The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume IV - C

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Cambridge University Press 0521414113 - The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume IV - c. 1024-c. 1198 Edited by David Luscombe and Jonathan Riley-Smith Index More information

INDEX

Aachen, 77, 396, 401, 402, 404, 405 Abul-Barakat al-Jarjara, 695, 700 Aaron, bishop of Cologne, 280 Acerra, counts of, 473 ‘Abbadids, kingdom of Seville, 157 Acre ‘Abbas ibn Tamim, 718 11th century, 702, 704, 705 ‘Abbasids 12th century Baghdad, 675, 685, 686, 687, 689, 702 1104 Latin conquest, 647 break-up of empire, 678, 680 1191 siege, 522, 663 and Byzantium, 696 and Ayyubids, 749 caliphate, before First Crusade, 1 fall to crusaders, 708 dynasty, 675, 677 fall to Saladin, 662, 663 response to Fatimid empire, 685–9 Fatimids, 728 abbeys, see monasteries and kingdom of Jerusalem, 654, 662, 664, abbots, 13, 530 667, 668, 669 ‘Abd Allah al-Ziri, king of Granada, 156, 169–70, Pisans, 664 180, 181, 183 trade, 727 ‘Abd al-Majid, 715 13th century, 749 ‘Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar, 155, 158, 160, 163, 165 Adalasia of Sicily, 648 ‘Abd al-Mu’min, 487 Adalbero, bishop of Wurzburg,¨ 57 ‘Abd al-Rahman (Shanjul), 155, 156 Adalbero of Laon, 146, 151 ‘Abd al-Rahman III, 156, 159 Adalbert, archbishop of Mainz, 70, 71, 384–5, ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn Ilyas, 682 388, 400, 413, 414 Abelard of Conversano, 109, 110, 111, 115 Adalbert, bishop of Prague, 277, 279, 284, 288, Aberconwy, 599 312 Aberdeen, 590 Adalbert, bishop of Wolin, 283 Abergavenny, 205 Adalbert, king of Italy, 135 Abernethy agreement, 205 Adalgar, chancellor, 77 Aberteiﬁ, 600 Adam of Bremen, 295 Abingdon, 201, 558 Adam of Conversano, 451 Abruzzi, 73, 94, 96, 113, 438, 444, 452, 454, 456, Adam of Port, 211 472, 473 Adam of Villeron, 517 Abu Bakr ibn ‘Umar, 182, 682 Adana, 617 Abu Ghosh, 658 Adda basin, 436 Abu Ja‘far Ahmad ibn Hud, ruler of Rveda, 480 Adela, countess of Flanders, 138 Abu Kalijar ‘Imad al-Din, 692, 693, 699 Adela, duchess of Normandy, 136 Abu Najah, 715, 717 Adela of Champagne, 517–18, 519, 520, 532, 569 Abu Nasr, 694 Adelaide of Normandy, 135, 136 Abu Rakwa, 682, 694, 697 Adelaide of Savona, 115 Abu Sa’d al-Tustari, 694, 701 Adelaide of Sicily, 446 Abu Ya‘qub Yusuf, 497 Adelaide of Turin, 52, 75, 81, 89, 91, 426 Abu-l-Qasim, 487 Adelaide-Blanche, marchioness of Provence, 142 901

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521414113 - The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume IV - c. 1024-c. 1198 Edited by David Luscombe and Jonathan Riley-Smith Index More information

902 Index

Adelelm, monk of La Chaise-Dieu, 176, 180 Ahmad al-Kutayfat, 715 Adeliza, queen of England, 554, 566 Ahmad al-Musta‘li, 706 Adeliza of Louvain, 209 Ahmad-i ‘Attash, 711 Aden, 710, 716 Aileach, 606 Adhemar of Le Puy, 250 Aimery of Limoges, 653, 655, 656 al-‘Adid, caliph, 718, 719, 742 Aimery of Lusignan, 660, 664, 665 al-‘Adil I, 745, 747, 748–9, 750 Ainos, 241 al-‘Adil II, 751 Airgialla, 606, 607 al-‘Adil Abu Bakr, 746, 747 Aisne valley, 128 Adolf, bishop of Cologne, 421 Ajtony, 306 Adolf II of Schauenburg and Holstein, 409 ‘Ala al-Din, 714 Adrian IV, pope Alain III, duke of Brittany, 141 administration, 23 Alain IV, duke of Brittany, 141 and Aragon, 484 Alamut, 711, 712, 714 biography, 378 Alan of Brittany, lord of Richmond, 203 death, 379 Alan of Lydda, 665 and England, 355, 357, 565, 607 Alarcos, battle of, 504, 506 and France, 359 Alava, 169, 481, 505 and Germany, 321, 322–3, 368, 430, 622 ‘Alawis, 677 and heresy, 430 Alba, 585, 587 and Ireland, 607 Alban, St, 355 and monasteries, 325 Albania, 230, 240–1, 635 and Normans in Italy, 367 Albanians, anti-Byzantine revolt, 264 origins, 327,n.60 Albano, 33, 34, 327, 360, 382 and Scandinavia, 349 Albenga, 426 and Sicily, 377–80, 456, 465 Alberic II, 9 and Spain, 348 Alberic, 19 Adrianople, 230, 642 Alberic, cardinal bishop of Ostia, 360 Adriatic territories, 84, 452, 627, 634 Albero, bishop of Trier, 388 ‘Adud al-Dawla, 685, 686 Albert of Louvain, 420 Advent, 147 Albert of Morra, 320 Ægean Sea, 631 Albert the Bear, margrave, 409, 415, 419 Ældred, archbishop of York, 198 Alberti, counts of, 427, 439 Ælgifu, queen of Norway, 296, 297 Alberto Azzo II d‘Este, marquess of Obertenghi, Æthelred II, king of England, 191, 194, 196 76, 83, 87 Afamiya, 713 Albi, 544, 545 al-Afdal, 706, 707, 708, 709, 710, 715, 717, 719, Albigeois, 543 730 Albinus, bishop of Albano, 382 al-Afdal ‘Ali, 745, 746 Alcacer´ do Sal, 504 Afghanistan, 703 Alcira, 183 Afonso I Henriques of Portugal, 189, 348–9, 484, Aldobrandeschi family, 427, 439 485–6, 495, 497, 500 Aldobrandinus, 637 Afonso II, king of Portugal, 507 Aledo Castle, 181, 183, 184 Ager Sanguinis, 729 Alenc¸on, 574 Agnes, countess of Anjou, 139 Alentejo, 486, 504 Agnes, duchess of Aquitaine, 140 Aleppo Agnes of Andechs-Meranien, 524 11th century Agnes of Babenberg, 285 bedouins, 683, 695 Agnes of Courtenay, 660, 661 Fatimids, 678, 679, 688, 699, 700, 702, 705 Agnes of France, 626, 630 Mirdasids, 690, 694, 702 Agnes of Poitiers, 483 Seljuqs, 703, 707, 723 Agnes of Poitou and Aquitaine, 49, 52, 53–4, 83 Turcomans, 703 Agnes of Saarbrucken,¨ 414 12th century Agnes of Swabia, 385 Assassins, 713, 732 Agram, 273 Ayyubids, 747–748, 749 Agrigento, 110, 117, 470 and Byzantium, 617

Index 903

and crusaders, 648, 650, 728, 729, 731, 733 Alexandria (Piedmont), 432, 440 militia, 731 Alexios I Komnenos, Emperor Nur al-Din, 652, 655, 737, 738 accession, 219 rulers, 728–9 achievement, 220 and Saladin, 744, 745 alliances, 639 Seljuqs, 649 Byzantium recovery, 217, 222, 247 Sunnism, 749 death, 613–614 and Zengi, 734, 736 expansion, 615 13th century, 750 and First Crusade, 1, 249–253, 617 strategic position, 735 heresy trials, 219 Aleramica family, 82, 426, 429 honours system, 228 Alexander I, king of Scots, 208, 585, 586, 590, and Normans, 268, 620 593, 597 reign, 241–53, 642 Alexander II, king of Scots, 586 treaty with Pisa, 627 Alexander II, pope and Turks, 239, 249–252 administration, 19 and western Europe, 618 and archbishops of Milan, 56 Alexios II Kommenos, emperor, 611, 625, 626, and Croatia, 272 630, 640, 641, 642 and crusades, 340 Alexios III Angelos, emperor, 270, 611, 630, 632, death, 85 633, 634, 638, 642, 643 election, 53, 84 Alexios IV Angelos, emperor, 611, 634, 638, 643 and Germany, 54 Alexios V Murtzuphlos, 611, 634 jurisdiction, 35 Alexios Axouch, 640, 643 and Milan, 86 Alexios Branas, 642 and Normans in Italy, 108, 112, 114 Alexios Komnenos, 619, 640 papal states, 23 Alexios Palaiologos, 643 and Serbia, 267 Alfonso I (the Battler), king of Aragon-Navarre and Spain, 178, 179 and Almoravids, 482 Alexander III, pope and Bayonne, 482 biography, 319, 367 and Burgos, 480 and Byzantium, 622, 623 and Catalonia, 546 and clerical reforms, 330 marriage, 189, 475–7, 478, 482–3 councils, 328, 328 n. 65, 329 monasteries, 493 and crusades, 342–343, 344 and Mudejar community, 509 election, 378–380 and papacy, 348, 484 and England, 356, 357, 358, 571 peace of Tamara,´ 480–1 and France, 360, 361, 362 and pilgrims, 492 and Germany, 380–381, 391, 392, 417, 418, 435, succession, 483 622, 623 and Toledo, 479 and heresy, 335, 336, 337 warfare, 347, 482 and Hungary, 313 Alfonso II, count of Barcelona, 497 and Ireland, 609 Alfonso II, king of Aragon, 498, 500, 503, 504, and Italian ciities, 432, 433 505 and military orders, 347 Alfonso V, king of Leon,´ 160, 161 and monasteries, 326 Alfonso VI, king of Leon-Castile´ origins, 319, 327 n. 62 alliances, 134, 475, 569 and papal schism, 333, 334, 393, 431 and Almoravids, 482 papal supremacy, 323 annexations, 481 and Portugal, 349, 499 death, 475 and Scandinavia, 349, 350 and immigrants, 493, 495 and Sicily, 457–458, 466 monasteries, 177 and war games, 332 reign, 166–73, 179–184, 185, 187–9 Alexander of Gravina, 449, 453, 458 Sagrajas defeat, 509 Alexander of Macedonia, 529 and Segovia, 494 Alexander of Telese, 442, 443, 450 succession, 477 Alexandria, 471, 627, 697, 705, 717 and the Cid, 496

904 Index

Alfonso VII, king of Leon-Castile´ Amalric, king of Jerusalem and Afonso Henriques, 495–6 and Byzantium, 624, 627 chronicler, 508 count of Ascalon and Jaffa, 654, 655, 669 conquest of Almer´ıa, 487–8 death, 658 death, 489 and Egypt, 718, 742 division of realms, 489, 490 law-maker, 656, 672 genealogy, 499 reign, 656–9 grants of land, 496 and William of Tyre, 659–60 kingdoms, 495 Amascia, 239 marriage, 481 Amatus of Monte Cassino, 98, 100, 102, 103, parents, 477–8 104, 115 reign, 189, 477, 479–89 Amatus of Oleron,´ 26 Alfonso VIII, king of Castile, 347, 494, Ambrose of Milan, 16 497–507 Amid, 693 Alfonso IX, king of Leon,´ 348, 500, 501, 502, Amienois,´ 538 504, 505, 506, 507, 509 Amiens, 515, 521 Alfonso Raimundez,´ 484 Amin al-Dawla wa Makinuha Hasan ibn ‘Ali ibn Alfred, king of England, 206 Mulhim, 697 Algarve, 486, 487, 504 al-Amir, 707, 709, 710, 715, 716, 717, 718 Algeciras, 157, 182, 500 ‘Amirids, 155, 156, 158 Algeria, 678, 685, 695, 697 Ampurias, 545 ‘Ali al-Sulayhi, 695, 700, 710 Amseia, 239 ‘Ali ibn Ahmad al-Jarjara’i, 681, 683, 694, 699, Anacletus II (Peter Pierleone), antipope, 322, 333, 700 359, 365, 373, 374, 375, 376, 422, 423, 448, ‘Ali ibn Yusuf, 185, 189 452, 465, 466 Alice of Antioch, 616, 650 Anagni, 371, 379 Alice of France, 572, 573, 574, 575, 576, 577, 578 Anastasius I, emperor, 319 ‘Alids, 677, 710 Anastasius IV, pope, 327, 350, 377 Aljafer´ıa palace, 158 Anatolia Almada, 504 Byzantine losses, 634, 656 Almenar, battle of, 184 Byzantine power, 220, 231 Almer´ıa, 156, 157, 487–8, 496 Byzantine recovery, 248–52, 625, 626 Almodis, countess of Barcelona, 175 First Crusade, 707 Almodovar´ del Rio, 187 great families, 220, 223 Almohads, 457 plague of locusts, 224 Almoravids Seljuqs, 692, 699, 703 battle of Las Navas, 506–9 Turcomans, 703 Castile, 498 Turkish occupation, 217, 238, 239–40, 240, Ebro valley, 479 615 legalism, 714 al-Anbari, 694 Majorca, 481 Ancona, 432, 438, 622 movement, 181–3 Ancona march, 428, 431, 435, 438 North Africa, 698 Andalucia, 496, 500 Saragossa, 487 al-Andalus Spain, 154, 482–483, 485, 487, 506 Christian expansion, 180–90 Sunnis, 697 commercial centres, 174 Toledo, 186, 479, 487 fragmentation, 156, 157 Almos,´ king of Croatia, 273, 309, 310 al-Mansur rule, 154 Alp Arslan, sultan, 238, 702, 703, 710, 721, 729 political crisis, 155 Alphonse of Toulouse, 480, 483 taifa kingdoms, 156–8, 164, 169, 487 Alsace, 402, 539 Andely, 208 Altenburg, 403, 404 Andrew, duke of Croatia and Slavonia, 274 Altmann of Passau, 26 Andrew I, king of Hungary, 309 Alusianus, 263 Andrew II, king of Hungary, 311 Alvar Fanez,˜ 188 Andrew of Rupecanina, 455, 456 Amalﬁ, 94, 102, 111, 116, 443, 444, 445, 455, 468 Andrey of Rostov-Suzdal, 261, 262

Index 905

Andria, 105, 111, 451, 462 Byzantine claims, 615, 617, 618, 619, 624, Andria, count of Monte S. Angelo, 111 651 Andronikos Doukas, 238, 239 and crusaders, 651, 729, 733 Andronikos I Komnenos, emperor, 471, 611, 628, and Nur al-Din, 652–3, 657, 739, 740 630, 631, 636, 640, 641, 643 patriarchs, 625, 653, 656 Andronikos Komnenos, 619 rulers, 649, 650, 653, 655, 656 Anfusus of Aversa, 450 and Saladin, 663, 746 Angers, 532, 578 Seljuqs, 730, 732 Anglesey, 594, 595 trade, 728 Anglo-Saxon chroniclers, 194 and Tripoli, 651 Anglo-Saxons in Byzantine army, 221 Anund, king of the Svear, 296 Angoulême, 140, 525, 544, 545 Anushtakin al-Dizbiri, 683, 694, 699 Ani, 230 Aoife, 607 Anjou Aosta valley, 82, 426 11th century Apennines, 427, 436, 440 and Aquitaine, 140 Apulia castles, 144 11th century counts, 128–9, 133, 138, 139, 141, 197 Byzantine rule, 94, 95, 100, 101 county, 205 and church schisms, 114 and France, 139 and German emperors, 394, 421 and Gatinais,ˆ 130 governors, 106 and Henry I of England, 207 Lombard population, 94 men with William the Conqueror, 198 Norman conquest, 99, 100, 104, 107, 108, rivalry with Blois, 207 110, 111, 114 12th century Norman lordships, 116 administration, 526 Norman society, 115, 117, 119 bishoprics, 533 papal authority, 101 consolidation of comital power, 511 population, 94 empire, 541, 549–80 resources, 97 and France, 514, 526, 574 revolts, 95, 99, 103, 113 and Henry II, 565 12th century map, 551 authority, 443–4 rebellion, 560–1 and Byzantium, 453, 455, 621, 622 succession, 578 economy, 467 Ankhialos, 241 justice, 461, 462, 472 Anna Dalassena, 242, 246 and papacy, 366, 367, 373, 376 Anna Komnena, 242, 246, 247, 249, 251, 252, royal administration, 460, 462, 463 614, 619 uniﬁcation with Sicily, 446–53, 455, 456, Anna of Kiev, queen of France, 125, 126, 130, 472 513 papal ﬁef, 465 Annandale, 582, 586, 589 Aqaba, 658, 670, 726 ‘Annazids, 686 Aquileia, 77, 78, 80, 81, 84, 89, 272, 425, 440 Anno, archbishop of Cologne, 54, 84, 85 Aquilino, abbot of San Juan de la Pena,˜ 179 Annone Castle, 429 Aquino, counts of, 116, 443 Anselm, archbishop of Milan, 421 Aquitaine Anselm, bishop of Lucca, 53, 84 11th century, 12, 128, 139–40, 141, 148, 198, 516, Anselm of Bec, archbishop of Canterbury, 67, 531, 532, 543 206, 566, 581, 602, 603 12th century, 541, 543–4, 565, 573, 574, 579 Ansgar the Staller, 200 Arabia, 690, 693 Antibari, 267 Aragon´ Antioch 11th century, 6, 162, 165, 185, 187 11th century, 239, 250, 251–2, 644, 699, 703, 12th century 705, 707, 730 and Castile, 480–1 12th century and Catalonia, 546 1170 earthquake, 656 and county of Toulouse, 533 and Ayyubids, 749 government structures, 501

906 Index

Aragon´ (cont.) Arrouaise, 324 kingdom, 475, 490 arson, 332, 398 military orders, 497 Arsuf, 668, 669 monasteries, 493 Artah, 732, 740 and Murcia, 499 Arthur, king, 548 and Navarre, 506 Arthur of Brittany, 575, 578, 579 and papacy, 348, 484 Artois, 521, 538 and Queen Uracca, 478 Arundel, 200, 553, 554, 558 and Saragossa, 499 Ascalon, 644, 651, 655, 657, 661, 669, 707, 708, Aral Sea, 688, 691, 726 709, 718, 728, 746 Arbe island, 311 Asclettin, 105, 456 Arcadiopolis, 266 Ascoli, 103 archbishops, 11, 71, 89, 530 Asen of Trnovo, 265, 266 Archipoeta, 393 Ashmunayn, 705 Arctic region, 300–1 al-Ashraf Musa, 747, 748, 750 Ardengheschi family, 427 Asia Minor Ardericus, bishop of Siguenza,¨ 502 anti-Byzantine rebellions, 636 Arduin, 103 and Byzantium, 108, 625, 626, 627, 635 Arduinici family, 81, 82 First Crusade, 1, 250, 252 Arezzo, 427 Roman empire, 703 Argentan Castle, 210, 552 Turkish occupation, 108, 240, 248, 629, 636 Argyll, 585 Aspromonte, 96 Argyros, 103, 104, 106, 230–1, 232, 233 Assaad, 683 Ariano, 451, 461 Assassins, 651, 663, 709–15, 732 Aribert of Antimiano, archbishop of Milan, 48, Assize of Arms, 542 72, 74, 76, 77, 80 Asti, 426, 430, 431, 440 Aribo, archbishop of Mainz, 30, 31, 38 Astorga, 174, 491 Aristotle, 243, 247 Asturias, 159, 167 Arles, 142, 333, 334, 396 Aswan, 727 Armagh, 603, 605, 606 Asyrut, 705, 718 Armagh monastery, 603 atabegs, 724–5 Armengol I of Urgel, 163 Atapuerca, battle of, 164 Armengol III of Urgel, 166 Atenulf of Aquino, 102 Armengol IV of Urgel, 186 Atenulf of Benevento, 103 Armenia, 217, 220, 221, 230, 231, 395, 663, 692, Atsiz, 704, 705 699, 703 Attaleia, 615, 618, 637 Armenians, in Latin east, 644 Atto, archbishop of Milan, 56 Arnal Mir de Tost, 166 Atto, cardinal, 15 Arnalﬁ, 97 Auch, 333 Arnaud Amaury, archbishop of Narbonne, 507, Augsburg, bishops, 13, 49, 61, 418 508 Augustinian canons, 151, 593, 604 Arno river, 435 Aurelia Castle, 486 Arnold II, archbishop of Cologne, 397 Autun, 540 Arnold, archbishop of Mainz, 399 Auvergne, 514, 515, 543 Arnold of Brescia, 335, 377, 424, 428, 430 Auxerre, 135, 324, 524, 540 Arnold of Lubeck,¨ 406 Avellino, 456 Arnold of Selehofen, 400 Aversa, 102, 103, 104, 105, 116–17, 119, 450 Arnold of Wied, 400 Avignon, 324 Arnoldists, 337 Avila,´ 173, 494, 509 Arnulf, bishop of Lisieux, 333 Avranches, 197 Arnulf, bishop of Rheims, 30 Aymo of Argentia, 450 Arnulf of Chocques, 646, 647 ‘Ayn Jalut, 714 Arnulf of Flanders, 138 Ayrshire, 586, 589 Arnulf of Montgomery, 581, 597 Ayyubids, 657, 676, 714, 716, 719, 735, 738, 745, Arp´ ad´ dynasty, 304, 306, 308 747–52 Arras, 514, 524, 538 Azay-le-Rideau, 574

Index 907

Azelin of Sutri, 34 Barbedor, 517 Azerbayjan, 692, 723, 725 Barcelona, 161, 163, 174, 186, 187, 475, 481–2, al-‘Aziz, 678, 679, 680 489, 490, 545 al-‘Aziz Muhammad, 747 Barﬂeur, 562 al-‘Aziz ‘Uthman, 745, 746 Barghash, 715 Bari Baalbak, 736, 737, 745 11th century, 95, 103, 104, 108, 109, 110, 111, al-Babili, 700 116, 230–1, 264 Badajoz, 157, 158, 164, 165, 167, 171, 182, 493, 497 12th century, 445, 449, 450, 454, 456, 468 Badr al-Jamali, vizier, 2, 702, 704–6, 711, 716, Barjawan, 675, 680 717, 719 Bar-le-Duc, 6 Baeza, 488, 497 Barletta, 105 Baghdad baronies, 12th-century France, 530, 533 ‘Abbasids, 1, 675, 685, 686, 687, 689, 692, 702, Barqa, 694, 696 704 Bar-sur-Aube, 537 Fatimid conquest, 700 Bartholomew of Roye, 522, 523 Nizamiyya, 712 al-Basasiri, 693, 698, 699, 700 Saladin, 719 Basil II, emperor Seljuqs, 240, 692, 693, 700, 725, 727 architecture, 227 Sunni colleges, 710 army, 223 Tughril Beg, 698, 725 and Balkans, 96, 267, 270, 271 Baha’ al-Dawla, 686, 692 and Bulgaria, 263, 264, 266 Bahram, 715, 716 death, 217, 222, 223 baillis, 534, 539, 542 military expansion, 231 Baldwin I, king of Jerusalem, 647–8, 667, 709 regency, 223 Baldwin II, king of Jerusalem, 648–50, 670 reign, 220–2 Baldwin III, king of Jerusalem, 624, 651–6, 657, in Syria, 678 n. 5 718, 740 taxation, 224, 225 Baldwin IV, count of Flanders, 138, 197 Basil, archbishop of Trnovo, 266 Baldwin IV, king of Jerusalem, 659, 659–61, 669 Basil Biannes, 96, 100 Baldwin V, count of Flanders, 125, 136, 138 Basil Chotzas, 642 Baldwin V, king of Jerusalem, 661–2 Basil the Bogomil, 245–6 Baldwin VI, count of Flanders, 138 Basingwerk, 598 Baldwin, archbishop of Canterbury, 353, 358 Basle, 46, 84 Baldwin of Boulogne, 644 Basque country, 161, 491, 505 Baldwin of Edessa, 648, 649 Bath, 555 Baldwin of Redvers, 553 Baumes-les-Messiers Abbey, 325 Balearic islands, 471 Bautzen, 277 Balikh river, 648 Bavaria, 58, 61, 413, 415, 416, 417, 418 Balkans Bavaria, dukes of, 52, 58, 60, 411, 419 11th century, 1, 217, 230, 231, 237, 239, 241, Bayeux, 203, 549, 552 248, 264 bayles, 545, 546 12th century, 621, 626, 635 Bayonne, 482, 491 Ballenstedt dynasty, 408 Bearn,´ 547 Baltic Sea, 277, 295, 300, 302, 410 Beatrice of Burgundy, 402, 418 Bamberg, 11, 29, 50, 401, 418 Beatrice of Lorraine, 76, 78–9, 82, 84, 85, 86 banal rights, 145–6 Beaufort Castle, 663 Bangor, 596, 598 Beaujeu, 533 Bangor monastery, 604 Beaumont family, 554, 562, 563, 595 Bannow Bay, 608 Beaumont-en-Argonne, 530, 536 Banu Hilal, 693–8 Beaune, 540 Banu Khazrun, 695, 696 Beauvais, 131, 380, 531, 532, 534 Banu Qurra, 694, 696, 697 Beauvaisis, 208, 538 Banyas, 651, 657, 713, 715, 740 Bec-Hellouin, 580 Bar, 267, 268, 270, 272 bedouins, 682, 683, 686, 690, 693–8, 704, 731 Barbastro castle, 175, 180, 185 Beirut, 647, 662, 664, 665, 667, 668, 669, 671

