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موقف السلطان قلج أرسالن األول من الحملة الصليبية األولى دراسة في عالقة سلطنة سالجقة الروم بالحملة األولى 487 – 500هـ/ 1094 – 1107م

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موقف السلطان قلج أرسالن األول من الحملة الصليبية األولى دراسة في عالقة سلطنة سالجقة الروم بالحملة األولى 487 – 500هـ/ 1094 – 1107م موقف السلطان قلج أرسﻻن اﻷول من الحملة الصليبية اﻷولى دراسة في عﻻقة سلطنة سﻻجقة الروم بالحملة اﻷولى 487 – 500هـ/ 1094 – 1107م أ.د. فؤاد عبد الرحيم الدويكات قسم العلوم اﻻجتماعية – كلية اﻵداب والعلوم اﻹنسانية جامعة طيبة – المدينة المنورة موقف السلطان قلج أرسﻻن اﻷول من الحملة الصليبية اﻷولى دراسة في عﻻقة سلطنة سﻻجقة الروم بالحملة اﻷولى 487 – 500هـ/ 1094 – 1107 م أ.د. فؤاد عبد الرحيم الدويكات قسم العلوم اﻻجتماعية – كلية اﻵداب والعلوم اﻹنسانية جامعة طيبة – المدينة المنورة تاريخ تقديم البحث: 22/ 6/ 1441 هـ تاريخ قبول البحث: 12 / 3 / 1442 هـ ملخص الدراسة: ختتص هذه الدراسة ببيان موقف السلطان قلج أرسﻻن اﻷول سلطان سﻻجقة الروم من احلملة الصليبية اﻷوىل، وينهض هذا البحث ابلنظر يف رد فعل السلطان الذي اتسم اب لقلق واحلذر منذ اللحظة اﻷوىل اليت منا لعلمه أخبار الزحف الصلييب حنو بﻻده، وتشخيص اجلهات اليت أوقفت السلطان على أنباء حتركات احلشود الصليبية وأمدته مبعلومات يف غاية اﻷمهية والدقة عن حتركاهتم، مث تناول البحث احلديث عن اجلهود اليت بذهلا قلج أرسﻻن حلماية السلطنة من اخلطر الصلييب. ويف السياق ذاته أزيح الستار عن عناصر اخلطة الدفاعية اليت و ضعها قلج أرسﻻن حلماية عاصمته من السقوط أبيدي الصليبيني، مث تناول البحث ابلدراسة والتحليل العمليات القتالية اهلجومية اليت نفذها قلج أرسﻻن ضد القوات الصليبية البيزنطية احملاصرة ملدينة نيقية، مث سلطت الدراسة الضوء على العمليات القتالية اليت نفذهتا القوات الصليبية ضد نيقية. فضﻻً عن ذلك سعت الدراسة ﻹبراز ما قام به قلج أرسﻻن لتعويض خسارته أمام نيقية وحماولته التصدي للقوات الصليبية البيزنطية يف ضوروليوم، لكن هزميته جعلته يتحول من اسرتاتيجية املواجهة العسكرية إىل سياسة اﻷرض احملروقة حلرمان اجليوش الصليبية من موارد املناطق اليت ميرون هبا أمﻻً يف اضعافهم وتكبدهم خسائر فادحة يف القوة البشرية. وأخرياً تناولنا ابلدراسة والتحليل عوامل اﻹخفاق واهلزمية . الكلمات املفتاحية: قلج أرسﻻن، حروب صليبية، سﻻجقة الروم، الصليبيون، البيزنطيون. The Stance of Sultan Kilij Arslan I towards the 1st. Crusade Expedition : A Study on the Relation of The Rum Seljuk Sultanate and the First Expedition (487-500 H./1094-1107 A.D) 1097 ADE) Prof. Fuaad Abd al-Raheem al-Duwaykat Dept. of Social Sciences - Faculty of Arts & HumanitiesTaibah Univ.