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Jihad in a Context of Shifting Alliances and Enmities: A

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Jihad in a Context of Shifting Alliances and Enmities: A JIHAD IN A CONTEXT OF SHIFTING ALLIANCES AND ENMITIES: A STUDY ON THE RELATIONS OF THE EARLY ARTUKIDS AND CRUSADERS AS REFLECTED IN CONTEMPORARY MUSLIM AND CHRISTIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY, 1098-1124 VOLUME I A Ph.D. Dissertation by SELİM TEZCAN Department of History İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University Ankara December 2013 JIHAD IN A CONTEXT OF SHIFTING ALLIANCES AND ENMITIES: A STUDY ON THE RELATIONS OF THE EARLY ARTUKIDS AND CRUSADERS AS REFLECTED IN CONTEMPORARY MUSLIM AND CHRISTIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY, 1098-1124 VOLUME I Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences of İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University by SELİM TEZCAN In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY İHSAN DOĞRAMACI BİLKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA December 2013 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. --------------------------------- Asst. Prof. Paul Latimer Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. --------------------------------- Asst. Prof. David E. Thornton Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. --------------------------------- Asst. Prof. Julian Bennett Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. --------------------------------- Asst. Prof. M. Akif Kireçci Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. --------------------------------- Prof. Tansu Açık Examining Committee Member Approval of the Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences --------------------------------- Prof. Dr. Erdal Erel Director ABSTRACT JIHAD IN A CONTEXT OF SHIFTING ALLIANCES AND ENMITIES: A STUDY ON THE RELATIONS OF THE EARLY ARTUKIDS AND CRUSADERS AS REFLECTED IN CONTEMPORARY MUSLIM AND CHRISTIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY, 1098-1124 Tezcan, Selim Ph.D., Department of History Supervisor: Asst. Prof. Dr. Paul Latimer December 2013 This thesis is a study of the relations of the early Artukids with the Crusaders, with the aim of seeing how they fit into the general context of the reaction of the Muslim world to the Frankish presence in the Middle East. On the one hand, it re- veals that emirs like Ilghazi played a kind of diplomatic chess game and allied with whoever was necessary to preserve their possessions and interests, without regard for their religion. On the other hand, it argues that the Artukids may stil have seen their warfare as jihad whenever they happened to clash with the Franks for these strictly practical and strategic aims. It aims to historicise the jihad concept within the early twelfth century, inquiring what jihad might have meant for the early Artukids and other contemporary emirs, and compare this with the approach of later leaders like Nur al-Din and Saladin. Finally, the study examines what advantages and disad- vantages were brought to the Artukids by their contiguity with the Franks, by their conflicts with them on their own behalf as well as by their collaborations. The meth- od followed throughout is to compare the close-readings of related pieces of source text, rather than solely individual pieces of evidence, and in doing so always to con- sider the standpoint of the source or even the group of sources from which the exam- ined text issues. An approximate reconstruction of the course of events is then al- lowed to emerge from such a procedure of close-reading and comparison. Keywords: Artukids, Crusaders, Crusader States, jihad, medieval historiography, Mardin, Aleppo iii ÖZET DEĞİŞKEN İTTİFAKLAR VE DÜŞMANLIKLAR ORTAMINDA CİHAD: DÖNEMİN MÜSLÜMAN VE HRISTİYAN TARİHYAZIMINA AKSETTİĞİ ŞEKLİYLE İLK ARTUKLULAR VE HAÇLILAR ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİLER, 1098-1124 Tezcan, Selim Doktora, Tarih Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Paul Latimer Aralık 2013 Bu tez, ilk Artuklular’ın Haçlılar ile ilişkilerinin bir incelemesi niteliğini taşı- makta ve bu ilişkilerin Ortadoğu’daki Haçlı varlığına karşı İslam dünyasının göster- diği tepki çerçevesine nasıl yerleştirilebileceği konusuna ışık tutmayı hedeflemekte- dir. Bir yandan, İlgazi gibi emirlerin bir nevi diplomatik satranç oyunu oynadıklarını ve varlıkları ve menfaatlerini korumak için dinine bakmaksızın kim lazımsa onunla ittifak kurduklarını ortaya koymaktadır. Diğer yandan ise Artuklular’ın bu tamamen pratik ve stratejik amaçlar doğrultusunda Haçlılar’la çatıştıkları zaman bunu yine de cihad olarak görmüş