafficking in Firearms, their Parts, Components and Ammunition to, from and across the European Union REGIONAL ANALYSIS REPORT 1 UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME Vienna Illicit Trafficking in Firearms, their Parts, Components and Ammunition to, from and across the European Union UNITED NATIONS Vienna, 2020 UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME Vienna Illicit Trafficking in Firearms, their Parts, Components and Ammunition to, from and across the European Union REGIONAL ANALYSIS REPORT UNITED NATIONS Vienna, 2020 © United Nations, 2020. All rights reserved, worldwide. This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copy- right holder, provided acknowledgment of the source is made. UNODC would appreciate receiving a copy of any written output that uses this publication as a source at [email protected]. DISCLAIMERS This report was not formally edited. The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNODC, nor do they imply any endorsement. Information on uniform resource locators and links to Internet sites contained in the present publication are provided for the convenience of the reader and are correct at the time of issuance. The United Nations takes no responsibility for the continued accuracy of that information or for the content of any external website. This document was produced with the financial support of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. 4 A ILL MMUN I C I T T T RAFF I T I ON FROM TO, AND ACROSS THE I List of acronyms and abbreviations CK I NG NG I N N Fi REARMS, THE AEW Acoustic expansion weapons CEPOL European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Training EMCDDA European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug I Addiction PARTS, R E Firearms United Nations Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing URO Protocol of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and P C EAN Components and Ammunition OM P U GFP UNODC Global Firearms Programme AND ONENTS N I Global Firearms European Union-funded project entitled “Supporting ON Data Project Global Data Collection and Analysis on Firearms Trafficking and Fostering Cooperation and Information Sharing, in particular Among Countries along Major Trafficking Routes to/from the European Union”, which was implemented by UNODC between 2017 and 2019 IAFQ Illicit Arms Flows Questionnaire iARMS Illicit Arms Records and Tracing Management System INTERPOL International Criminal Police Organization MENA Middle East and North Africa region NABIS United Kingdom National Ballistics Intelligence Service NCA United Kingdom National Crime Agency RAB UNODC Research and Trend Analysis Branch Roadmap Roadmap for a sustainable solution to the illegal possession, misuse and trafficking of Small Arms and Light Weapons and their ammunition in the Western Balkans by 2024 SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SOCTA Europol Serious and Organised Crime Threat Assessment TE-SAT Europol Terrorism Situation and Trend Reports UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime WCO World Customs Organization 5 Acknowledgements This report was prepared by the UNODC Global Firearms Programme (GFP) under the overall coordination of Simonetta Grassi, Head of the Global Firearms Programme and the substantive guidance of Mareike Büttner, Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Officer working with the Programme. The paper was drafted by Nils Duquet (consultant), senior researcher at the Flemish Peace Institute. The Programme would like to thank the Flemish Peace Institute for making data collected in previous and ongoing research projects of the institute available for this paper, which allowed to conduct an innovative exercise of combining quantitative and qualitative data on firearms trafficking and related forms of crime to enrich the evidence base on illicit firearms trafficking involving European Union Member States. A special thank is also owned to Antoine Vella of the UNODC Research and Trend Analysis Branch for providing advice on the data collected by UNODC and Mayara Petry da Silva, intern with the Global Firearms Programme, for verifying the footnotes contained in the report. This publication was made possible through the financial support of the European Union. 6 A ILL MMUN I C I T T T RAFF I T I ON FROM TO, AND ACROSS THE I CK Table of Contents I NG NG I N N Fi Executive Summary 9 REARMS, THE Introduction 28 I Chapter 1: Seizures of firearms, their parts and components and PARTS, R E ammunition by European Union Member States 34 URO 1.1 Firearms 40 P C EAN OM Context of the seizures: legal justification and location 41 P U ONENTS AND AND ONENTS Type, technical condition and country of manufacture of N I seized firearms 44 ON Marking and tracing of firearms 50 1.2 Ammunition 54 1.3 Parts and components 56 Chapter 2: Demand and supply of illicit firearms in the European Union 59 2.1 Criminal demand for firearms in European Union Member States 61 Drug criminals 62 Mafia organizations 66 Outlaw motorcycle gangs 68 