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The Story of the Byzantine Empire

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  • F years ago the word
  • was used

  • as a
  • for all that was c rrupt and decadent

and the tale of the ast Roman mpire was dis mi ed by modern hi rian depressing and m not nou The great Gibb n had branded the ucce or Ju tinian and Heracliu a eries of viciou weaklings and for several generations one dared to c ntradict him
Two bo k have served undeceive the ngli h reader the monumental work Finlay published in and the more modern volume Mr Bury

  • which appeared
  • ince they have written

the Byzantine no l nger need an apologist and the great work of the a t R man mpire in holding back the aracen and in keeping alive thr ughout the Dark Age the lamp of learning is beginning to be realized
The writer thi b ok endeavoured to tell the tory Byzantium in the pirit Finlay and Bury not in that of Gibbon He wi he acknow led e his d bt both to the veter the war vi Greek ndependence and to the young Dublin pro
Without their aid task would have been very heavy with it the di culty removed
The author d es not claim to have grappled with all the chronicler the a tern realm but thinks that some acquaintance with Ammianus Proc pius

  • Maurice s
  • Leo the Deacon Leo the

Wise C n tantine Porphyr genitu Anna and iceta may justify his having undertaken the task he essayed

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  • thousand five
  • and eight years

ago a little fleet of galley t iled pa nfully again t the current up the l ng trait the Helle p nt rowed acro the broad Pr p nti and came a chor in the smooth water the first inlet which cuts int the uropean shore the Bo phorus There a long cre cent haped creek which after ages were to kn w the Golden Horn trike inland even miles forming a quiet backwater from the rapid stream which runs ut ide the headland enclo ed between thi inlet and the pen a hundred c loni ts di embarked and ha tily ecured themselve from the wild tribe the inland by running me rough ort a tockade acr s the gr und from beach beach Thu unded the city Byzantium
The ettler were Greek the D rian race n tiv the thriving eap rt t te Megara of

Z

the most enterprising all the citie of Hellas in the time colonial and commercial expansion which was

then at height Wherever a Greek pr w had cut its way int unkn wn waters there Megarian eamen were soon found ollowing in wake band these venture ome traders pu hed far to the We t plant col nies in icily but the larger hare the attention of Megara turned t wards the unri ing towards the mi t enshrouded entrance the Black and the fabul u land that beyond There legend told was be found the realm the
Golden Fleece the ldorad the ancient world where king of untold wealth reigned over the t ribe of Colchis there dwelt by the bank the river the Amaz n the warlike women had once vexed far off Greece by their inr ad there too was be f und if could but truggle far enough up its northern sh re the land the Hyper the ble ed f lk dwell behind the orth
Wind and kn nothing of storm and winter To seek the e fabled w nder the Greek ailed ever orth and a t till they had come the extreme limit of the The riche the G lden Fleece they did not find the country of the Hyper the tribes of the Amaz n but they did di cover many land well w rth the knowing and grew rich the pr fit which they drew fr m the metals of Colchi and the fore t Paphlag nia from the rich corn land by the bank the Dnieper and Bug and the fi heri the B ph ru and the
Lake Pre ently the wh le coa tland the which the Greek their fir t c ming called

D

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the nhospitable became fringed with trading ettlements and its name changed the Hospitable recognition of its friendly ports was in a imilar pirit that thousand year later the eamen led the next great impul e expl rati n that r e in ur pe turned the name the Cape of torm into that of the Cape Good Hope
The Megarian almost more than any other Greeks

