Runciman Hª De Las Cruzadas I La 1ª Cruzada Y La Formacion Del Reino De

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Runciman Hª De Las Cruzadas I La 1ª Cruzada Y La Formacion Del Reino De Steven Runciman Historia de las Cruzadas 1. La Primera Cruzada y la Fundación del Reino de Jerusalén Versión española de Germán Bleiberg Alianza Editorial Título original: A History of the Crusades. Vol. 1 The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom o f Jerusalem Primera edición en “Alianza Universidad” : 1973 Sexta reimpresión en “Alianza Universidad” : 2002 Reservados todos los derechos. EÎ contenido de esta obra está protegido por la Ley, que establece penas de prisión y/o multas, además de las correspondientes indemnizaciones por daños y perjuicios, para quienes reprodujeren, plagiaren, distribuyeren o comunica­ ren públicamente, en todo o en parte, una obra literaria, artística o científica, o su transformación, interpretación o ejecución artística fijada en cualquier tipo de soporte o comunicada a través de cualquier medio, sin la preceptiva autorización. © Cambridge University Press, Londres, 1954 © Ed. cast.: Alianza Editorial, S. A., Madrid, 1973, 1980, 1983, 1987, 1994,1997, 2002 {por autorización de Revista de Occidente, S. A., Madrid), Calle Juan Ignacio Luca de Tena, i 5; teléf. 393 88 88; 28027 Madrid w w w.ali anzaedi tori al. es ISBN: 84-206-2997-9 (obra completa) ISBN: 84-206-2059-9 (Volumen I) Depósito legal: Μ. 11.345-2002 Impreso en Lavel. Gran Canaria, 12. Humanes (Madrid) Printed in Spain A mi madre Dedicatoria ........................................................................................................ 7 Indice de mapas ........................................................................................................ 11 Prefacio .............................................................................................. ...................... 13 Libro I.—Los Santos Lugares de la Cristiandad 1. La abominación del asolamiento .......................................................... 19 2. El reinado del Anticristo ....................................................................... 34 3. Los peregrinos de Cristo ....................................................................... 50 4. Hacia el desastre ..................................... ....................................... ......... 62 5. Confusión en Oriente ................................................................................ 74 Libro II.— La Predicación de la Cruzada 6. Santa Paz y Guerra Santa ........................ .............................................. 91 7. La roca de San Pedro ........................ .................................................. 100 8. El llamamiento ........................................................................................ 111 Libro III.—El camino bacía las guerras 9. La expedición popular ........................................................................... 125 10.. La Cruzada alemana .................................................................................... 136 11. Los príncipes y el Emperador .............................................................. 144 Libro IV.— La guerra contra los turcos 12. La campaña en Asia Menor .................................................................. 173 13. Intermedio armenio ............................ .................................................. 191 14. Ante las murallas de Antioquía .......................................................... 206 15. La posesión de Antioquía ....................................................................... 226 Libro V.—La Tierra de Promisión 16. El camino a Jerusalén ........................................................................... 253 17. El triunfo de 3a Cruz ............................................................................... 265 18. «Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri» ................................................................... 274 19. El reino de Jerusalén ............................................................................... 297 Apéndices 1. Fuentes principales para la Historia de 3a Primera Cruzada ....... 311 2. La fuerza numérica de los cruzados ...................................................... 320 Bibliografía 1. Fuentes originales ................................................................................... 327 1. Colecciones de fuentes ....................................................................... 327 2. Fuentes occidentales, latinas, francesas antiguas y alemanas ... 329 3. Fuentes griegas ........................... ........................................................ 332 4. Fuentes árabes y persas ................................................................... 332 5. Fuentes armenias ................................................................................ 