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Unit 1 Crusades 1. Where was the Latin Church dominant? Western Europe, Rome being the capital as it was the resident of the Pope. 2. Where was the Greek orthodox church dominant? Greece, parts of Anatolia (Turkey), and the Balkans. (The division between the two is known as the Great Schism ) 3. When did the Roman emperor Constantine move the 330AD and renamed it after himself-Constantinople- today it is known as Istanbul. capital of the more from Rome to Byzantium? 4. When did Jerusalem fall to the new religion known 637AD to the Muslim Caliph Omar. as Islam? 5. How Christians and Jews were immediately treated? Had to pay a special tax called the Jizya, and accept some restrictions to freedom i.e. must not try to convert Muslims. 6. Why did the Byzantines not attack Omar and his Christian were still allowed to make their pilgrimages, there was toleration between both religions and the Muslims? Byzantine army was too weak. 7. What was/is the Dome of the Rock? A Muslim holy site built in Jerusalem on the site where the prophet Muhammad had travelled from earth to heaven. 8. What was the Holy Sepulchre? A church built in Jerusalem by Emperor Constantine’s mother on the site of Jesus’s crucifixion. 9. What was the Temple Mount? The site in Jerusalem of an ancient Jewish temple. 10. Who were the Abbasids? Until 950AD the main ruling Islamic group, based in Baghdad. 11. Who were the Fatimids? A rival Muslim group that used the later weakness of the Abbasids to break free and take control of Egypt, Palestine and Jerusalem around 950AD. 12. Who were the Seljuk Turks? A fierce group of recently converted Muslims from central Asia who by 1059 had forced the Abbasids to let them rule for on their behalf. 13. How did the Seljuk Turks treat the Christians? In 1064 they slaughtered over 5000 pilgrims, then began to conquer parts of the Byzantine empire as well as taking Palestine, Egypt and Jerusalem off the Fatimids. 14. What was the Battle of Manzikert? 1071- the Seljuk Turks led by their leader Sultan Alp Arslan crushed the Byzantine army. 15. What was the name given to Turkish land conquered Sultanate of Rum by the Seljuk Turks? 16. Who was Alexios I? A young general in the Byzantine army who has used bribery and family ties to gain the crown. 17. Why did Alexios not immediately confront the threat He was distracted by an invasion by European warriors from France in the west (The Normans) and a posed in the east by the Seljuk Turks pagan invasion in the North. 18. Why did Alexios feel the need to ask for help? By 1092 the Seljuk Turks has captured Nicea, just 60 miles from Constantinople, his own army were weak and he had been greatly impressed by the Norman warriors. Unit 1 Crusades 19. What do we mean by penance, purgatory and Penance-confessing your sins and being granted forgiveness in exchange for certain acts. Purgatory- a indulgence? state of waiting between heaven and hell, the more good deeds the less time spent in purgatory. Indulgence- a promise given by the Pope of full forgiveness, straight to heaven 20. Why would many take on the crusade for money? Many European knights were in fact poor as inheritance was always halved among a fathers sons. 21. What and when was the Council of Clermont? November 1095- a meeting of the church council in which Urban used propaganda and marketing to state that European lords and knights should go on Crusade. 22. How else did Urban convince people to go? The offer of indulgence, told people it was their Christian duty and promised people a long but rewarding spiritual pilgrimage. 23. What was the People’s Crusade A disorganised and poorly armed rabble led by a preacher called Peter the Hermit, who set off in April 1096. 24. What happened to the People Crusade? After attacking Jewish population in their way to Constantinople, they were wiped out in October 1096 after ignoring Alexios demands to not march on Nicea. 25. Name the princes who led the First Crusade. Count Hugh of Vermandois, Count Robert II of Flanders, Duke Godfrey of Bouillion, Prince Bohemund of Taranto, Bishop Adhemar of Le Puy, Count Raymond of Toulouse, Count Stephen of Blois and Duke Robert of Normandy. 26. Describe the composition of the First Crusade. 