olabileceklerini savunmaktadır. On ikinci yüzyılın başlarındaki cihad kavramını tarihselleştirme hedefini gütmekte, cihadın ilk Artuklular ve çağdaş- ları diğer emirler için ne anlama gelmiş olabileceğini araştırmakta ve de bunu Nu- reddin Mahmud ve Salahaddin Eyyubi gibi sonraki liderlerin yaklaşımıyla karşılaş- tırmaktadır. Nihayet, Artuklular’ın Haçlılar ile komşuluklarının, onlarla kendi adları- na girdikleri çatışma ve ittifakların kendilerine ne gibi avantaj ve dezavantajları ge- tirdiği konusuna eğilmektedir. Tüm çalışma boyunca izlenen metot, salt muhtelif kaynaklardan toplanan tekil bulguların karşılaştırılmasından ziyade birbiriyle alakalı kaynak metinlerin yakından okumalarının karşılaştırması ve incelenen metnin çıktığı kaynağın, hatta kaynaklar grubunun bakış ve duruş noktasının bu esnada her daim hesaba katılmasıdır. Olayların gidişatının yaklaşık bir yeniden kurgusu da bu yakın- dan okuma ve karşılaştırma sürecini takiben ortaya çıkmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Artuklular, Haçlılar, Haçlı Devletleri, cihad, Ortaçağ tarihyazımı, Mardin, Halep iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to thank my thesis supervisor Paul Latimer for his invaluable and very friendly guidance throughout the period of study, as well as for his patient and meticulous approach to the revisions and proofreading. I am also in- debted to David Thornton and Julian Bennett for their helpful suggestions and rec- ommendations in the thesis supervision committee. Apart from the thesis work, I owe many thanks to Paul, David and Cadoc Leighton, my professors in the European History Branch, for the precious insights into history and the historian’s craft that I was able to gain in their courses and conversations alike. Thanks go also to my pro- fessors in the Ottoman History Branch, Halil İnalcık, Özer Ergenç, Oktay Özel, Eu- genia Kermeli and Evgeni Radushev for the different perspectives they contributed to my formation as historian. Special thanks go in this regard to Akif Kireçci for his friendly support and sincere interest in my research. I also owe many thanks to Tansu Açık, without whose encouragement I would not have been able to venture in so many languages. I would also like to thank Ahmet Simin Beyatlı, who made learning Arabic a real pleasure and enabled me to work on the many primary sources in Ara- bic vital for my study. I am especially indebted to our chair, Mehmet Kalpaklı, for his understanding and support throughout my long years in the History Department. I would also like to thank Sevil Danış, Eser Sunar and Ece Türk for their friendly as- sistance as secretaries of the department. v During my years in Bilkent I have had the pleasure to get acquainted with many friends who made it worthwhile to study here. It was a delight to get to know Polat Safi with his colorful personality and conversation and sincere friendship. Chatting with Alphan Akgül was a real delight for me, not least because of his in- comparable insights into Turkish and world literature. Beside his sincere friendship, Fahri Dikkaya showed that medieval Anatolian history can be as pleasant a conversa- tion topic as any other. As well as a good friend, Zeki Sarıgil was a model academic with his hard work, sincerity and modesty. Hasan Çolak and Ayşegül Keskin Çolak were real friends with their care to notify me about events, even from distant Eng- land. Like Polat, not a single minute was boring with Nergiz Nazlar, Emrah Safa Gürkan and Elvin Otman with their lively conversation. It was similarly a delight to listen to Faruk Yaslıçimen’s detailed observations about many topics, especially dif- ferent countries and their peoples. I am similarly indebted to Burak Özdemir, Özden Mercan, Seda Erkoç, Ha- run Yeni, Elif Boyacıoğlu, Evrim Türkçelik, Cemal Bölücek, Muhsin Soyudoğan, Veysel Şimşek, Işık Demirakın, Ekin Enacar, Fatih Çalışır, Yasir Yılmaz, Neslihan Demirkol and Ayşegül Avcı for their friendship. I also owe thanks to my oldest friends from the History Department, Grigor Boykov, Mariya Kiprovska, Zeynep Kocabıyıkoğlu Çeçen, Işıl Acehan, Bahar Gürsel, Akça Ataç, Tarık Tolga Gümüş and Olcay Olmuşçelik, as well as to friends whose acquaintance I have had the pleasure to make more recently, Erdem Sönmez, Eyüp Can Çekiç, Berna Kamay, Müzeyyen Karabağ, Ebru Sönmez Taş, Gürer Karagedikli, and Sena Hatip Dinçyü- rek, Burcu Feyzullahoğlu, Elif Huntürk, Onur Usta, Erdem Güler, Saadet Büyük and Aslı Yiğit. vi Many thanks go also my friends at work, Şükrü Satır, Burcu Solmaz, Hakan Kazdal, Safa Bacanlı, Gökhan Çınkara, Hayati Ünlü and Asude Cengiz for their pleasant camaraderie and warm sense of humor. I
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