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Seljuk+Sultanate.Pdf 0 nyu mu n c viii Dear Delegates, Welcome to the Seljuk Sultanate! My name is Hira Rahman and I am honored to serve as your Chair for this year’s conference. As of Fall 2016, I am officially an alumni of New York University with degrees in International Relations and Biochemistry with a minor in Middle Eastern Studies. I have a vast experience within the world of both Model UN as well as the actual UN (currently working there now!). I can’t wait to have you be a part of the largest Joint Crisis Conference with us and look forward to getting to know you better over the course of the weekend. Your Crisis Director, Siddharth Srikanth, is equally as honored to help you all live out your dreams of being representatives in the Seljuk Sultanate. As a junior at NYU studying towards a degree in Math & Economics, he’s thrilled you have chosen to take part in this committee and will be working in the backroom to help you realize your ambitions and plans. Over the course of the weekend, we will explore the Seljuk Sultanate as it was during the Crusades. While history has already been written, you will have the chance to rewrite it. We encourage you to be creative and engage with other committees. NYUMUNC always promises to be a very unique experience, and this year will be no different as our entire team has worked tirelessly to promise you an enlightened and exciting conference. To help you familiarize yourselves with our committee, we invite you to glance through the enclosed background guide. If you have any questions about the conference, please contact us. We look forward to meeting you in April. Hira Rahman Siddharth Srikanth Chair Crisis Director NYUMUNCVIII NYUMUNCVIII [email protected] [email protected] 1 History The Beginning of the Seljuk Empire The Seljuk (Seljuq or Seljuq Turks) were a In the subsequent decades, Tughrul Begh dynastic Sunni Muslim empire from the 11th (Seljuk’s Grandson) and his brother Chaghri century. Their empire stretched from struggled to maintain power in the Jend Anatolia to Punjab and included areas such region due to the tribal threats by the as Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, and most Qarakhanids and Gaznawids. With the of modern day Iran. The Sunni Seljuk were looming threat to their newly established the antithesis to the Shi’a Fatimids of Egypt state, they migrated to Khorasan, an area in and towards the end of their empire, dealt the Northern part of Persia that was with the Crusaders from the West. considered their ancestral homeland. Originally, the Seljuk came from the Oghuz United with the Oghuz Turks, the Seljuk Confederation States, which were located brothers defeated the Gaznawids after a between the coasts of the Caspian and Aral series of battles. These battles consolidated seas. The Confederation included many the beginning of the Seljuk Empire. They different tribes in the area and elected a went on to conquer most of Persia and later leader called the Yabgu. Although the Yabgu signed a treaty with the Gaznawids, was the supreme leader, his power was establishing the Hidikush Mountains as the limited by the council of military tribal borders between the two empires. By 1055, aristocrats. Tughrul Begh conquered Iraq without During the early 10th century, an army violence, as the Iraqi Caliph welcomed Begh commander named Seljuk incited an as a liberator from the Shi’as. The Caliph in uprising and separated from the Baghdad gave Tughrul the title Sultan and Confederation. He was a reputable tasked him with combatting the Fatimids of commander who served in the Khazar army Egypt from spreading Shi’a Islam through and had a very strong tribe. The Seljuk tribe the Middle East. In 1063, Tughrul Begh died captured Jand, also Jend, a town on the in Ray, and was succeeded by is right bank of lower Jaxartes River in grandnephew (Chaghri Begh’s Son), Alp Transoxiana, and named it the Seljuk Arslan. capital. It was here where they converted to Islam, and created the foundation of what The Great Seljuks would become the Seljuk Sultanate. Alp Arslan oversaw the Seljuk Empire at its zenith. Under his rule, the empire expanded its territory by acquiring Armenia and 2 nyu mu n c viii Georgia in 1064. Four years later, Alp it bordered China in the east and the Arslan annexed Anatolia and defeated the Byzantine in the West. Malik-Shah I also Byzantine Empire in the Battle of Malazgirt. moved the capital from Ray to Isfahan. The This victory marked the decline of the Abbasid Caliph entitled Malik-Shah I as “the Byzantine Empire. Although Arslan did not Sultan of East and West”. Malik-Shah I enter Anatolia himself, he sent his generals reigned until his death in 1092. It is unclear to seize the lands. This strategy allowed how he died as some said the Caliph them to create small principalities (aka poisoned him, while others stated that the “beghliks”) in return for loyalty to him. The supporters of Vizier Nizam al-Mulk were generals, speficially