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The Holy Lance of Antioch The Holy Lance of Antioch A Study on the Impact of a Perceived Relic during the First Crusade Master Thesis By Marius Kjørmo The crucified Jesus and the Roman soldier Longinus with the spear that would become the Holy Lance. Portrait by Fra Angelico from the Dominican cloister San Marco, Florence. A Master Thesis in History, Institute of Archaeology, History, Culture Studies and Religion, University of Bergen, Spring 2009. 2 Contents Preface.........................................................................................................................................5 List of Maps..................................................................................................................................6 List of Illustrations.......................................................................................................................6 Cast of Characters.......................................................................................................................7 1. Introduction.........................................................................................................................................9 1.1. Introduction...........................................................................................................................9 1.2. Lance Historiography..........................................................................................................11 1.3. Terms and Expressions.......................................................................................................13 2. The Sources.......................................................................................................................................15 2.1. Analysis of Important Sources............................................................................................15 2.2. Historia Francorum Qui Ceperunt Iherusalem....................................................................15 2.3. Gesta Francorum et Aliorum Hierosolimitanorum.............................................................16 2.4. Historia de Hierosolymitano Itinere....................................................................................18 2.5. Historia Hierosolymitana....................................................................................................18 2.6. Gesta Tancredi....................................................................................................................20 2.7. Historia Iherosolimitana......................................................................................................22 2.8. Historia Ierosolimitana........................................................................................................23 2.9. Gesta Dei per Francos.........................................................................................................24 2.10. Historia Rerum in Partibus Transmarinis Gestarum.........................................................25 2.11. Other sources....................................................................................................................25 3. The Lance is Discovered...................................................................................................................27 3.1. Chapter Introduction...........................................................................................................27 3.2. The Finding of the Holy Lance According to Raymond d‟Aguilers..................................30 3.3. The Tradition of the Holy Lance........................................................................................33 3.4. Peter Bartholomew..............................................................................................................35 3.5. The series of visions and revelations leading up to the discovery of the Lance.................37 3.6. The Discovery.....................................................................................................................40 3.7.The Cult of the Saints and the Importance of Relics in the Middle Ages...........................44 3 4. The Aftermath of the Discovery......................................................................................................48 4.1. The Miraculous Survival of the Christian Army................................................................48 4.2. The Perceived Legitimacy of the Lance.............................................................................55 4.3. Doubt and the Ordeal of Fire..............................................................................................58 4.4. The Impact of the Lance.....................................................................................................64 4.5. Medieval Siege Tactics and the 14 Day Dealy...................................................................68 5. Crusader Politics...............................................................................................................................74 5.1. Chapter Introduction...........................................................................................................74 5.2. A Divided Army of God.....................................................................................................74 5.3. The Holy Lance: A Political Tool?.....................................................................................81 5.4. Adhemar: Bishop in Life, Pawn in Death...........................................................................87 5.5. One Vision Too Far............................................................................................................90 6. Summary and Closing Comments...................................................................................................94 Summary in Norwegian.............................................................................................................98 Bibliography..........................................................................................................................................99 Primary Sources.........................................................................................................................99 Secondary Sources...................................................................................................................100 4 Preface The process of writing this thesis has been long and hard, but ultimately very satisfying. Though I alone am responsible for the thesis, I have had some help along the way. Special thanks to my supervisor Leidulf Melve, professor at the Centre for Medieval Studies, for all his insight and great advice through the two years I worked on this thesis. Thanks also to all students and staff who have participated on the medieval seminar at the AHKR-institute for the support and feedback they have offered. I would also like to thank Andre Jørgensen for providing invaluable aid with the Latin manuscripts used in this thesis. Last, but not least, I would like to thank Mona Stenberg for the continuous morale support you offer and for keeping me sane through this entire process. Marius Kjørmo 5 List of Maps Map 1. Routes of the crusaders and their enemies 1095-1099. P.14 Map 2. Layout of Antioch in March 1098. P.73 List of Illustrations Longinus and the crucified Jesus. P.1 St. Longinus with the Holy Lance. P.34 The ordeal of fire. P.63 6 Cast of Characters Adhemar of Le Puy (†1098): Bishop of Le Puy in southern France and papal legate on the crusade. Alexius Comnenus (†1118): Emperor of Byzantium (1081-1118); founder of the great Comneni dynasti. Bohemond of Taranto (†1111): Son of Robert of Guiscard and leader of the southern Italian Norman crusaders. Kerbogha of Mosul: Ruler of Mosul and renowned general; leader of a massive Muslim army to relieve Antioch. Peter Bartholomew (†1099): Provencal visionary who discovered the Holy Lance. Peter the Hermit (†1115): Charismatic preacher and nominal leader of the People‟s Crusade. Raymond d’Aguilers (†1099): Raymond of Toulouse‟s chaplain and carrier of the Holy Lance. Raymond of Toulouse (†1105): Count of Toulouse and lord of St. Gilles; secular leader of the southern French crusaders. Stephen of Blois (†1102): Count of Blois and leading figure among the northern French crusaders. Tancred of Hauteville: (†1112): Bohemond of Taranto‟s young and adventurous nephew. 7 The Holy Lance of Antioch A Study on the Impact of a Perceived Relic during the First Crusade 8 Chapter 1 – Introduction and Historiography 1.1 Introduction The Crusades are by many viewed as a symbol of the ultimate clash between different cultures. Now, more than 900 years after Pope Urban II (†1099) held his famous council at Clermont in 1095,1 students of history still flock to the sources in an attempt to understand the complexity of a movement that far exceeded Urban‟s visions when he declared that all men who fell on the road to, or in combat against the Turks who had attacked the Christians in the East, would get full absolution for their sins.2 As I am sure most social anthropologists can confirm, it is often when confronted with a different culture that one learns more of its own. This is undoubtedly true also of the first crusade, and this is the motivation behind this thesis. What can be learned from the Christian men and women who travelled 3000 miles from their homes in search of adventure, personal glory and wealth, and absolution in the eyes of God? The role of religion will play an important part in this thesis. There is no doubt that most men and
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