908 Index

Bela´ I, king of Hungary, 273, 281, 309 death, 564 Bela´ II the Blind, king of Hungary, 269, 311, 312 friendships, 350, 374, 375–6 Bela´ III, king of Hungary, 274, 275, 307, 310, 311, and Geoffrey of Anjou, 559, 561 314–16, 625, 631, 636 and Gilbert of Poitiers, 32 Belgrade, 313 and heresy, 332, 335 Bellˆemefamily, 597 and Louis VI, 361–2 Beloˇs, 269 and papacy, 317–19, 320, 321–2, 323, 326, 360, Benavente, 501 377 Benavides, 494 and papal schism, 373, 376, 422 Benedict VIII, pope, 10–1, 13, 18, 19, 27, 28, 30, and St Malachy, 604 31, 99, 101 and Second Crusade, 326, 340–1, 342, 516 Benedict IX, pope, 12, 19, 49, 76, 78 studies, 152, 153 Benedict X, pope, 34, 53, 84 Bernard of Neufmarche,´ 596 Benedict of Ste-Maure, 548 Bernard of St-Crepin,´ 360 Benedictine monasteries, 120, 177, 195–6, 314, Bernard of Sedirac,´ bishop of Toledo, 24, 177–8, 315, 324, 593, 604 181 Benevento Bernard the Spaniard, hermit, 283 11th century rebellions, 445 Bernardo of Carpio, 493 1128 rebellion, 445 Bernat of Besalu,´ 179 Lombard principality, 94, 96 Bernhard IV, duke of Saxony, 421 Norman conquest, 110, 111, 116 Bernhard of Anhalt, 419 Otto III in, 96 Bernicia, 586 and Pandulf IV, 101, 102 Berry, 543, 573, 574 papal rule, 106, 113, 444, 445, 466 Bertha, countess of Blois, 137 St Sophia, 118 Bertha, duchess of Brittany, 141 treaty of, 367, 378, 430, 456, 465, 466, 467 Bertha, queen of France, 126, 135, 137 weakening of central authority, 95 Bertha of Holland, 138 Beno, cardinal, 36, 37 Bertha of Maurienne, 82 Berardenghi family, 427 Bertha of Sulzbach, 619, 621, 622, 624 Berbers Berthold I of Zahringen,¨ 52, 61 Egypt, 680, 694, 701 Berthold IV of Zahringen,¨ 417 Sanhaja, 697 Berthold V of Zahringen,¨ 421 Spain, 155, 156, 160, 163, 182 Berthold of Zwiefalten, 415 trade, 690 Bertrada of Montfort, 126, 127, 139 Tripoli, 694, 695, 697 Bertran of Provence, 142 western Sahara, 182 Berwick, 590 Berengaria of Navarre, 575, 576, 578 Berwickshire, 586 Berenguela of Barcelona, 481 Besalu,´ 481, 545 Berenguela of Castile, 500, 505, 506, 507 Besanc¸on, 322, 379 Berenguer of Vilademuls, archbishop of Betheneville,´ 531 Tarragona, 503 Bethlehem, 646, 658 Berenguer Ramon´ I, count of Barcelona, 163 Bethsan, 668, 669 Berenguer Ramon´ I, count of Montcada, 489 Beziers,´ 544, 545, 547 Berenguer Ramon´ II, count of Barcelona, 184, Biandrate, counts of, 425, 429 186, 348 Bianquis, T., 681, 702 Berenguer Ramon,´ count of Provence, 497 Biervliet, 540 Bergamo, 424, 438 Bigorre, 547 Bergen, 303 Bihar, 307 Berkhampstead, 568 Bilbais, 657, 658 Berk-Yaruk, 723, 724, 732 Bildukuz, 704 Bernard, bishop of St David’s, 598 Biograd, 271, 272, 273, 274 Bernard, cardinal priest of S. Clemente, Biqa‘, 647, 733 379 bishops Bernard of Clairvaux cardinal bishops, 33, 33–4, 36 and Conrad III, 368 courts, 3 and crusades, 339 election, 51

Index 909

England, 214 Bornholm island, 292 France, 124, 130–2, 153, 518, 531–2 Bornhoved,¨ battle of, 410 Germany, 44 Bosau, 409 Hungary, 307 Bosnia, 266, 267, 268, 271, 273, 274, 274–5, 310, investitures, 13, 51, 62–3, 64, 67, 69–71, 89, 311, 312 124, 131, 533 Boso, cardinal of S. Anastasia, 478 lordships, 530, 531–2 Boso, cardinal of S. Pudenziana, 367, 368, 378, Normandy, 214 380, 381 Poland, 283–4 Bosphorus, 270, 453 right of spoil, 330 Bosra, 733 Sicily, 464, 465, 466, 467 Boulogne, 198, 538 warfare, 407 Boulogne, counts of, 526, 533, 548 western empire, 47 Bourbon, 533 Bithynia, 229, 616, 617 Bourbonnais, lords of, 514 Black Sea, 616, 617, 635 Bourges, 26, 130, 333, 360, 514, 532, 543 Bladnoch, 586 Bouvines, battle of, 526, 528, 529, 532, 538, 548 Blanche of Castile, 507, 579 Braga, 485 Blanchegarde, 669 Bramber, 200 Blekinge, 292 Branas family, 642 Blois Brandenburg, 408, 409, 410 and Champagne, 536 Braose family, 595 counts, 128, 133, 511, 519, 522, 532 Braudel, Fernand, 537, 690 and France, 137–8, 514, 519 Brazza island, 311 rivalry with Anjou, 207 Brecknock, 595 see also Champagne Brecon, 595 Bobone-Orsini family, 364 Breifne, 606, 607 Bogislav of Stettin, 410, 419 Bremen, 350, 407, 409, 414 Bogolyubovo, 261 Bremule,´ battle of, 207, 514 Bogomil heresy, 245–6, 264, 275 Brescia, 45, 82, 335, 424 Bohemia, 277, 279, 280, 282, 283, 395 Breslau, 282, 283, 288 Bohemond I of Antioch, 240–1, 251–2, 444–5, Breteuil, 208 644, 648 Bretislav I, duke of Bohemia, 279–80 Bohemond II of Antioch, 119, 616, 649, 650 Bretons Bohemond III of Antioch, 624, 631, 636, 656, in England, 194, 196, 198, 213 659, 660, 662, 663 in Leon,´ 493 Bohemond of Tarsia, 451 Brian ﬁtz Count, 554, 563 Bohuslan,¨ 297 Brie, 537 Boiano, 443, 451 Brienne, 533 Boleslaw I, king of Poland, 277, 279, 284, 287, Brienne family, 7 288 Brindisi, 455, 621 Boleslaw II, king of Poland, 280–1, 287, 309 Brionne, 196, 206 Boleslaw III, king of Poland, 282–5, 286, 287, Brisebarre family, 671 288, 311 Bristol, 549, 552, 553, 554, 556, 559, 563 Boleslaw IV, king of Poland, 284, 285, 286 Bristol Channel, 205 Boleslaw the Wry-mouthed, 282 Brittany, 140–1, 197, 208, 355, 516, 565, 572 Boleslaw Wysoki, 286, 287 Browning, R., 219 Bologna, 326, 390, 398, 427, 430, 437 Bruce family, 589 Bonaventura, 342 Bruges, 539, 540 Boniface, cardinal of Albano, 34 Bruno of Querfurt, 288 Boniface of Canossa, marquess of Tuscany, 72, Bruno of Sankt Gallen, 312 74, 75, 77, 78, 82, 85 Brunswick, 419 Boniface of Montferrat, 438, 440, 633 Brycheiniog, 595, 597 Bonizo of Sutri, 34, 57, 63 n. 22 Buckinghamshire, 200 Bonneville-sur-Touques, 549, 552, 562 Budziszyn, 277 Bordeaux, 579 Bujedo, 494 Borids,¨ 736, 737, 740 Bukhara, 688, 691

910 Index

Bulgaria and Croatia, 271–2, 273, 274 annexation by Basil II, 221, 231 culture, 235–6 Bogomil heresy, 245–6, 264 economic growth, 225–7 Byzantine rule, 96, 100, 262–5 education, 229 Byzantine wars, 220 eunuchs, 242 feudalism, 264 and Fatimids, 683, 695 generally, 262–6 feudalism, 219 Greeks in, 264, 265 First Crusade, 1, 249–53, 644, 707 independence, 265, 266 foreign expeditions, 224, 228 map, 255 government expenditure, 227–8 oppression, 264, 266 great families, 223–4 Orthodox church, 263 historiography, 217–20, 223, 228 revolt against Byzantium, 224, 229, 263–4, honours, 227, 228, 237, 242 265, 266, 642 humanism, 235–6, 247 taxation, 263, 265 and Hungary, 306 Uze tribesmen, 264 imperial household, 242 Vlakhs, 265, 637 Imperial Law School, 229 Burchard II, bishop of Halberstadt, 64 imperial succession, 222–3, 234 Burchard, bishop of Worms, 15, 32, 48 Isaac Komnenos’s reign, 233–7 Burchard of Ursberg, 397, 398 Isaurians, 229 Bureba, 164 Macedonians, 229 Burgos, 168, 174, 176, 177, 180, 480, 491, 500 merchants, 221, 252–3 Burgundians, in Leon,´ 493 monasteries, 217, 246–7 Burgundy, county of, 40, 135 mystics, 235–6 Burgundy, duchy of philosophy, 217, 229, 243 11th century, 6, 40, 128, 129, 130, 133, 134–6, power, 217 149, 187, 532 pronoiai, 242 12th century, 516, 531, 536, 537, 540–1 and Russians, 254 Burgundy, kingdom of, 45, 74, 135, 138, 142, 395, schism, 231–3 420, 431 and Serbia, 267–71 Buri, 713, 715 and Sicily, 102 Burrell family, 116 and southern Italy, 94, 95–7, 100, 101, 103, Bursuqi, 713, 715 114, 217, 230, 237 Bury St Edmunds, 201 taxation, 224–5, 226, 248 Butera, 110, 455, 457, 469 trade, 248 butlers, 128 and Turks, 108, 217, 230, 238, 239, 240 Buyids, 675, 677, 685–9, 693, 698, 706, 710 Varangian guard, 221, 297 Buzurgumid, 713 watershed, 217–19 Byzantium 12th century 11th century administration, 634–8 and ‘Abbasids, 696 and Apulia, 444, 453, 455 Alexiad, 247, 252 and Bosnia, 311 Alexios I Komnenos’s reign, 241–53 caesars, 638 army, 223 Comnenian family system, 638–43 Basil II’s reign, 220–2 and Croatia, 311 Bogomil heresy, 245–6 despotes, 638 borders, 230–1 division, 634 building, 226–7 and Egypt, 658 church settlement, 243–7 feudalism, 638 civil wars, 239 and Fourth Crusade, 611–3 coins, 225, 228, 234, 247–8 Gambroi, 638 collapse, 217, 221 generally, 611–43 Constantine Monomachos’s reign, 229–32, and German emperors, 395, 421 237 and Hungary, 313, 314, 616 Constantine X Doukas’s reign, 236–8 John II’s reign, 613–18 Constantinople rebellion, 224, 229, 233–4 and Latin east, 624, 626, 655–8, 660

Index 911

Manuel I’s reign, 619–27 and France, 359, 360–1 and Nur al-Din, 740 and Germany, 13, 370, 384, 391 post-1180 crisis, 627–9 and heresy, 334, 337 protovestiarios, 638 holy war in Spain, 346 provinces, 634–8, 643 and monasteries, 21, 325 sebastos, 638 and Normans in Italy, 366 and Second Crusade, 620 papal authority, 324 and Sicily, 452–3, 471, 641 strategy, 374 sources, 613 synods, 29, 327, 328 n. 65 and Venice, 440, 633, 634 Campania, 78, 94, 97, 467 wealth, 629 Canavese, counts of, 425 and western Europe, 618, 630–4 Canne, 111, 444 and Antioch, 678 canon law, 2, 3, 124, 319, 331 maps, 218, 612 Canosa, 444 Canossa Castle, 59, 86, 88 Cabreros, treaty of, 503, 506 Canossa family, 79, 82, 85, 90 Caceres,´ 497 Canterbury, 200, 202, 352, 353, 602 Cadalus, bishop of Parma, 53, 84, 85 Capitanata, 444, 447 Cadiz, 482 Cappadocian fathers, 236 Cadurc, chancellor, 362, 514 Capua Caen, 212, 542, 549, 552 11th century Caerleon, 205 1098 siege, 119 Caernarfon, 596 archbishops, 112 Caesar, 529 economy, 117 Caesarea, 237, 661, 668, 669, 671, 702 Lombard principality, 94, 95 Caiazzo, counts of, 115, 443, 451 and Normans, 99, 105–6, 107, 109, 115, 116, Caid Peter, 458, 464 119 Caid Richard, 464 Otto III in, 96 Cairo, 97, 657, 658, 675, 681, 689, 694, 749 princes, 101, 102, 112, 118 Calabria revolts, 443, 445 11th century 12th century 1058 famine, 117 authority, 443, 445 Byzantine rule, 94, 95, 101 bishops, 466 and church schisms, 114 justice, 462 geography, 96 and papacy, 367, 447 Muslim attack, 95 royal administration, 460, 462, 463 and Normans, 99, 105, 106, 107, 108, 117, uniﬁcation with Sicily, 448, 449, 450, 451, 118, 119 453, 454, 455, 456, 472 population, 94 papal ﬁef, 465 12th century, 366, 373, 443, 445, 446, 460, Carcassone, 186, 544, 545, 547 462, 463, 622 Cardena˜ monastery, 168 Otto II’s defeat by Arabs, 96 Cardiff, 595 silk, 97, 468 Cardigan, 595, 597, 598 Calais, 540 cardinals Calatayud, 479, 505 cardinal bishops, 33–4, 35, 36, 53 Calatrava, 347, 496, 506, 507, 509 cardinal deacons, 34–5, 36, 37 calendar dates, 19 cardinal priests, 34, 35, 36, 37 Calixtus II (Guy of Burgundy), pope Cistercians, 326 and Apulia, 445 college of cardinals, 32–7 as archbishop of Vienne, 21, 359, 477, 478 and papacy, 364, 372 archbishops, 26 ranks, 33 and cardinals, 364, 372 Carinola, counts of, 116, 473 Concordat of Worms, 89, 369 Carinthia, 52, 58, 82, 89 curial script, 20 Carlades,` 547 election, 478 Carlisle Castle, 205 and England, 352, 356 Carmarthen, 595, 598

912 Index

Carolingians, 520 Celestine III, pope Carpathian mountains, 277 appointment, 364 Carrick, 586 and crusade, 340, 343, 344, 346 Carrion,´ 167, 174, 480, 500, 501 and France, 359, 363 Carse of Gowrie, 590 and holy war in Spain, 347–8 Cartagena, 157 investitures, 664 Casauria monastery, 73 and Italian states, 438 Casentino, 427 and monasteries, 326 Caserta, counts of, 473 and Normans in Italy, 368, 382 Cashel, 603, 604, 605, 609 pontiﬁcate, 382–3 Caspian Sea, 711 and Scandinavia, 351 castellans and Scotland, 592 11th century France, 144–6 and Sicily, 467 12th century Burgundy, 540 and Spain, 503, 504, 505 12th century Flanders, 539 Cellach of Armagh, 603 12th century France, 530, 533 Celtic territories, 583 Latin east, 669 Cenci family, 364 Castile Censius Frangipane, 365 11th century, 6, 155, 160, 163–4 Censius Savelli, 23 12th century Ceprano, 453, 465 Alfonso VIII’s reign, 497–508 Cerami, 109 and Almohads, 504, 505–9 Cerdanya, 481, 545 and Christianity, 499 Ceredigion, 595, 596, 597, 598, 599, 600 curiae, 501 Cerences, 558 description, 491 Cetina river, 272 jurists, 502, 508 Chaghri, 691 justice, 489–90 Chaise-Dieu monastery, 150 kingdom, 475, 490 Chalon, counts, 135 and Leon,´ 500, 504, 506 Chalons-sur-Marne,ˆ 69–70, 131, 531, 532, 535, monasteries, 494 537, 538 and Murcia, 499 Chalon-sur-Saone,ˆ 533, 540 and Navarre, 505, 506 Chalus-Chabrol, 578 and Peace of Tamara,´ 481 chamberlains, 128, 534, 539 university, 502 Champagne, comt´e of 13th century, and Almohads, 506–9 12th century, 531, 532, 536–8 castles Anglo-Norman-Blois-Champagne empire, 541 Anjou, 139 bishopric, 533 England, 205, 206, 211 and counts of Blois, 137, 536 France, 124, 144–6, 511 and England, 573 Hungary, 307 fairs, 537 Normandy, 195, 197, 208 and French kings, 137–8, 514, 519 Wales, 205 geography, 536 Castrogiovanni, 110 invasion of German provinces, 76 Catalonia and papacy, 361 11th century, 155, 162–3, 174, 176, 178, 179, 186 chancellors, 128, 534, 539 12th century, 481, 490, 494, 503, 533, 545–7, 548 Charente, 543 Catania monastery, 118 Charlemagne, 7, 11, 60 n. 17, 394, 396, 407, 417, catapults, 332 432, 492, 493, 508, 547, 548 Cathars, 336, 337, 545, 547 Charles the Bald, emperor, 21 cathedral schools, 124 Charles the Good, count of Flanders, 385, 515, Caucasus, 703 538, 539 Cava, 118 Charles the Simple, 136 Cavan, 606 Chartrain family, 671 Cazola, treaty of, 499 Chartres, 128, 137–8, 152, 536 Cefalu,` 466, 469 Chartreuse monasteries, 324 Celestine II, pope, 327, 354, 359, 362, 377, 559 Chastel Blanc, 651

Index 913

Chateaudun,ˆ 536 church reform, 63 Chateau-Gaillard,ˆ 526, 578, 580 coronation of Henry IV, 87 Chateau-Landon,ˆ count of, 139 death, 68 Chateauroux,ˆ 573 and France, 363 Chatelaillonˆ family, 543 and Hungary, 310 Chatillon-sur-Seine,ˆ 152, 540 Mainz synod, 64 Chaudhuri, K. N., 690 and monasteries, 326 Chaumuzy, 531 and Normans in Italy, 368 Chelles, 14 pontiﬁcate, 382 Cherbourg, 558 and Rome, 364, 366 Chernigov, 254, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, and Serbia, 268 311 and Sicily, 467 Cheshire, 556 supporters, 19, 20, 36, 37, 65, 86 Chester, 208, 556, 596 Clement of Ohrid, St, 265 Chester, earls, 599 clerks, 534 Cheynet, J.-C., 228 Clermont council 1095, 16, 29, 66, 127, 249, 250 Chieri, 430 Clermont-en-Beauvais, 533 Chilandar monastery, 270 climate, 143 China, 690, 691, 726 Clonmacnoise, 603 Chinon, 526, 565, 570, 574, 575 Clovis, 547 Chios, 217, 227, 615 Clunia, 161 Chretien´ de Troyes, 548 Cluny Abbey Christ Church, Canterbury, 358 camera, 21 Christ Pantokrator monastery, 618 charters, 151 Christian, archbishop of Mainz, 434, 466 development, 124 Christian of Buch, 400 factions, 325 Christodoulos of Patmos, St, 246 immunity, 134, 150 Chur, 407 land gifts to, 152 church, see Latin church; Orthodox church monastic model, 150, 325 church courts, 2–3, 215 and papacy, 360–1 churches, 11th century building, 4 privileges, 12 Cid, El, see Rodrigo D´ıaz de Vivar sanctuary, 495 Cilento, 97 and Spain, 166, 177 Cilicia Clydesdale, 582, 586, 588, 589 Armenians, 221 Coblenz, 388 and Byzantium, 250, 251, 252, 618, 620, 624, Coimbra, 159, 164, 165, 167, 475, 486 634, 636, 650–1, 656 coins and crusaders, 617, 648, 663 Bulgaria, 263 Cistercians Byzantium, 225, 228, 234, 247–8 cardinals, 326 Champagne, 535, 538 Galicia, 494 England, 199, 212 and house of Anjou, 559–60, 561, 562 France, 144 Hungary, 314 Hungary, 316 Ireland, 604 Normans, 195 and papacy, 326, 373, 374 Poland, 288 rules, 324 Scotland, 590–1 Scotland, 593 Spain, 155 Wales, 598 Colmenar de Oreja, 486 Cˆıteaux monastery, 124, 150, 151, 324 Cologne, 19, 61, 280, 330, 388, 400, 421, 431 Civitate, 100, 106, 232, 451, 456 Coloman, king of Croatia and Hungary, 273, Clairvaux monastery, 335, 598, 604 274, 309, 310–12, 313, 314 Clare family, 208, 595, 596, 599 Comminges, 547 Clarendon council, 568 communes, France, 530, 531 Clement II, pope, 8, 50, 78 communications, long-distance, 53–4 Clement III, antipope Como, 424, 437, 438 appointment, 364 Conan I of Britanny, 140

914 Index

Conan II of Brittany, 141, 197 Conrad of Montferrat, 631, 633, 642, 663, 664 Conan III of Brittany, 208 Conrad of Querfurt, 400 Concordat of Worms, 71, 89, 368, 369, 375, 384, Conrad of the Rhine, 407 417 Conrad of Staufen, anti-king, 371, 413, 414, 422 Cong monastery, 610 Conrad of Zahringen,¨ 414 Congar, Yves, 14 constables, 128, 539 Connacht, 604, 605, 606, 607, 608, 609, 610 Constance, 49, 62, 407, 430 Connor, 604 Constance, queen of France, 124, 125, 137, 139, Conrad I, archbishop of Salzburg, 388 142 Conrad II, emperor Constance of Antioch, 616–17, 624, 650, 653, alliance with Henry I of France, 138 655, 656, 660 burial place, 48 Constance of Apulia, 445 daughter Matilda, 125 Constance of Brittany, 548, 569, 571, 572, 578, 579 death, 76 Constance of Burgundy, 134, 175, 176, 177, 180, edict on ﬁefs, 74, 79, 434 181, 187 election, 38–9, 44 Constance of Castile, 517, 569 empire, 76 Constance of Edessa, 624 German reign, 45–48 Constance of Sicily, 368, 381, 382, 394, 405, 419, grant of County of Trento, 89 436, 437, 472, 473, 474, 632 Italian rule, 72–7 Constance, treaty of, 377, 378, 381, 391, 417, 433, king of Burgundy, 45, 74, 81 434, 435, 437 and Latin church, 45–6 Constantine I, emperor, 321, 322, 626 origins, 44 Constantine VIII, emperor, 222 and Pandulf IV of Capua, 101 Constantine IX Monomachos, emperor, 13, 103, and papacy, 31 222, 225, 226–7, 229–32, 237, 267, 699 and Poland, 279 Constantine X Doukas, emperor, 236–8 and Rainulf of Aversa, 102 Constantine Bodin, 264, 267, 268 and Welf family, 83, 87 Constantine Leikhoudes, 229, 231, 233 Conrad III, king, 87 Constantine Mesopotamites, 642 Aachen visit 1145, 401 Constantinople administration, 398 11th century and Byzantium, 618, 619, 621, 622 before First Crusade, 1 crusade, 311, 345, 389, 416, 453, 620 capture by Alexios, 241, 242 death, 416, 428 honours and pensions, 237 election, 388, 423 Italian merchants, 252 empire, 390, 392 monasteries, 217, 246 ﬁnances, 402 patriarchs, 13, 101, 114 and Italy, 423–4 revolt against Michael V, 224, 229, 233–4 law-maker, 396, 397, 398 trade, 248 palaces, 404, 405 wealth, 221 and papacy, 368, 370, 376–7, 391, 411 12th century and Poland, 285 1182 massacre of Latins, 630, 660 regional rivalries, 412–16, 417 abandonment by Alexios III, 638 reign, 411–12 capture in Fourth Crusade, 266, 611, 634 and Rome, 428 and John II, 616 royal chancery, 400, 401 and provinces, 634–8 royal courts, 404 Venetian quarter, 620 seal, 395 wealth, 635–6 and Sicily, 394 Consuegra, 188 style, 390 consulates, 92 succession, 389 Conti-Poli family, 364 Conrad, archbishop of Mainz, 417 Conversano, 107, 451 Conrad, archbishop of Salzburg, 370 Conversano, counts of, 110, 444 Conrad of Dachau, 416 Copts, 657, 680, 682 Conrad of Hohenstaufen, 500 Corbie, county, 130 Conrad of Lutzelinhard,¨ 473 Coria, 171

Index 915

Cordoba´ Pavia 1022, 10, 27, 28 11th century, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 160, 163, Pavia 1046, 77–8 170, 171, 172 Pavia 1160, 379, 392, 394, 417 12th century, 475, 487, 488, 490, 500 Piacenza 1095, 65, 249 Corfu, 452, 620, 621 Piacenza 1132, 329 Coria, 171, 182 Pisa 1135, 329, 333, 334 Corinth, 248, 453 Ravenna 877, 21 Cork, 602 Rheims 1049, 26–8, 32, 131 Corleone, 470 Rheims 1119, 327, 361 Cormicy, 531 Rheims 1131, 328 329, 333, 361, 362 Cornwall, 572 Rheims 1148, 328 329, 335, 361, 560 Corsica, 426, 427 Rome 1046, 19, 78 Corvey Abbey, 400 Rome 1049, 27 Cos, 240 Rome 1074, 179 Cosenza, 95, 105 Sardica 343, 24, 30 Cosmas, patriarch, 243 Segovia 1166, 498 Cosmedin, 347 Seligenstadt 1023, 30 Cotarro, 266 Split 1060, 272, 275 Cotentin, 197, 553 Sutri 1046, 19, 78 cottars, 586 Sweden, 299 Coucy, 533 Szaboles 1092, 306 councils and synods Toulouse 1119, 328 n. 65, 334, 337, 361, 479 Basle 1061, 84 Tours 1163, 328 n. 65, 333, 334, 335–6, 337, 356, Burgos 1080, 180 361, 566 Burgos 1117, 478 Troia 1093, 119 Cashel 1172, 609 Troye s 1107, 131 Ceprano 1080, 114 Verona 1184, 337 Chalcedon 451, 325 Verzy 991, 30 Chelles 994, 14, 30 counts, lordships, 530 Clermont 1095, 16, 29, 66, 127, 147, 249, 250 Courtenay family, 652 Clermont 1130, 328 n. 65, 329, 333, 361 Courville, 531 Esztergom 1105–16, 306 Coutances, 203 French synods, 147, 360–1 Covadonga, 486 general councils, 327–8 Cowal, 587 generally, 26–32 Crac des Chevaliers, 651, 740 Kells 1152, 604 Cracow, 280, 282, 283, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289 Lateran 1078, 62 Cree, 586 Lateran 1102, 15 Crema, 422 Lateran 1112, 31, 70 Cremona, 45, 422, 423, 424, 436, 437, 438, 439, Lateran I, 13, 32, 71, 325, 327, 328, 341, 344, 440 346, 370, 374, 384 Crescenti family, 364 Lateran II, 328, 329, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 346, Crescentians, 9, 10, 22, 49 354 Crescentius of Monticelli, 34 Lateran III, 25, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 334, 336, Crispin family, 197 337, 338, 358, 418 Croatia, 268, 271–6, 310, 311, 315 Lateran IV, 337 crossbows, 332 Liege` 1131, 321 Crug Mawr, 598 Mainz 1023, 30 crusades Mainz 1049, 26, 28 and Byzantium, 626, 630–4 Mainz 1085, 64 effect on Syria, 727 Melfi 1059, 107, 108 invention, 3 Melfi 1089, 119 kin-groups, 6–7 Montpellier 1162, 337 and papacy, 339–48 Nablus 1120, 648 see also specific crusades Nicaea, 30 Csanad,´ 307 Normandy, 196 Cuenca, 171, 188, 498, 499