- Al-Madinah Al-Munawarrah. K.S.A. Abstract: This study focuses on the stance of the sultan Kilij Arslan I towards the 1st. crusade expedition, especially his cautious and worried reaction from the very beginning when he was acquainted with the news concerning the crusader orientation towards his country. Since his sources informed him with a very important and specific information about the crusaders’ moves. This research deals also with the Sultan’s efforts to protect the sultanate from the crusade threat. Thus the work disclosed the elements of his defense plan. He proposed to protect his capital from defeat by the crusaders. The study dealt with the analysis of the attacks; that done by Arslan against the Byzantine crusaders, which besieged Nicaea. It sheds light on the fighting operations done by the crusaders against Nicaea. Moreover, the study highlighted the efforts of Arslan to conpansate his defeat in Nicaea and the confrontation of Byzantine crusaders in Dorolium. His defeat there oriented him to change his strategy from the military option to the policy of the burned land, to deprive the crusader’s troops from the recourses of the territories they pass by. That may weaken and cost them massive losses in their man power. Finally the study highlights the factors of defeat through the analytic approach. key words: Kilij Arslan, Crusades, Rum Seljuks, Crusaders, Byzantine. املقدمة : لسلطنة سﻻجقة الروم )470 -708هـ/ 1077- 1308م( مكانة هامةيف التاريخ اﻹسﻻمي، ابعتبارها أول دولة إسﻻمية تصدت جلمو ع احلملة الصليبية اﻷوىل قبل أن تدخل بﻻد الشام 491هـ/ 1097م. واﻷمر املثري لﻻستغراب أن موقف قلج أرسﻻن من احلملة الصليبية اﻷوىل يكاد يكون جم ه و ﻻً ل د ى ا ل كث ري م ن ا ملت خ ص صني يف الدراسات الصليبية. وخباص ة فيما يت صل بتفاصيل املواجهات العسكري ة احلامسة اليت دار رحاها على جبهات آسيا الصغرى بني سﻻجقة الروم بقيادة السلطان قلج أرسﻻن وبني القوات الصليبية والبيزنطية، وتكمن أمهية هذه املواجهات ملا ترتب عليها من آاثر سلبية على السلطنة. فقد تكبد سﻻجقة الروم خسائر فادحة يف ال قو ة البشرية، وتدهورت ا ل سل طن ة ت ب عا ً ل ذل ك ب ع د أ ن ر س خت أقدامها يف آسيا الصغرى، وأفادت بيزنطة من ذلك فأخرجت سﻻجقة الروم من السواحل الشمالي ة الغر بية، والسواحل الغربية ، واجلنوب ال غر ب من اﻷانضول، وانكفأ سﻻجقة الروم إىل وسط اﻷانضول . إن موقف قلج أرسﻻن من احلملة الصليبية اﻷوىل مل يظفر مبا يستحقه م ن عناية واهتمام املؤرخني العرب؛ ويعود السبب يف هذا إىل أن