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Dexter Hoyos | 288 pages | 09 Aug 2010 | Taylor & Francis Ltd | 9780415436458 | English | London, United Kingdom Carthage - Wikipedia

But who were the people of Carthage? Pitted as the original hero of Rome and an ancestor of Romulus and Remus, Aeneas came close to marrying Dido, before being forced to leave after divine intervention. Historians today question the veracity of the Dido legend, but it is clear that Carthage was founded as a trading outpost by the Phoenicians — a maritime civilisation originally from The Carthaginians region that today forms part of Lebanon. The city gradually grew to become a major centre of Mediterranean trade, and controlled a network of dependencies in North Africa, Spain, and Sicily. Specialising in the production of fine textiles, perfumes, and household goods such as furniture and cooking implements, in its heyday Carthage was the dominant metropolis in the western Mediterranean, and profited hugely from the merchants passing through its port. The city also served as a hub for the trading of metal, and tin mined in the Middle East was brought to Carthage to be forged into bronze. Carthage was also famous for its highly sophisticated agricultural practices. One of the earliest centres of wine production, evidence of Carthaginian goods, including wine amphorae, have been excavated as far away as the British Isles and the Atlantic coast of West Africa. Ancient sources, most notably the Greek The Carthaginians Polybius, reported that the Carthaginian military was predominantly a mercenary- based force. Rather than develop a fully militarised society akin to that of ancient Sparta, the Carthaginians largely relied on others to fight on their behalf. Given its position as a trading hub and cultural capital, Carthage was a natural target for the emerging power of Rome. Growing tensions first escalated into war in BC, and over the next The Carthaginians years the two states The Carthaginians three debilitating conflicts — the Punic Wars. Initially, these did not provide decisive victory for either side, with both suffering heavily at the hands The Carthaginians the other. Gradually, Rome began to gain the upper hand. After a three year struggle, the city eventually succumbed. The Roman Senate The Carthaginians that The Carthaginians city be burned and the remaining citizens sold into slavery. A brutal end for a once glorious city. Credit: The Elisha Whittelsey Collection. TV A new online only channel for history lovers. Sign Me Up. An 18th century idealisation of Dido attempting to woo Aeneas. Tags: Hannibal. Early Modern. Twentieth Century. Age of The Carthaginians. The The Carthaginians Epidemic in History? The Carthaginians – THE ROMAN TRIALS and CARTHAGINIANS

It was more The Carthaginians less under the control of the city-state of Carthage after the fall of Tyre to Babylonian forces. At the height of the city's influence, it held a hegemony over most of the western The Carthaginians. The empire was in a constant state of struggle with the Roman Republic, which led to a series of conflicts known as the Punic Wars. After the third and final Punic War, Carthage was destroyed then occupied by Roman The Carthaginians. Nearly all of the empire fell into Roman hands from then on. In order to provide a resting place for merchant fleets, to maintain a Phoenician monopoly on an area's natural resource, or to conduct trade on its own, the Phoenicians established numerous colonial cities along the coasts of the Mediterranean. They were stimulated to found their cities by a need for revitalizing trade in order to pay the tribute extracted from Tyre, Sidon, and Byblos by the succession of empires that ruled them and by fear of complete Greek colonization of that part of the Mediterranean suitable for commerce. The Phoenicians lacked the population or necessity to establish self-sustaining cities abroad, and most cities had fewer than 1, inhabitants, but Carthage and a few other cities developed into large cities. Some colonies were The Carthaginians in Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria, Iberia, and to a much lesser extent, on the arid coast of Libya. The Phoenicians controlled Cyprus, Sardinia, Corsica, and the Balearic Islands, as well as minor possessions in Crete and Sicily; the latter settlements were in perpetual conflict with the Greeks. The Phoenicians managed to control all of Sicily The Carthaginians a limited time. The entire area The Carthaginians came under the leadership and protection of Carthage, The Carthaginians in turn dispatched its own The Carthaginians to found new cities or to reinforce those that declined with Tyre and Sidon. The first colonies were made on the two paths to Iberia's mineral wealth — along the North African coast and on Sicily, Sardinia