916 Index

culdees, 592 Dar al-Mulk, 707, 709 Cumans, 241, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, Dar al-Wizara, 709 265, 266, 310, 636 al-Darazi, 682, 684 Cumberland, 582 al-Darimi, 696 Cumbria, 205 Dattus, 100 Cumbric, 582 Daud ibn Nasr, prince, 689 Cunningham, 586 David I, king of Scots, 552, 585, 586, 587–8, 590, Cwm Hir, 598–9 591, 592, 593 Cymer, 599 David. St. 352 Cyprus, 395, 618, 624, 632, 635, 636, 656, 663, David of Vladimir, 257–8 664–5 Dawla, 679, 683, 694, 719 Cyril Phileotes, St, 246, 265 Dayfa Khatun, 747, 748 Cyrenaica, 694 Daylam, 685, 711 Czerwien, 277, 279 Daylami, 680, 685, 691 de Papa family, 364 Dacians, 265 deacons, cardinal deacons, 34–5, 36, 37 da‘i al-Taharti, 689 Dead Sea, 647 Daimbert, archbishop of Pisa, 647 Dee river, 586, 596 Dakaz, 704 Deheubarth, 596, 598, 599 Dakhla, 694 Denia, 156, 183, 186, 488 Dalassenos family, 223 Denmark Dalmatia Christianisation, 293 Bogomils, 275 communities, 294 and Byzantium, 272, 625, 627, 634 coronations, 300 and Croatia, 270, 273 and German emperors, 394 and Hungary, 274, 310, 311, 312, 314, 315, hegemony in Scandinavia, 295 636 kingdom, 292, 293 and Venice, 425, 440 kings, 296, 297, 298, 300, 301 Dalmatius Geret, 188 Norwegian attacks, 296 Dalriada, 585 overlordship of Norway, 294 Damascus and papacy, 350 11th century, 678, 683, 694, 702, 704, 705, and Saxony, 410 707 taxation, 301 12th century towns, 302 Assassins, 713 Dermot Macmurrough, 607 Ayyubids, 746, 747, 748, 749 Dervorguilla of Breifne, 607 and crusaders, 649, 650, 653, 654, 728, 731, Desiderius, abbot of Monte Cassino, 84, 87, 109, 732, 733 114 and Fatimids, 715 Despenaperros˜ pass, 507 militia, 731 Deusdedit, cardinal, 16, 35–6 Nur al-Din, 623, 652, 655, 656, 713, 718, Devizes, 558 738, 740–1 Diarmaid MacMurchada, 607, 608 rulers, 734 Diarmaid Ua Maelsechlainn, 607 and Saladin, 719, 743, 744, 745 Diego Garcia, chancellor of Castile, 506 Seljuqs, 729–30 Diego Gelmirez, archbishop of Santiago de Zengi, 651, 736 Compostela, 24, 346, 477, 478, 479, 13th century, 750, 751 484–5, 491, 493 Damasus II, pope, 78 Diego Lopez´ of Haro, 504 Damietta, 627, 657, 749, 750 Diepold of Schweinspunt, 473 Damme, 540 Dijon, 151, 362, 540, 541 Dandanqan, battle of, 691, 692 Din Geraint, 597 danegeld, 194 Dioclea, 266 Danelaw, 191 Diogenes family, 223 Danes, 290, 293, 295 Dirgham, 718 Danishmendid amirs, 615, 616, 617 Disibodenberg, 413 Danube, 217, 241, 266, 634, 637 Dives-sur-Mer, 198 Daphni monastery, 217 Diyarbakr, 693

Index 917

al-Dizbivi, 694, 699 East Anglia, 194, 202 Djerba, 695, 697 East Lothian, 590 Djerid, 695 Ebles of Roucy, count, 178 Dnept, 254 Ebro, 164, 187, 190, 475, 477, 481, 484, 546 Dobromir Chrysos, 637 Edessa Dol, 355 11th century, 224 Domesday Book, 200, 201, 202–3 12th century Domfront, 569 1146 revolt, 740 Domingo of Guzman,´ 502 and Byzantium, 624, 703 Dominguo Alpolichen,´ 498 counts, 644, 648, 649 Domnall MacLochlainn, 606, 607 Nur al-Din, 740 Donald Ban,´ 585 Seljuqs, 732 Donation of Constantine, 178, 321, 355 war, 649 Donegal, 606 Zengi conquest, 618, 619, 620, 652, 713, Donizo, monk, 88 734, 736 Dorogobuzh, 258 Edgar, king of England, 191 Dorylaion, battle of, 250 Edgar, king of Scots, 585, 587, 590 Dositheos, 631 Edgar Atheling, 206 Doukas family, 243, 614, 618, 639 Edinburgh, 590 Dover, 552, 553 Edith of Wessex, 194 Down, 604 Edward the Confessor, 191, 194, 195, 196, 197–8, Dragonara, 100 199, 201, 203, 356 Drava river, 271, 273 Edwin, Earl, 199 Dreux, 533 Eger, 307, 406 Drina river, 267, 275 Egypt Dristra, 241 and Assassins, 709–15 Drogo of Hauteville, count of Apulia, 104, 105, Ayyubids, 747, 748, 749, 750, 751 106 Banu Hilal, 690, 693–4, 697 Druzes, 684 and Byzantium, 224, 624, 627, 633, 634 Dublin, 582, 602, 603, 605, 607, 608, 609 famine, 698–9 Dublin Castle, 609 Fatimid empire, 675–9; crisis, 657, 699–704, Dubrovnik, 266, 271 741; end, 715–20; Hakim’s reign, 679–84; Dudo of St-Quentin, 210 reconstruction, 704–9 Duero river, 159, 161, 164, 172, 475, 477, 495 and Latin east, 644, 647, 651, 656–8, 666, 699, dukes, 12th century France, 530, 532 750 Duklja, 266, 267, 268, 269, 271, 272 and Nur al-Din, 741–2 Dulcigno, 270 and Saladin, 742–3, 744, 745 Dumbarton, 591 Eider river, 410 Dundee, 590 Eirene Angelos, 632, 633 Dunfermline, 590, 593 Eirene Doukaina, 246 Dunkirk, 540 Eirene Komnena, 643 Duqaq, 707, 708, 729–30, 731, 732 Ekbert, margrave of Meissen, 58, 64 Durance river, 544 Ekkehard of Aura, 385 Durazzo Elbe river, 409, 410 1081 siege, 240 Elburz, 711 1107 siege, 251 Eleanor of Aquitaine and Bohemond I, 648 children, 532, 568, 571, 574 Bulgarians, 264 death, 580 Byzantine defeat, 241 divorce, 517, 518, 524, 562 Byzantine power, 267, 268, 269 emprisonment, 570, 571, 575 church jurisdiction, 272 inheritance, 543 frontier city, 635 marriages, 140, 515, 541, 562, 568, 569, Norman capture, 265, 631, 636, 641 571 Durham, 202 political role, 575, 576, 577, 578, 578–9 Durham county, 582 Eleanor of Castile, 578 Dyfed, 595, 598 Elgin, 591 Dytryk, prince, 279 Elias of Anjou, 561

918 Index

Elinand of Galilee, 654 Henry II’s reign, 564–75 Elvira, 156 John’s reign, 578–80 Elvira, countess of Toulouse, 187 and papacy, 351–9 Elvira of Galicia, 164 Richard I’s reign, 575–8 Ely, 200, 201, 202 and Scotland, 552, 553 Elze, R., 18 Stephen’s reign, 209–11, 552–64 Embrico, bishop of Wurzburg,¨ 413, wealth, 629 417 13th century, and France, 528, 529 Emengard of Anjou, 139 Angevin kingdom, 549–80 Emeric, king of Hungary, 274, 310 danegeld, 194 Emich of Flonheim, 311 Danelaw, 191 Emilia, 82, 426, 432 maps, 192, 193, 550 Emilian Way, 426, 427 English, in Leon,´ 493 Emma, countess of Toulouse, 141 Enna, 110 Emma of Normandy, 191, 196, 296 Enrico Dandalo, doge of Venice, 633 England Eon de l’ Etoile, 335 11th century Eonites, 335 administration, 194–5, 210–11 Ephesus, 621 army, 194 Epiros, 620, 643 bishops, 214 Eraclius, archbishop of Caesarea, 660 boundaries, 215 Erfurt, 403 castles, 205, 206, 211 Eric Ivarsson, archbishop of Nidaros, 351, church courts, 215 356 civil war, 215–16 Erich, 486 coins, 212 Erik I, king of Denmark, 298 conquest by Knut, 296 Erik, king of the Svear, 293, 295, 298, 300 Constitutio Domus Regis, 212 Erling Skakke, 298 coronations, 209–10 Ermengard, duchess of Britanny, 140 courts, 5 Ernst of Swabia, duke, 45 Danish rule, 191–4 Eskdale, 582 episcopal investitures, 67 Eskil, archbishop of Lund, 350, 356 Exchequer, 212–13, 215 Este family, 87, 425, 440 feudalism, 201 Esteban Illan,´ 498 Henry I’s reign, 206–7 Estella, 169, 176, 491, 492 heregeld, 201 Esztergom, 273, 306, 307, 308, 315, 316 inheritance laws, 213 Eu, counts of, 196 justice system, 213 Euchaita, 230 land redistribution, 199–203 Eudocia Angela, 270 monasteries, 201 Eudocia Makrembolitissa, 237, 238 and Normans, 5, 137, 191–216 Eugenius, amir, 473 and papacy, 30 Eugenius III, pope Pipe Roll, 213 and Bernard of Clairvaux, 32, 317, 318, 323 reeves, 194 and crusade, 339, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345 Scandinavian conquest, 191 death, 564 sheriffs, 212, 213 and England, 354–5, 560, 561, 562 shires, 194 and France, 359, 361, 362, 516 taxation, 201–2 and Germany, 391, 411, 430 Viking raids, 295 and heresy, 335 village reeves, 194 and monasteries, 325 William Rufus’s reign, 205–6 and papal schism, 377 12th century papal supremacy, 322 Anglo-Norman-Blois-Champagne empire, and Roger II of Sicily, 453, 465 541 and Rome, 366, 428 and archbishops, 482 synods, 32, 328, 329 civil wars, 552–8, 570–1, 598 and war games, 332 and France, 518–19, 520, 522, 524–5 eunuchs, 242, 638 and German emperors, 394 Euphemia of Suzdal, 312

Index 919

Euphrates, 217, 221, 250, 652, 699, 703 France, 121, 124, 142, 148–9 Eu-Ponthieu, 208 imperial Italy, 74–5, 91, 430, 434 Eustace I of Boulogne, 198, 563, 564 kingdom of Jerusalem, 665–6, 668–9 Eustace I of Caesarea-Sidon, 671 Normandy, 527–8, 542 Eustace II of Boulogne, 203 papal fiefs in southern Italy, 113, 114, 465 Eustace III of Boulogne, 648 Scotland, 582, 585–6, 587, 600 Eustace of Breteuil, 208 Sicily, 470–1 Eustratios Garidas, bishop of Nicaea, 243, 244, Spain, 496 247 Fez, 182 Evora,´ 497, 504 Field of Blood, battle of the, 615, 649 Evrecin, 522, 525 Fifth Crusade, 748, 750 Evreux, 524, 577, 579 Finland, 302 Exchequer, 212–13, 215 Fiorentina, 100 Extremadura, 172, 494 Firdausi, 691 Eysten Erlendsson, archbishop of Nidaros, 350–1 First Crusade and Byzantium, 249–50, 626, 630 Fahd ibn Ibrahim, 681 Clermont council 1095, 16, 249, 250 al-Fa’iz, 718 and count of Flanders, 138 Falaise, 212, 523, 526, 557 French dominance, 144, 250 Falaise, treaty of, 588 and Hungary, 311 falcons, 303 Latin church, 2–5 al-Fallahi, 694 Latin east following, 644–54 Farama, 709, 718 launch, 66, 127 Farfa monastery, 10, 73, 77, 78 origins, 615, 707 Farghana, 691 power vacuum in east, 1–2 Fars, 685, 686, 692, 693, 699 results, 644 Fatimids western Europe, 2, 5–7 and bedouins, 697 fishing, 468 and Byzantium, 695 Fitero Abbey, 496 caliphate, 1, 463, 657 fitna, 156 in Cordoba, 695 fitz Hamo family, 595 empire: ‘Abbasids’ response, 685–9; crisis, fitz Harding family, 563 698–704, 742, 743; development, 675–9; Flanders, county of end, 715–20; Hakim’s reign, 679–84; 11th century, 6, 128, 130, 133, 138, 209, 394 reconstruction, 704–9 12th century Mahdism, 677 and Champagne fairs, 537 map, 676 counts, 511, 522, 531, 532 philosophers, 699 dynastic crisis, 521 in Syria, 728 and France, 514, 519, 525 Fecamp´ monastery, 151, 198 generally, 538–40 Feherv´ ar,´ 308, 316 geography, 538 Fergus, earl of Galloway, 208 13th century, 526, 528, 529 Fernan´ Gonzalez, count, 160 fairs, 540 Fernando I, king of Leon-Castile,´ 163, 164–5, Flemings 166–7, 168, 169, 172, 177, 489 in Byzantium, 249 Fernando II, king of Leon,´ 496–7, 500 in England, 198, 213 Fernando Garces,´ count of Castile, 161, 162, 163 in Hungary, 314 Fernando of Castile, 506 and papacy, 336 Fernando Peres, 485 in Poland, 288 Fernando Rodr´ıguez of Castro, 497, 498, 500 in Saxony, 409 Ferns, 607 Fleury, 127, 325 Ferrara, 79, 424, 425, 427, 440 Florence, 427, 439 feudalism Florent I, count of Holland, 126 Bulgaria, 264 Foix, 533, 547 Byzantium, 219, 638 Folkmar, 311 and clerical investitures, 62 Folmar, bishop of Trier, 370, 371 England, 201 Fondarella statutes, 503

920 Index

Fondi, 443, 473 royal domain, 129–30 Fontevrault Abbey, 324, 571, 575, 578, 580 royal goverment, 127–32 food, sharing, 59–60 royal household, 127–8 Formosus, pope, 9 royal income, 129 Forres, 591 royal powers, 128–30, 132, 147 Fourth Crusade, 266, 395, 611–13, 633, 636, 641, scholarship, 152–3 643 seneschals, 128 Fraga, 482, 483, 488 structure of society, 146, 151 France and Toulouse, 141 11th century, 120–4 Truce of God, 147 agriculture, 143 universities, 16 and Anjou, 139 urbanisation, 143–4 and Aquitaine, 139–40 writing forms, 175 bishops, 130–2, 153 12th century and Brittany, 140–1 1108–47, 510–16 and Burgundy, 133, 134–6 1147–90, 516–20 butlers, 128 1190–1203, 520–5 canon law, 124 baillis, 520, 522, 523, 534 Capetian society, 142–53 Capetian ideology, 515–16 castellans, 128, 144–6 castles, 511 castles, 124, 139, 144–6 charters, 512, 517 cathedral schools, 124 chroniclers, 511, 517 chamberlains, 128 church, 514, 518 chancellors, 128 communes, 515, 530, 531 charters, 512 culture, 548 constables, 128 and England, 518–19, 520, 522, 524–5, 572–3 and counts of Blois, Troyes and Chartres, finances, 525 137–8 generally, 510–29 economy, 121, 143–4 great territorial concentrations, 541–7 episcopal investitures, 67 lordships, 530–4 feudalism, 6, 122, 123, 142, 148–9 prévotsˆ , 511–12, 517, 520, 522 and Flanders, 138 principalities, 531 Gregorian reform, 153 regional powers, 511, 519 healing powers of kings, 127 royal administration, 512, 519–20, 522–3 Henry I’s reign, 124–5 Second Crusade, 510 hermits, 124, 151 sources, 510 investiture controversy, 131 suzerainty rights, 514–15 Jewish communities, 66 Third Crusade, 510 knights, 146 town charters, 517 lay literacy, 153 Trésor des Chartes, 521 maps, 122, 123 13th century mercenaries, 147 1204–23, 526–9 monasteries, 124, 132, 149–52 acquisition of Normandy, 522, 526–7 and Normandy, 136–7, 195, 201, 204, 209, administration, 527 215 crusades in southern France, 528 and papacy, 24, 359–63 and England, 528 Peace of God movement, 136, 140, 146–8, finances, 527, 528 150 Capetian kings, 6, 124–7, 394, 513, 520, 529 Philip I’s reign, 125–7 royal consecrations, 513 prévotsˆ , 129, 130, 511–12 royal succession, 513, 518, 520 principalities, 132–4 Franco, General Francisco, 496 and Provence, 142 Franconia, 398, 413, 417 queens, 127 Franconia House, 72–9 regional powers, 132–4 Frangipani family, 37, 365, 373, 374, 422 religious life, 124, 130–2 Frangochorion, 625, 627 royal charters, 128 Frankfurt, 404, 405, 406

Index 921

Franks, 103, 249, 250, 253, 646–7 Fulk III Nerra, count of Anjou, 139, 140 Frederick I (Barbarossa), emperor Fulk IV, count of Anjou, 126, 127, 139, 209 alliances, 500 Fulk V, count of Anjou, king of Jerusalem, 207, biography, 391, 411 650–1, 653, 671, 736, 737 and Burgundy, 540 furs, 302, 303 and Byzantium, 270, 621, 622, 623, 625, 632, Fustat, 680, 683, 707 641 Fyn island, 294 coronations, 404, 405, 430, 454 crusades, 311, 395, 406, 408, 412, 420, 437 Gabes, 697 death, 420, 437, 632 Gabii-Labicum, bishoprics, 33 and Denmark, 350 Gaelic, 583, 585, 586 election, 389, 395 Gaeta, 94, 101, 102, 104, 119, 443, 445 and empire, 390–1, 393, 396 Gaimar, chronicler, 199 excommunication, 323, 417 Galbert of Bruges, 511, 539 ﬁnances, 402 Galdin, archbishop of Milan, 380 and Henry of Champagne, 537 Galicia (Russia), 257, 258, 261, 262, 310, 311, 315 and heresy, 337 Galicia (Spain) and Italy, 398, 417–18, 428–36, 439, 622 11th century, 159, 160, 164, 167, 168, 187, 188 law-maker, 398 12th century, 478, 485, 486, 491, 494 in Lombardy, 405 Galilee, 646, 647, 651, 654, 661, 662, 668, 670, palaces, 404, 405, 406 749 and papacy, 321, 322–3, 326, 362, 368–9, 370, Galloway, 586, 587, 588, 591 371–2, 377–81, 388, 390, 391–2, 395 Gallucio, battle of, 376, 377 and Poland, 286, 287 Gandolﬁngi, counts of, 425 reign, 412, 416–20 Gangra, 616 royal authority, 6 Garc´ıa I, king of Galicia, 167, 168 royal chancery, 400, 411, 434 Garc´ıa VI, king of Aragon, 483, 484 royal courts, 404 Garc´ıa Fernandez,´ 160 seal, 395–6 Garc´ıa Jimenez,´ 181 and Sicily, 394, 454, 455, 457, 468, 472 Garc´ıa Ramirez, king of Navarre, 480, 487, 488 warfare, 407 Garc´ıa Sanchez´ V, 164 Worms visit 1155, 399, 403 Garc´ıa Sanchez,´ count of Castile, 161 Frederick II, duke of Swabia, 385, 388, 402, 413, Gargano peninsula, 96, 104 414 Garlande family, 512 Frederick II, emperor, 301, 389, 421, 468, 470, Gascons, 479, 483, 493 474, 750 Gascony, 140, 161, 335, 336, 541, 543, 544, 576 Frederick IV, duke of Swabia, 418 Gaston V, count of Bearn,´ 479, 482 Frederick V, duke of Swabia, 419 Gatinais,ˆ 130, 139 Frederick, abbot of Monte Cassino, 83 Gaza, 658, 718, 726 Frederick, archbishop of Cologne, 385 Gdansk-Pomerania, 283, 285 Frederick, bishop of Munster,¨ 404 Gebhard of Constance, 26, 65 Frederick of Buren,¨ 61 Gebuin, archbishop of Lyons, 26 Frederick of Lorraine, cardinal, 13, 233 Gelasius I, pope, 319 Frederick of Rothenburg, 389, 402, 407 Gelasius II, pope, 19, 360, 445, 479 Freiburg im Breisgau, 397 Gelnhausen, 403, 404, 406, 418 Freising, 411 Genoa French 11th century, 92, 187 in Hungary, 314, 316 12th century in Leon,´ 483 archbishopric, 426 in Spain, 495 archives, 613 Frisia, 409 and Barbarossa, 431, 437, 438 Friuli, 80, 81, 89, 425, 440 and Byzantium, 632, 633 Froila Munoz,˜ count, 174 and Corsica, 426, 427 Frotard, abbot of St-Pons-de-Thomieres,` 23, 176 pirates, 631 Fulad-Sutun, 693 and Pisa, 426, 427, 435 Fulbert of Chartres, 148, 149 and Sicily, 456, 457, 467, 473

922 Index

Genoese First Crusade, 66–7 in Byzantium, 627, 630 Henry III’s reign, 48–50 in Majorca, 481 Henry IV’s reign, 50–68 in Messina, 468 Henry V’s reign, 68–71 in Sicily, 474 Jewish communities, 66 siege of Tortosa, 347 medieval crisis, 39 in Spain, 487 regional rivalries, 412–20 Geoffrey V, count of Anjou rise of principalities, 5 Anjou troubles, 560–1 royal elections, 60–1 and Bernard of Clairvaux, 559, 560 Saxon rebellion, see Saxon rebellion Bonneville-sur-Touques, 549 12th century, 384–421 conquest of Normandy, 515, 552, 553, 557, 558, electoral procedures, 384 562, 580 and Hungary, 308–9, 311–12 death, 562, 580 maps, 42, 43, 386, 387 and king Stephen, 556, 558 and papacy, 29, 50–2, 53, 68, 368–72 marriage to Empress Maud, 209 and Poland, 407 and Poitou, 561 see also western empire succession, 518 Gerona, 503, 545 territorial claims, 552 Gertrude of Flanders, 138 and Vexin, 577 Gertrude of Saxony, 413, 414, 416 Geoffrey VI, count of Anjou, 562, 565 Gevaudan,´ 544, 547 Geoffrey, bishop of Coutances, 203, 211 Geza´ I, king of Hungary, 281, 304, 309, 310 Geoffrey, Count of Macon,ˆ 135 Geza´ II, king of Hungary, 269, 274, 311, 312–13, Geoffrey, duke of Brittany, 140, 541 314, 621, 625 Geoffrey, earl of Richmond, 571, 572, 578 al-Gharbiyya, 705, 716 Geoffrey Barbu, 139 al-Ghazali, 712, 714, 715 Geoffrey Malaterra, 98, 99, 109, 111, 115, 117 Ghazna, 688, 689, 691 Geoffrey Martel of Anjou, 137, 139, 140 Ghaznavids, 677, 693, 703, 710, 716 Geoffrey of Conversano, 109 Ghent, 539 Geoffrey of Mandeville, 200, 203 Ghuzz, 691, 726 Geoffrey of Rancon, 544 Gilbert, count, 196 George Maniakes, 101, 103, 104, 224, 230, 696 Gilbert of la Porree,´ bishop of Poitiers, 326, 335 George of Antioch, 463 Gilbert ﬁtz Richard of Clare, 596, 597 George Vojteh of Skoplje, 267 Gilbert Foliot, bishop of London, 351 Gerald of Jaffa, 672 Gilbert of Gravina, 459, 470 Gerald of Ostia, bishop, 25 Gilbert of Poitiers, 32 Gerald of Wales, 598, 629 Gilbert of Vascoeuil, 578 Gerald of Windsor, 597, 598 Gilla Espuic, 603 Geraldo sem Pavor, 497 Giovenazzo, 103, 111 Gerard, bishop of Csanad,´ 308, 310 Girard of Angoulˆeme, 25 Gerard of Cremona, 502 Giraud Berlai, 561 Gerard of Galeria, count, 34 Girdkuh, 711 Gerard of S. Croce, cardinal, 322 Gisela, queen of Hungary, 306 Gerberge of Chalon, 135 Gislebert of Mons, 418 Gerbert of Aurillac, 30 Gisors, 205, 352, 525, 573, 577, 578 Gerhoch of Reichersberg, 324, 326, 369, 370, 375 Gisulf II of Salerno, 107, 110, 111, 113, 116 Germans Glamorgan, 205, 549, 594, 595, 596, 598, 599 in Hungary, 314, 315 Glasgow, 588, 592 in Leon,´ 493 Glastonbury, 201, 208 in Poland, 288 Gleb of Novgorod, 257 Germany Glogow, 283, 287 11th century Gloucester, 205, 208, 556, 572 civil war, 50, 55 Gnesen, 277 Conrad II period, 44 Gniezno, 277, 279, 281, 282, 283, 285, 287, 288 early Salian kings, 38–48 Godfrey, archbishop of Milan, 55 feudalism, 6 Godfrey of Andria, 449