8 Princes, 200 lords, 6000 knights, 44,000 soldiers, 27. What other evidence is that the princes were When they arrived in Constantinople in October 1096 Alexios sent lavish gifts to each. motivated by money? 28. What oath did Alexios make each prince swear? That they would hand over any land gained to him. Raymond only promised not to harm Alexios or his cause. 29. How was the Muslim world divided? The Seljuk’s and the Abbasids were Sunni’s-believing that the ruler of caliph should be whoever is best suited The Fatimids were Shi-ah- believing the caliph should be a descendant of the prophet Muhammad. 30. Why were the Crusaders able to take Nicea so easily The Sultan Arslan assumed they were no better and the People Crusade and had to retreat. on 19 June 1097? 31. How did military skills ensure the Crusaders take At first a small group of Crusaders were overwhelmed by arrows by Arslan forces on horseback but Dorylaeum? Bohemund organised them into tight defensive squares before the main crusaders forced arrived and defeated the Seljuk’s. 32. Who split off form the many party and seized Edessa Baldwin of Boulogne and Godfrey of Bouillion. Baldwin would later become Baldwin I in March 1098? 33. When did the reduced crusader force begin their October 1097 siege of the next major town, Antioch? Unit 1 Crusades 34. How did religion play a role in the fall of Antioch? In January 1098 Bishop Adhemar claimed the long siege was due to sinfulness, all crusaders had to pray and fast (go without food for a while), all women had to leave the camp, and riches were donated into a central fund to help the poor. 35. Who was Kerbogha? The ruler of the Muslim town of Mosul who by May 1098 was on his way to wipe of the crusading army. 36. When did Stephen of Blois leave? 2 June 1098, he even met Alexios on the way back and told him to abandon the army. 37. How did material gain play a role in the fall of Bohemund convinced the other princes that Alexios oath was now redundant and he should be allowed to Antioch? keep Antioch. 38. When did Antioch fall? 4 June 1098 after Bohemund bribed a Christian who was guarding a tower to let them in. 39. How did religion play a role next? Surrounded in Antioch by Kerbogha’s army a poor crusader Peter Bartholomew claimed to have found the Holy Lance on the 14th June 1098. 40. When did the Crusaders sweep out of Antioch and 28 June 1098. defeat Kerbogha? 41. How did the crusade begin to crumble despite their Bohemund settled down to rule Antioch, Raymond argued it should go to Alexios, many knight left to join success? Baldwin in Edessa then Bishop Adhemar died in August 1098. Both Alexios and Urban refused to come and take the lead. 42. Why do the crusaders come back together? The poorer majority of the soldiers plead to the princes and even begin tearing down the walls or Raymond conquest Ma’arrat. Godfrey returns from Edessa to join them. 43. How does religion aid the Crusaders Many local lords were Shi’ah and surrender to the crusader on their way to Jerusalem as they were keen to get rid of the Sunni Seljuk’s. 44. When and why does Jerusalem fall? 15 July 1099 after Godfrey rebuild a siege tower overnight and moves it to attack an undefended area. 45. What evidence is there of religion in the downfall? Many crusaders say they saw Adhemar fighting with them and St George cheering them on. 46. Why did Godfrey not all himself King? He stated that no man should wear a crown of gold where Jesus wore a crown of thorns. 47. What was Godfrey’s first success? In August 1099 his army defeated the Fatimid relief force near Ascalon. 48. What happened straight after the fall? The crusading army massacre the inhabitants in a 2 day blood lust, around 10,000 were killed. 49. What is the name given to the new crusade states? Outremer, Latin East, Levant. 50. When did Baldwin replace his brother? Christmas day 1100 Specification Issues The rise of the Seljuk Turks and the problems of the Eastern Empire The Council of Clermont and the response to Urban II’s call for a crusade Motivation and incentives: lay piety, religious zeal and material interests The course of the First Crusade: Constantinople, Doryaleum, Antioch and the fall of Jerusalem Feudal structure of Outremer: the King, the Church, military orders, castles, barons and Italian sea powers .
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