املصادر اﻹسﻻمية املعاصرة قد ضنت ابملعلومات واحلقائق اليت جتلي هذا املوقف ، ولع ل أخباره مل تصل إليهم أو أهنم مل يدركوا أمهيته فأغفلو ه. جملة العلوم اﻹنسانية واﻻجتما عية 299 العدد الستون رجب 1442ه ـ ون ظ راً ل قل ة ا ل د را سا ت ا ل يت ت ن ا ول ت م وق ف ق ل ج أ ر س ﻻ ن م ن ا حل مل ة ا ل صل ي ب ي ة اﻷوىل فقد ارأتيت أن اختص هذا املوضوع بدراسة علمية تفصيلية من منظو ر متكامل للكشف عن تفاصيله ودقائقه، و عل ي أن أ ضي ف ج دي داً أ و أ و ض ح بعض جوانبه الغامضة . وتطلبت الدراسة العودة إىل املصادر التارخيية اﻷولية لتغطية جوانب البحث، غري أن املصادر اﻹسﻻمية ليست كافية لﻹحاطة هبذا املوضوع، وواقع اﻷمر أنه يتعذر كتابته دون اﻻستعانة ابملصادر اليواننية والسراينية واﻷرمنية و الﻻتينية اليت تناولت إبسهاب موقف قلج أرسﻻن من احلملة الصليبية اﻷوىل، وميزة هذه املصادر أهنا عاصرت اﻷحداث اليت أرخت هلا، و كت ب ت روااي هتا بيد معاصرين أو مشاركني يف اﻷحداث اليت كانوا يدونوهنا، وبذلك فإهنا أمدتنا مبادة ذات قيمة علمية معتربة غطت جوانب البحث. وأ خ رياً و ض ع ا ل ب ا حث خامتة للدراسة، تضمنت أهم النتائج اليت مت التوصل إليها. قلج أرسﻻن اﻷول وإحياء سلطنة سﻻجقة الرو م 487 هـ/1094م : ظهر سﻻجقة الروم على مسرح اﻷحداث السياسية داخل اﻷانضول ﻷول مرة يف النصف الثاين من القرن اخلامس اهلجري احلادي عشر امليﻻدي، بعد اﻻنتصار الكبري الذي حققه السﻻجقة على البيزنطيني يف معركة مﻻذ كرد موقف السلطان قلج أرسﻻن اﻷول من احلملة الصليبية اﻷوىل دراسة يف عﻻقة سلطنة سﻻجقة الروم ابحلملة اﻷوىل 487 – 500هـ/ 1094 – 1107 م 300 أ.د. فؤاد عبد الرحيم الدويكا ت 463هـ/ 1071م)1( ، حيث عرب هؤﻻء إىل اﻷانضول مؤسسني دولة خاصة هبم عرفت بسلطنة سﻻجقة الروم على يد س ليمان بن قتلمش ) -470 479هـ/ 1077- 1086م( )2( ، وحني نشب اخلﻻف سنة 479هـ/ 1086م بينه وبني اتج الدولة تتش بن ألب أرسﻻن )ت 488هـ/ 1095م( )3( حول حلب، وانتهى مبقتله تفسخت الوحدة السياسية للسلطنة وتقسمت بني كبار قادته، ذلك أن سليمان بن قتلمش وقبل خروجه على رأس محلته إىل ق ل ي قي ة وأ ن طا كي ة ع ني انئ ب ا ً عن ه يف نيقية أاب القاسم وجعل له السلطة العليا على )1( ابن القﻻنسي، أبو يعلى محزة بن أسد التميمي )ت 555هـ(: اتريخ أب يعلى محزة ابن القﻻنسي املعروف بذيل اتريخ دمشق، حتقيق: آمدروز، القاهرة، مكتبة املتنيب، د.ت، ص 99؛ ابن اﻷثري، أبو احلسن علي بن أب الكرم حممد الشيباين )ت630هـ(: الكامل يف التاريخ، مراجعة: حممد يوسف الدقاق، بريوت، دار الكتب العلمية، 1995، 388/8 – 389. ومﻻذكرد بلدة يف اﻷانضول، تقع مشال حبرية وان. انظر: موسرتاس، س: املعجم اجلغرايف لﻹمرباطورية العثمانية، ترمجة: عصام الشحادات، بريوت، دار ابن حزم،2002، ص468 . )2( السرايين، مار ميخائيل )ت 596هـ(: اتريخ مار ميخائيل السرايين