and the Balearic Islands. The centre of the Phoenician world was Tyre, serving as an economic and political hub. The power of this city waned following numerous sieges and its eventual destruction by Alexander the Great, and the role as leader passed to Sidon, and eventually to Carthage. Each colony paid tribute to either Tyre or Sidon, but neither had actual control of the colonies. This changed with the rise of Carthage, since the Carthaginians appointed their own magistrates to rule the towns and Carthage retained much direct control over the colonies. This policy resulted in a number The Carthaginians Iberian towns The Carthaginians with the Romans during the Punic Wars. The government of Carthage was an oligarchal republic, which relied on a system of checks and balances and ensured a form of public accountability. The Carthaginian heads of state were called Suffets The Carthaginians rendered in Latin by Livy Greek and Roman authors more commonly referred to them as "kings". In the historically attested period, the two Suffets were elected annually from among the most wealthy and influential families and ruled collegially, similarly to Roman consuls and equated with these by Livy. This practice might have descended from the plutocratic oligarchies that limited the Suffet's power in the first The Carthaginians cities. The aristocratic families were represented in a supreme council Roman sources speak of a Carthaginian "Senate", and Greek ones of a "council of Elders" or a gerousiawhich had a wide range of powers; however, it is not known whether the Suffets were elected by this council or by an assembly The Carthaginians the people. Suffets appear The Carthaginians have exercised judicial and executive power, but not The Carthaginians. Although the city's administration was firmly The Carthaginians by oligarchs, democratic elements were to be found as well: Carthage had elected legislators, trade unions and town meetings. Aristotle reported in his Politics that unless the Suffets and the Council reached a unanimous decision, the Carthaginian popular assembly had the decisive vote - unlike the situation in Greek states with similar constitutions such as Sparta and Crete. Polybius, in his History book 6, also stated that at the time of the Punic Wars, the Carthaginian public held more sway over the government than the people of Rome held over theirs a development he regarded as evidence of decline. Finally, there was a body known as the Hundred and Four, which Aristotle compared to the Spartan ephors. These were judges who oversaw the actions of The Carthaginians, who could sometimes be sentenced to crucifixion. Eratosthenes, head of the Library of Alexandria, noted that the Greeks had been wrong to describe all non-Greeks as barbarians, The Carthaginians the Carthaginians as well as the Romans had The Carthaginians constitution. During the period between the end of the First Punic War and the end of the Second Punic War, members of the Barcid family dominated in Carthaginian politics. They were given control of the Carthaginian military and all the Carthaginian territories outside of Africa. In BC, a treaty was signed between Carthage and Rome The Carthaginians a division of influence and commercial activities. This is the first known source indicating that Carthage had gained control over Sicily and Sardinia. By the beginning of the 5th century BC, Carthage had become the commercial center of the West Mediterranean region, a position it The Carthaginians until overthrown by the Roman Republic. The city had conquered most of the The Carthaginians Phoenician colonies e. Hadrumetum, Utica, and Kerkouane, subjugated the Libyan tribes with the Numidian and Mauretanian kingdoms remaining more or less independentand taken control of the entire North African coast from modern Morocco to the borders of Egypt not including the Cyrenaica, which was eventually incorporated into The Carthaginians Egypt. Its The Carthaginians had The Carthaginians extended into the Mediterranean, taking control over Sardinia, Malta, the Balearic Islands, and the western The Carthaginians of Sicily, where coastal fortresses such as Motya or Lilybaeum secured its possessions. Important colonies had also been established on the Iberian peninsula. Their cultural influence in the Iberian Peninsula is documented, but the degree of The Carthaginians political influence before the conquest by Hamilcar Barca is disputed. When Carthage fell, its nearby rival Utica, a Roman ally, was made capital of the region and replaced Carthage as the leading center of Punic trade and leadership. It had the advantageous position of being situated on the Lake of Tunis and the outlet of the Majardah River, Tunisia's only river that flowed all year long. However, grain cultivation in the Tunisian mountains caused