333 6. Fuentes sirias ...................................................................................... 334 7. Fuentes hebreas ................................................................................... 334 8. Fuentes diversas ................................................................................... 334 2. Obras modernas ................................................................................ 335 Indice alfabético ..................................................................................................... 343 1. Alrededores de Constantinopla y Nicea en tiempos de la Primera Cru­ zada , ...................................................................................................................... 133 2. La península de los Balcanes en tiempos de la Primera Cruzada ............. 150 3. Asia Menor en tiempos de la Primera Cruzada ........................................ 181 4. Plano de Antioquía en 1098 .................................................................. 209 5. Siria en tiempos de la Primera Cruzada ............................................... 255 PREFACIO Este libro pretende ser el primero de tres volúmenes que abarca­ rán la historia del movimiento que llamamos «las Cruzadas», desde su comienzo en el siglo xi hasta su ocaso en el xiv, así como de los Estados creados por él en Tierra Santa y en los países vecinos. Espero ofrecer en el volumen segundo una historia y una descripción del rei­ no de Jerusalén y de sus relaciones con los pueblos del Oriente Me­ dio y también de las Cruzadas del siglo xn, y en el volumen tercero haré la historia del reino de Acre y de las ultimas Cruzadas. Tanto si las consideramos como la más grandiosa y más románti­ ca de las aventuras cristianas o como la última de las invasiones de los bárbaros, las Cruzadas constituyen un hecho central en la historia de la Edad Media. Antes de su iniciación, el centro dé nuestra civili­ zación estaba situado en Bizancio y en los países del Califato árabe. Antes de su desaparición, la hegemonía de la civilización se había desplazado a la Europa occidental. De este desplazamiento nació la historia moderna; pero para entenderlo no nos basta con compren­ der las circunstancias que, en la Europa occidental, dieron origen al impulso de las Cruzadas, sino que, más bien, hay que comprender las circunstancias que, en Oriente, ofrecieron su oportunidad a los cru­ zados y determinaron su avance y retirada. Nuestra visión tiene que abarcar desde el Atlántico a Mongolia. Narrar la historia únicamente desde el punto de vista de los francos, o del de los árabes, o incluso del de sus principales víctimas, los cristianos de Oriente, equivaldría a ignorar su significación. Porque esto fue, como observa Gibbon, la historia de la «controversia del mundo». La historia completa de las Cruzadas no se ha narrado con fre­ cuencia en lengua inglesa; ni siquiera ha existido en Inglaterra una escuela historiográfica de tal especialidad. Los capítulos de Gibbon en su Decline and Fall merecen aún atención, a pesar de sus pre­ juicios y de la época en que escribió. Más recientes son el brillante resumen del movimiento debido a Sir Ernest Barker, publicado pri­ meramente en la «Enciclopedia Británica», y la breve, aunque admi­ rable, historia de los reinos derivados de las Cruzadas de W. B. Ste­ venson. Sin embargo, la contribución británica está limitada princi­ palmente a algunos artículos eruditos, a la publicación de fuentes orientales y a unas pocas historias de divulgación. Francia y Alema­ nia poseen una tradición más amplia y antigua. Las grandes historias de las Cruzadas escritas por alemanes se inician con la de Wilken, publicada a principios del siglo xix. La historia de Von Sybel, cuya primera edición es de 1841, sigue siendo aún de capital importancia; y en el último tercio del siglo, dos excelentes eruditos, Rohricht y Hagenmeyer, no sólo realizaron una inestimable labor de recopila­ ción y crítica de fuentes, sino que también escribieron sendas histo­ rias de conjunto. En estos últimos tiempos se ha mantenido viva la tradición alemana gracias a Erdman, autor del exhaustivo estudio sobre los movimientos religiosos occidentales que cristalizarían en las Cruzadas. En Francia, el país del que partió originariamente el ma­ yor número de cruzados, el interés de los eruditos se puso de mani­ fiesto a mediados del siglo xix con la publicación de las principales fuentes, occidentales, griegas y orientales, en el monumental Recueil des Historiens des Croisades. La extensa historia de Michaud ya ha­ bía empezado a publicarse a partir de 1817. En la segunda mitad del siglo, Riant y sus colaboradores en la «Société de l’Orient Latín» realizaron un copioso y estimable trabajo. En nuestro siglo, dos dis­ tinguidos bizantinistas franceses, Chalandon y Bréhier, fijaron su atención en las Cruzadas; y, poco antes
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