devoted their attention to the uxine and the f undati n Byzantium but one of their many achievement Already seventeen years bef re Byzantium came into being another band Megarian colonists had e tablished themselves at Chalcedon the opposite Asiatic hore the Bosphoru The ettlers who were de tined to found the greater ity applied to the oracle elphi give them advice as to the site of their new h me and Apoll we are t ld bade them build their t wn over again t the ity of the blind They therefore pitched upon the headlan d by the G lden H rn reasoning that the Chalcedonian were truly blind have neglected the more eligible site the Thra ian sh re in order to f und a colony on the far less
Bithyn ian ide of the strait
Fr m the first ituation marked out Byzantium as de tined for a great future Alike fr the mili tary and fr m the commercial p int view no city c uld have been better placed Looking from the easternmo t headland Thrace with all ur pe behind it and all A ia bef re it equally well suit d be the fr ntier f rtre defend the b rd r the or the b i perati n invasio fr m the h r f rtr e nt in th rly day it alm t impr gnable ide pr tected by the water the third by a tr ng wall c mmanded by any neighbouring h igh all ea ly hi t ry Byzantium never f ll by t rm famine treach ry acc unted the cca i n whi h it fell int the hand an nemy c mmercial a pect the place even m re fav urably ituated com c mmanded the wh le Bl ck trade every

A LY C I YZA IUM

  • LA
  • YZA IUM H I G C C

A

ve sel th t went f rth fr m Greece nia traffic with cythia C lchi the land by the Danube m uth hore the l e under w ll th t the pr p ity a hun dred Hell nic t n uxin al ay the ake had p mercy the ma ter Byzantium The Greek l ved h r tag and frequ nt t ppage and half way h u e al ne Byzantium w uld have been pr per u but it had al a fl uri hing l c l trad with t ibe neighb uring Thr ian inland the bstinate garrison The fleet wintered there and it was at Byzantium that the fir t tions of the naval empire Athens were laid when all the Greek tates of Asia placed their hips at the dispo al of the Athenian admiral Cim n and

During the fifth century Byzantiu twice declared war on Athen now the mistress of the sea and on each occasi n fell into the hands of the enemy once by voluntary surrender in once by treachery from within in But the Athenian except in one or two di graceful ca e did not deal hardly with their conquered enemies and the Byzantines escaped anything harder than the payment a heavy war ndemnity a few years their commercial gains repaired all the l sses of war and the state was it elf again
We know comparatively little about the internal

hi tory of the e early centuries of the li e of Byzantium ome odd fragment of inf rmation urvive here and there we kno for example that they u ed iron instead of opper for small money a peculiarity hared by no other ancient tate ave parta Their alphabet rejoiced in an abn rmally shaped B which puzzled all other Greek for it resembled a with an extra The chief gods the city were those that we might have expected Poseidon the ruler of the sea ho e ble ing gave Byzantium its chief wealth and Demeter the goddess who presided ver the Thracian and cythian corn lands which formed second ou ce of pro perity

i p e

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The Byzan tine ere if ancient chr niclers tell the truth a luxurious a well as a bu y race they pent too much time in their numer u inn where

  • the excellent wine of
  • and ther neighb ur

ing place f ered great temptation They were glutton as well as tippler on occa ion we are as ur d the whole ivic militia struck work the height a siege till their c mmander con ented all w re taurant to be erected at c nven ient di tances round the rampart comic writer inf rm that the Byzantines were eating young tun y their favourite dish constantly that their whole b die had become well nigh gelatin u and it t ught they might melt if expo ed to great heat Probably the e tale are the scandal neighb ur envied Byzantine pro perity it is at any rate certain that the city h wed all thr ugh its hi tory great energy and love of independence and never hrank fr m war as we hould have expected a natio of epicure was till the ri e of Philip Macedo greater son Alexander that Byzantium fell the fifth time into the hands of an enemy The elder king repulsed from the city wall after a l ng in an attempt at an escalade by night which fru trated owing to the udde appearance of a light in heaven which revealed the advancing e emy and was taken by the Byzantines as a toke n

  • of pecial divine aid
  • c mmemorati n

of it they as umed as their civic badge the blazing crescent and tar which has de ce ded to our days and till u ed as an emblem by the resent owner the i y the tt man ultan But af er repul ing Philip the Byzantin had u mit some year lat r to Alexander T ey f rmed under him part the n rmou Maced nian empire and passed on decea e thr ugh the hand of ucce or

  • Demetriu
  • and Ly imachu After the

death the latter in b ttle h ever they recovered precari u freed m and were again an independent c mmunity a hundred year till the p er R me invaded the regi Thrace and the Helle pon