Index 923

Godfrey of Bouillon, 311, 644–6, 647, 668 accession, 56, 85 Godfrey of Viterbo, 401, 406, 411, 412 biography, 318 Godfrey the Bearded, duke of Upper Lorraine, and Byzantium, 249 79, 82, 83, 84–5, 86 and cardinals, 34, 36, 37 Godfrey the Hunchback, 85 church reform, 39, 56, 86, 328, 332, 531–2, 533 Godwine, earl of Wessex, 191, 194, 195 conﬂict with Henry IV, 15, 56–64, 113, 131, 323 Godwine family, 199, 203 and Croatia, 273 Gojco, 273 crusade, 16 Gojislav Trpimir, 271 death, 64, 65, 87, 114 gold, 468 Declaration of Worms, 29 Golpejera, battle of, 167 episcopal investitures, 67 Gomez´ Nunez,´ 495 excommunications, 112, 113 Gonzalo Garces,´ 162 grant of lands to, 88 Gorizia, counts of, 440 and Hungary, 311 Gormaz, 161 legates, 24, 25, 26 Gorze monastery, 150 and Normans in Italy, 87, 99, 113, 114 Goslar, 49, 404 papal states, 23 Gota¨ Alv,¨ 292, 300 papal supremacy, 50, 56, 319–23 Gotaland¨ (Gotland), 292, 298, 302 and Poland, 280 Gotar¨ , 290, 292, 295, 296, 298 and Serbia, 268 Gothia, 533, 544 and Spain, 178–9, 180, 489 Gotland, 302 supporters, 19, 20 Gottschalk, 311 synods, 29 Gower, 597, 599 Gregory VIII, pope, 320, 327, 343, 344, 359, Goz family, 197 381–2, 485 Grado, patriarchs, 72 Gregory, cardinal deacon of S. Angelo, 359, 504 Gran, 273 Grimoald Alferanites, 445 Granada, 156, 158, 169, 186, 479, 497 Grimoald of Bari, 449, 450 Grandmont monasteries, 326 Gruffydd ap Cynan, 596, 597, 599 grassmen, 586 Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, 597 Gratian, 2, 30, 334, 338, 340 Gruffydd ap Rhys, 598, 599 Gratian of Bologna, Master, 319 Guadalajara, 171, 506 Graus, 162, 185 Guadarrama mountains, 172 Gravelines, 540 Guaimar III of Salerno, 100 Gravina, 473 Guaimar IV of Salerno, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, Great Novgorod, 288 106 Greece, 1, 241, 248, 264, 620, 629, 643, 664 Guastalla, 69 Greek Orthodox church, 13, 221, 243–7, 263, Guerin,´ archbishop of Senlis, 522, 523, 526, 527, 267, 270 528 Greeks Guidi, counts of, 427, 439 anti-Byzantine revolt, 264 Guido, archbishop of Milan, 55–6, 86 in Antioch, 644 Guido, cardinal priest of S. Marco, 354 in Bulgaria, 264, 265 Guido, count of Biandrate, 429 in Croatia, 272 Guido da Velate, 77 in Jerusalem, 658 Guido Gerra I, 88 in Russia, 254 Guido of Arezzo, 18 in Serbia, 268 Guido of Castello, 359 in Sicily and Calabria, 460, 464, 468–9, 470 Guido of Crema, 379 in southern Italy, 94–5, 98, 116, 117, 118, 119, Guillem III, count, 489 621 Guillem Ramon´ I of Montcada, 503 Greenland, 299, 303 Guines, 533 Gregory I (the Great), pope, 14, 17, 314 Guipuzcoa,´ 161, 169, 481, 505 Gregory II, count of Tusculum, 34 Gujerat, 716 Gregory IV, pope, 11 Gulating, 299 Gregory VI, pope, 49 Gulf of Bothnia, 293 Gregory VII, pope Gulf of Finland, 293

924 Index

Gulf of Kotor, 266 Harold Godwineson, 194, 195, 198, 199 Gulf of Kvarner, 272, 274 Harthaknut, king of Denmark, 296–7 Gunnor, countess of, 196 Hartvic, bishop, 312 Gunther, 411, 412 Hartwig, archbishop of Bremen, 350 Gunzelin of Hagen, 410 Hartwig, archbishop of Magdeburg, 58 Gutierre Fernandez´ of Castro, 497 harvests, 143 Guy I, count of Macon,ˆ 135 Harvey, A., 219 Guy II, count of Macon,ˆ 135 Hasan, 713–14, 716 Guy, count of Ponthieu, 197 Hasanak, 689 Guy of Bazoches, 547 Hasan-i-Sabbath, 710, 711, 712, 713, 714, 715 Guy of Jaffa, 671 Hasanuyids, 685 Guy of Lusignan, 660, 661, 662, 663, 664 Hashishiyyun, see Assassins Guyenne, 544 Hastings, battle of, 141, 198, 199, 581 Gvozd Mountain, 273 Hastings, lordship of, 200 Gwent, 596, 599 Hattin, battle of, 500, 573, 662, 664, 746 Gwynedd, 595, 596, 597, 598, 599 Haut-Pallars, 545 Gyor,¨ 307 Havelberg, 409, 410 Gyrth, earl, 194, 199 Hawran, 684, 733 gyula, 306 Haydara ibn Manzu, 702 Haydaran, battle of, 697 Hackington, 358 Hazarmard, 715 Haddington, 590 Hebron, 646, 661, 668, 669 Hadrian, emperor, 322 Hebrus, 241 Hadwidis, countess of Nantes, 141 Helen, queen of Croatia, 273 Hadwidis, duchess of Brittany, 140 Helena, grand duchess of Poland, 287 al-Haﬁz, 716 Hellas, 241 Hagenau, 404, 406 Hellespont, 221 Haifa, 668, 669 Helmod of Bosau, 409, 410, 412, 415 Haimard, Brother, 522 Hendy, Michael, 248 Haimeric, papal chancellor, 360, 361, 362, 365, Henricianum, 10 373, 374, 375, 377 Henry I, king of England Hainault, counts of, 548 and archbishop Anselm, 566 al-Hakam II, 159 conquest and consolidation, 191, 206 al-Hakim bi amr Allah, 675, 678, 679–84, 689, and counts of Blois, 541 694, 696, 715 daughter Matilda, see Maud, empress Håkon I of Lade, jarl, 294, 295 death, 597 Håkon II of Lade, 296 and France, 516, 577 Håkon III, king of Norway, 298 inheritance, 204–5, 553 Halberstadt, bishops, 60, 64 justice, 213–14 Halicz, 287 and Normandy, 542 Halland, 292 and papacy, 351–3, 356 Halmyros, 248 reign, 206–11, 212 Hama, 617, 730, 733, 736, 743, 745, 747, 750 seizure of power, 206 Hamadan, 685, 691, 692 succession, 552, 554, 559, 576 Hamblin, W. J., 708 taxation, 411 Hamdanids, 678, 679, 688, 694, 716 and Wales, 596–7 Hammadids, 695, 696, 697 Henry I, king of France Hampshire, 199, 200 alliance with Conrad II, 138 Hamza, 682, 684 and church reform, 131 Harald Bluetooth, king of Denmark, 292, 293, and count of Blois, 138 294, 295, 296 death, 125 Harald Fine-Hair, 297 monasteries, 132 Harald Hardrada, king of Norway, 195, 198, 297, powers, 121 298, 300 and principalities, 511 Harald, king of Denmark, 295 and regional powers, 133, 515 Haro family, 504 reign, 124–5, 127

Index 925

royal domain, 129 godfather, 49 and William of Normandy, 136, 137, 204 and Hungary, 309, 310 Henry II, emperor Italian rule, 83–8, 89 and Burgundy, 45 law-maker, 398 death, 38, 39, 45, 79 and papacy, 15, 16, 20, 29, 55–60, 63–5, 67, 68, and Italy, 77–9, 101 83, 86, 99, 131, 323, 391 justice, 214 penance, 50–68 and papacy, 10, 11, 22, 27, 28 and Poland, 280–1 and Poland, 277 reign, 50–68 Henry II Jasomirgott of Austria, 414, 415, 416 Henry V, emperor Henry II, king of England and Bishop Adalbert, 384–5 accession, 564–5 Canossa lands, 91 administration, 517 Concordat of Worms, 384 alliances, 472, 498, 568–9, 570, 639 coronation, 88 ancestors, 548 death, 68–69, 71, 89, 384, 385, 402 and Anjou rebellion, 565 deposition of his father, 39, 68 and Aquitaine, 543, 544 excommunication, 70 character, 563, 565–6 and France, 516 children, 568, 571, 574 and Hungary, 309 civil war, 570–1 Italian rule, 88–9, 423 death, 574–5, 580, 588 law-maker, 398 duke of Normandy, 549, 559, 560 marriage, 208 and France, 561, 572–5 and papacy, 13, 15, 16, 31, 70, 368, 369, 371, 391 and German emperors, 393–4 and Poland, 282–3 inheritance, 552, 558–9, 560, 562 reign, 68–71 and Ireland, 569, 582, 600–1, 607, 608, 609 royal chancery, 400 justice, 5, 213 Saxon rebellion, 408 and King Stephen, 563, 564 succession, 87, 413, 538 and Latin east, 662 treasury, 402, 411 marriage, 518, 541, 562, 568, 571 Henry VI, emperor and Normandy, 527, 528, 542 biography, 411 and papacy, 352, 355–8, 380, 568, 569 and Byzantium, 634, 636 reign over England, 564–75 coronation, 437 and Scotland, 560, 588 and Cyprus, 665 sources, 477 death, 372, 383, 395, 421, 438, 439, 474, 632 succession, 541, 569 election, 389, 418 and Thomas Becket, 330, 356–8, 362, 482, and empire, 393, 395 566–8, 569, 599 excommunication, 383 and Vexin, 577 and Flanders, 538 and Wales, 599, 600 and Italy, 436–41, 632 Henry III, co-king of England, 571, 577 law-maker, 398 Henry III, emperor literacy, 401, 421 death, 39, 50, 51, 83 marriage, 368, 381, 382, 405, 419, 436, 472 and Hungarian succession, 308–9 palaces, 406 and Italy, 75, 105, 106 and papacy, 419, 420 and papacy, 8, 15, 19, 26, 32, 52–3 regency, 420, 437 and Poland, 280 reign, 412, 420–1 reign, 48–50 and Richard I of England, 346, 383, 402, 420, Henry IV, emperor 473 abduction, 54 royal chancery, 400, 411 Canossa, 59 royal courts, 404 civil war, 60–1 seal, 396 coronation, 84, 87 and Sicily, 368, 381, 382, 394, 420, 421, 437, death, 68, 88 468, 471, 472–4, 632 deposition, 39 Henry, archbishop of Rheims, 335 excommunication, 37, 57, 113, 384 Henry, bishop of Augsburg, 54

926 Index

Henry, duke of Bavaria, 449 Hodgson, M. G. S., 683, 690 Henry, duke of Burgundy, 135, 187, 188, 478 Hoël, count of Nantes, 141 Henry, duke of Normandy, 514 Hohenstaufen, 61 Henry, duke of Swabia, 414 Holstein, 408, 409, 410 Henry Berengar, 389, 416 Holy Roman empire, see western empire Henry Clement,´ 522, 523 Holy Sepulchre, 483, 664, 665, 682, 683 Henry fitz Henry, son of Henry II, king of Holy Trinity monastery, 118 England, 541, 542 Holyrood, 593 Henry of Blois, bishop of Winchester, 208, Homs, 617, 713, 729, 730, 736, 737, 745, 747, 353–4, 554, 555, 556, 557, 560, 564 750 Henry of Kalden, marshal, 420 Honorius II, pope Henry of Lausanne, 334, 335 death, 373, 422 Henry of Marcy, abbot of Clairvaux, and election, 84, 365, 373 cardinal bishop of Albano, 324, 326, 327, and England, 353 336, 346, 360, 382 and France, 361 Henry of Montescaglioso, 470 and Germany, 369, 421 Henry of Ollia, 461 and monasteries, 325 Henry of Paterno, 115, 116, 469 and Normans in Italy, 366, 367 Henry of Plain, 407 origins, 327 n. 60 Henry of Portugal, 134, 478, 484 and unification of southern Italy, 447 Henry of Schooten, 410 Honorius III, pope, 23 Henry of Vere, 572 Hosios Loukas monastery, 217 HenryofWurzburg,¨ 400 Hosios Meletios, 246 Henry the Liberal, count of Champagne, 344, Hospitallers, 314, 324, 347, 483, 497, 650, 651, 345–6, 532, 537, 538, 540, 563, 664–5 652, 666 Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony, 287, 301, 389, Hubald, cardinal of Ostia, 381 403, 405, 409, 410, 415, 416, 417, 418, Hubert Crivelli, 381 419, 420, 568 Hubert Walter, archbishop of Canterbury, 353, Henry the Proud, duke of Bavaria, 371, 388, 389, 358, 577, 578 408, 413, 415, 418, 423 Huels, R., 34–5 Henryk of Sandormiez, 285, 286 Huelva, 157 Herbert of Middlesex, 470 Huesca, 162, 165, 185, 188, 500 Hereford, 352, 552, 553, 596 Huete, 498 heresy, 48, 50, 152, 219, 326, 332–40, 430 Hugh I, count of Chalon and bishop of Auxerre, Heribert IV of Vermandois, 125 135 Herman, bishop of Bamberg, 29 Hugh I of Montfort-sur-Risle, 197 Herman, count of Canne, 110, 111 Hugh II of Jaffa, 669, 671–2 Herman, margrave of Baden, 423 Hugh III, abbot of Cluny, 326 Hermann, bishop of Metz, 57 Hugh III, duke of Burgundy, 540 Hermann of Salm, 63, 64 Hugh VI of Lusignan, 187 Hermann of Stahleck, 399 Hugh, abbot of Cluny, 49, 58, 179, 180, 188, 478 hermits, 124, 151 Hugh, count of Vermandois, 125 Herold, bishop of Wurzburg,¨ 417 Hugh, duke of Burgundy, 134 Herrera, 494 Hugh Candidus, cardinal, 178, 179 Hertfordshire, 199, 200 Hugh Capet, 121, 127, 129 Hesse, 414 Hugh Lopinus, 470 Hiemois,´ 197 Hugh of Avranches, earl of Chester, 198, 199, Hijaz, 679 203, 205, 596, 597 Hijra, 712 Hugh of Boiano, 450, 451 Hilali tribe, 694 Hugh of Catanzaro, 462–3 Hilarion, hermit, 254 Hugh of Champfleury, bishop of Soissons, 330, Hildebrand, cardinal deacon of S. Eustachio, 380 517, 519 Hildegard of Aquitaine, 139, 140 Hugh of Lacy, 608, 609 Hildesheim, 397, 400, 406, 411 Hugh of Le Puiset, 511 Hirsau monastery, 58 Hugh of Lyons, 25, 26 Hisham II, 154, 155, 156 Hugh of Ramla, 669

Index 927

Hugh of St Victor, 319 Huns, 691 Hugh Pierleone, 358 Huntingdon, 588 Hugo de Cervello,´ 482 Husayn, 707 Hugo Falcandus, 453, 454, 456, 459, 463, 469 Hyacinth Bobo, 359 Huguccio of Pisa, Master, 321, 334, 338–9, 340 Hythe Castle, 567, 577 Hum, 266 humanism, Byzantium, 235–6, 247 Ibadis, 695 Humbert, count of Maurienne, 570 Ibar river, 266 Humbert, count of Savoy, 74, 81 Ibelin, 661, 669 Humbert of Moyenmoutier, bishop of Silva Ibelin family, 654, 664 Candida, 9, 13, 15, 19, 20, 34, 51, 131, Ibn Abi l-Layth al-Nasrani, 709 232 Ibn Abi Najda, 681 Humiliati, 336, 337 Ibn Abi’ Aqil, 702 Humphrey II of Toron, 660 Ibn ‘Ammar, 702 Humphrey IV of Toron, 667 Ibn al-Arabi, 715 Humphrey of Hauteville, count of Apulia, 106, Ibn al-Assal, 180 107, 110 Ibn al-Athir, 734 Hungary Ibn ‘Attash, 711 agriculture, 315–6 Ibn Bassam, 506 Arp´ ad´ dynasty, 304, 306, 308 Ibn Hawqal, 694 bishoprics, 307 Ibn Hayyan, 180 and Bosnia, 268, 310, 312 Ibn ‘Idhari, 166 and Bulgaria, 306 Ibn Ilyas, 715 and Byzantium, 274, 306, 313, 314, 616, 625, Ibn Jarrah, 683 626 Ibn Jubayr, 468, 469 castles, 307 Ibn Khaldun, 693 Christianisation, 304, 306 Ibn Manzu, 702 church organisation, 307 Ibn Masal, 717 cities, 316 Ibn al-Muslima, 693, 696, 698, 699 coins, 316 Ibn Muyassar, 700 conquests, 310 Ibn Ruzzik, 718, 748 and Croatia, 274, 310, 315 Ibn al-Salar, 717, 718 culture, 314 Ibn Sharaf, 696 and Dalmatia, 274, 312, 314, 315 Ibn Tumart, 482, 487, 715 and First Crusade, 311 Ibn al-Tuwayr, 717 foreign settlers, 313 Ibn Yasin, 181, 182 and Galicia, 315 Ibrahim Inal, 691, 692, 699, 700, 703 generally, 304–16 Iceland, 294, 299 and Germany, 306, 308–9, 310, 311–12 Iconium, 620, 625, 626, 634, 639 Jews, 313 al-Idrisi, 494 kingdom, 304 Ifriqiya, 678, 679, 680, 681, 693, 694, 695, 696, landed estates, 307 697, 698 map, 305 Igor of Kiev, 260 monasteries, 314, 315 Igor of Novgorod Severskiy, 262 nomad raids, 310 Igor of Vladimir, 256 nomads, 314 Ikhshidids, 678 and papacy, 311–12, 313 Ildeguz, 704 peoples, 304 Ile-de-France, 128, 129, 514 and Poland, 281, 306 Il-Ghazi, 707, 729 royal administration, 307, 315 ‘Imad al-Dawla, 685 and Russian principalities, 311 ‘Imad al-Din Zengi, see Zengi saints, 310 Imar, cardinal bishop of Tusculum, 360 and Serbia, 269 Imola, 427 social structures, 313 Inab, 653, 739 wars of succession, 308, 625 incest, 505 wars with neighbours, 306, 311 India, 689, 690, 691, 703, 716

928 Index

Indre river, 573 and Normans, 581, 583, 608 Indus river, 688 and papacy, 355 Inge, king of Norway, 349 Scandinavians in, 601–2 Ingeborg, princess of Denmark, 523, 524 Irmingard of Hammerstein, countess, 30–1 Ingelheim, 405 Irtash, 730 Innocent I, pope, 30 Isaac I Komnenos, emperor, 233, 234, 235, Innocent II, pope 236–7 and Aragon, 484 Isaac II Angelos, emperor and Byzantium, 618 and Bulgaria, 265, 636, 637 councils, 328, 328 n. 65, 329, 330, 334 deposition, 633, 643 election, 373 marriage, 631 and England, 209, 354, 559 reign, 611, 630, 641–2 and France, 359, 360, 361, 362, 513 restoration, 633 and Germany, 369, 371, 394, 414, 423 revolts against, 642 and heresy, 334 and Serbia, 270 and monasteries, 324, 325 and western Europe, 631, 632, 633 and Normans in Italy, 367 Isaac Komnenos, brother of Alexios I, 242, 246, origins, 327 n. 60 247, 614, 616, 617, 619, 632, 636, 640, papal schism, 322, 326, 333, 374, 414, 422, 642 426 Isaac Komnenos, brother of John II, 614, 616, papal splendour, 321 617, 619, 620 and Poland, 284 Isaac Komnenos, ruler of Cyprus, 632, 636 and Rome, 365 Isabel of Angoulˆeme, 579 and Sicily, 448, 449, 450, 465 Isabel of Gloucester, 576 and Spain, 348 Isabella, queen of Jerusalem, 661, 662, 663–4, strategy, 376 665, 666 and Tivoli, 428 Isabella of Hainault, 518, 521, 538 and tournaments, 332 Isabella of Warenne, 568 Innocent III, pope Isaurians, 229 and Bulgaria, 266 Isembert, bishop of Poitiers, 25 and Byzantium, 632–33 Isere` river, 544 and France, 363, 524, 577, 579 Isfahan, 685, 693, 710, 711, 727 inheritance, 383 Isidore, St, bishop of Seville, 65, 165 and Italian states, 438 Isidro, St, 507 papal lands, 4 Isma‘ilis, 682, 684, 688, 689, 696, 710, 711, 716, powers, 8, 13 732, 743 Roger II of Sicily, 452 Istria, 80, 425, 440 and Spain, 505, 506–7, 509 Italians, in Hungary, 314 Inquisitio geldi, 201, 202 Italy Inverness, 591 10th century crisis, 90 investitures, War of Investitures, 384, 408, 411, 11th century wars, 86 416 church reform, 48 Iran, 675, 677, 685, 688, 691, 692, 710, 711, 712, city-states, 434 713, 721–7, 751 city-republics, 365, 426 Iranians, in Egypt, 680 communes, 5, 434, 437, 439, 440 Iraq, 675, 678, 679, 685, 686, 692, 699, 700, 713, imperial Italy, 395; Barbarossa’s reign, 417–18, 718, 721–7, 737 428–36, 439; cities, 90–3; claim over Ireland whole peninsula, 96; communes, 92; 12th century conquest, 600–2, 608–10 Conrad II’s reign, 44–5; consulates, 92; aristocracy, 605 disintegration, 90–3; early 12th century, church, 602–5 422–8; Henry III’s reign, 77–9; Henry classes, 605–6 IV’s reign, 83–8; Henry V’s reign, 88–9; economy, 602 Henry VI’s reign, 436–41; papal states, generally, 600–10 90–3; regional powers in early 11th and Henry II, 569, 582, 600, 608, 609 century, 80–3; regional powers in late kings, 605–7 11th century, 83–9; Salian dynasty, map, 601 72–93

Index 929

map, 73 Seljuqs, 732 maritime republics, and kingdom of Jerusalem, kingdom of Jerusalem, 648 administration, 667–8 seigneuries, 425, 426 Aimery’s rule, 665 southern Italy, see southern Italy Amalric’s reign, 656–9 universities, 16 Baldwin I’s reign, 647–8 Ivanko, 637 Baldwin II’s reign, 648–50 Ivo, bishop of Chartres, 25, 67, 126, 132, 152 Baldwin III’s reign, 651–6 ivory, 303 Baldwin IV’ s reign, 659–61 Ivrea, 425 bourgeois class, 672–3 Ivry, counts of, 196 and Byzantium, 624, 626, 655–8 Izyaslav I, grand prince of Kiev, 260, 261, 281 and Damascus, 651, 733 Izyaslav Davidovitch, 260, 261 and Egypt, 656–8, 718 Izyaslav of Polotsk, 254, 256, 257, 258 feudalism, 665–6, 668–9 ‘Izz al-Din Mas‘ud, 738, 744 formation, 644 Fulk V and Melisende’s reign, 650–6 Jabal Nafusa, 695, 697 Henry of Champagne’s rule, 664–5 Jabbara ibn Mukhatar, 697 lordships, 667, 668–72 Jaca, 166, 175, 175–6, 492 and Nur al-Din, 740 Jacquintus, Prince, 450 royal domain, 666–7 Jaen,´ 497 royal family, 667 Ja‘far, emir, 95 and Saladin, 745–6 Jaffa, 646, 661, 665, 668, 669, 671, 672, 728 Sibyl and Guy of Lusignan, 661–3 Jaffara, 697 structure, 666 Jalal al-Dawla, 687 Jews Jalal al-Din, 714 in Burgos, 480 Janah al-Dawla Husayn, 729, 732 Cairo merchants, 97 al-Jarjara’i, see ‘Ali ibn Ahmad al-Jarjara’i in Egypt, 680, 682 Jaropolk II, grand prince of Kiev, 257 in France, 517 Jaropolk of Pereyaslavl , 259 in Hungary, 313 Jaroslav of Volynia, 311 in kingdom of Jerusalem, 646 Jaroslav Osmomysl, 262 persecution, 66, 682 Jaroslav the Wise, prince of Kiev, 125, 221, 254–6, in Spain, 509 257, 259, 262, 277, 279, 280, 296 jihad, 181, 727, 734, 739, 743, 746, 749 Jarrahids, 694 Jimena, wife of El Cid, 185 Jativa,´ 183, 506 Jimenez´ dynasty, 161 Jaulan, 647 Joao˜ Peculiar, 485, 486 al-Jawad Yunus, 751 John II Komnenos, emperor, 611, 613–18, 617, Jawhar al-Siqlabi, 681 619, 630, 639, 651, 736 Jaxartes, 690 John VIII, pope, 9, 21, 35 Jedburgh, 593 John XII, pope, 9, 10 Jericho, 671, 672 John XIII, pope, 20 n. 35 Jerome of Valencia, 495 John XV, pope, 12–3, 30 Jerusalem John XVIII, pope, 13, 18 11th century, 705, 707 John XIX, pope, 12, 18, 72 Fatimids, 730 John, archbishop of Trani, 108 First Crusade, 1, 250, 251, 479, 644, 646, John, archdeacon of Sees,´ 215 727, 730 John, bishop of Lisieux, 211, 212, 215 and Latin church, 249 John, king of England patriarchs, 7, 13 coronation, 578 Turcomans, 704 excommunication, 346 12th century exile, 576 churches, 658 and France, 525, 528, 529, 576, 577, 579 fall to Saladin, 419, 436, 472, 573, 662, 664, and Henry II, 571, 572 746 insecurity, 576 and jihad, 739 landlessness, 541 patriarchs, 646, 647, 653, 658, 666 lands, 575, 576