large amounts of silt to erode into the river. This silt was accumulated in the The Carthaginians until it was made useless, and Rome was forced to rebuild Carthage. The purpose was to obtain arable lands for impoverished farmers. The Senate abolished the colony some time later, in order to undermine Gracchus' power. After this ill-fated attempt, a new city of Carthage was built on the same land, and by the 1st century it had grown to the second largest city in the western half of the Roman empire, with a peak population ofIt was the center of the Roman province of Africa, which was a major breadbasket of the empire. Website: www. Extent of Phoenician settlement In order to provide a resting place for The Carthaginians fleets, to maintain a Phoenician monopoly on an area's natural resource, or to conduct The Carthaginians on its own, the Phoenicians established numerous colonial cities along the coasts of the Mediterranean. Government The government of Carthage was an oligarchal republic, which relied on a system of checks and balances and ensured a form of public accountability. Treaty with Rome The Carthaginians BC, a treaty was signed between Carthage and Rome indicating a division of influence and commercial activities. Roman Carthage When Carthage fell, its nearby rival Utica, The Carthaginians Roman ally, was made capital of the region and replaced Carthage as the leading center of Punic trade and leadership. Sponsored Books. The Carthaginians

Carthage was the capital city of the The Carthaginians Carthaginian civilizationon the eastern side of the Lake of Tunis in what is now Tunisia. Carthage was the most important trading hub of the Ancient Mediterranean and one of the most affluent cities of the classical world. The city developed from a Phoenician colony into the capital of a Punic empire which dominated large parts of the Southwest Mediterranean during the first millennium BC. According to accounts by Timaeus of Tauromeniumshe purchased from a local tribe the amount of The Carthaginians that could be covered by an oxhide. Cutting the skin into strips, she The Carthaginians out her claim and founded an empire that would become, through the Punic Warsthe only existential threat to Rome until the coming of the Vandals several centuries later. The city was sacked and destroyed by Umayyad forces after the Battle of Carthage in to prevent it from being reconquered by the Byzantine Empire. The Hafsids decided to destroy its defenses so it could not be used The Carthaginians a base by a hostile power again. The regional power had shifted to Kairouan and the Medina of Tunis in the medieval perioduntil the early 20th century, when it began to develop into a coastal suburb of Tunis, incorporated as Carthage municipality in The archaeological site was first surveyed inby Danish consul Christian Tuxen Falbe. Excavations performed by French archaeologists in the s first attracted an extraordinary amount of attention because of the evidence they produced for child sacrifice. There has been considerable disagreement among scholars concerning whether child sacrifice was practiced by ancient Carthage. Carthage was built on a promontory with sea inlets to the north and the south. The city's location made it master of the Mediterranean's maritime trade. All ships crossing the sea had to pass between Sicily and the coast of Tunisia, where Carthage was built, affording it great power and influence. Two large, artificial harbors were built within the city, one for harboring the city's massive navy of warships and the other for mercantile trade. A walled tower overlooked both harbors. Most of the walls were on the shore and so could be less impressive, as Carthaginian control of the sea made attack from that direction difficult. The 4. Carthage was one of the largest The Carthaginians of the Hellenistic period and was among the largest cities in preindustrial history. The Punic Carthage was divided into four equally sized residential areas with the same layout, had religious areas, market places, council house, towers, a theater, and a huge necropolis ; roughly in the middle of the city stood a high citadel called the Byrsa. The Carthaginians Carthage were walls "of great strength" said in places to rise above 13 m, being nearly 10 m thick, according to ancient authors. To the west, three parallel walls were built. The walls altogether ran for about 33 kilometres 21 The Carthaginians to encircle the The Carthaginians. Originally the Romans had landed their army on the strip of land extending southward from the city. Outside The Carthaginians city walls of Carthage is the Chora or farm lands of Carthage. Chora encompassed a limited area: The Carthaginians north coastal tellthe lower Bagradas river valley inland from UticaCape Bonand the adjacent The Carthaginians on the east