  • Byzantium
  • the citie which t k the

wi e c ur e m king an early alliance with the Roman and obtained g d and ea y ter in
During the war of R me with Macedon and Anti chu the Great it proved u h a faithful a si tant that the enate gave it the tatu a a free and onfederate city and it taken under direct R man g vern ment but all wed c mplete liberty in everything ave the con tr l its f reign relation and the payment a tribute to Rome not till the R man Republic had l ng pas ed away that the mper r Ve pa i n tripped it of the e rivilege and threw it into the pr vince Thrace exi t the future an rdinary provincial t wn
Th ugh deprived of a liberty which had long year been alm t n minal Byzan iu m could not be deprived of its unrivalled p iti n c mmerce continued flouri h under the long continued peace which all the inner countri em ire enj ed during the fir centuries the

Z

D D

the imperial and mentioned again and again as one the m t important citie of middle regi n of the Roman world
But evil time for Byzantium as all the other parts the ivilized world began when the golden age the Ant nines cea ed and the ep ch of the mili

  • tary emper r followed
  • C mm du the

the great and g d Marcu Aurel iu was murdered and ere long three military u urpers we e wrangling bl d tai ned diadem Most unhappily it elf Byzantium lay the line of divi i n between the ea ter pr vince where Pes iger had been pr claimed and the llyrian province where everu had a u med the imperial tyle The city s ized by the army yria and strengthened in a te Pre ently everu appeared fr m the we t after he had made him elf ma ter R me and taly and fell up n the f rce rival
Vict ry foll w d the arm the lly rian legi n the ea t ubdued and the yri n emper r put death But when all other adherents had yielded the garrison of Byzantium refu ed ubmit m re than year they maintained the impregnable ity again t the lieu

  • tenant of everu and it
  • till
  • th t

they were f rced to yi eld The emper r appeared in per on puni h the long pr tracted re i tance of the t wn not only the garri n but the ivil magi trates
Byzantium were lain bef re eyes The ma ive wall so firmly built with great square st ne clamped together with b lts of ir n that the whole eemed but one block were laboriou ly ast down The pr perty

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    BELISARIUS BIOGRAPHY WORKBOOK FOR GRADES 7-12 Belisarius BELISARIUS (505-565 C.E.) Few men have performed Emperor Justinian, was an equally greater achievements than this remarkable personage, capable of general, to whom it was given to be conceiving and accomplishing conqueror again and again over magnificent designs, yet withal of a nations hitherto invincible, and to mean, ungenerous, ungrateful arrest, during his own lifetime, the character. Justinian was responsible disintegration of the Roman Empire. for the codification (under He lived in the early part of the sixth Christianized conditions) of the old century of the Christian era, though Roman law (known as the Justinian the date of his birth is not certainly Code), so as to serve as the foundation known, and he was in the prime of life of jurisprudence to all the European about 530. Belisarius is believed to nations except the English; the have been the son of a peasant of building of the church of St. Sophia Thrace, probably of Slavonian descent, (Hagia Sophia); and the rolling back as his name, stripped of its classical for a time the flood that on all sides form, would belong to that language was overwhelming the ancient Empire and would be Beli-than, or the White of Rome, were all due to this prince. Prince. 2. Who ruled as emperor of the 1. Describe Belisarius’ father. Eastern Roman (Byzantine) ____________________________________ Empire during the life of ____________________________________ Belisarius? ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ For the last two centuries, the Apparently he began life as a Eastern and the Western Roman common soldier, and gradually rose by empires had been separated, though courage and ability.
  • Between Dissent and Praise, Between Sacred and Secular: Corippus Against the African Background of the Three Chapters Controversy

    Between Dissent and Praise, Between Sacred and Secular: Corippus Against the African Background of the Three Chapters Controversy