930 Index

John (cont.) Kakuyids, 685, 691, 693 loss of Evreux, 524, 525 Kalb, in Syria, 702 marriage, 579 Kalbid dynasty, 95, 678, 679, 696 and Normandy, 526, 578, 579, 580 Kalocsa, archbishops, 274, 307, 315 and papacy, 579 Kalosan of Trnovo, 265, 266 reign, 578–580 Kamateros family, 639, 643 rival succession, 522, 525 Kamba, 38, 44 and Scotland, 588 Kamien Pomorski, 283 John, Lord of Ireland, 609 Kamieniec, 283 John Axouch, 614, 619 al-Kamil Muhammad, 747, 748, 750–1 John Doukas, 237, 238, 239 Kammin, 410 John Italos, 217, 236, 243, 244, 245, 247 Kantakouzenos family, 642 John Kinnamos, 452, 613 Kara Khitay, 726 John Komnenos the Fat, 643 Karelia, 302 John Mauropous, 229, 230 Karl Sverkerson, king of Sweden, 292 John of Anagni, 358 Kashghar, 691 John of Castellmorum, 498 Kastamon, 239, 616 John of Courcy, 609, 610 Kazhdan, A. P., 219, 220 John of Crema, 353 Kazimierz Odnowiciel, 279–80, 288 John of Debar, 263, 265 Kazimierz Ruthenia, 280 John of Fecamp,´ 28 Kazimierz Sprawiedliwy, 284, 285, 286, 287, John of Gaeta, 19 289 John of Poutza, 618 Kekavmenos Katakalon, 233 John of Salisbury, 323, 355, 393, 394, 465, 566 Kells, 604, 605 John of Velletri, 34 Kelso, 593 John Paparo, cardinal, 604 Kennedy, H., 685 John Roger, 619, 624 Kenneth Mac Alpin, 585 John Stoudios, St, 235 Kent, 567 John the Orphanotrophos, 222, 225 Kharga, 694 John Tzimiskes, 220, 223 Khurasan, 691, 692, 723, 725, 726 John Xiphilinos, 229, 238 Khwarizm, 313, 726 Joigny, 533 Kiev, 254–62 Joinville, 533 Kilab, 678, 683, 704 Jordan I of Capua, 119 Kilic Arslan II, sultan of Iconium, 625, 626 Jordan, cardinal priest of S. Susanna, 360 king’s evil, 127, 132 Jordan of Ariano, 445, 446 kinship, 6 Jordan of Capua, 112 Kintyre, 587 Jordan Pierleone, 365 al-Kirmani, 683, 684, 699 Jordan river, 647, 651, 664 Klewitz, H.-W., 33, 35, 36 Joscelin I of Edessa, 649, 652 Klyaz ma, 261 Joscelin II of Edessa, 624, 652, 734 knights, 146 Joscelin III of Courtenay, 660, 662, 669 Knin, 273, 274 Joscelin, chamberlain of Aversa, 450–1 Knut II, king of Denmark, 298 Joscelin lordship, 664, 669 Knut IV, king of Denmark, 300–1 Josephines, 337 Knut Erikson, king of Sweden, 292, 300 Jouffre of Provence, 142 Knut Lavard, king of Denmark, 300 Jubayl, 705 Knut the Great, king of Denmark, 30, 191, 201, Judaea, 654, 668 295–6, 297 Judith of Bohemia, 282 Kolberg, 283 juries, 214 Kolobrzeg, 283 Justinian, emperor, 397, 398, 589, 626 Komnenos family, 223, 614, 618, 638–43 Jutland, 290, 292 Konghelle, 297 Koppany,´ 306 Kabylia, 685 Kosmidion, 226 Kaiserslautern, 404, 405 Kosovo, 269 Kaiserswerth, 49, 406 Kotor, 266, 270

Index 931

Kozle, 283 and church of Constantinople, 114 Kreˇsimir III, king of Croatia, 271 and Conrad II, 45–6 Kreˇsimir IV, king of Croatia, 272, 273 consistories, 31 Krk island, 272 courts, 2–3, 215 Krzyszkowo, 286 Croatia, 272 Kuhistan, 711, 713 doctrine, 2 Kujawy, 282, 285 and feudalism, 62 Kulin, 275 ﬁlioque clause, 101 Kupa river, 274 First Crusade, 2–5 Kurds, 685, 686, 735, 750 heresy, 48, 50, 152 Kuyavia, 282 imperial church, 46–50 Kyle, 586 internal schisms, 86 investitures, 67, 69–71, 124, 131 La Couture, 535 lay patronage, 3–4 La Ferte-Bernard,´ 574 nicolaitism, 14, 27, 28, 46, 47, 51 La Marche, counts of, 544 and non-Christians, 66 La Roche-aux-Moines, 526 primates, 26 La Rochelle, 543 property, 27 La-Chaise-Dieu monastery, 176 radicalism, 3 Lade, 294 reforms, 13–16, 46, 47, 51, 63, 67, 78, 85 Ladislas I, king of Hungary, 273, 281, 309–10, schism with Orthodox church, 13 311, 313 simony, 14, 27, 28, 30, 34, 46, 47, 49–50, 51 Ladislas II, king of Hungary, 314 Spain, 179–80 Lagny, 537 theology, 3 Lake Garda, 80 voluntary poverty, 48 Lake Maggiore, 436 12th century Lake Malaren,¨ 291, 302 cardinals, 326, 364, 372 Lake Scutari, 266 church property, 330–1 Lake Van, 238, 727, 748 clergy, 329–31 Lake Vattern,¨ 290 clerical marriage, 328–9 Lamasar Castle, 713 France, 514, 518 Lambert, bishop of Ostia, 373 investitures, 328 Lambeth, 358 and knightly tournaments, 331–2 Lamego, 164 Palestine, 644 Landric, count of Nevers, 135 reforms, 327–32 Landry of Orbec, 214 Sicily, 465–7 Landulf, 48 Syria, 646 Landulf V of Benevento, 95 n.3 councils, see councils and synods Lane-Poole, S., 681, 719 general councils, 2, 327–8 Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury, 204, 211, Hungary, 307 566, 581, 602, 603 Ireland, 602–5 Langres, 134, 524, 531, 532, 536, 540 Norway, 299 Languedoc, 139, 545 Poland, 414 Laodicea, 615 Scandinavia, 298–9 Laon, 131, 336, 511, 515, 531, 532, 536 Scotland, 592–3 Laonnois, 536, 538 synods, see councils and synods Lapps, 290 Wales, 598 Lara family, 497, 504 Latin east Larissa, 241 and Byzantium, 660 Las Huelgas nunnery, 500, 509 and Egypt, 656–8 Las Navas de Tolosa, battle of, 491, 501, 506–9 following First Crusade, 644–54 Latakia, 251, 648, 664, 728 generally, 644–74 Latin church Jerusalem, see Jerusalem, kingdom of 11th century map, 645 and Brittany, 141 and Muslim rulers, 731–41 cardinals, 16, 32–7, 53 Saladin, 657–9, 662–3, 742, 744

932 Index

Latin east (cont.) Leon-Castile´ kingdom Second Crusade, 652–63 11th century, 163–73, 177, 187–90 see also papacy 12th century, 349, 475–81, 484, 489, 490 Latins, meaning, 646 Leopold III of Austria, margrave, 385 Latium, 365 Leopold IV of Austria, margrave, 415 L’ Au mone,ˆ 598 Leopold of Plain, 407 Lauragais, 547 Lerida,´ 186, 479, 488, 503, 546 Laurence O’Toole, St, 605 Lesina, 105 Lavello, 103 Leszek, 287 law, western empire, 396–9 Levante, 487, 488 Lazio, 78, 92–3, 424, 428, 435, 438, 439 Levente of Hungary, 309 Le Goulet, 525, 579 Lewes, 200 Le Jard, 535 Liege,` 68, 414, 420 Le Mans, 205, 573, 574, 578, 580 Liguria, 426 Le Puiset Castle, 511 Lille, 538, 540 Le Puiset family, 669 Lim river, 266 Le Puy, 514, 531 Limerick, 582, 602, 603 Le Teilleul, 558 Limoges, 544, 569, 570 League of Verona, 432 Limousin, 6 Lebanon, 646, 649 Lincoln, battle of, 555, 557 Lebus, 283 Lincoln Castle, 211, 555, 556 Leczyca, 285 Linkoping,¨ 298, 302 Legnano, battle of, 371, 418, 432 Linlithgow, 590 Leicester, 208 Lipari, 466 Leinster, 604, 605, 606, 607, 608, 610 Lipari monastery, 118 Leitrim, 606 Lisbon, 183, 347, 487, 496 Lemerle, P., 219, 220 Lisieux, 557, 561 Lent, 147 Listven, 254 Leo I, pope, 11, 30, 51 literacy, 38, 44, 117, 153 Leo VI, pope, 245 Liutgard, 38 Leo IX, pope Llanbadarn, 597 administration, 19, 20 Llandaff, bishops, 352, 598 and Byzantium, 13, 231–2 Llantadilla, battle of, 167 and cardinals, 33–4, 35 Llantarnam, 599 death, 232 Llywelyn ap Gruffyd, 596 election, 3, 78 Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, 596, 599 imperial pope, 50 Lobo, king, 487 reformer, 15, 51, 78, 106, 114, 131 Loches Castle, 526 and southern Italy, 106 Lodeve,` 545 synod of Rheims, 26–7, 28 Lodi, 45, 428, 430, 438 travels, 20 Lofoten, 292, 300, 303 war against Normans in Italy, 79, 106, 231–2 Logrono,˜ 174, 491 Leo, bishop of Chalcedon, 243 Loire valley, 526, 527, 548 Leo, bishop of Vercelli, 72 Lombard League, 380, 381, 432, 433, 434, 436, Leo, Rupenid prince, 617 438, 439 Leo Chamaretos, 637 Lombard, M., 690 Leo of Ostia, 102 Lombards, 469, 470, 471, 493 Leo Sgouros, 637 Lombardy Leo Tornikos, 230, 231 12th century, 423–6 Leofric family, 203 and Barbarossa, 412, 418, 428, 429, 432, 433, 434 Leofwine, earl, 194, 199 capital, 396 Leon´ Conrad II period, 44, 74 11th century, 155, 159–60, 161, 174 great public districts, 81 12th century, 475, 480, 490, 491, 496, 500, and Henry VI, 437–8 501, 504, 505, 506 meaning, 395 Leon II of Cilicia, 663 and papal schism, 422

Index 933

London, 202, 557, 563 alliances, 519, 532, 555, 563, 569, 570, 577, 626 Longobardia, 621 and Angevins, 555, 561 Lorcan Ua Tuathail, 605, 607 biography, 517 lordships, see seigneuries and Byzantium, 622, 629 Loritello, 444, 451 chancellor, 330 Lorn, 587 and church, 514, 518 Lorraine, 68, 85, 138, 536, 538, 647 coronation, 333, 513 Lothar I, emperor, 11, 284 and counts of Champagne, 514, 537 Lothar II, emperor, 422, 423, 618 crusade, 311, 312, 345, 362, 516, 518, 560, 620 Lothar III (of Supplinburg), emperor divorce, 562 death, 388, 414 duke of Aquitaine, 515 as duke of Saxony, 68, 70, 71, 422 and England, 518–19, 557, 563, 565 election, 385 marriages, 140, 517–18, 532, 541, 543, 569 and empire, 390, 393 and Normandy, 215, 559, 561 ﬁnances, 402 and papacy, 361, 362, 380 and Italy, 424, 430, 434 pilgrimage to Santiago, 491 law-maker, 396, 397, 398 and Raymond of Antioch, 653 and papacy, 321, 322, 333, 368, 370, 371, 376, and regional powers, 515 377, 391 reign, 510 regional rivalries, 412–16, 417 status, 393 reign, 390, 411 succession, 513, 515, 569, 571 and Roger II of Sicily, 449 and Toulouse, 545, 557 royal chancery, 399–400 and Vexin, 577 royal courts, 404 Louis VIII, king of France, 507, 548, 578, 579 and Sicily, 394 Louis IX, king of France, 529 and Slav regions, 408 Louis the Pious, 11 warfare, 407 Lubeck,¨ 301, 302, 303, 409, 419 Lothar, duke of Saxony, 385, 408 Lubusz, 283 Lothar of Hochstaden, 420 Lucania, 94, 95–6, 96, 97, 105, 449 Lothar of Supplinburg, Duke of Saxony, 68, 70, Lucas, bishop of Esztergom, 315 71, 422 Lucas of Tuy, 502, 508 Lothian, 582, 586, 587, 589, 591 Lucca, 82, 326, 427 Loudun, 565, 570 Lucena, 479 Louis I of Thuringia, 414 Lucera, 444, 470 Louis II of Thuringia, 407 Lucius II, pope, 322, 327 n. 60, 348, 349, 354, Louis V, 142 364, 377 Louis VI, king of France Lucius III, pope, 322, 326, 327 n. 62, 337, 372, accession, 121, 127, 513 381, 502 administration, 512, 516 Lu’lu’, 679, 729 and Aquitaine, 543 Luna Castle, 168 biography, 511 Lund, 297, 349, 350 birth, 126 Lusatia, 277, 408 and church, 514 Lusignan, 533 coronation, 513, 514 Lusignan family, 7, 525, 579 council of Troyes, 131 Luzyce, 277, 279 death, 511, 513 Lydda, 646, 664, 669 and Henry I of England, 207, 208, 209, 212 Lyﬁng, archbishop of Canterbury, 30 and papacy, 333, 361 Lyons, 26, 333, 336, 337, 531 powers, 130, 511 Lyon-la-Foret, 209 and regional powers, 511, 514–15 Lyubech, 258 reign, 510 sons, 518 Ma’arrat al-Nu’man, 736 and St-Denis, 516 Mabel of Bellême, 196 and Vexin, 577 MacCarthy of Desmond, 608, 609 Louis VII, king of France Macedonia, 263, 264, 268, 269, 613, 632 administration, 512, 516, 523 Macedonians, 229, 234

934 Index

Macon,ˆ 12, 129, 135, 524, 540 Mancha, La, 506 Madina al-Zahira, 156 Manfred of S. Giorgio in Velabro, 380 Maelisa son of Bratan, 610 Manopello, 451 Magdeburg, 11, 64, 284, 288, 403, 414 Manrique de Lara, 488 Maghreb, 487, 714 al-Mansur, 154, 156, 159, 161, 163, 172 al-Maghribi, 700 Mantua, 79, 82, 424 Magnus, duke of Saxony, 68 Manuel I Komnenos, emperor Magnus, king of Norway (1066–9), 296, 297 alliances, 623, 624, 625 Magnus Barelegs, 587 and Ancona, 432 Magnus Erlingsson, king of Norway (1161–84), army, 636 298, 300, 350–1 character, 628 Mahdia, 452, 457, 697 and Croatia, 274 Mahmud, 725, 732 and crusader states, 623–5, 627, 630, 656, 658 Mahmud of Ghazna, 688, 689, 691, 696 and Hungary, 274, 314 Mainard of Silva Candida, 19 marriages, 616–17, 618, 619, 624 Maine, 196, 197, 198, 204, 205, 207, 208, 526, and Normans in Italy, 269, 378, 430 541, 565, 578 reign, 611, 619–27, 638, 639, 640 Mainerius, Master, 517 and Roger II of Sicily, 452, 453 Mainz sources, 613 11th century civil war, 61 succession, 628 1076 assembly, 57 Manuel Kamytzes, 643 1085 synod, 64 Manzikert Castle, 238, 239, 241, 248, 264, 703 1103 Landfriede, 398 Maol Mandoc Ua Morgair, 604 1125 election, 384, 388 Maol´ısu Ua hAinmire, bishop of Munster, 603 1184 assembly, 419 Maqrizi, 701 1188 assembly, 382, 419–420, 437 Marche, 92 archbishops, 57, 64, 330, 385, 388, 399 Mardijk, 540 Jews, 66 Maredudd ap Bleddyn, 597 royal courts, 405 Mareth, 697 Maio of Bari, 453, 454, 455, 456, 457, 458, 459, Margam Abbey, 560, 599 460, 462, 463, 464 Margaret, queen of Scotland, 206, 593 Maitland, F. W., 583 Margaret of France, 577 Majorca, 481 Margaret of Hungary, 631 al-Makhzumi, 717 Margaret of Navarre, queen of Sicily, 458, 470 Makin al-Dawla, 699, 702 Margaritus of Brindisi, 464, 473 Malabrance family, 364 Maria Komnena, 625, 630, 640 Malachy, St, 604 Maria of Antioch, 624, 630, 656, 660 Malaga,´ 157, 500 Marie of Champagne, 532, 548 Malar¨ region, 293 Marissa, 241 Malaren,¨ 292 markets, 143 Malaspina family, 427, 440 Marko, zupan of Raska, 268 Malatya, 703 Markward of Anweiler, 420, 438, 439 Malcolm III Canmore, king of Scots, 205, 206, Marmoutier monastery, 150 585 Marne river, 538 Malcolm IV, king of Scots, 585, 586, 587, 588, marquessates, Italian titles, 83 593, 599 Marrakesh, 182, 482 al-Malik al-Rahim, 693 Marsia, 452, 465, 466 Malikshah, Sultan, 1, 704, 705, 707, 710, 711, Marw, 727 721, 723, 724, 726, 728 Marwan, 679 Malmesbury, 563 Marwanids, 679, 693 Malta, bishoprics, 117 Ma’sud, sultan, 713, 725, 727, 732, 735 Mamluks, 706, 714, 719, 720, 735, 751 Masyaf, 713, 714 Ma’mun, caliph, 686 Matera, 108 al-Ma’mun al-Bata’ihi, 709, 710, 715, 717 Matilda, empress, see Maud, empress al-Mam’un of Toledo, 167, 169, 170–1 Matilda, queen of England, 553, 555 Manasses of Hierges, 654 Matilda, queen of France, 125

Index 935

Matilda of Boulogne, 208 Melrose, 593 Matilda of Tuscany (Canossa), countess Melus, 95, 99, 100, 101, 103 death, 88, 89, 424 Mende, 514, 531, 545 grants to churches, 91 Menfo,¨ battle of, 49 and Henry IV, 59, 65 Mequinenza, 488 lands, 89, 371–2, 422, 423, 428, 436, 438, 439 Merania, 416 and papacy, 65, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88 mercenaries, 147, 194, 332 vassals, 91, 427 merchants, Byzantium, 221, 252–3 Matilda of Carinthia, 537 Merovingians, 520 Matilda of Flanders, 137, 197, 211 Merseburg, bishops, 64 Matilda of Scotland, 206, 211 Meseta, 490 Matthew, cardinal bishop of Albano, 360, 361 Mesopotamia, 615, 648, 723, 725, 734, 735, 739, Matthew Bonellus, 457 743, 744, 748 Matthew of Beaumont, 519 Messina, 109, 446, 459, 466, 468–9, 473, 575 Matthew of Boulogne, 540 Messines, 540 Matthew of Montmorency, 208 Methodius, St, 265 Matthew of Salerno, 458, 459, 472, 473 Metz, bishops, 64 Maud, empress (Matilda, countess of Anjou) Meulun, counts, 206 and Bernard of Clairvaux, 559, 560 Meuse, 417, 535, 548 civil war in England, 208, 215, 541, 549, 552, Mez, A., 686 552–8 Michael IV, emperor, 222, 224, 225, 226, 263 death, 568, 580 Michael V, emperor, 222, 224, 230 departure from England, 558, 560 Michael VI, emperor, 233 dowry, 210, 515, 518 Michael VII Doukas, 239, 240, 243 and Henry II, 558, 560, 565, 566 Michael Angelos, 643 marriage to Geoffrey of Anjou, 209, 515 Michael Doukas, 237 marriage to Henry V, 39, 68–9, 384 Michael Keroularios, 13, 232–6 and papacy, 354, 559 Michael of Duklja, 264 and William fitz Empress, 568 Michael of Serbia, 267, 268 Mauger, archbishop of Rouen, 196 Michael Psellos, 217, 226, 227, 229, 233–6, 237, Maurice Bourdin, 485 239, 243, 247 Maurice fitz Gerald, 608 Michael Stratiotikos, 233, 234 Maurice of Prendergast, 608 Michael the Paphlagonian, 222 Maurienne county, 81 Mieclaw, duke, 279, 280 Maurus, 288 Mieszko, prince, ruler of Poland, 279, 284, 295 al-Mawardi, 687 Mieszko of Raciborz,´ 410 Mawdud, 713, 732, 737, 738, 739 Mieszko Platonogi, 286, 287 Mayod Sanchez,´ 161 Mieszko the Old, ruler of Poland, 284, 285, 286, Mayyafariqin, 679 287, 288 Mazovia, 279, 280, 282, 285 Migrano, treaty of, 452 Mazyadids, 686 Milan meals, 59–60 11th century Meath, 604, 605, 606, 607, 608, 609, 610 1037 siege, 74, 76 Meaux, 360, 538, 541 archbishops, 55–6, 74, 77, 78, 80, 86, 89, 92 Mecca, 658, 682, 689, 693, 710, 719 clerical power, 84 Mecklenburg, 409, 410 and Conrad II, 72, 74, 76, 77 Medina, 693 development, 92 Medinaceli, 189, 475 Edict of Conrad, 74 Meirionydd, 596 12th century Meissen, 64, 408, 420 1162 destruction, 431 Melfi, 103, 107, 108, 119, 448 and Barbarossa, 431, 435–6 Melgueil, 361, 545 and German empire, 407, 412, 423 Melisende, queen of Jerusalem, 209, 650, 652, hegemony, 424, 426, 428–9, 430, 434, 437 653–5, 671, 672 and Henry VI, 437–8 Melitene, 237 imperial coronations, 405 Mellifont, 604 Lombard League, 439

936 Index

Milan (cont.) Mondego river, 164 and papal schism, 422 Mongols, 703, 714, 726, 738 rebuilding, 432 Monomachos family, 224 status, 396 Monophysite Jacobites, 646 war with Pavia, 424, 430 Monopoli, 103 Miles of Gloucester, 554 Monothelite Maronites, 646 Miles of Plancy, 659 Monreale, 469, 470 Mileto monastery, 118 Montaigu Castle, 511 military orders, 347, 496–7, 498, 666 Montanchez,´ 497 Millau, 547 Montasola, 22 Milsko, 277, 279 Montauban, 545 Milzi, 277 Montcada, 489 Minden, 44 Montdidier, 521 mining, 468 Mont-Dieu, 360 Mino˜ river, 477, 485 Monte Cassino Abbey Mirebeau, 565, 570, 579 abbots, 65, 76, 84, 118 Mirabel, 669 chronicle, 368 Miramamolin, 506 and Henry III, 78 Mirdasids, 683, 688, 690, 693, 694, 695, 699, John of Gaeta, 19 702, 704 and Lothar II, 423 Mirebeau, 565, 570 and Normans, 106, 109, 112, 117, 118 Miroslav Nemanja, 269 oppression by Pandulf IV, 102 Misilmeri, 109 and papacy, 87, 325 Modena, 426, 427 Monte Gargano, 99, 461 Modon, 615 Monte Sant’Angelo, counts of, 111, 444 Moissac monastery, 150 Monteagudo, 506 Molesme, 149 Montearagon,´ 185 Molise, county of, 458, 473 Monteforte, countess of, 48 Molise family, 118, 451 n. 19, 473 Montepeloso, 103 Monaghan, 606 Montereau, 537 monasteries Monteroso, 164 10th century, 9 Montescaglioso, count of, 110 11th century Montferrat, 429, 570 abbots, 13, 71, 89 Montfort l’Amaury family, 206 Byzantium, 217, 246–7 Montgomery family, 596, 597 England, 201 Montlhery´ Castle, 511 France, 124, 132, 149–52, 151, 518 Montlhery´ family, 6–7, 512 Hungary, 314, 315 Montmajour monastery, 150 Italy, 91, 117, 118 Montmirail, treaty of, 569 land gifts to, 91, 152 Montpellier, 361, 547 Leon-Castile,´ 177 Montreal´ Castle, 647, 663, 670 Normandy, 195–6 Montreuil-Bellay, 561, 562 Poland, 280 Montrose, 590 privileges, 11–12, 324 Monza, 396 property, 10 Monzon,´ 185, 475 Sicily, 117 Mopsuestia, 617 Wales, 205 Mora, 495 12th century Morava river, 266, 270 Aragon, 493 Moravia, 279 France, 533, 534 Moray Firth, 589 generally, 324–7 Morcar, Earl, 199 Ireland, 604 Morella, 495 Scotland, 593 Morgannwg, 595 Sicily, 469 mormaers, 585 Spain, 494 Morocco, 182, 457, 482, 697 see also speciﬁc orders and abbeys Mortagne, 557

Index 937

Mortain, 196, 208, 558, 572, 575 Murge, 96 Moson Castle, 311 Murom, 256, 259 Mosul Musa Yabghu, 691 Assassins, 713, 715 Muslims bedouins, 686 in Antioch, 644, 649 and crusader states, 649 in Ascalon, 655 Fatimids, 699, 732, 733 in Damascus, 650 and Saladin, 744, 745, 746 in Edessa, 652 Turcomans, 692 in Hungary, 313–14, 315 Zengids, 651, 734, 736, 737, 738 in kingdom of Jerusalem, 646, 647 Mosynopolis, 638 North African piracy, 452 Mount Athos monasteries, 226, 270, 613 in Saragossa, 479 Mount Etna, 97, 110 in Sicily, 457, 463, 464, 468, 469, 470, 472 Mount Lebanon, 684 Musset, Lucien, 195 Mount Levounion, 241, 249 al-Musta of Saragossa, 181 Mozarabs, 179, 180, 498 Musta‘li, 710 Mstislav, grand prince of Kiev, 259 al-Mustansir, caliph, 1–2, 683, 694, 700, 702, Mstislav of Novgorod, 257, 258 704, 705, 706, 707, 710 Mstislav of Tmutarakan , 254 al-Mustarshid, caliph, 713 Mstislav of Vladimir, 261 al-Mu‘tadid of Seville, 158, 165, 181 Mu‘alla, 704 al-Mu‘tamid of Seville, 158, 167, 181, 182, 183, al-Mu’ayyad ﬁ’l-Din al-Shirazi, 699, 704, 710, 188 711, 716 al-Mu’tamin of Saragossa, 184, 185 al-Mu‘azzam ‘Isa, 747, 750 Myriokephalon, 626, 656 Mudejar communities, 509 mystics, 235–6 Mugello, 427 Muhammad al-Mahdi, 156, 163 Nablus, 654, 661, 668, 669 Muhammad al-Muntazar, 715 Najera´ monastery, 166 Muhammad al-Nasir, 506 Naklo, 283 Muhammad al-Tayyib, 716 Nantes, counts, 140, 141, 565 Muhammad ibn Abi ‘Amir, see al-Mansur Naples, 94, 101, 102, 111, 113, 116, 449, 450, 455, Muhammad ibn Isma‘il, 677, 682 473, 622 Muhammad ibn Mardanish, 487, 497, 498 Narbonne, 26, 333, 481, 533, 544, 545, 547 Muhammad Tapar, 711, 723, 724, 725, 732 al-Nasir Da’ud, 750, 751 Mu’in al-Din Unur, 734, 737 Nasir al-Dawla al-Hamdani, 700, 701, 702, 704, Muirchertach MacLochlainn, 607 719 Muirchertach Ua Briain, 603, 606, 607 Nasir al-Dawla ibn Hamdan, 694, 695 Mu‘izz al-Dawla, 685 al-Nasir Yusuf, 748 Mu‘izz ibn Badis, 694, 696, 697 Navarre Mu‘izz li-Din Allah, 681, 682, 683, 689 11th century, 155, 161–2, 164, 169 Mujaddid, 712 12th century, 475, 481, 483, 490, 491, 501, 505, Mujir al-Din Uvaq, 734, 740 506 mulberries, 97 Nazareth, 664, 669 Multan, 689 Nea Moni monastery, 217, 227 Munchsm¨ unster¨ monastery, 390 Nemanja dynasty, 269 Mundhir of Saragossa, 185 Neokaisareia, 617 Mu’nis ibn Yahya, 698 Neretva river, 266, 274 Munoz˜ y Romero, 501 Netherlanders, in Saxony, 408, 410 Munster, 603, 604, 605, 606, 608, 610 Neubourg, 577 al-Muqtadi, caliph, 1, 704 Neustria, 543 al-Muqtadir of Saragossa, 158, 162, 164–5, 169, Nevers, 135, 524, 540 180, 184, 185 Newbattle, 593 al-Muqtaﬁ, 725 Newport, 595 al-Murabitun, 181 Nicaea, 233, 240, 244, 250, 636, 643 Murcia, 183, 186, 487, 488, 497 Nicholas I, pope, 9, 13, 30 Muret, 547 Nicholas II, pope, 22, 34, 53, 84, 107, 109, 114, 233

