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Chronicle of Michael the Syrian and the Armenian Version (1248): a Textual Comparison

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Chronicle of Michael the Syrian and the Armenian Version (1248): a Textual Comparison The Chronicle of Michael the Great, Patriarch of the Syrians Translated from Classical Armenian by Robert Bedrosian For Reverend Father Krikor Vardapet Maksoudian, who taught me the language Sources of the Armenian Tradition (Long Branch, N.J., 2013) This work is in the public domain. It may be copied and distributed freely. Maps: From Atlas Antiquus (Berlin, 1869) by Heinrich Kiepert: Asia Minor and Neighbors Syria Mesopotamia Greater Cappadocia Armenia and Neighbors Additional maps are available on the Maps page. Chronological tables are available on the Chronological Tables page. Translator's Preface Composite 1871 Edition 1870 Edition 1871 Edition (below) The Chronicle of Michael the Great, Patriarch of the Syrians The following Table of Contents for the Composite 1871 edition was created for the convenience of readers and is not part of the Armenian text. Author's Preface Sources Problems of Chronology Adam Seth Jared; Mt. Hermon Chaldean Kings Methusaleh Noah Sons of Noah and Their Lands Tower of Babel The Amazons Rulers of Babylon Abraham Shamiram (Semiramis) Jacob Moses Exodus Judges Saul Solomon The Queen of Sheba and Her Riddles Rulers after Solomon Tiglathpilesar Shalmaneser Darius, Daniel, Cyrus Xerxes, B.C. 486-465 Persian Kings Alexander, B.C. 356-323 Ptolemy, B.C. 323-285 Translators of the Bible Haykazean Kings Maccabees, B.C. 167-160 138 B.C. 90 B.C. Genealogy of Herod Barzaphran Julius Caesar, B.C. 100-44 Herod's Rule over the Jews Cleopatra, reigned B.C. 51-30 Birth of Jesus Coming of the Magi Selection of the Apostles Selection of the Disciples Philo, Jewish Sects Abgar, King of Edessa Claudius, A.D. 41-54 Vespasian, A.D. 70-79 Apollonius of Tyana A.D. 163-276 Constantine the Great, 305-337 Gregory the Illuminator Arianism Council of Nicaea, 325 Empress Helene Finds the Cross Constantine's Successors Julian the Apostate, 361-363 Jovian, 363-364 Mawie', Queen of the Tachiks (Arabs) Theodosius I, 379-395 Arcadius, 395-408 Theodosius II, 408-450 Nestorius, c. 386-c. 450 Council of Chalcedon, 451 Marcian, 450-457 Leo I, 457-474 Zeno, 474-491 Anastasius I, 491-518 Bishop Severus Justin I, 518-527 Victims of Chalcedon Bishop Asclepius of Edessa The Himyarites of Arabia Justinian I, 527-574 Religious Controversies Portents in 536 Sack of Rome Heresies Julian of Halicarnassus Events at Amida in the 560s Justin II, 565-578, and aerial phenomena Empress Sophia King Mundhir and the Arabs Byzantine-Persian warfare, in Mesopotamia and Armenia Tiberius, 574-582 Maurice, 582-602 Phocas, 602-610 Heraclius I, 610-641 Muhammad, c. 570-632 'Umar, 634-644 End of the Sasanians Deaths of Heraclius and 'Umar 'Uthman, 644-656 Barsauma and the Persians Events of the 650s Constantine IV, Pogonatus, 668-685 'Abd al-Malik, 685-705 Justinian II, 685-695, and the Khazars al-Walid, 705-715 Yazid II, 720-724 Marwan II, 744-750 Wonders in the Sky Events of the 750s Events, 760s-780s, wonders Harun al-Rashid, 786-809 Leo V, 813-820; Michael II, 820-829 Theophilus, 821-829; 829-842 al-Mutasim, 833-842 Visit of King George of Nubia Aerial Phenomena, 840s Witchcraft, 860s John II Tzimisces, 969-976 Michael IV, the Paphlagonian, 1034-1041 Early History of the Turks Constantine IX, Monomachus, 1042-1055 Saljuq Invasions Romanus IV, Diogenes, 1068-1071 Armenian Cilicia Crusades Kilij-Arslan I, 1092-1107 The Hospitallers Events, 1120s-1130s, Wonders The Lance of Christ Manuel I, 1143-1180 Edessa, to c. 1145 T'oros II of Cilicia, 1145-1169 Events, 1150-1156 The Almohads, Maghreb and al-Andalus Fatimids Events, 1157-1158 Events, 1159-1160 Events to 1165 Events, 1166-1169/70 Earthquake Caliph Mustadi, 1170-1180 Events, 1172 Heresy Events, 1173-1174 Events, 1175 Events, 1176-1177 Events, 1178 Events, 1179-1181 Events, 1182-1186 Events, 1187-1189 Events, 1190-1195 Available on other pages of this website are some useful accompaniments to Michael's Chronicle. Michael made use of Josephus and Eusebius among his sources. Bar Hebraeus made use of Michael among his sources: The Writings of Flavius Josephus (ca. 37-100); the Chronicle (or Chronicon) of Eusebius of Caesarea (ca. 263-ca. 339) [Eusebius' Chronicle Part I]; Roger Pearse's translation of Eusebius' chronological tables (Jerome's Chronicle) [Eusebius' Chronicle Part II]; Eusebius' Ecclesiastical History; and E. A. Wallis Budge's translation of Bar Hebraeus' Chronography. Clicking the links below will download the files in pdf format from our website: Classical Armenian texts: Jerusalem 1870 edition, 630 pdf pages. File size: 14.7 MB; Jerusalem 1871 edition, 815 pdf pages. File size: 19.2 MB. Victor Langlois' French translation, a composite of the Armenian versions: Chronique de Michel le Grand patriarche des Syriens Jacobites (Venice, 1868). Langlois used manuscripts from the two main groups of manuscripts published in the later Classical Armenian editions of Jerusalem 1870 and 1871. His edition is very readable and accompanied by extensive scholarly notes. 