    CHIARA O. TOMMASI MORESCHINI BETWEEN DISSENT AND PRAISE, BETWEEN SACRED AND SECULAR: CORIPPUS AGAINST THE AFRICAN BACKGROUND OF THE THREE CHAPTERS CONTROVERSY ESTRATTO da RIVISTA DI STORIA E LETTERATURA RELIGIOSA 2017/2 ~ a. 53 ISSN 0035-6573 n. 2 2017 Anno LIII - 2017 - n. 2 Rivista di Storia e Letteratura Religiosa diretta da G. Dagron†, C. Ossola F. A. Pennacchietti, M. Rosa, B. Stock Rivista di Storia e Letteratura Religiosa Storia Rivista di Leo S. Olschki Editore Firenze Rivista di Storia e Letteratura Religiosa diretta da GILBERT DAGRON† - CARLO OSSOLA - FABRIZIO A. PENNACCHIETTI MARIO ROSA - BRIAN STOCK Periodico quadrimestrale redatto presso l’Università degli Studi di Torino Direzione Cesare Alzati, Gilbert Dagron†, Francisco Jarauta, Carlo Ossola Benedetta Papàsogli, Fabrizio A. Pennacchietti, Daniela Rando, Mario Rosa Maddalena Scopello, Brian Stock Redazione Linda Bisello, Valerio Gigliotti, Giacomo Jori Chiara Pilocane, Davide Scotto Articoli Dattiloscritti di Articoli, Note, Recensioni, Cronache, ecc., C.O. Tommasi Moreschini, Between Dissent and Praise, between Sacred and come pure opere da recensire vanno indirizzati a: Secular: Corippus against the African background of the Three Chapters Redazione della «Rivista di Storia e Letteratura Religiosa» controversy .................................................. Pag. 201 Via Giulia di Barolo, 3, int. A – 10124 Torino M. Albertoni, L’eredità religiosa di Fanino Fanini. Integrazioni e nuovi argo- tel. +39.011.670.3861 – [email protected] menti su eresia e Inquisizione a Faenza (1550-1570) ................. » 231 Gli autori devono restituire le bozze corrette insieme ai dattiloscritti P. Palmieri, I pericoli e le risorse del mare. Il Mediterraneo nelle missioni gesui- esclusivamente alla Redazione di Torino. tiche (Napoli, secoli XVII-XVIII) ................................
  • The Carthaginians Free

    The Carthaginians Free

    FREE THE CARTHAGINIANS PDF Dexter Hoyos | 288 pages | 09 Aug 2010 | Taylor & Francis Ltd | 9780415436458 | English | London, United Kingdom Carthage - Wikipedia But who were the people of Carthage? Pitted as the original hero of Rome and an ancestor of Romulus and Remus, Aeneas came close to marrying Dido, before being forced to leave after divine intervention. Historians today question the veracity of the Dido legend, but it is clear that Carthage was founded as a trading outpost by the Phoenicians — a maritime civilisation originally from The Carthaginians region that today forms part of Lebanon. The city gradually grew to become a major centre of Mediterranean trade, and controlled a network of dependencies in North Africa, Spain, and Sicily. Specialising in the production of fine textiles, perfumes, and household goods such as furniture and cooking implements, in its heyday Carthage was the dominant metropolis in the western Mediterranean, and profited hugely from the merchants passing through its port. The city also served as a hub for the trading of metal, and tin mined in the Middle East was brought to Carthage to be forged into bronze. Carthage was also famous for its highly sophisticated agricultural practices. One of the earliest centres of wine production, evidence of Carthaginian goods, including wine amphorae, have been excavated as far away as the British Isles and the Atlantic coast of West Africa. Ancient sources, most notably the Greek The Carthaginians Polybius, reported that the Carthaginian military was predominantly a mercenary- based force. Rather than develop a fully militarised society akin to that of ancient Sparta, the Carthaginians largely relied on others to fight on their behalf.
  • The Arsenite Schism and the Babai Rebellion: Two Case Studies