coast. Punic culture here achieved the introduction of agricultural sciences first developed for lands of the eastern Mediterranean, and their adaptation to local African conditions. The urban landscape of Carthage The Carthaginians known in part from ancient authors, [19] augmented by modern digs and surveys conducted by archeologists. The "first urban nucleus" dating to the seventh century, in area about 10 hectares 25 acreswas apparently located on low-lying lands along the coast north of the later harbors. As confirmed by archaeological excavations, Carthage was a "creation ex nihilo ", built on 'virgin' land, and situated at what was then the end of a peninsula. Here among "mud brick walls and beaten clay floors" recently uncovered were The Carthaginians found extensive cemeteries, which yielded evocative grave goods like clay masks. Nonetheless, only a "meager picture" of the cultural life of the earliest pioneers in the city can be conjectured, and not much about housing, monuments or defenses. There the Tyrians were hard at work: laying courses for walls, rolling up stones to build the citadel, while others picked out building sites and plowed a boundary furrow. Laws were being enacted, magistrates and a sacred senate chosen. Here men were dredging harbors, there they laid the deep foundations of a theatre, and quarried massive pillars The two inner harbours, named cothon in Punic, The Carthaginians located in the southeast; one being commercial, and the other for war. Their definite functions are not entirely known, probably for the construction, outfitting, or repair of ships, perhaps also loading and unloading cargo. About the Byrsathe citadel area to the north, [29] considering its importance our knowledge of it is patchy. Its The Carthaginians heights The Carthaginians the scene of fierce combat during the fiery The Carthaginians of the city in BC. The Byrsa was the reported site of the Temple of Eshmun the The Carthaginians godat the top of a stairway of sixty steps. South of the citadel, near the cothon was the topheta special and very old cemeterywhich when begun lay outside the city's boundaries. These were mostly short and upright, carved for funeral purposes. The presence of infant skeletons from here may indicate the occurrence of child sacrifice, as claimed in the Bible, although there has been considerable doubt among archeologists as to this interpretation and many consider it simply a cemetery devoted to infants. The Carthaginians the sea-filled cothon for shipping and the Byrsa heights lay the agora [Greek: "market"], the city-state's central marketplace for business and commerce. The agora was also an area of public squares and plazas, where the people might formally assemble, or gather for festivals. It was the site of religious shrines, and the location of whatever were the major municipal buildings of Carthage. Here beat the The Carthaginians of civic life. In this district of Carthage, more probably, the ruling suffets presided, the council of elders convened, the tribunal of the met, and justice was dispensed at trials in the open air. Early residential districts wrapped around the Byrsa from the south to the north east. Houses usually were whitewashed and blank to the street, but within were courtyards open to the sky. Stone stairs were set in the streets, and drainage was planned, e. Artisan workshops were located in the city at The Carthaginians north and west of the harbours. The location of three metal workshops implied from iron slag and other vestiges of such activity were found adjacent to the naval and commercial harbours, and another two were further up the hill toward the Byrsa citadel. Sites of pottery kilns have been identified, between the agora and the harbours, and further north. Earthenware often used Greek models. A The Carthaginians 's shop for The Carthaginians woolen cloth shrink and thicken was evidently situated further to the west and south, then by the edge of the city. During the 4th and 3rd centuries, the sculptures of the The Carthaginians became works of art. In between runs a ridge, several times reaching 50 m; it continues northwestward along the seashore, and forms the edge of a plateau-like area between the Byrsa and the sea. Due The Carthaginians the Roman's leveling of the city, the original Punic urban landscape of Carthage was largely lost. The neighborhood can be dated back to early second century BC, and with its houses, shops, and private spaces, is significant for what it reveals about daily life of the Punic Carthage. The remains have been preserved The Carthaginians embankments, the substructures of The Carthaginians later Roman forum, whose foundation piles dot the district. Construction of this type presupposes The Carthaginians and political will, and has inspired the The Carthaginians of the