الكبري، ترمجة: غريغوريوس مشعون، ط1، حلب، دار ماردين، 1996، 3/141؛ جمهول: اتريخ الرهاوي اجملهول، ترمجة: البري أبوان، ط1، بغداد، مطبعة شفيق، 1986م، 2/66؛ ابن العربي، أبو الفرج غريغوريوس بن أهرون امللطي )ت 685هـ(: اتريخ الزمان، ترمجة: إسحق أرملة، ط2، بريوت، دار املشرق، 1986، ص118؛ كومنينا، آان )ت 548هـ(: أل كسياد، ترمجة: حسن حبشي، ط1، القاهرة، اجمللس اﻷعلى للثقافة، 2004، ص 36-51؛ انظر ترمجته يف: الذهيب: أعﻻم النبﻻء، 18/ .449 ) ( 3 انظر ترمجته يف: أعﻻم النبﻻء، 19/ -83 85 . جملة العلوم اﻹنسانية واﻻجتما عية 301 العدد الستون رجب 1442ه ـ أمراء دولته ) 1( ، وملا ذاع خرب مقتله يف اﻷانضول استقل أمراء السلطنة كل مبا حتت يده ) 2( . بعد وفاة السلطان ملكشاه بن ألب أرسﻻن )ت 485هـ/1092م( )3( اندلعت املنازعات على العرش بني أمراء البيت السلجوقي، وملا توىل بركياروق احلكم )487- 498هـ/ 1094- 1104م( )4( أطلق سراح قلج أرس ﻻن داود ا ﻷبن اﻷكرب لسليمان بن قتلمش، بسبب خﻻفه ونزاعه مع عمه تتش- ) 5( الذي انزعه السلطة- ؛ ف قا د جي شا ً م ن ا ل ن ا وكي ة يف هذه السنة 487 هـ/ )1( كومنينا: أل كسياد، ص254؛ السرايين: اتريخ ميخائيل، 3/153؛ ابن العربي: اتريخ الزمان ، ص119.ومل نعثر هلذا النائب على ترمجة يف املصادر اليت اطلعنا عليها، وأشارت اليه املؤرخة البيزنطية كومنينا بكنيته دون أن تذكر امسه. )2( كومنينا: أل كسياد، ص256 . )3( هو جﻻل الدولة أبو الفتح ملكشاه اثلث سﻻطني السﻻجقة العظام. عنه انظر: ابن خلكان، مشس الدين امحد بن حممد) ت681ه(:وفيات اﻷعيان وأنباء أبناء الزمان، حتقيق: احسان عباس، بريوت، دار صادر،1977، 289-283/5. )4( وهو خامس السﻻطني السﻻجقة العظام. عنه انظر: أعﻻم النبﻻء،196-195/19. )5( الناوكية: وهم مجاعات من الفرسان من قبائل الغز الرتكية املقاتلني ابلسهام على اخليول، انشروا يف اﻷقاليم احلدودية للمشرق اﻹسﻻمي مثل: أذربيجان وأرمينيا وداير بكر والثغور البيزنطية، ودان هؤﻻء ابلطاعة ﻵل قتلمش الزعماء الت ارخييون املعرتف هبم للغز الناوكية. انظر: عقلة، عصام مصطفى: الناوكية يف بﻻد الشام دراسة يف التسمية واﻷصل والعﻻقة ابلغز العراقية وابلدولة السلجوقية، حبث منشور يف اجمللة اﻷردنية للتاريخ واﻵاثر، سنة 2012، جملد: 6، العدد: 2، ص 39 40-، 45 46-. موقف السلطان قلج أرسﻻن اﻷول من احلملة الصليبية اﻷوىل دراسة يف عﻻقة سلطنة سﻻجقة الروم ابحلملة اﻷوىل 487 – 500هـ/ 1094 – 1107 م 302 أ.د. فؤاد عبد الرحيم الدويكا ت 1094م وذهب إىل اﻷانضول، فأعاد السيطرة على معظم املناطق اليت كانت )1( ختضع لوالده ، و اتب ع ز ح ف ه مشا ﻻً و ص و ﻻً إ ىل ن ي قي ة، فرحب به اﻷتر اك )2( ون صب و ه سل طا انً عليهم ، وب ذل ك أ عي د إ حي ا ء سل طن ة س ﻻ ج ق ة ا ل ر و م وت ث ب ي ت ها اثنية.
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