938 Index

Nicholas, bishop of Oslo, 298 William Rufus, 205–6 Nicholas, cardinal of Albano, 349, 350, 351, 355 William the Conqueror, 195–7 Nicholas Grammatikos, 243, 246 12th century, 542 nicolaitism, 14, 27, 28, 46, 47, 51 Angevin empire, 541 Nicomedia, 248, 269 Anglo-Norman-Blois-Champagne empire, Nidaros, 299, 300, 349 541 Niels, king of Denmark, 298 baillis, 526, 542 Nieuwpoort, 540 dukes, 531, 532 Nigel, vicomte of Cotentin, 197 French suzerainty, 574 Nigel of Salisbury, 212 Geoffrey of Anjou, 515, 552, 553, 557, 558, 559 Nikephoros III Botaneiates, emperor, 228, 240 Henry II, 565 Nikephoros Bryenios, 614 trade, 538 Nikephoros Melissenos, 240 vicomtes, 542 Nikephoros Phokas, 223, 225, 228, 234 13th century Niketas Choniates, 395, 613, 617, 626, 627, 628, conquest by France, 522, 525–6, 580 632, 638, 639, 640, 642, 643 feudalism, 527–8 Niketas Stethatos, 235 Normans Niklot, prince of the Obodrites, 409 in Albania, 240–1 Nile river, 657, 678, 694, 701, 704, 705, 708, 719 in Aragon, 479 Nils, 268 and Barbarossa, 431 Nˆımes, 547 and Byzantium, 243, 251 Nimwegen, 405, 406 England, see Normans in England Nin, 271, 272 in Greece, 241 Ninfa, 23 in Ireland, 608 Nis, 264, 270, 313 Italy, see Normans in southern Italy Nith river, 586 in kingdom of Jerusalem, 671–2 Nitra, 307 in Leon,´ 493 Nivard, 559–560 and papacy, 21, 22 Nivernais, 135 in Serbia, 268 Nizam al-Mulk, vizier, 1, 710, 711, 721, 721–3, 724 Normans in England Nizar al-Mustafa, 706 assimilation, 213 Nizaris, 706, 714, 715, 716 conquest, 198–9 Nocera, 449 Domesday Book, 200, 201, 202–3 Nona, 271 ﬁrst settlements, 194, 196 Nonantola Abbey, 427 generally, 191–216 Norbert of Xanten, archbishop of Magdeburg, Inquisitio geldi, 201, 202 284, 326, 369, 375, 414 land redistribution, 199–203 Norbertine nuns, 288 men from French regions, 198 Normandy William Rufus, 205–6 11th century Normans in southern Italy bishops, 214 alliance with reforming papacy, 84 and Brittany, 141 attacks on Rome, 87 castles, 208 Byzantine retreat, 217, 230, 237 dukes, 128–9, 133 conquest, 97–9 dukes’ powers, 136 conquest of mainland, 104–8 and France, 136–7, 195, 201, 204, 209, 215 conquest of Sicily, 108–11 Henry I’s reign, 206–11 consolidation in mainland, 108–11 inheritance laws, 213 and Croatia, 272 justice, 213–14 hereditary succession, 112 loss by King Stephen, 191 mercenary phase, 99–104 map, 193 monasteries, 117, 118 monasteries, 195–6 and papacy, 107–8, 111–14, 231–3, 237, 366–8 movement away from England, 215–16 retreat from Roman territory, 84 Peace of God movement, 148 society, 115–19 and southern Italy, 115 support for Gregory VII, 87, 99 vicomtes, 196–7, 213, 214, 526 North Africa

Index 939

Banu Hilal, 693–8 Odense, 297, 299, 300 Sicilian colonies, 446, 452, 457 Oderisius II, abbot of Monte Cassino, 325 trade with Sicily, 468 Odilo, abbot of Cluny, 177 North Way, 292 Odo I, count of Blois, Tours and Chartres, 45, Northallerton, 553 133, 137, 138 Northampton, 578 Odo I, duke of Burgundy, 134, 175, 187 Northumberland, 582, 588 Odo II, count of Blois and Troyes, 133, 137, 141 Northumbria, 552, 586 Odo III, count of Champagne, 138 Norway Odo IV, count of Champagne, 138 church, 299 Odo, abbot of Cluny, 9 colonies, 299 Odo, bishop of Bayeux, 198, 199, 203, 211 coronations, 300 Odo, cardinal bishop of Ostia, 65 kingdom, 292, 293 Odo, cardinal deacon of S. Nicola, 380 kings, 296, 297, 298, 300 Odo, count of Maurienne, 81, 426 law, 299 Odo, king of France, 129 law-things, 299 Odo of Deuil, 517 overlordship of Denmark, 294 Odra river, 277, 285 and papacy, 349–51 Odrocia, countess of Galicia, 164 preserved food, 303 Oghuz, 691 royal succession, 299 Oguz,ˇ 310, 726 taxation, 301 Ohrid, 263, 265, 267, 270 towns, 302 Oise valley, 128 Norwegians, meaning, 290, 292 Olaf, St, 349 Noto, 110 Olav Haraldsson, king of Norway, 296, 297, 300 Notre-Dame-aux-Nonnains, 534–5 Olav Tryggvason, 294–5, 297 Novara, 425 Old Nordic, 290 Novgorod, 254, 257, 259, 260, 261, 302 Oldenburg, 409 Noyon, 531, 532, 534 Olderico Manfredi, marquess, 75, 81 Nubia, 695, 701, 705 Oleg of Tmutarakan , 258 al-Nu‘man, 681, 682, 699 Oleg of Vladimir, 257 Nuno˜ Rodriguez, count, 164 Oleg Svyatoslavich, 261 Nur al-Din, 713 Oleguer, archbishop of Toledo, 481 and Aleppo, 652, 737, 738 olives, 467 brilliance, 734, 751 Olof, king of the Svear, 293, 295, 296 Christian alliance against, 624 Ona˜ monastery, 168 counter-crusade, 625, 653 Opole, 287 and Damascus, 623, 655, 734 Oporto, 487 death, 658, 719, 737, 743 Orderic Vitalis, 127, 207, 208, 511 and Egypt, 657, 718, 741–2 Ordono˜ IV the Bad, king of Leon,´ 159 empire, 744, 752 Õresund, 295, 303 jihad, 738–41 Orkney, 586 and Saladin, 742, 743 Orleans, 132, 512, 513, 514, 515 Sunni, 743 Orontes river, 651, 653, 713 truce with Jerusalem, 656 Orthodox church, 13, 221, 243–7, 263, 267, 270 and Zengi, 718 Osero island, 311 Nuremberg, 398, 404, 406, 413 Osimo, 398 Oslo Fjord, 292 O’ Neill family, 606 Osma, 161 Obertenga march, 426 Õstergotland,¨ 290, 298 Obertenghi family, 76, 82, 83, 87, 425, 427, 440 Ostia, 33, 34 Obodrits, 285, 286, 409, 410 Ostrogorsky, George, 217–19, 220, 226, 628 Obuda,´ 308 Otakar of Styria, margrave, 419 Occitania, 532–3, 548 Otranto, 107 Octavian, cardinal deacon of SS. Sergio e Otto I, bishop of Bamberg, 283, 384, 410 Bacchio, 358 Otto I (the Great), emperor, 11, 38, 96, 392 Octavian, cardinal priest of S. Cecilia, 379 Otto II, bishop of Bamberg, 397

940 Index

Otto II, emperor, 96, 102, 405 11th century Otto III, emperor, 22, 38, 96, 277, 279, 284 administration, 16, 17–24 Otto, prince, 279 antipopes, 49, 78, 86 Otto, bishop of Freising, 315, 370, 385, 388, 389, and Apulia, 101 390, 391, 392, 398, 402, 404, 407, 411, Bamberg meeting, 10 414, 416 canonisations, 12–13 Otto, count of Macon,ˆ 135 cardinals, 32–7 Otto, duke of Carinthia, 81 central Italy, control, 79 Otto Morena of Lodi, 412 centralisation of power, 85 Otto of Brunswick, 419, 421, 439, 526, 529 chancery, 18–20 Otto of Hammerstein, 30 Declaration of Worms, 29 Otto of Northeim, 52, 60 elections, 3, 52–4 Otto of Wittelsbach, 379, 419 and England, 351–9 Ottoman empire, 7 extension of jurisdiction, 29–31 Ottonian kings, 44 ﬁlioque clause, 10–11, 101 Otto-William, count of Burgundy, 134, 135, 136, ﬁnances, 20–4 139, 140, 142 First Crusade, 2–4 Ourique, battle of, 486 and France, 131, 359–63 Outremer, princes, 624, 631 generally, 8–37 Oviedo, 160, 490 Henricianum, 10 Owain, 597 and Henry IV, 55–60, 63–4, 67, 68, 86 Owain Gwynedd, 596, 597, 598, 599, 600 and Henry V, 69–71 Oxford, 558, 576 imperial popes, 50 Oxus river, 688, 691, 721, 726 income, 23 Øystein, archbishop of Nidaros, 298 internationalisation, 13, 20 Italian ascendancy, 9 Padua, 424, 425 Lands of St Peter, 21–3 Palaiologos family, 642, 643 Lateran palace, 17, 19, 21, 22 Palencia, 502, 508 lay investitures, 13, 51, 62–3, 64, 67, 69–71, Palermo 89, 124, 131, 533 11th century, 95, 109, 110, 394 legates, 16, 24–6 12th century Liber Censuum, 22, 23 1189 riots, 470 monastic privileges, 11–12 archbishops, 458, 459 nicolaitism, 14, 27, 28, 46, 47, 51 demography, 469 and Normans in southern Italy, 107–8, and Henry VI, 420, 473 111–14 Muslims, 457, 470 properties, 10, 21–4 Roger of Sicily, 443, 446, 448 Pseudo-Isidorian decretals, 11, 14, 15, 26, 30, royal administration, 464 32, 35 wealth, 629 reform period, 13–16, 51, 78, 86 and William I, 457 rising against Benedict IX, 78 Palestine Roman revolt 1140, 23 11th century, 1, 6, 7, 682, 694, 705, 730 schisms, 23, 84, 86 12th century, 251, 624, 631, 644, 732, scripts, 19–20 749 simony, 14, 27, 28, 30, 34, 46, 49–51 Palestrina, 33, 34, 360 and Spain, 178–9, 509 Palmela, 487, 504 status, 317–24 Pamplona, 161–2, 166, 169, 176, 185, 492 supremacy, 11, 13, 14–16, 50, 62–3 Pandulf III of Capua, 101 synods, see councils and synods Pandulf IV of Capua, 95 n. 3, 96, 100, 101, 102, Tusculan popes, 10–13, 18, 49, 72, 78, 84 105 Wibertine schism, 36–7 Pandulf Ironhead of Capua, 102 12th century Pannonhalma monastery, 314 antipopes, 70 Pannonian Croatia, 271, 272, 273 and Apulia, 445 Papacy and Byzantium, 622–3 10th century, 9 cardinals, 364, 372

Index 941

Concordat of Worms, 71, 89, 368, 369, 375, synods, 29, 32 384, 417 Paschal III, pope, 379 and crusades, 339–48 Passagians, 337 generally, 317–83 Passau, bishops, 64 and German emperors, 368–72 Patarines, 336, 337 heresy, 332–40 Paternus, monk of San Juan de la Pena,˜ 177 holy war against Muslims in Spain, 346–8 Patmos, 613 and Italian states, 438–9 Patrick, bishop of Dublin, 602 and knightly tournaments, 331–2 Patrick, St, 603 and mercenaries, 332 Paul of Bernried, 318 and monasteries, 324–7 Pavia, 45, 72, 77–8, 396, 422, 424, 429, 430, 438, and Normans in southern Italy, 366–8, 622 375–80 Peace of God movement, 136, 140, 146–8, 150 and Poland, 286, 287 Pecs,´ 307 and Portugal, 348–9 Pecsv´ arad´ monatery, 313 reforms, 327–32 Pedro I, king of Aragon, 185, 188 and Rome, 363–9, 428 Pedro II, king of Aragon, 505, 507, 546–7 schism 1130–8, 322, 326, 332, 361, 373–7, 422 Pedro Fernandez´ of Castro, 500, 504 schism 1159–77, 326, 332, 377–82, 396, 431, Pedro Froilaz, count of Traba, 478, 484, 485 432, 466–7 Pedro Gonzalez´ of Lara, 478 and Sicily, 454, 465–7 Pedro Piroes,˜ 487 and southern Italy, 447, 452 Peire Vidal, 504 supremacy, 319–24 Pelayo, bishop of Leon,´ 175 896/7 synod, 9 Peloponnese, 241, 637 and Bosnia, 275 Pembroke, 597, 599 councils, see councils and synods Penalen,˜ 169 Donation of Constantine, 10, 11, 16, 17, 20, Penenden Heath, 200 22, 178, 321, 355 Pentapolis, 622 and Holy Roman empire, 4, 13, 323 Per Abbat, 508 papal states, 21, 23, 90–3, 424–8 Perche, 196, 208 and Scandinavia, 349–51 Pere of Cardona, 502 see also individual popes Peremyshl, 258 papal states, 21, 23, 90–3, 424–8 Pereyaslavl , 256, 257, 258, 259 Paphlagonia, 616 Peribleptos monastery, 217, 226 Paradunavon, 263 Perigord,´ 544 parias, 165–7, 169, 170, 171, 175, 186, 492 Peronne,´ 521 Paris, 129, 512, 521 Perth, 590, 591 Paristrion, 263, 264 Perth, treaty of, 587 Parma, 45, 426, 437, 438 Perugia, 92, 438 Paschal II, pope Pescara, 452 administration, 21, 22–3 Peseyaslavl , 257 and Apulia, 445 Petcheneks, 217, 220, 230, 231, 239, 241, 248, 249, and Benevento, 444 254, 264, 310, 314, 616 and cardinals, 37, 364 Peter, cardinal of S. Grisogono, 336 church reform, 328 Peter, cardinal priest of S. Cecilia, 382 and England, 352 Peter, cardinal priest of S. Grisogno, 360 First Crusade, 251 Peter, cardinal priest of Silva Candida, 19 and France, 359 Peter, king of Croatia, 273 and Henry IV, 68 Peter, tsar of Bulgaria, 264 and Henry V, 15, 31, 69 Peter Abelard, 326, 334, 335, 359 legations, 25 Peter Damian, cardinal bishop of Ostia, 9, 15, and Normans in Italy, 112 32–3, 34, 49, 77, 85 papal reign, 88 Peter de la Chatre,ˆ 362 and Roger II of Sicily, 447 Peter Deljan, 263–4 and Sicily, 26 n. 64, 446 Peter Lombard, 336–7 and Spain, 188 Peter of Andouque, bishop of Pamplona, 176

942 Index

Peter of Blois, 340, 655 lordships, 5 Peter of Eboli, 393, 411, 412 marriages, 518, 521, 523–4, 579 Peter of Osma, 495 and Normandy, 522, 525–6, 576, 577, 580 Peter of Rodez, 492 and papacy, 363, 524 Peter of Trnovo, 265, 266 and Poitou, 544 Peter Orseolo, king of Hungary, 308–9 reign, 510 Peter Pierleone, 359, 365, 373, 374 testament, 521, 528 Peter the Chanter, 357 Philip, archbishop of Cologne, 403, 419 Peter the Hermit, 249, 311 Philip, duke of Swabia, 421, 438, 439, 632, 633 Peter the Venerable, 326, 375 Philip of Alsace, count of Flanders, 521, 538, 539, Peterborough, 201 548 Petra, 653, 670 Philip of Dreux, bishop of Beauvais, 532 Petraliphas family, 642 Philip of Heinsberg, 400 Petronilla I, queen of Aragon-Navarre, 483, 484 Philip of Macedon, 125 Pevensey, 200 Philip of Mahdia, 469 Philadelphia, 635, 637, 642 Philippa, duchess of Aquitaine, 141 Philip I, king of France Philippa, queen of Aragon, 175 and church, 131, 514 Philippopolis, 632 consecration, 513 Philomelion, 250 and counts of Champagne, 138 philosophy, Byzantium, 217, 229, 243 death, 127, 510, 513 Phokas family, 220, 223 excommunication, 29, 126–7 Piacenza, 49, 422, 426, 436, 437 First Crusade, 251 Piast dynasty, 277, 279, 285, 287, 410 and Flanders, 138 Piazza Armerina, 469 illegitimate children, 126 Picts, 585, 588 marital problems, 125, 126–7, 131, 139 Piedmont, 425, 426, 429, 432, 440 monasteries, 132 Pierleoni family, 37, 364, 365, 373, 374, 422 and papacy, 131 Pilgrim, archbishop of Cologne, 19 powers, 121, 129–30 pilgrims, Santiago, 174–6, 491–4 prévotsˆ , 511–12 Piotr Wlostowic, 288 regency, 138 Pipe Roll, 213 and regional powers, 133 pirates, 631, 637 reign, 125–7 Pisa royal domain, 130 11th century, 92, 187 and William of Normandy, 204 12th century Philip II Augustus, king of France archives, 613 accession, 571 and Barbarossa, 431, 435, 436 accounts, 521 and Byzantium, 618, 632, 633 administration, 517, 520, 522–3 fleet, 431, 437 alliances, 572, 578, 579 and Genoa, 426, 427, 435 and Anjou, 579 pirates, 631 and Berry, 574 sack of Amalfi, 468 biography, 517, 519–20, 528 status, 427, 435, 439 birth, 518 and unification of southern Italy, 449, 457, and Burgundy, 540 473 consecration, 518 Pisans coronation, 519, 520, 531 First Crusade, 647 crusade, 518, 520, 522 in Latin east, 664 death, 510, 529 and Majorca, 481 and Eleanor of Aquitaine, 579 merchants in Byzantium, 253, 627, 630 and England, 519, 522, 524–5, 529, 572–4, 577, merchants in Messina, 468 578, 579 in Sicily, 474 finances, 525 in Spain, 487 and Flanders, 532, 538 Pisellus, viscount, 670 genealogy, 520 Pistoia, 427, 436 and Jews, 517 Pisuerga river, 167

Index 943

Plasencia, 495 cardinal priests, 34, 35, 36, 37 Plato, 243 marriage, 46, 328–9 Plock, 282, 288 reforms, 329–31 Po valley, 76, 82, 424, 425, 426, 432, 439–40 principalities, France, 531–3, 534 Poblet monastery, 494 Principato, 456, 473 Poitevins, 198, 213, 483 Prousa, 636 Poitiers, 515, 532, 544, 548, 569, 579 Provençaux, in Leon,´ 493 Poitou, 129, 139, 543, 544, 545, 561 Provence, 41, 142, 335, 395, 481, 497, 547 Poland Provins, 137, 537, 538 archbishopric, 277 provosts, 129, 130, 534 architecture, 288 Prussians, Christianization, 285, 286 bishoprics, 283–4 Przemyslid dynasty, 283 chronicles, 288, 289 Pseudo-Turpin, 492, 493 church, 414 Psie Pole, battle of, 283 civil war, 285, 286 Pskov, 254 coins, 288 Puente la Reina, 174, 491 economy, 288 Punjab, 689 fragmentation, 287 generally, 277–89 al-Qadir, 687, 688 and German emperors, 394, 407 al-Qadir of Toledo, 171, 181 map, 278 al-Qahira, 675, 680, 705, 706, 709 monasteries, 280 al-Qa’im, 687, 693 rulers, 277–87 Qarakhanids, 691, 703 Poles, in Russia, 262 Qarluq, 691 Polotsk, 254, 256, 259 Qatvan Steppe, 726 Pomerania, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 285, 286, 287, Qawurd, 721, 723 301, 394, 410, 419 Qayrawan, 695, 696, 697, 702 Pommerellen, 283 Quedlinburg, 280 Pomposa Abbey, 19 n. 31 Quercy, 532, 544 Ponferrada, 491 Quraysh, prince, 699 Pons, abbot of Cluny, 325 Qus, 705, 718 Pons of Toulouse, 141 Qutb al-Din Mawdud, 713, 732, 737, 738, 739 Ponte Mammolo, 70 Pontorson, 558 Rabikauskas, P., 18 Poppo of Carinthia, patriarch of Aquileia, 72 Raciborz,´ 283, 287 Porto, bishops, 18, 33 Radoslav of Zeta, 268 Portsmouth, 553 Radulf Glaber, 49, 124, 140, 149 Portugal Ragusa, 116, 266, 270, 271, 272, 275 12th century kingdom, 475, 484–7, 488, 490 Rahba, 699 crusades, 504 Rahewin, 391, 400, 405, 406, 412 government structures, 501 Raimundo, abbot of Fitero, 496 identity, 503 Rainald of Dassel, archbishop of Cologne, 393, and Leon,´ 505 397, 400, 407, 412–13, 417, 431, 434 military orders, 497 Rainerius, cardinal of Palestrina, 34 and papacy, 348–9 Rainulf, count of Aversa, 102, 104 poverty, clerical poverty, 48 Rainulf of Alife, 376, 394 Powys, 595, 596, 597 Rainulf of Caiazzo, 445, 447, 449, 450, 451 Poznan, 282, 284, 286 Ralph, archbishop of Tours, 131 Prato, 427 Ralph, chancellor of Jerusalem, 653, 654, 658 precious metals, 468 Ralph, count of Vermandois, 516, 519, 552 Premonstratensians, 314, 324, 374 Ralph Basset, 211 prerogative powers, 69, 70 Ralph, patriarch of Antioch, 651 Preslav, 265 Ralph, vicomte of Bayeux, 197 Priam, king, 520 Ralph of Briquessart, 205 Pribislav of Brandenburg, 409, 410 Ralph of Crepy´ and Vermandois, 126 priests Ralph of Sarre, 394

944 Index

Ralph of Tiberias, 665–6 Regenbald the chancellor, 210 Ralph the Staller, earl of East Anglia, 199 Regensburg, 284, 370, 413 Ramiro I, king of Aragon, 162, 185 Reggio, 107, 108, 426, 427 Ramiro II, king of Aragon-Navarre, 483, 493 Reginald, earl of Cornwall, 566 Ramiro III, king of Leon,´ 159 Reginald of Dunstanville, 553 Ramla Reichenau Abbey, 29, 62, 407 11th century, 702, 704 Reinbern, bishop of Pomerania, 277 12th century, 644, 646, 647, 661, 664, 665, Remigius, abbot of Fecamp,´ 198 668, 669, 708, 732 Renier of Montferrat, 623, 630, 631, 633 Ramon´ Berenguer I, count of Barcelona, 163, Rennes, counts of, 140 165, 166, 175, 186, 489, 546 Reno river, 433 Ramon´ Berenguer II, count of Barcelona, 184, Rheims 186 12th century status, 535 Ramon´ Berenguer III, count of Barcelona, 186, archbishopric, 14, 30, 513, 535, 536 481, 497 archbishops, 125, 126, 131, 137, 531, 532 Ramon´ Berenguer IV, count of Barcelona, 347, and Champagne fairs, 537 348, 480, 483, 483–4, 487, 488–90, 497 church, 514 Ramon´ Borrell I, count of Barcelona, 163, 186 coins, 535, 538 Ramon´ of Caldes, 503, 546 communal charter, 515 Ramon´ of Palencia, 495 and French monarchy, 127, 513, 516, 518, 519, Rangerius, 60 520 Ranulf, earl of Chester, 555, 556 and Odo II of Blois, 137 Ranulf Flambard, 211 St-Remi´ Abbey, 27, 535 Ranulf of Glanville, 572, 577 synod 1049, 26, 27, 32 Raoul family, 642 synod 1131, 328, 329, 333, 361, 362 Ras, 268, 270 synod 1148, 328, 329, 335, 361, 560 Rasad, 683, 694, 701 Rhineland, 208, 385, 403, 413, 417 Rascia, 266 Rhodri Mawr, 597 Raska, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 636 Rhys ap Gruffydd, 596, 599, 600 Rathbreasail, 603 Rhys ap Tewdwr, 205 Ratzeburg, 409 Ribagorza, 161, 162 Ravenna, 77, 78, 80, 80–1, 84, 89, 424, 427, 438, Richard I, king of England 439, 622 Angevin empire, 541, 542 Raymond II of Tripoli, 652 and Aquitaine, 544 Raymond III of Tripoli, 657, 659, 660, 661, 662, crusade, 346, 520, 573, 575, 746 663 and Cyprus, 632, 636 Raymond IV of St-Gilles, count of Toulouse, death, 521, 525, 578, 580 marquis of Provence, 141, 142, 175, 187, duke of Aquitaine, 569, 570, 571, 572 250, 544, 545, 570 German imprisonment, 402, 420, 576 Raymond, count of Burgundy, 176, 187, 188, 189 inheritance, 574, 575 Raymond ‘le Gros’ of Carew, 608 liberation, 577 Raymond of Armous, count of Galicia, 477, 478 marriage, 572, 573, 574, 575, 576 Raymond of Edessa, 624 and papacy, 358, 382–3 Raymond of Gothia, 141 and Philip Augustus, 363, 524–5, 573, 574, 577 Raymond of Poitiers, prince of Antioch, 617, ransom, 473 619, 624, 651, 652, 653, 656, 739 reign, 575–8 Raymond of Toulouse, 644, 646, 649 and Saladin, 663 Raymond William of Urgel, Count, 23 and Scotland, 588 Raynald II, count of Macon,ˆ 136 succession, 578 Raynald, count of Burgundy, 135, 136 and Toulouse, 574 Raynald of Chatillon,ˆ 624, 655, 656, 660, 662, Richard II, duke of Normandy, 136, 140, 196, 210 746 Richard II, prince of Salerno, 443 Raynard, count of Sens, 130 Richard III, duke of Normandy, 136, 196 Rayy, 685, 688, 689, 691, 692, 710, 727 Richard, abbot of St-Victor de Marseille, 176, 180 Razes,` 186, 547 Richard, archbishop of Canterbury, 353 Red Sea, 662, 670, 745 Richard, count of Aversa, 99, 105, 106, 107