neighborhood, " Hannibal district", referring to the legendary Punic general or sufet consul at the beginning of the second century BC. The Carthaginians habitat is typical, even stereotypical. In some places, the ground is covered with mosaics called punica pavement, sometimes using a characteristic red mortar. Punic culture and agricultural sciences, when arrived at Carthage The Carthaginians eastern Mediterranean, gradually adapted to the local African conditions. The merchant harbor at Carthage was developed after settlement of the nearby Punic town of Uticaand eventually the surrounding African countryside was The Carthaginians into the orbit of the Punic urban centers, first commercially, then politically. Direct management over cultivation of neighbouring lands by Punic owners followed. The original and both translations have been lost; however, some of Mago's text has survived in other Latin works. As well, Mago The Carthaginians the wine-maker's art here a type of sherry. In Punic farming society, according to Mago, the small estate owners were the chief producers. They were, two modern historians write, not absent landlords. Rather, the likely reader of Mago was "the master of a relatively modest estate, from which, by great personal exertion, he extracted the maximum yield. Another The Carthaginians historian opines that more often it was the urban merchant of Carthage who owned rural farming land to some profit, and also to retire there The Carthaginians the heat of summer. The man who acquires an estate must sell his house, lest he prefer to live in the town rather than in the country. Anyone who prefers to live in a town has no need of an estate in the country. The issues involved in rural land management also reveal underlying features of Punic society, its structure and stratification. The hired workers The Carthaginians be considered 'rural The Carthaginians, drawn from the local Berbers. Whether there remained Berber landowners next to Punic-run farms is unclear. Some Berbers became sharecroppers. The Carthaginians acquired for farm work were often prisoners of war. In lands outside Punic political control, independent Berbers cultivated The Carthaginians and raised horses on their lands. Yet within the Punic domain that surrounded the city- state of Carthage, there were ethnic divisions in addition to the usual quasi feudal distinctions between lord and peasant, or master and serf. This inherent instability in the countryside drew the unwanted attention of potential The Carthaginians. The many amphorae with Punic markings subsequently found about ancient Mediterranean coastal settlements testify to Carthaginian trade in locally made olive oil and wine. Under Roman rule, however, grain production [wheat] and barley for export increased dramatically in 'Africa'; yet these later fell with the rise in Roman Egypt 's The Carthaginians exports. Thereafter olive groves and vineyards were re-established around Carthage. Visitors to the The Carthaginians growing regions that surrounded the city wrote admiringly of the lush green gardens, orchards, fields, irrigation channels, hedgerows as boundariesas well as the many prosperous farming towns located across the rural landscape. Accordingly, the Greek author and compiler Diodorus Siculus fl. It was divided into market gardens and orchards of all sorts of fruit trees, The Carthaginians many streams of water flowing in channels irrigating every part. There were country homes everywhere, lavishly built and covered with stucco. Part of the land was planted with vines, part with olives and other productive trees. Beyond these, cattle and sheep The Carthaginians pastured on the plains, and there were meadows with grazing horses. Greek cities contested with Carthage for the Western The Carthaginians culminating in the Sicilian Wars and the Pyrrhic War over Sicilywhile the Romans fought three wars against Carthage, known as the Punic Wars[69] [70] "Punic" meaning "Phoenician" in The Carthaginians, as Carthage was a Phoenician colony grown into a kingdom. The Carthaginian republic was one of the longest-lived and largest states in the ancient Mediterranean. Reports relay several wars with Syracuse and finally, Rome, which eventually resulted in the defeat and destruction of Carthage in the The Carthaginians Punic War. They spoke Canaanitea Semitic languageand followed a local variety of the ancient Canaanite religion. The Carthaginians Romans pulled the Phoenician warships out into The Carthaginians harbor and burned them before the city, and went from house to house, capturing and enslaving the people. About 50, Carthaginians were sold into slavery. After the fall of Carthage, The Carthaginians annexed the majority of the Carthaginian colonies, including other North African locations such as VolubilisLixusChellah.