    The Arsenite Schism and the Babai Rebellion: Two Case Studies

    THE ARSENITE SCHISM AND THE BABAI REBELLION: TWO CASE STUDIES IN CENTER-PERIPHERY RELATIONS by Hüsamettin ŞİMŞİR Submitted to the Institute of Social Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History Sabancı University June 2018 © Hüsamettin Şimşir 2018 All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT THE ARSENITE SCHISM AND THE BABAI REBELLION: TWO CASE STUDIES IN CENTER-PERIPHERY RELATIONS Hüsamettin Şimşir M.A Thesis, June 2018 Thesis Supervisor: Dr. Fac. Member Ferenc Péter Csirkés This thesis aims to present an analysis of the interaction between Christians and Muslims in the west of Asia Minor at the end of the 13th and the beginning of the 14th centuries after two religious-social movements in the Byzantine and the Rum Seljuk Empires, the Arsenite Schism and the Babai Rebellion. After the unsuccessful rebellion of the Babais, antinomian dervishes who had migrated to the west of Asia Minor because of a heavy oppression as well as inquisition by the state and had a different religious belief apart from the mainstream religious understanding of the center initiated missionary activities in the regions along the Byzantine border. Accordingly, these dervishes had joined the military activities of the Turcoman chieftains against the Byzantines and interacted with the local Christian population and religious figures. As a result of this religious interaction, messianic and ascetic beliefs were increasingly present among the Greek-speaking population as well as spiritual leaders of western Anatolia. Since such interfaith and cross- cultural interaction had a considerable impact on the course of all these events, this thesis focuses on them to create a better understanding of the appearance of the Hesychasm in the Byzantine spiritual environment in the later period.
  • A Chronological Particular Timeline of Near East and Europe History

    A Chronological Particular Timeline of Near East and Europe History

    Introduction This compilation was begun merely to be a synthesized, occasional source for other writings, primarily for familiarization with European world development. Gradually, however, it was forced to come to grips with the elephantine amount of historical detail in certain classical sources. Recording the numbers of reported war deaths in previous history (many thousands, here and there!) initially was done with little contemplation but eventually, with the near‐exponential number of Humankind battles (not just major ones; inter‐tribal, dynastic, and inter‐regional), mind was caused to pause and ask itself, “Why?” Awed by the numbers killed in battles over recorded time, one falls subject to believing the very occupation in war was a naturally occurring ancient inclination, no longer possessed by ‘enlightened’ Humankind. In our synthesized histories, however, details are confined to generals, geography, battle strategies and formations, victories and defeats, with precious little revealed of the highly complicated and combined subjective forces that generate and fuel war. Two territories of human existence are involved: material and psychological. Material includes land, resources, and freedom to maintain a life to which one feels entitled. It fuels war by emotions arising from either deprivation or conditioned expectations. Psychological embraces Egalitarian and Egoistical arenas. Egalitarian is fueled by emotions arising from either a need to improve conditions or defend what it has. To that category also belongs the individual for whom revenge becomes an end in itself. Egoistical is fueled by emotions arising from material possessiveness and self‐aggrandizations. To that category also belongs the individual for whom worldly power is an end in itself.
  • Impact of the Justinian Code on Byzantine Society

    Impact of the Justinian Code on Byzantine Society

    Danya Bubar Context Under Consideration: Byzantium 1. Hypothesis: The Justinian Code did not impact his Byzantine society. 2. Sources / Limitations of study Brownworth, L. (2007). 12 Byzantine Rulers: The History of the Byzantine Empire. [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.12byzantinerulers.com/rss.xml. Cameron, Averil. (2006). The Byzantines. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing. Canning, J. (1996). History of Medieval Political Thought, 300-1450. London, GBR: Routledge. Retrieved from http://site.ebrary.com.proxy.hil.unb.ca/lib/unblib/doc?id=10058158&ppg =23. Evans, J. A. S. (2000). Age of Justinian: The Circumstances of Imperial Power. London, GBR: Routledge. Retrieved from http://site.ebrary.com.proxy.hil.unb.ca/lib/unblib/doc?id=100 70712&ppg=23. Gibbon, E . (2001). Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Volume IV. London, GBR: ElecBook, 2001. p lxxiii. http://site.ebrary.com.proxy.hil.unb.ca/lib/unblib/doc? id=2001727&ppg=73. Gigantès, P. (2002). The Secret History of Rulers of the World. London: Magpie Books. Nicol, D. M. (1991). A Biographical Dictionary of the Byzantine Empire. London: Seaby. Stein, P. (1999). Roman Law in European History. Port Chester, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press http://site.ebrary.com.proxy.hil.unb.ca/lib/unblib/doc?id=10014895 &ppg=43. Tellegen-Couperus, O. (1993). Short History of Roman Law. London, GBR: Routledge, Retrieved from http://site.ebrary.com.proxy.hil.unb.ca/lib/unblib/doc?id=10060619 &ppg=153. Venning, T. (2006). A Chronology of the Byzantine Empire. Great Britain: Palmgrave MacMillian. Limitations of these sources may lie within the authors’ observations of the historical contexts being discusses; this may suggest the presence of author bias, given that the information provided is subjective to their interpretation.
  • How Orthodox Is the Eastern Orthodox Church?

