FROM LEGAL TO LETHAL Converted Firearms in Europe Nicolas Florquin and Benjamin King A publication of the Small Arms Survey with support from the French Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs and the German Federal Foreign Office. Copyright Published in Switzerland by the Small Arms Survey © Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, 2018 First published in April 2018 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without prior permission in writing of the Small Arms Survey, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Publications Coordinator, Small Arms Survey, at the address below. Small Arms Survey Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies Maison de la Paix, Chemin Eugène-Rigot 2E 1202 Geneva, Switzerland Copy-editor: Alex Potter (
[email protected]) Fact-checker: Salome Lienert Proofreader: Stephanie Huitson (
[email protected]) Layout and design: Rick Jones (
[email protected]) Infographics: Daly Design (
[email protected]) Printed by Gonnet in France ISBN 978-2-940548-50-7 Cover photo: Unconverted Ekol Special 99 with a barrel occlusion still in place, at the Swedish National Forensics Centre. Source: Glenn Lawrence/Arquebus Solutions 2 Report April 2018 Florquin and King From Legal to Lethal 3 About the authors Nicolas Florquin is the research coordinator and a senior researcher at the Small Arms Survey. He coordinates projects on armed actors and illicit flows of arms and ammu- nition in a variety of settings.