the Turks, took Asia behind it. Minor in two years, extending the Seljuk Arslan and Malik-Shah I are considered the Empire all the way to the Aegean Sea two great Sultans of the Seljuk. The Empire (between Greece and Turkey). During this flourished and went through its golden age period, many “beghliks” were founded, most under the father and son. Not only were notably the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum (Rome, they remembered for the expansion of the Anatolia). Rum was the last Seljuk Seljuk Empire, they were also proponents of stronghold both crusades until the Mongol the revival of Sunnite Islamic practices in invasion of Anatolia. After Arslan’s invasion the empire. With their Viziers, they created of Anatolia, there was some infighting in the armies of slaves (mamelukes) to replace the Seljuk Empire, which led Arslan to march to traditional nomad warriors. Furthermore, the eastern border to quell the brewing civil they established an elaborate bureaucratic war. However, Yusuf Khraezmi, the hierarchy that provided the government commander of Fort Barzam, assassinated framework for the Middle East for many of him in 1072. His son, Malik-Shah I, hundreds of years. They constructed the succeeded him. Islamic educational system, creating Malik-Shah I spent the first few years of his madrasahs (universities) to train reign defeating his uncle Qawurd, who government and religious officials. wanted to be Sultan, to consolidate his The Divide, the Decline power. He also quelled rebellious uprisings The death of Malik-Shah I in 1092 marked from the Qarakhanids and Gaznawids. the decline of the Great Seljuk. The Malik-Shah I had two Persian viziers (high beghliks, principalities, became more ranking political advisors or ministers), independent while the Seljuk princes fought Nizam al-Mulk and Taj ul-Milk, who helped each other to become Sultan. The Empire him expand the empire to such a degree that became divided. Malik-Shah I was 3 nyu mu n c viii succeeded by his five year old son in Persia, transportation ensured the connection Mahmud I, who was quickly overthrown by between different parts of the empire, which his brother Berkyaruq. Under Berkyaruq, not only ensures economic connection, but the troubles for the empire began to also reinforces the political connection accumulate. The Crusades began, Palestine through which the ruler rule the empire. went to the Fatimids, and the Assassins of The development of over-land Hassan Sabbah (who became a problem transportation, made by the construction of while Malik-Shah I was still Sultan) new roads and better wheels, intensely sabotaged many of the Empire’s leaders. In benefited the diversity of goods on market, Anatolia, Kilij Arslan, who founded the providing much more choices and therefore Sultanate of Rum, took over and his brother making the Seljuk market as a whole vibrant Tutush I took Syria. When Tutush died, his and diverse. Transportation overseas does sons further split Aleppo and Damascus, have an importance in domestic economy; dividing the Empire even further. but instead of speeding up the rate of By the First Crusade in 1095, the Seljuks exchange and making diversity as overland already lost Palestine to the Fatimids. transportation did, it introduced more During this period, Ahmed Sanjar, who economic needs to the economy. The succeeded from Mahmud II, tried to development of overseas transportation- suppress multiple revolts in the empire. He ships-provided another way for immigrants had to deal with the Qarakhanids in to the empire, thus increasing the need for Transoxian, Ghorids in Afghanistan, every part of domestic production from Qarluks in modern Kyrghystan, and Kara- cloth making to food and from tax collecting Khitais in the East. During this chaos, the to soap production. empire also suffered intermittent conflict Along with their entrances to the empire, with the crusaders. The increasingly the trade overseas became stronger and independent principalities would ally with stronger. The demand for ships increased the crusaders in hopes of gaining other the need for labor to build ships, the principalities. Most notably, Kerbogha resources to build decks, and the began consolidating lots of atabegs management of trade, which all increased (governors) of Syria. the production of the empire. International imports and outputs increased significantly Economy during the previous 5 decades, raising the Transportation played a vital part in Seljuk’s importance of Seljuk as an international economics. In domestic context, overseas transportation centre. More 4 nyu mu n c viii immigrants brought new and different cities in Seljuk among themselves and with culture and techniques with themselves to the other major centers of trade in the the Seljuk, which made it diverse in not only Middle East at that time, which included market products, but also technology and Tabriz in Iran, Baghdad in Iraq, and Aleppo culture.
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