    How Orthodox Is the Eastern Orthodox Church?

    How Orthodox is the Eastern Orthodox Church? Introduction As a result of some questions I thought it wise to give a simple evaluation of the Eastern Orthodox Church (EOC). 1 This is even more relevant since recent decades have seen hordes of evangelicals (especially disaffected Charismatics) relocate into the EOC under the presumption that it has more fundamental historic prestige than modern churches. While in some doctrines the EOC has been a safeguard of apostolic and early church patriarchal teaching (such as the Trinity), and while they hold to good Greek NT manuscripts, we should not accept a multitude of other teachings and practices which are unbiblical. You should also be aware that this church has formally condemned Calvinism in church statutes. The answer to the question, ‘ How Orthodox is the Eastern Orthodox Church? ’ is simply, ‘ Not very; in fact it is downright heretical in doctrine and practice ’. Here are the reasons why; but first I will give a potted history of the Orthodox Church. History What is the EOC? The Orthodox Church, or the Eastern Orthodox Church, 2 is a federation of Churches originating in the Greek-speaking Church of the Byzantine Empire, which reject the authority of the Roman Pope. It has the Patriarch of Constantinople 3 as its head and uses elaborate and archaic rituals. It calls itself, ‘The Holy Orthodox Catholic and Apostolic Church’. I will try to make this very complicated history as simple as I can. The history is also hindered by different sources contradicting each other and making mistakes of fact. Pre Chalcedon (to 451) The initial foundations of Greek theology were laid down by the Greek Fathers, such as Athanasius, John Chrysostom, Cyril of Alexandria, and the Cappadocian Fathers (the ‘Three Hierarchs’) i.e.
  • How to Defeat the Vandals in Combat 115

    How to Defeat the Vandals in Combat 115

    How to Defeat the Vandals in Combat 115 Chapter 3 How to Defeat the Vandals in Combat Unlike some aspects of Roman North Africa in late antiquity, such as Saint Augustine, and Egypt, the Vandal Wars and the reconquest are subjects that have attracted limited attention.1 Again, Procopius is the principal source for most of what he describes,2 and most narrative accounts merely follow his lead.3 The war itself marks the beginning of Justinian’s campaigns of recon- quest; it also contributed significantly to the fame of Belisarius. This chapter is divided into the same three sections as the previous chapter, following an his- torical overview. Thus, the first significant section focuses on the literary qualities of Procopius’ descriptions of combat in the Vandal Wars, and in the process we delve deeper into select aspects of modern narrative theory, at least where relevant. Topics include the role of narrative order, the role of the narra- tor, the use of narrative markers like names and numbers, and some of the ways that the combats fit into the larger narrative. The principal emphasis of this section is on exploring some of the ways that Procopius, the implied author, attempts to guide readers in the Vandal Wars. In other words, we look at the ways that Procopius, more here than in the Persian Wars, leads his read- ers and listeners towards the particular lessons that he is expounding. In the third section, on explaining combat, we look at the different character of much of the combat (the increase in asymmetric combat), the different factors that shaped its outcome from morale (much more prominent in the Vandal Wars 1 There has been a fair amount of work on Corippus, on whom see the works of Cameron (1996a: 12–25; 1996b: 167–180), Zarini (1997, esp.