Index 945

Richard, son of Hoel, constable, 451 Robert Bloet, bishop of Lincoln, 211 Richard Belmeis, bishop of London, 211 Robert Burdet, 481, 482 Richard fitz Gilbert, lord of Ceredigion, 598 Robert de la Haye, 211 Richard fitz Gilbert of Clare, earl of Pembroke, Robert fitz Hamo, 208, 596 607, 608, 610 Robert fitz Harding, 607 Richard le Bret, 568 Robert fitz Richard of Clare, 596 Richard Mauleverer, 491 Robert fitz Stephen, 608 Richard of Acerra, 472, 473 Robert Guiscard, duke of Apulia Richard of Andria, 456 and Albania, 240–1 Richard of Belmeis, 597 biography, 98 Richard of Capua, 53, 84, 85, 109, 110, 111, 112 and Byzantium, 243, 452 Richard of Clare, 203 and Calabria, 106, 107, 108, 443, 446 Richard of Gravina, 462, 463 and Capua, 447 Richard of Hummet, 566 conquest of Sicily, 109 Richard of Lucy, 566 consolidation of southern Italian conquest, Richard of Mandra, 458 110, 111 Richard of Molise, 459, 463 death, 115, 119, 241 Richard Palmer, bishop of Syracuse, 458, 470 excommunication, 112, 113 Richard the Seneschal, lord of Mottola, 444 family, 116 Richenza, empress, 388 investiture, 111 Richer, abbot of Monte Cassino, 106 marriage, 116 Ridwan, 707, 713, 717, 728–30, 731, 732, 733 and monasteries, 118 Ridwan ibn al-Walakhshi, 716 and papacy, 32, 99, 114 Rignano, 450 rebellions against, 112 Rigord, monk of St-Denis, 517, 519–20, 521, 522, Robert Mauduit, 211 525, 528 Robert of Aire, 540 Ringsted, 300 Robert of Beaumont, 208 Rioja, 161, 169, 478, 481 Robert of Bellême, 205, 207, 209 Rioseco, 494 Robert of Briquessart, 208 Ripoll monastery, 486 Robert of Caen, 208 Rivallon of Combour, 197 Robert of Caiazzo, 443 Riyah, 697 Robert of Caserta, 462 Robert I, count of Flanders, 249 Robert of Dreux, 516 Robert I, duke of Burgundy, 124–5, 134 Robert of Eu, 198 Robert I of Capua, 444 Robert of Grandmesnil, 196 Robert I of Frisia, count of Flanders, 126, 138, 201 Robert of Hauteville, 105 Robert II, count of Flanders, 138 Robert of Loritello, 113, 444, 445, 454, 455, 456, Robert II, king of France 457, 459 and Burgundy, 130, 134, 135, 136 Robert of Meulan, 210 and count of Blois, 138 Robert of Mortain, 198, 203, 211 daughter Adela, 136 Robert of Mowbray, 206 death, 121, 125 Robert of Rhuddlan, 596 dynasty, 121, 124 Robert of Selby, 462, 470 marriages, 135, 137, 139, 142 Robert of Torigny, 563 reign, 127 Robert Pullen, 355, 360 Robert II Curthose, duke of Normandy, 133, 137, Robert the Devil, 136 203, 204–5, 206, 207 Rocca Antica, 22 Robert II of Bassonville, 451 Rocca Niceforo, 372 Robert II of Capua, 447, 449, 450, 453 Roccamonfina, 102 Robert, abbot of Sahagun,´ 180 Rochester Castle, 557, 567, 577 Robert, count of Maine, 197 Rodrigo, archbishop of Toledo, 502 Robert, count of Perche, 563 Rodrigo D´ıaz de Vivar (El Cid), 183–6, 496, Robert, duke of Burgundy, 139 506, 508 Robert, earl of Gloucester, 549, 552, 553, 554, 555, Rodrigo Jimenez´ of Rada, 506 556, 557, 558, 559, 560, 562, 598 Rodrigo Ovequis,´ count, 187 Robert, earl of Leicester, 562, 563, 566, 570 Rodulf, count, 196

946 Index

Roger I, count of Sicily Romanos Diogenes, emperor, 238–9, 703 alliances, 87, 115 Romanos Lecapenus, 223 biography, 98 Romanos Skleros, 230 and bishoprics, 117 Rome and Calabria, 443, 445 10th century, 9 charters, 460 11th century conquest of Sicily, 109, 110 aristocracy, 84 death, 446 basilicas, 35 and monasteries, 117, 118 churches, 35 and papacy, 26, 32, 114, 373, 465 clergy, 21 siege of Capua, 119 development of power, 92 Roger I of Montgomery, 196, 197 and First Crusade, 4 Roger II, count of Sicily Lateran basilica, 33, 35 accession, 446 Norman occupation, 87 administration, 460–2, 464 priests, 35 alliances, 472 Santa Maria in Turri, 70 and Balkans, 621 12th century and Byzantium, 452–3, 618, 619, 620 1109 meeting, 69 coronation, 448, 465, 472 1167 siege, 418 death, 621 and Barbarossa, 428, 429, 430, 435 excommunication, 447 capital of imperial Italy, 396 and Fatimids, 717 and German emperors, 393 feudalism, 470–1 and Henry VI, 436, 437 illness, 449, 455 imperial coronations, 405 and immigrants, 470 Lateran palace, 322 king of Sicily, 442, 448 and papacy, 34, 52, 363–8, 391, 428, 432, 465 and kingdom of Jerusalem, 648 Romuald of Salerno, 470 legacy, 454 Roncaglia, 398, 423, 430, 622 North African conquests, 446, 452 Roncesvalles, 492, 493 and papacy, 366, 367, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, Ronda, 157 377, 391, 423, 466 Ros barony, 567, 577 treasures, 402 Rosamund Clifford, 571 uniﬁcation of southern Italy, 446–53 Roscelin of Beaumont-le-Vicomte, 208 Roger II of Montgomery, earl of Shrewsbury, Rosetta, 658 197, 198, 199, 203, 205 Rostislav of Novgorod, 256 Roger, archbishop of York, 355 Rostislav of Smolensk, 261 Roger, bishop of Salisbury, 211, 566, 577 Rostov-Suzdal , 259, 261 Roger Borsa, duke of Apulia, 118, 119, 443, 444, Rotrou, archbishop of Rouen, 566, 571 445 Rotrou of Perche, count of Mortagne, 6, 208, Roger of Andria, 463, 472–3 479 Roger of Antioch, 649, 729 Roucy, 533 Roger of Apulia, 632 Rouen, 26, 195, 196, 208, 532, 559, 560, 576, 580 Roger of Beaumont, 196, 198, 206 Rouergue, 532, 544 Roger of Clare, earl of Hertford, 567 Roupen II, prince of Cilicia, 636 Roger of Howden, 395, 505, 517 Roussillon, 545 Roger of Rozoy, bishop of Laon, 536 Roye, 521 Roger of Salisbury, 212 Ruaidri Ui Conchobair, 606, 608, 609, 610 Roger of York, 566 Rudbar, 711, 713 Roger the Norman, Master, 357 Rudolf II, king of Burgundy, 45 Roland, cardinal of S. Marco, 378, 379 Rudolf III, king of Burgundy, 135, 137 Roland Bandinelli, 319 Rudolf of Pfullendorf and Bregenz, 418 Roland of Bologna, Master, 319–20, 338 Rudolf of Rheinfelden, 52, 58, 60, 61, 63 Romagna, 80, 82, 92, 427, 428, 431, 435, 438, 439 Rudolf of Swabia, 310 Roman of Tmutarakn , 257 Ruﬁnus of Bologna, bishop of Assisi, archbishop Roman of Volynia, 262 of Sorrento, 320, 334, 338 Romanos Argyros, 222, 223–4, 225, 226, 227 Rugen,¨ 283, 301

Index 947

Rugia, 283 St-Martin-des-Champs, 132, 360 Rukn al-Dawla, 685 St-Omer, 538 Rukn al-Din, 714 St-Pol, 538 Rum, 615, 626 St-Pons-de-Thonnieres,` 23, 176 Runciman, S., 708 St-Remi´ Abbey, 27, 535 Rupert, abbot of Deutz, 392 St-Ruf in Avignon, 324, 327 n. 60, 359 Ruqiyya, 683, 694 St Sophia, Benevento, 118 Russel Balliol, 239 St Sophia, Constantinople, 227, 232, 244, 245, Russia 246, 641 and Byzantium, 220, 221, 253 St-Valery,´ 198 conversion to orthodoxy, 221 St-Victor in Paris, 324 Cuman raids, 262, 266 St-Victor de Marseille, 24, 176 and Hungary, 311 Ste-Foy-de-Conques Abbey, 176 Lay of Igor’s Campaign, 262 saints, 12–13 partition, 254 Saladin rulers, 254–62 attack on Tyre, 631, 663 Russian Law, 254, 261 brilliance, 734 trade, 221, 261, 690 and Byzantium, 625, 630, 631 Rustam, 691 capture of Jerusalem, 419, 573 Ruthenia, 277, 279, 281, 283, 287–8 career, 742–7, 751–2 Ryurik Rostislavich, 262 conquest of Holy Land, 631 death, 664, 746 Saale, 279 in Egypt, 658, 742 Saami, 290 empire, 744–5, 750, 751 Saarbucken,¨ counts of, 70 and Fatimids, 719, 720 Sabina, 22, 33, 73, 77 holy war against, 340 Sabra palace, 696 and Latin east, 657–9, 662, 718 Sa’da, 710 and Richard I of England, 663 Safad Castle, 666 Sunni, 743 Safwat al-Mulk, 730,n.9, 734, 736, 737 usurper, 738 Sagrajas, battle of, 182, 183, 184, 186, 509 Saladin Tithe, 573 Sahagun,´ 174, 175, 491, 493, 498 Salamanca, 173, 493, 502 Sahagun´ chronicle, 475, 477 Saleph river, 420 Sahagun´ monastery, 176, 177, 178, 180 Salerno Sahara, 694, 697, 701 11th century Sa‘id ibn Khazrun, 694 Lombard principality, 94, 116 St-Aignan, 132 Norman conquest, 100, 107, 110, 111, 113, St Albans Abbey, 358 116, 119 St Andrews, 588, 592 papal rule, 113 St Asaph, 598 resources, 97 St Basil Cathedral, 237 12th century, 444 St-Benigne´ monastery, 151 1127 rebellion, 445 St-Benoˆıt-sur-Loire, 127, 132 bishops, 466 St Catherine monastery in Sinai, 717 and kingdom of Sicily, 448 St-Crepin,´ Soissons, 360 Lombards, 470 St David’s, 581, 598 and Roger Borsa, 443 St-Denis Abbey, 127, 132, 345, 511, 512, 514, royal administration, 463 515–16, 517, 520, 524, 529, 536 and uniﬁcation of southern Italy, 447, 453, St Euphemia monastery, 118 455, 472 St-Evroult monastery, 196 999 siege, 101 St Gall monastery, 62 Salerno, prince of, 76 St George of the Mangana, 217, 226, 227 Salians St-Germain-des-Pres,` 517, 524 early Salian century, 38–48 St-Gilles monastery, 141 Henry III’s reign, 48–50 St-Jean-de-Losne, 537, 538 Henry IV’s reign, 50–68 St-Martin in Laon, 359 kings, 39

948 Index

al-Salih Ayyub, 747, 751 Sanjar, sultan, 713, 724, 725, 726, 727 al-Salih Isma‘il, 743, 744 Santa Agata di Puglia, 110, 115, 451 al-Salih Tala’i‘b. Ruzzik, 718, 741 Santa Cruz de Coimbra, 486 Salisbury, 202, 207 Santa Maria in Rheno, 326 Salkhad, 733 Santarem,´ 183, 188, 487, 500 Salomea, princess, 284 Santiago, order of, 347, 496–7, 502 salt herring, 303 Santiago de Compostela, 160, 174–6, 491–4 salt pans, 468 Sao˜ Mamede, battle of, 485 Saltwood Castle, 567 Saragossa Saluzzo, marquisate, 426 11th century Salvatierra, 506, 509 and Aragonese expansion, 185, 478 Salzburg, 64, 284, 407, 417 Christian raids, 165 Samanids, 688, 691 division, 185 Samaria, 654, 668 independence, 185, 475 Samos, 615 Muslims in, 479 Sampiro, bishop of Astorga, 160 parias, 165, 167 Samson, archbishop of Rheims, 516 siege, 181, 182 Samuel, tsar of Bulgaria, 262–3, 271 taifa kingdom, 157, 158, 162, 186, 475, 479 Samuel Aba, king of Hungary, 309 12th century, 482, 483, 484, 487, 499 San Ambrogio, 405 Sardinia, 427, 435 San Bonifacio, counts of, 425 Sarmada, 729 San Esteban, 161 Sava, monk of Vatopedi, 270, 271 San Isidoro church, 500 Sava river, 267, 271, 274 San Juan de la Pena,˜ 166, 177, 179 Savigny monastery, 324, 559, 560, 598 San Juan in Burgos, 176 Savona, 426 San Mart´ın de Fromista,´ 175 Savoy, counts of, 6, 426, 439–40 San Miniato, 435 Saxon rebellion San Pedro de Cardena˜ monastery, 174 Henry IV’s reign, 39, 50, 52, 54–5, 57, 58, 60–1 San Saturnino de Iruna,˜ 492 Henry V’s reign, 70 San Severino, 110, 116 and Poland, 281 San Vincenzo al Volturno monastery, 78 Saxons San Zeno monastery, 425 and Conrad II, 44 Sana’a, 716 in England, 191 Sancerre, 536 expedition against Obodrits, 286 Sancha, countess and queen of Castile, 161, 163, Saxony 167 archbishops, 64 Sancha of Castile, 498 de facto independence, 408–10 Sancho I, king of Portugal, 500, 504 and German court, 384 Sancho I the Fat, king of Leon,´ 159 and German emperors, 417, 419 Sancho II, king of Castile, 167–8, 169, 177, 184 imperial dynasty, 80 Sancho III, king of Castile, 484, 490, 496–7 lands of bishops of Mainz, 385 Sancho III, king of Navarre, 489 settlers in, 409 Sancho VI, king of Navarre, 492, 497, 500, 504 succession, 415, 416, 418, 419 Sancho VII, king of Navarre, 504, 505, 507, 576 Sayf al-Din Ghazi, 737 Sancho Garces´ I, king of Navarre, 161, 165 Sayf al-Din Ghazi II, 737, 743 Sancho Garces´ III (the Great), king of Navarre, al-Sayyida Arwa, 710, 716 161–2, 163, 167, 169, 177, 189 Scandalion, 669 Sancho Garces´ IV, king of Navarre, 164, 169, 185, Scandinavia 481 chieftains, 293–4 Sancho Garces,´ count of Castile, 160, 161 church, 298–9, 414 Sancho Ram´ırez I, king of Aragon,´ 162, 169, 176, communities, 294 178, 179, 184, 185, 492 conﬂicts, 300 Sandomierz, 282, 285 coronations, 300 San Frediano monastery, 326 economy, 302 Sangro river, 452 furs, 302, 303 Sanhaja, 182 generally, 195, 290–303

Index 949

jarls, 294 generally, 530–4 kingdoms, 293, 294 great territorial concentrations, 541–7 kings, 293–8 prerogatives, 533–4 languages, 290 principalities, 530, 531–3, 534 map, 291 secular principalities, 536–41 and papacy, 349–51 village lordships, 530, 533 peoples, 290 hierarchy, 530 preserved food, 303 Italy, 425, 426 saints, 300 kingdom of Jerusalem, 667, 668–72 taxation, 301 meaning, 530 things, 197 Seine river, 535, 538 towns, 301–2 Seljuqs trade, 302–3 in Anatolia, 699 Schauenburg dynasty, 408 in Armenia, 237, 699 Scheldt river, 538 and Assassins, 711, 713 scholarship, France, 152–3 atabegs, 724–5 Schwerin, 409, 410 in Baghdad, 699, 700, 725 Scialenghi family, 427 Byzantium, 230, 238, 240, 615 Scotia, 587, 591 capital, 250, 710 Scotland collapse, 726 11th century, 582 and Croatia, 272 administration, 591–2 and crusaders, 1, 252, 708, 731–41 artistocracy, 586 in Edessa, 652, 740 boundaries, 215 expansion, 703 burghs, 590–1 and Fatimids, 715 church, 592–3 invasion of Middle East, 689–93 classes, 586 Iran and Iraq, 648, 710, 711, 713, 721–7, 751 coins, 590–1 and Latin east, 649 economy, 588–91 map, 676 and England, 552, 553, 581, 587, 588 Rum sultanate, 626, 748, 750 feudalism, 582, 585–6, 587, 600 Sinjar defeat, 699 generally, 583–93 Suleiman, 240 lairds, 587 sultans, 711 map, 584 in Syria, 649, 705, 713, 741 and Normans, 581, 593 Senegal, 181 population, 588 seneschaux, 128, 534, 539, 544 royal succession, 585 Senlis, 514, 522 scrofula, 127, 132 Senlis family, 512 Sea of Galilee, 647 Sens, 26, 130, 361, 511, 513, 514, 532 Sebenico, 271, 311 Sept-Saulx, 531 Second Crusade Sepulveda,´ 172, 173, 495, 496 and Bernard of Clairvaux, 326, 340–1, 342 Serbia and Byzantium, 620–1, 627, 630 Bogomils, 275 failure, 416, 518, 560, 623, 626 and Byzantium, 264, 267, 269, 313, 621, 632, and German emperors, 408, 416 636 and Louis VII, 362, 518 generally, 266–71 origins, 652 Orthodox church, 267–8, 270 and Turks, 620 Serdica, 270 Segovia, 173, 494 serfs, 145–6 Segura de Leon,´ 495 Sergius III, pope, 9 seigneuries Sergius IV, pope, 10 12th century France Sergius VII, duke of Naples, 449, 450 baronies, 530, 533 Serrao,˜ Verissimo, 485 castellans, 530, 533 Sesia river, 429 counties, 530, 533 Seville, 157, 158, 165, 182, 187, 487 ecclesiastical lordships, 531, 534–6, 545 Sezanne,´ 537

950 Index

Sfax, 452 revolts, 455 Shadiz, 711 royal treasure, 402 Shah-nama, 691 uniﬁcation with southern Italy, 446–53 Shaizar, 617 upper classes, 470–1 Shams al-Muluk Isma’il b. Bori,¨ 736 wealth, 629 Shanjul, 155, 156 women, 471 Sharqiyya, 705 Kalbids, 679 Shaubak, 670 Sidon, 647, 661, 664, 665, 668, 669, 671, 672, Shawar, 718, 742 702, 705 sheriffs, 212, 213 Sieciech, 282 Shetland, 586 Siegfried, bishop of Augsburg, 61 Shihab al-Din Mahmud, 736, 737 Siena, 427, 436 Shi‘ites, 675, 677, 678, 679, 685, 686, 687, 698, Sieradz, 285 711 Sierra de Guadarrama, 171 Shiraz, 685, 686, 692, 693, 710 Sierra Morena, 171, 507 shires, 194 Sierra Nevada, 156 Shirkuh, general, 657, 718, 719, 742 Sigebert of Gembloux, 415 Shrewsbury, 552, 553, 596, 599 Sigtuna, 293 Sibenik, 271 Siguenza,¨ 479 Siberia, 690 Sigurd, king of Norway, 298 Sibyl, queen of Jerusalem, 661, 662, 663 Sijilmasa, 697 Sibyl of Conversano, 206 Sila Grande, 94 Sibylla, countess of Flanders, 565 Sila mountains, 96 Sicardus of Cremona, 340 Silesia, 280, 282, 285, 286, 394, 410 Sichelgaita of Salerno, 116, 119 Silistria, 263 Sicily silk, southern Italy, 97, 468 11th century Silva Candida, 18, 33 Arab rule, 94, 101 Silves, 504 and Byzantium, 102, 224 Simon I, duke of Upper Lorraine, 414 Kalbid dynasty, 696 Simon, count of Vermandois, 130 Kalbid amirs, 95 Simon Magus, 14 kingdom, 373 Simon of Bisignano, 320–321 monasteries, 117 Simon of Montfort, 547 Norman conquest, 5, 97, 108–11, 115, 239 Simon of Policastro, 455, 456 Norman society, 115–19 Simon the Seneschal, 456 and papacy, 7, 26 simony, 14, 27, 28, 30, 34, 46, 49–51 population, 94–5 Sinai, 717 resources, 97 Sinan, 713, 714 12th century Sinjar, 699 attempted coup, 457 Sinkiang, 691 before 1127, 446 Sintra, 183, 487 bishops, 464, 465, 466, 467 Sir Darya, 690 and Byzantium, 621, 622, 626, 630, 631 Sirmium, 263, 311, 314, 315, 625, 636 church, 465–7 Sisnando Dav´ıdez, count of Portugal, 170, 181 demography, 468–70 Sitt al-Mulk, 683, 694 economy, 467–9 Siward family, 199, 203 and German emperors, 394, 414, 420, 421, Skane,¨ 292, 297, 303 437, 438, 471–4, 621 Skara, 298 government structures, 459–64 Skleros family, 220, 223 instability (1154–68), 453–9 Skoplje, 263, 264 justice, 461–2, 463 slave trade, 701 kingdom of Sicily, 442, 448 Slavonia, 271, 273, 274, 635 monasteries, 469 Slavonic liturgy, 272, 275 Normans, 470–1 Smolena, 637 and papacy, 366, 367, 376, 377–80, 382, 454, Smolensk, 256, 257, 259, 261 465–7, 623 Smyrna, 240, 241

Index 951

Sobrarbe, 161, 162 Islamic retreat, 155, 156, 180–90 Sohrab, 691 land expansion, 173–4 Soissons, 126, 360, 541 Mozarabic liturgy, 179, 180 Soldevila, F, 499 and papacy, 178–9 Solomon, king of Hungary, 281, 309–310 parias, 165–7, 169, 170, 171, 175, 186 Solway Firth, 586, 587 population growth, 174 Somerled of Argyll, 587 Reconquista, 8, 134, 347 Somosierra pass, 172 repoblac´ıon, 173 Somport pass, 175 silk, 97 Sor´ıa, 173 taifa kingdoms, 156–8, 164, 169, 181–4 Sorrento, 102 Umayyad caliphate, 154, 155 Sousa, 452 12th century southern Italy changing borders, 475 11th century feudalism, 496 and Byzantium, 100, 230 generally, 475–509 fragmentation, 94–6 kingdoms, 490 generally, 94–119 mid-century situation, 490–7 Lombard principalities, 94, 96, 100, 101, monasteries, 494 102 pilgrims, 491–4 Norman conquest, 97–9 reconquest, 490 Norman conquest by mercenaries, settlers, 494–7 99–104 sources, 477 Norman conquest of mainland, 104–8 13th century, crusade, 506–9 Norman consolidation phase, 108–11 map, 476 Norman society, 115–19 see also specific kingdoms physical characteristics, 96–7 Spalato, 271 regions, 94 Speyer, 48, 66, 68, 384, 398, 403, 413 12th century Split, 267, 268, 271, 272, 274, 275 before 1127, 442–6 Spoleto, 430 and Byzantium, 621, 622, 623, 627, 634, 635 Spoleto, duchy of, 79, 84, 428, 431, 435, 439 decentralised power, 445 Spyridonakes, 637 economy, 467–469 SS. Cosmas and Damian monastery, 226 government structures, 459–64 Stainmore, 587 instability (1154–68), 453–9 Stamford Bridge, 198, 297 unification under Roger II of Sicily, Standard, battle of the, 553 446–53 Stanislaw, bishop of Cracow, 281 see also individual regions Starodub, 258 Southern, R. W., 566 Stauf Castle, 61 Sozopolis, 615 Staufen family, 61, 389, 413, 421 Spain Stephanie of Milly, 660 11th century Stephanites, 314 al-Andalus, 154–9 Stephen I, king of Hungary, 271, 304–8, 310, ‘Amirids, 155, 158 311–12, 313 Berbers, 155, 156 Stephen II, king of Hungary, 311, 312, 616 caliphal office, 155 Stephen III, king of Hungary, 314, 315, 625 Christian expansion, 172–3, 180–90 Stephen III, pope, 33, 35 Christian kingdoms, 158–72 Stephen IV, king of Hungary, 314, 625 Christian raids into al-Andalus, 164–6 Stephen VII, pope, 9 church reform, 179–80 Stephen IX, pope, 20, 20 n. 35, 34, 83, 84, 107, coins, 155 233 early 11th century upheaval, 155–9 Stephen, count of Blois, 208, 556 fitna, 156 Stephen, count of Burgundy, 136 foreign merchants, 175–6 Stephen, count of Troyes, 137, 138 generally, 7, 154–90 Stephen, king of England hajibs, 155 alliances, 555 holy war against Muslims, 340, 346–8 and Angevins, 562, 563