Armed robbers 70 Terrorists 71 Other criminal activities 83 2.2 Other demand in European Union Member States 84 2.3 Supply on illicit gun markets in the European Union 90 Access to different types of firearms 91 Prices for firearms on illicit gun markets in the European Union 94 Profile of criminal firearms dealers 97 Chapter 3: Demand for and diversion of firearms from European Union Member States in other regions in the world 99 Chapter 4: Illicit firearms flows into, from and within the European Union 107 4.1 Trafficking routes 108 4.2 Trafficking routes for ammunition 118 4.3 Potential future sources 121 7 Chapter 5 Modus operandi used and perpetrators involved in transnational firearms trafficking to, from and across the European Union 124 5.1 Modus operandi of illicit firearms trafficking 124 Ant trafficking of illicitly held firearms and ammunition 124 Exploitation of legal differences between source and destination countries 127 Trafficking of live-firing firearms acquired legally in countries with more permissive licensing or registration requirements 128 Trafficking of reactivated and converted firearms 131 Flobert-calibre weapons 144 Trafficking of parts and components 146 Use of postal and fast parcel services 150 Illicit manufacturing and trafficking of homemade firearms and ammunition 154 Online trafficking 158 Other types of trafficking: Illegal arms transfer and illegal re-export from European Union Member States to Latin American countries: two case studies 163 5.2 Perpetrators of illicit firearms trafficking into, within or from the European Union 165 Conclusions and policy implications 171 8 A ILL MMUN I C I T T T RAFF I T I ON FROM TO, AND ACROSS THE I CK I Executive Summary NG I N N Fi This report constitutes the first of a series of analytical products REARMS, THE 1. complementing the Global Study on Firearms Trafficking 2020, prepared by the UNODC Research and Trend Analysis Branch (RAB). The aim of the present report is to analyse illicit firearms trafficking and related forms I of crime from a specific geographical angle, namely the European Union PARTS, R E region, and to deepen the understanding of the illicit firearms trafficking URO situation in the region and its interconnection to the rest of the world. The P C EAN report is based on the quantitative and qualitative data compiled by UNODC OM P U in the Illicit Arms Flows Dataset. To further enhance the evidence base on the AND ONENTS N I phenomenon, this report complements the data from the Illicit Arms Flows ON Dataset with other qualitative and case-based data sources, in particular previously collected data by the Flemish Peace Institute, in addition to a review of exiting literature on illicit firearms trafficking in Europe and to the information exchanged among practitioners during a cross-regional expert meeting on this topic organized by UNODC in October 2019. By analysing these data sources in a joint manner, the report aims to significantly improve the understanding of the scope, characteristics and dynamics of illicit firearms trafficking into, from and across the European Union and contribute to the evidence base required to efficiently combat this phenomenon both within the region and globally. Seizures of firearms, their parts and components, and ammunition in the European Union As for the Global Study on Firearms Trafficking 2020, the present 2. report is predominantly based on firearms seizure data, which can be considered the best proxy for developing estimates of the scope and value of illicit firearms trafficking. However, the currently available data on firearms seizures in Europe needs to be interpreted carefully because of shortcomings with regard to the quality and comprehensiveness of the available data as a result of poor registration procedures, the lack of a uniform collection and registration approach or the lack of firearms expertise among local law enforcement officials seizing firearms. 9 SUMMARY More fundamentally, it is crucial to keep in mind that firearms can E 3. be seized in very diverse contexts and that seized firearms are not CUTIV necessarily trafficked firearms or even illegally held at the time of seizure. In E EX addition, national differences in seizure data are not necessarily a reflection of different illicit gun markets in these countries but can also be attributed to differences in national legislation and procedures and to the different levels of priority given to combat illicit firearms trafficking in these countries. Close to 60 per cent of European Union Member States provided data on seized firearms to UNODC but with varying levels of details and completeness In total 16 European Union Member States provided quantitative data 4. on seized and trafficked firearms in 2016 - 2017 to UNODC via the Illicit Arms Flows Questionnaire (IAFQ), a new globally standardized tool developed by UNODC for enhancing the evidence base on illicit firearms trafficking and the global understanding of the firearms trafficking phenomenon.
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