399 pdf pages. File size: 17.2 MB. Chabot's French translation of the Syriac text: Chabot volume 1. File size: 23.9 MB. Chabot volume 2. File size: 41.5 MB. Chabot volume 3. File size: 32.7 MB. Some Armeniaca Excluded from the Armenian Versions, but found in Chabot's French translation of the original Syriac. File size: 11.3 MB. The Syriac text is available at Internet Archive: Chabot volume 4. File size: 101.7 MB. The Chronicle of Michael the Great, Patriarch of the Syrians Translator's Preface [i] The Chronicle of Michael the Great (A.D. 1126-1199) may be the longest medieval chronicle in the Western world. It begins with Creation and continues to the year 1195. Unfortunately, only one copy of the original Syriac manuscript has survived. The manuscript's close brush with extinction was due, probably, to its enormous length and the great expense required to make copies. The physical arrangement of the material, too, may have been another reason that the work was not favored by copyists. Michael presented his material in three columns of text which describe, separately, a given period's political/military, ecclesiastical, and miscellaneous developments. The Chronicle was written by Michael over the course of fifty years, and the various parts were assembled while he was Patriarch of the Syrian Orthodox Church (1166-1199). The result is not a smooth narrative. Nor are the three sections discrete in terms of their contents—there is constant overlapping of ecclesiastical and miscellaneous material (such as earthquakes, famines, and unexplained phenomena) in the political/military section, as might be expected. Thus, the length and the arrangement of the material were probably negative factors from a copyist's and also a reader's perspective. As a result of these and other factors, today we have only one Syriac manuscript which is missing the author's Preface and has other lacunae. A Garshuni translation of it, unfortunately, has the same missing parts. [Jean-Baptiste Chabot's French translation of the original Syriac text in three volumes is available for downloading: Chabot volume 1 (Paris, 1899). File size: 23.9 MB; Chabot volume 2 (Paris, 1901). File size: 41.5 MB; Chabot volume 3 (Paris, 1905). File size: 32.7 MB. These pdf files are searchable, making them particularly useful. The Syriac text is available at Internet Archive: Chabot volume 4 (Paris, 1910). File size: 101.7 MB.] If only one copy of the Chronicle in the original Syriac is known today, some 60 copies of medieval Armenian versions have survived. The Armenian versions are abridgements, less than half the size of the original. Moreover, the Armenian adaptors presented a single narrative, not three, and they skipped much material specific to doctrinal issues involving the Syrian Orthodox Church, as well as Michael's chronological and genealogical tables, presenting this material in prose format, instead. Probably these same reasons—shorter length and a more engaging and readable narrative—partly account for the popularity and abundance of the Armenian versions. [ii] The English translation presented below is a composite text based on the two main Classical Armenian versions of Michael's Chronicle. Remarkably, Michael's Chronicle was abridged twice in the 13th century, by two separate groups. The reasons for this retranslation are unclear, but the two translations are completely different in vocabulary, syntax, inclusion or exclusion of events, ordering of events, and style. The Classical Armenian text representing manuscripts of the first translation, begun in 1216 and completed in 1229, was published in Jerusalem in 1870 (Tear'n Mixaye'li patriark'i asorwots' zhamanakagrut'iwn [Lord Michael Patriarch of the Syrian's Chronicle]). The second and fuller translation/abridgement was completed in 1248. The principal translators in the second group were the well-known Armenian historian, Vardan Arewelts'i ("the Easterner") and his colleague, the Syriac cleric, Ishoh. The Classical Armenian text of manuscripts representing the second translation was published in Jerusalem in 1871 (Zhamanakagrut'iwn tear'n Mixaye'li asorwots' patriark'i [Chronicle of Lord Michael, Patriarch of the Syrians]). Both editions are available for downloading: 1870 edition, 630 pdf pages. File size: 14.7 MB; 1871 edition, 815 pdf pages. File size: 19.2 MB. In 1868, two years before the first set of Classical Armenian texts was issued the great orientalist, Victor Langlois, published a composite French translation based on two manuscripts at the Mkhitarist library in Venice and one in Paris. Langlois' translation is superb and is accompanied by extensive scholarly notes in which the author tries to trace the sources of the Chronicle's information, line by line when he can. The manuscripts available to Langlois seem to have contained both 13th century renditions.
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