952 Index

Stephen (cont.) Svear, 290, 292, 293, 295, 296, 298, 302 and Bernard of Clairvaux, 560 Sven Estridsen, king of Denmark, 24, 297, 298, and bishops, 562 300 civil war, 215, 553–8 Sven I Forkbeard, king of Denmark, 292, 293, death, 564 294–5 and Henry II, 564 Sverker, king of Sweden, 298 loss of duchy of Normandy, 191, 549, 558 Sverri, king of Norway, 298, 300, 351 and papacy, 353–5, 559, 560 Svetoslav, king of Croatia, 271 reign, 209–11 Svyatopolk of Kiev, 258, 277, 311 and Scotland, 552 Svyatoslav of Chernigov, 261, 262 sons, 560, 561, 562, 564 Svyatoslav of Novgorod, 254, 256, 257 succession, 541, 552, 564 Swabia, 58, 413, 416, 420 and Wales, 598 Swabia, dukes of, 52, 61, 416, 418 Stephen Nemanja, 269–71, 636 Swabians, support for Henry IV, 55 Stephen of Besançon, 21 Swansea, 595 Stephen of Blois, see Stephen, king of England Sweden Stephen of Garlande, 512 bishops, 296 Stephen of Mandeville, 553 Christianisation, 293 Stephen of Perche, 454, 458, 459, 469 communities, 294 Stephen of Rouen, 394 coronations, 300 Stephen of Tournai, 320 kingdom, 292, 293 Stephen Vojislav, 267 kings, 293, 298 Stiklestad, 296 and papacy, 349, 350 Stilo, 116 peoples, 290, 292 Stirling, 590, 591 synods, 299 Stjepan I, king of Croatia, 271 towns, 302 Stjepan II, king of Croatia, 273 Swein, Earl, 194 Stormarn, 409 Swein, king of Denmark, 350 Stracimir Nemanja, 269 Sylvester I, pope, 321 Strasbourg, 397 Sylvester II, pope, 22, 30 Strata Florida, 599 Sylvester III, pope, 49 Strata Marcella, 599 Symeon, St, 13, 235 Strathclyde, 586, 587 Symeon, tsar of Bulgaria, 223 Strzelno, 288 Syracuse, 110, 116, 117 Studenica monastery, 270 Syria Sturluson, Snorri, 295 11th century Sudan, 701 Armenian settlers, 221 Sudanese, 680 Assassins, 712–13 Sudetes, 277 and Byzantium, 224 Sudislav of Pskov, 254, 256 Fatimids, 675, 678, 679, 680, 683, 694, 699, Suﬁsm, 714, 749 700, 702 Suger, abbot of St-Denis, 69, 127, 321, 345, First Crusade, 1, 250, 252, 707, 708 361, 511, 512–17, 520, 521, 528, 537, 543, Seljuqs, 703, 705, 707, 713, 723 561 settlers, 6 Suitger, bishop of Bamberg, 50 Turcomans, 692, 699, 703 Sukman ibn Urtuq, 707 12th century, 726–41 Sulayhids, 710, 716 Ayyubids, 719, 748 Suleiman, 240 and Byzantium, 619, 624, 625, 630, 634, Sulpicius Severus, 314 651, 652, 656 Sulzbach, 418 Christian church, 646 Sundays, 147 and crusader states, 630, 648, 656, 727 Sunnis, 677, 682, 685, 687, 689, 692, 696, 697, earthquakes, 740 698, 710, 712, 749 Fatimids, 657, 718 Susa Valley, 81, 426, 440 and Saladin, 658, 743, 744, 745 Sutri, 19, 34, 78 Seljuqs, 725, 726 Svealand, 292, 298 Zengids, 718

Index 953

13th century, 714, 750–1 Teutonic Knights, 665 geography, 726 Tevar,´ battle of, 186 Syro-Christians, 646, 672, 673 Teviotdale, 582 Szaboles, 306 thanes, 586 Thebes, 248, 453, 635 Taff river, 595 Theobald, archbishop of Canterbury, 353, 354, Tagus valley, 171, 186, 188, 189, 190, 487, 494 355, 559, 560, 562, 564, 566 taifa kingdoms, 156–8 Theobald, cardinal of S. Anastasia, 373 taille, 145 Theodora, empress of Byzantium, 222, 233, 699 Tailtiu,´ 607 Theodore Kastamonites, 642 Taj al-Muluk Bori,¨ 734, 736 Theodore Laskaris, 643 Tal’ai‘ b. Ruzzik, 718, 741 Theodore Mangaphas, 637, 642 Talavera, 171, 498 Theodore Psalter, 217 Tall Danith, 649 Theophylact, 9, 10, 265 Tamara,´ Peace of, 480–1 Theotokos Euergetis monastery, 235, 246 Tamaron,´ battle of, 163 Therouanne,´ 560 Tamin ibn Yusuf, 189 Thessalonica, 230, 241, 264, 265, 471, 472, 621, Tanaro river, 440 631, 635, 636, 641, 643 Tancred of Antioch, 646, 647, 648, 649, 668 Thessaly, 241, 248 Tancred of Conversano, 449 Thibaut I, count of Blois, 138, 207 Tancred of Lecce, king of Sicily, 368, 382, 394, Thibaut II, count of Blois and Champagne, 514, 420, 457, 462, 464, 467, 472–3, 575, 632 519, 522, 537, 541, 555, 557 Tangier, 182 Thibaut of Bec, 555 Tanycastell, 597 Thierry of Alsace, 209, 539 Taormina, 110 Third Crusade Taranto, 108, 119 Acre, 663 Tarentaise, 333 and Byzantium, 631, 636 Tarentinus, 463, 464 Cyprus, 636 Tarragona, 333, 348, 481–2, 545, 546, 547 disappointment, 504 Tarsia, 642 English chroniclers, 468 Tarsus, 617 and Frederick Barbarossa, 395, 406, 408, 412, Taticius, 250 436 Taurus mountains, 726 and Henry of Marcy, 326 Tavoliere, 97, 467 launch, 343, 381–2, 436 Tawe river, 595 launching, 419–20 Tayyibis, 716 and Teutonic Knights, 665 Tayyids, 678, 682, 683, 702 Thomas Aquinas, 116 n. 50, 342 Teano, count of, 101 Thomas Becket, 330, 356–8, 362, 381, 482, 566–8, Tegeingl, 599 569, 577, 599 Teiﬁ river, 597 Thomas of Marle, 511 Teltown, 607 Thoros, Prince of Cilicia, 624 Templars Thouars, 544, 565 and Assassins, 652 Thrace, 264, 266, 632 bankers, 517, 521 three orders of society, 146, 151 castles, 651, 666 Thuringia, 385, 414 foundation, 324 Thurstan, archbishop of York, 553 Hungary, 314 Tiberias, 668, 669 Jerusalem, 660, 662 Tibomir Nemanja, 269 and papacy, 326, 650 Ticino river, 424, 425, 429, 436 and Spain, 347, 477, 483, 496, 497 Tierra de Campos, 175 Walter of Jaffa, 671 Tighernan Ua Ruaire, 607 Tenby, 595 Tigris valley, 679 Terebovl , 258 Tinchebray, 206, 555, 558, 581 Teresa of Portugal, 187, 189, 478, 480, 484–5, 487 Tintern, 598 Terra di Lavoro, 97, 456, 462, 463 Tir Conaill, 606, 610 Terracina, 428 Tironensians, 593

954 Index

Tivoli, 18, 33, 428 Transjordan, 647, 651, 653, 658, 661, 662, 667, Tlemcen, 182 668, 670, 683, 732, 745 Tmutarakan , 254, 256, 257 Transylvania, 306, 307 Toirdelbach Ua Briain, 603, 606 Tranxonia, 691, 692, 703, 726 Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair, 606, 610 Trapani, 110 Toledo Trastevere, 34 11th century Trau, 271, 275, 311 1085 fall, 171–2, 180, 182 Travunia, 266 and Almoravids, 186 Trebinje, 266, 267, 270 archbishops, 24, 26, 178 Trebizond, 635, 643 civil war, 171 Trencavel family, 545, 547 and Henry of Burgundy, 188 Trentino, 425 mosque, 181 Trento, 89, 425, 440 parias, 165, 167 Treviso, 424, 425, 440 raids, 183, 184 Tricarico, counts of, 473 taifa kingdom, 157, 170–1 Trier, 49, 57, 369, 370–1 12th century Trifels, 402 1100 siege, 188, 189 Tripoli and Alfonso the Battler, 479 11th century, 695, 696, 702, 708 and Alfonso VII, 479–80, 488 12th century and Alfonso VIII, 497 1109 siege, 649 Almoravids, 487 1170 earthquake, 656 archbishops, 505 Almohads, 457 bishops, 496 and Armenia, 663 description, 494 Ayyubids, 749 ecclesiastical jurisdiction, 489 county, 649, 651–2 reconquest, 479, 481, 483, 498 Fatimids, 728 scientists, 502 and Nur al-Din, 657 Spanish territory, 475 partition, 664 royal burials, 500 principality, 141 tolls, 143, 145 and Saladin, 663, 746 Tonbridge, 567, 577 Second Crusade, 653 Tonerre, 135, 540 Sicilian attacks, 452 Tordehumos, treaty of, 504 Tripolitania, 452, 678 Torhout, 540 Trnovo, 265 Toron, 661, 669 Trogir, 271, 274 Tortona, 430 Troia, 100, 101, 445, 447, 450 Tortosa, 186, 347, 482, 488, 503, 546, 651 Trondelag,¨ 298 Tosny family, 208 Trondheim, 294, 303, 349 Tostig, earl, 194, 198, 203 Trondheim Fjord, 296 Toul, bishops, 78 Troy, 520, 529 Toulouse, 141, 336, 543, 574 Troye s Toulouse, counts of, 141, 481, 531, 532–3, 544–5 12th century county, 519, 531, 532, 536–8, 540 Touques, 549 1107 synod, 131 Touraine, 138, 526, 541, 565, 578 bishopric, 533, 534, 536 Tournai, 514, 531 counts, 128, 133, 137, 137–8 tournaments, 331–332 counts of Blois, 137, 536 Tours, 26, 138, 139, 355, 514, 532, 557 fair, 537 trade invasion by Louis VII, 514 12th century kingdom of Sicily, 467–9 and Philip Augustus, 524 Baltic, 295 romances, 548 Byzantium, 221, 248 St-Etienne, 537 Italian trade revolution, 45 Trpimir dynasty, 271, 273 Russia, 261 Truce of God, 147 Trani, 1009 rebellion, 95 Trujillo, 497, 500 Transierra, 494 Tuam, 605

Index 955

Tudela, 175, 187, 479, 509 Ua Neill of Aileach, 609 Tudellen,´ treaty of, 488, 499 Ubaldini, counts of, 427 Tughril III, 726 Ubeda, 497 Tughril, 691, 692, 693 Ubertini, counts of, 427 Tughril Beg, 698, 699, 700, 703 Ucles,` 189, 488, 502 Tughtigin, 708, 713, 729–30, 732, 733, 734, 739, Udalric, bishop of Basle, 46 745 Udalric, ruler of Bohemia, 279 Tuma, 288 Ugolino da Sesso, 502 Tunis, 696 Ui Lochlainn family, 606 Tunisia, 452, 678, 695, 698 Ui Neill family, 606 Turanshah, 719, 745 Ui Sinaich clan, 604 Turcomans, 692, 693, 699, 703, 722, 726, 729, Ukinj, 270 731, 735 Ulaidh, 607 Turenne, viscount of, 6 Ulm, 404, 415 Turgisius, 116 Ulric II, count of Weimar-Orlamunde,¨ 70 Turin, 426, 440 Ulric, bishop of Augsburg, 13 Turin, march of, 81, 82, 89, 426 Ulric of Attemo, 423 Tu rk s Ulster, 604, 605, 606, 607, 610 11th century ‘Umar, 682 and Byzantium, 113, 217, 238, 239 ‘Umar al-Mutawakkil of Badajoz, 171, 182, 183, in Cairo, 701, 704 722 First Crusade, 1, 707 Umayyads, 154, 155, 156, 677, 695 invasions of central Asia, 690 universities, 16, 502 occupation of Anatolia, 248–52 Unur, 655 in Siraz, 687 Unwan, archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen, 296 12th century Uppsala, 292, 293, 298, 299, 349 in Asia Minor, 626 ‘Uqaylids, 679, 686, 688, 690, 693 and Byzantium, 620, 625 Uqhuwana, battle of, 683 in Edessa, 652 Urban II, pope Seljuqs, see Seljuqs administration, 20–1 Tu rov, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260 and Apulia, 445 Turpin of Rheims, 492, 493 and Byzantium, 249, 252 Tuscan march, 88, 423, 427, 428, 431 cardinals, 36–7 Tuscany, 75, 82, 420, 427, 434–5, 436, 437, 438, church reform, 328 439 and crusade, 16, 66, 341–2, 344, 347 Tusculan popes, 9, 10–13, 30, 49, 72, 78, 84 election, 65 Tusculum, bishopric, 33, 34 episcopal investitures, 67 Tutush, 705, 707, 723, 728, 729, 730, 740, 751 excommunications, 15 Tutush II, 730 and Matilda of Canossa, 87 Tuy, treaty of, 486 and Normans in southern Italy, 26, 113, 446, Tweeddale, 582, 589 465 Tyne river, 552 privileges, 26, 32, 446 tyrants, 65–6 and Raymond of St-Gilles, 250 Tyre satire, 24 11th century, 702, 704, 705, 708 successor, 88 12th century, 631, 650, 654, 663, 667, 668, 671, synods, 29 727, 728, 746, 749 and Toledo, 481 Tyrone, 610 Truce of God proclamation, 119 Tyrrhenian sea, 427, 435, 437 Urban III, pope, 322, 370, 381, 436 Tywi river, 595 Urgel, 166 Tzachas, 241 Uros I, 268, 269 Uros II, 269 Ua Briain dynasty, 603, 606 Urraca, queen of Leon-Castile,´ 161, 167, 187, 189, Ua Briain of Thomond, 608, 609 475–9, 493 Ua Conchobair dynasty, 605, 608, 609 Urraca Lopez´ of Haro, 500 Ua Domhnaill of Tir Conaill, 609 Urraca of Portugal, 500

956 Index

Urso, son of Walter the chamberlain, 522 Peace of Venice, 371–2, 380, 418, 419, 433 Ursus, archbishop of Bari, 117 and Sicily, 456 Urtuqids, 705, 707 trade, 425, 440 Usk river, 595 Venise, 535 usury, 331 Venosa, 103, 118, 444 ‘Uthman, 682 Vercelli, 425, 439, 440 Utrecht council 1076, 57 Vermandois, 128, 137, 521, 522, 538 Uvetichi, 258 Vermudo II, king of Leon,´ 159 Uze tribesmen, 230, 237, 264 Vermudo III, king of Leon,´ 160, 161, 163, 164 Verona, 372, 381, 425, 431 Vac,´ 307 Verona, League of, 432, 439 Val di Crati, 105 Verona, marquess of, 81 Valdarno, 427 Verona march, 82, 89, 423, 424, 425 Valdeavellano, 488 Veszprem,´ 307 Valdemar I, king of Denmark, 298, 300, 301 Vexin, 130, 197, 201, 205, 207, 208, 515, 522, 525, Valdemar II, king of Denmark, 298, 301 559, 561, 574, 577–8, 579 Valencia Via Egnatia, 452 11th century Via Francigera, 81 and Almoravids, 187, 188, 487 Viborg, 299 annexation, 170 Vicenza, 424, 425 parias, 165 vicomtes, 196–7, 213, 214, 526, 542 raids by Fernando I of Leon-Castile,´ 165 Victor II, pope, 20, 34, 50, 79, 83, 84 and Rodrigo D´ıaz de Vivar, 183, 184, 185 Victor III, pope, 36, 87, 114 taifa rulers, 156, 158, 171, 186 Victor IV, antipope, 333, 379, 392, 417 12th century, 488, 490, 497 vidames, 534 Valery, St, 544 Vienne, 26, 333, 396, 401 Val-es-Dunes,` 195 Viennois, 540 Valle Crucis, 599 Vigilius, pope, 11 Valois, 135, 538 Vignory, 533 Varad,´ 307 viguiers, 545, 546 Varangian guard, 221, 297 Vikings, 295 Vasil ko of Terebovl , 258 villages, France, 530, 533 Vasterg¨ otland,¨ 290, 293, 298 Vincent of Prague, 393, 421 Vatopedi monastery, 270 Vincentius Hispanus, 508 Vaucouleurs, 537 Vincoli, S Pietro, 35 Vaudreuil, 577 violence, 146–8, 150 vavassours, 530, 542 Visby, 302 Veglia island, 311 Viseu, siege, 160, 164 Velay, 544 Visigoths, 172, 175, 179, 230, 489 Velletri, 23, 34 Vistula river, 277 Venetian crusade, 413 Vivian, cardinal priest of S. Stefano, 358 Venetians Vizcaya, 161, 169, 478, 481 in Byzantium, 252, 627 Vizzini, 469 in Croatia, 271, 272 Vladimir I, grand prince of Kiev, 254, 256, 257 Veneto, 80, 81, 87, 431, 432, 440 Vladimir, 256, 257, 259, 260, 261, 287 Venice Vladimir Monomakh, 257, 258, 259, 260, 262 11th century, 72, 81, 92, 274, 311 Vladimir of Zvenigorod, 311 12th century Vlakhs, 265, 632, 635, 636–7, 642 1177 treaty, 449, 471, 623 Volga Bulgaria, 313 archives, 613 Volga river, 691 and Byzantium, 452 n. 23, 615, 620, 622, Volkenroda monastery, 390 627, 630, 631, 634 Volodar of Galich, 260 and Egypt, 633 Volodar of Peremyshl , 258 and Germany, 431 Volterra, 439 and Hungary, 311 Volynia, 261, 262, 311 and Latin east, 650 Vratislav, prince, 280

Index 957

Vrbas river, 274 Wendish Crusade, 409, 416 Vseslav of Polotsk, 256 Werner, archbishop of Magdeburg, 58, 60 Vsevolod ‘Big Nest’ of Rostov-Suzdal , 261, 262 Wessobrun monastery, 390 Vsevolod of Kiev, 311 western empire Vsevolod of Pereyaslavl , 256, 257, 258 11th century Vsevolod Ol govich of Chernigov, 260, 262 church, 46–50 Vukan, zupan of Raska, 268, 269 early Salian century, 38–48 Vukan of Zeta, 275 elections to ofﬁce, 39 Vyatsheslav, grand prince of Kiev, 256 Henry III’s reign, 48–50 Vyshgorod, 256, 257, 259 Henry IV’s reign, 50–68 Henry V’s reign, 68–71 Wace, chronicler, 199, 548 12th century Wagria, 409 electoral procedures, 384 Walchelin Maminot, 553 ﬁnances, 402–3 Waldensians, 336, 337 generally, 384–421 Waleran, count of Meulan, 196, 552, 553, 554, 557 imperial glory, 411–12 Waleran of Beaumont, 208 law-making, 396–9 Wales meaning of empire, 390–6 12th century, 596–600 palaces, 403–8 boroughs, 595 regional rivalries, 412–16 castles, 205 royal chancery, 399–401 church, 598 royal court, 403–6 generally, 593–600 and Sicily, 471–4 and Henry I of England, 207 warfare, 406–8 map, 594 geography, 395 monasteries, 205 Italy, see Italy and Normans, 205, 206, 581, 582, 596, 600 maps, 40, 41, 42, 43, 386, 387 revolt, 597–8, 599, 600 and papacy, see papacy settlements, 594 see also Germany Wallhausen, 398 western isles, 587 Wallingford, 553, 558, 563 Westminster, 212, 541, 564 Walloons, 288, 314, 316 Westmorland, 582 Walter, archbishop of Palermo, 459, 472 Westphalia, 385, 408, 409, 419 Walter, archbishop of Ravenna, 375 Wettin dynasty, 408 Walter, archbishop of Rouen, 575, 576, 577 Wexford, 602, 608 Walter, bishop of Troia, 473 Whitland Abbey, 598, 599 Walter, chamberlain of France, 517, 522 Wibald of Stablo, 393, 398, 400, 401, 406, 407, Walter Map, 629 412 Walter of Caesarea, 671, 672 Wibert of Ravenna, 36–7, 63, 77 Walter of Chatillon,ˆ 323, 528 see also Clement III Walter of Coutances, 572 Wigolt, bishop of Augsburg, 61 Walter of Jaffa, 671 Wilfred the Hairy, count of Barcelona, 162 Walter the Young, 522, 523, 526 William I, king of Sicily, 367, 377–8, 430, 453–8, Waltheof, Earl, 199 462, 464, 465, 466, 468, 469, 621, 622 Warcislaw of Western Pomerania, 283 William I, marquis of Provence, 142 Warenne, earls of, 564 William I the Conqueror, king of England warfare, methods, 332, 398, 406–8 achievements, 136–7, 204 Warren, W. L., 566 administration, 210, 211 Waterford, 582, 602, 607, 608 claim to English crown, 195, 196 Welf IV, 87 conquest of England, 137, 191, 198 Welf V, 65, 87 death, 203, 204 Welf VI, 416, 418, 428, 431, 436 and France, 133, 197 Welf VII, 431 and Ireland, 581 Welf family, 61, 76, 83, 87, 376, 413, 423, 428 landholding, 203 Welfesholz, battle of, 408 marriage, 137 Welsh marches, 194, 200 predatory kinship, 196

958 Index

William I (cont.) William of Longchamp, bishop of Ely, 575, 576 and Scotland, 581, 587 William of Lucera, 444 succession, 204 William of Malmesbury, 369, 555 taxation, 201–2 William of Mandeville, 572, 573 and Wales, 596 William of Montferrat, 661 William I the Lion, king of Scots, 585, 587, 588, William of Montpellier, 487 593 William of Montreuil, 109 William II, count of Provence, 135, 141 William of Ponthieu, 578 William II, emperor of Germany, 659 William of Ros, 567 William II, king of Sicily William of Roumare, 555 and abbey of Monreale, 469 William of Tyre, 619, 658, 659–60 administration, 464 William of Warenne, 203 alliances, 622, 639 William of Ypres, 552 and Byzantium, 622, 623, 632, 641 William Taillefer, count of Toulouse and Gothia, death, 382, 394, 469, 472 141 and papacy, 367, 467 William Talvas, 209 reign, 453, 454, 458–9, 471–2 William Tête Hardi, count of Burgundy, 6, 136 succession, 420, 437 William the Breton, 528, 529 William II, marquis of Provence, 142 Wimpfen, 406 William II Rufus, king of England, 133, 137, 191, Wincenty Kadlubek, 289 204–6, 211, 566 Winchester, 202, 208, 212, 541, 557, 558, 564, 569, William III, king of Sicily, 473 576 William III, marquis of Provence, 142 Windsor, 576 William IV, count of Toulouse, 141 Windsor, treaty of, 609 William V of Aquitaine, 135, 139, 139–40 Wipo, 38, 39, 44, 46 William V of Monferrat, 426, 429, 430, 431, Wislica, 286, 288 438 Wladislav II of Bohemia, 395 William VI of Aquitaine, 140 Wladyslaw Herman, ruler of Poland, 281–2 William VII of Aquitaine, 140 Wladyslaw the Exile, 284–6, 287 William VIII of Aquitaine, 139, 140 Wojciech, bishop of Prague, 277, 279, 284, 288 William IX of Aquitaine, 140, 543 Wojciech, bishop of Wolin, 283 William X of Aquitaine, 482, 515, 543 Wolin, 283, 410 William, cardinal of S. Piero in Vincoli, 380 women, Sicily, 471 William, count of Arques, 196 Woodstock, 566, 567, 599 William, count of Evreux, 198 Worms William, duke of Sicily, 118 11th century civil war, 61 William, patriarch of Jerusalem, 653 annals, 405 William Adelin, 207, 208 Barbarossa visit 1155, 399, 403 William Bertran of Provence, 142 bishops, 64 William Clito, 206, 207, 208–9, 212, 353, 539 Concordat of Worms, 13, 71, 89, 368, 369, 375, William fitz Empress, 565, 566, 567, 568, 580 384, 417 William fitz Osbern, 198, 199, 205, 211 Declaration of Worms, 29 William fitz Radulf, 576 Jews, 66 William fitz Stephen, 567 royal council 1076, 57, 58 William Gouet of Montmirail, 208 royal courts, 403, 404 William of Apulia, 97 n. 6, 98, 99, 101, 103, 104, Wroclaw, 282, 283, 288 105, 112, 115, 366, 372, 443, 444, 445, 446, Wtoctawek, 283 447 Wulfhild Billung, 413 William of Aubigny, earl of Arundel, 554, 566 Wulfstan, bishop of Worcester, 195 William of Blois, 564, 568 Wurzburg,¨ 64, 380, 400, 403, 404, 604 William of Champagne, archbishop of Rheims, Wyzszogrod, 283 519, 520, 522, 535, 536, 537 William of Corbeil, archbishop of Canterbury, Yabbok river, 670 353 Yaghisiyan, 707 William of Hauteville, count of Apulia, 104 Yahya ibn Sa’id al-Antaki, 680 William of Les Roches, 527 Yanis, 715

Index 959

Ya’qub, caliph, 504, 505 Zalaca, 482 Ya’qub ibn Killis, 680 Zamora, 159, 161, 167–8, 495 al-Yazuri, 695, 696, 697, 698, 699, 700 Zamora, treaty of, 486 Yemen, 695, 700, 705, 710, 715, 716, 719, 727, 745 Zanata, 695, 696 York, archbishops, 352, 353, 560, 602 Zara, 271 Ypres, 540 Zawi ibn Ziri, 156 Yury I, prince of Kiev, 260, 261 Zaydi, 710 Yusuf, caliph, 498, 500 Zbigniew of Wielkopolska, 282, 283 Yusuf ibn Tashuﬁn, 181–3, 184, 185, 186, 188, 189 Zbyslawa of Kiev, 283, 284 Zengi, 618, 619, 623, 651, 652, 713, 718, 729, 732, Zabid, 710 734–8, 737, 738, 744, 751 Zadar, 271, 274, 311 Zengids, 676, 713, 714, 718, 743, 744 Zafadola, king of the Saracens, 480 Zeta, 266, 268, 269, 270 al-Zaﬁr, 717, 718 Zhugba, 694 Zagreb, 273, 274, 307 Zirids, 678, 679, 693, 695, 697, 698 Zagros, 685, 711 Zoe, empress of Byzantium, 222, 223, 224, 226 al-Zahir Ghazi, 745, 746, 747, 748 Zughba, 697 al-Zahir li-I’zaz Din Allah, caliph, 683, 694 Zuray’ids, 710, 716 Zahringen¨ family, 61, 65, 397 Zurich, 79 Zahumlje, 266, 267, 268 Zvonimir Dimitar, king of Croatia, 273 Zaida of Leon-Castile,´ 188 Zwiefalten Abbey, 414