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Home , 42 Martyrs of Amorium, Agentes in rebus, Akritai, Alexios III Angelos, Alexios I Komnenos, Amorium

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A Short (and rough) Guide to Byzantine Names for SCA personae

This is a listing of names that may be useful for constructing Byzantine persona. Having said that, please note that the term „Byzantine‟ is one that was not used in the of the Empire. They referred to themselves as Romans. Please also note that this is compiled by a non-historian and non-linguist. When errors are detected, please let me know so that I can correct them. Additional material is always welcomed. It is a work in progress and will be added to as I have time to research more books. This is the second major revision and the number of errors picked up is legion. If you have an earlier copy throw it away now. Some names of who became citizens are included. Names from „client states‟ such as and Bosnia, as well as adversaries, can be found in my other article called Names for other Eastern Cultures. In itself it is not sufficient documentation for heraldic submission, but it will give you ideas and tell you where to start looking.

The use of (?) means that either I have nothing that gives me an idea, or that I am not sure of what I have. If there are alternatives given of „c‟, „x‟ and „k‟ modern scholarship prefers the „k‟. „K‟ is closer to the original in both spelling and pronunciation.

 Baron, OP, tous notious okeanous, known to the as Hrolf

Current update 12/08/2011

Family Names ...... 2 Male First Names ...... 6 Female First Names ...... 10 Castles, , and ...... 11 Themes, , other nations etc ...... 18 Geographical Features ...... 19 Imperial Institutions, Offices and Ranks ...... 20 Other Occupations ...... 26 Possible and Definite Nicknames ...... 26 Suitable for Foreign Rulers ...... 27 Terms and words ...... 28 Bibliography ...... 29 2 Family Names The family name ends in „us‟, „as‟, „os‟ or „es‟ if the person is male and „a‟ or „ina‟ if female. Thus Alexius Comnenus‟ daughter is Anna Comnena. Sometimes a series of surnames would be put together to show genealogy by birth or marriage (eg Theodora Branaina Komnene Laskarina Cantacuzene , BL4). This was more common in later periods and much more common with females than males. Originally surnames were often taken from an adjective or common word, but could be from a or other name. When talking of the whole family, in the plural, an „oi‟ is used, thus Akrtoi or Comnenoi. Acritas: see Akritas 1354 (BL71), John III Asen was 13c of Areobindus (Ἀ ξεόβηλδνο): Flavius A, Consul in 506 (W) Asidenus (Ἀ ζηδελόο), Sabbas A, 13th century Agapetas (Ἀ γαπεηόο): John IX, , (BM107) (AC521) Aspietes: Michael 12th century general (BM129) Akindynos (Ἀ θίλδπλνο): Γξεγόξηνο 14th Asticus: Fulvius, 4th century governor of century monk (BL69) (BM461) Akritas or Acritas (Αθξίηαο): Basil Digenis A, soldier Attaleiates (Ἀ ηηαιεηάηεο): Michael A, and hero of an epic poem, Digenis Akritoi, see judge (PL584) Akritoi (L221) Autoreianus (Ἀ πησξεηαλόο): Michael IV, Patriarch of Akropolites (Ἀ θξνπνιίηεο), George A, megas (BM444) Arsenios I A, 13th century (BM246); his son 13th Patriarch (BL33) century scholar (BL42) Balsamon (Βαιζακῶλ): Theodorus B (Θεόδσξνο), Alakaseus: John A, & military leader of 12th century canonical commentator & Patriarch of Alexius I (AC303) (PL600, PL562) Alyates: Theodore A, general at Manzikert (AC409) Baradaeus (other spellings include Al Baradai, Amenas: Michael A (BM585) Burdoho, Burdeono, Burdeana, or Burdeaya): Jacob Ammonathas: Apa A, monophystite priest (BP8) 6th century Monophysite leader (AC465) Ampelas: 12th century general (AC455) Bardanes (Βαξδάλεο): Philippicus B, 711- Anargyrus: Cosmas & saints (BL93) 715 (W) : Michael A, 12th century rebel (AC382) Barsymes (Βαξζύκεο): B, 6th century consul Angelus (Άγγεινο) (fem Angelina) Isaac II, 1185- (BM243) 1195; Alexius III, 1195-1203, Alexius IV, 1203- Basilacius: George 12th century general (BM585) 1204 Basilides (Βαζηιείδεο): magister (BM630) Anicia: Juliana A, patrician (BM203) Beccos: see Bekkos Antiochi: rebel family (AC382) Bekkos or Beccos: John XI, 13th century Patriarch : family founded by Theodore (W), (BL38) family records date 488-625 (W); prominent Berhoiotes: George, megas diermeneutes (BM440) patrician family in 6-7th centuries, Flavius Bessarion (Βεζζαξίσλ): Basilios B 15th century cleric Strategius A (BM464) from Trebizond who became a Latin Cardinal Apocaucus: see (BP128) Apokaukos or Apocaucus: John (BL86) Alexius, Blastares: Matthew, 14th century monk, legal megas doux (BM223) commentator, and opponent of reconciliation (MoL Argyrus: (Αξγπξόο) (BM 145) Ρσκαλόο III, 193) 1028-1034 (BM145) Boilas: Eustathius 11th century (PL572) Aristenos (Ἀ ξηζηελόο): Alexios A 9th century jurist Botaneiates or Botaniates (Βνηαλεηάηεο): Nicephorus and commentator on , (PL562) III, 1078-81 (BM65) Armenopoulos: see Harmenopoulos Botaniates: see Botaneiates : Flavius A, 5th century Boutoumites (Βνπηνπκίηεο): Manuel, doux of Alexius (BM243) I (AC271) (BM56) Artemius (Ἀ ξηέκηνο): II A, Emperor 713- Branaina: Theodora, nun (BL4) 15 (BP13) Branas (Βξαλᾶ ο): Alexius, 12th century general Asenes (Αζάλεο) (fem Asenina): Eirene Asenina (BM48) Cantacuzene, Bulgarian Princess and Empress 1347- Briennius or Bryennius (Βξπέλληνο): Nicephorus, the Younger, husband of Anna Comnena 3 Bringas (Βξίγγαο): Michael VI B Gerontas 1056-7 Dalassena: thalassocrator under Alexius I (AC270); (BM137) maiden name of Anna, mother of Alexius I (PL573) Bryennius: see Briennius Dandalo: Enrico, Patriarch of Grado (BM334); Burtzes: Michael, 10th century general (AC481) nephew doge of () Byzantios (Βπδάληηνο): Stephanos, ΢ηέθαλνο 6th Daphopates: Theodorus, secretary to Romanus I century geographer (BM160) (PL618) Cabasilas: seeKabasilas Daphnomeles (Γαθλνκήιεο): Eustathios, 11th century Caloethus: Nicholas, grammatikus (BM441) strategos (AC304) Camytzes or (Κακύηδεο): Manual, (Γηνγέλεο): Romanus IV, 1068-1071 1201 (BM106); Eustathius C, 12th (BM124), Adralestos D, diplomat (AC418) century general (AC408) Domentianus: craven commander in Egypt Cantacuzenus or (Καληαθνπδελόο): (HK155) John VI, Emperor 1347-1354 (BM161); Matthew K, (Γνύθαο) (fem Doukaina): surname taken Emperor 1353-1357 (W) from the ; Helena D, Queen of the Two Castamonites: Nicetas, 12th century rebel (AC382) Sicilies 1258-1266 (BL11), her father of Cecaumenus: Catacalon C, 11th century Epiros (BL12); Constantine X D, basilicus 1059- (AC289, PL608) 1067 (BM159); Alexius V D, basilicus 1204; Cephalas (Κέθαινο): Constantine, 11th century Dragasēs (m) /Dragasē (f): Greek form of Dragaš, anthologist (BM 106) taken as dynastic name by Constantine XI, the last Cerularius: Michael I Patriarch of Constantinople 11th Emperor (W), Elenē D, his mother, Serbian princess century (PL589) and wife of Manuel II Palaiologos (taken from 15th Chalintzes: Nicetas, 11th century diplomat (AC357) century miniature). Cheilas: Nikephorus, 15th century courtier (BP138) Ducas (fem Ducaena): see Doukas Choerosphactes (Υνηξνζθάθηεο): Leo C, 9th century Eirenikos: Theodore II, Patriarch of Constantinople envoy (L194) (BM444) Choniates (Υσληάηεο): Nicetas, doux (BM435) Eroticus: Manuel 10th century prefect (AC335) Chortasmenos: John C, 15th century theologian , Eudokia or : Aelia E, , wife (BP139) of Theodosius II (BM201); Licinia E, augusta, wife Choumnos (Υνῦ κλνο) (fem Choumnaina): Eirene- of Valentinian III (BM201) Eulogia Choumnaina Palaiologina, 14th century Eudoxia: see Eudocia Princess and Abbess (BL59) Eugenikos (Δπγεληθόο): Mark (of ) E, 15th Chrysoberges (Υξπζνβέξγεο): Andrew C, 15th century century theologian (BP135), nickname became a Latin convert (BP143), Louka C, 12th century family name. Patriarch (L231) Euphorbenus: George, soldier of Alexius I (AC271) Chrysokokkes: George C, 15th century scholar Exazenus: rebel ducas (AC390) (BP129) Ferro: brothers (BM230) Chrysoloras: Manuel or Emmanuel C, 15th century Flaccilla: Aelia, augusta, first wife of theologian & teacher (BP139) (BM491) Cinnamus (Κίλλακνο, Κίλακνο or ΢ίλλακνο): John, Gabalas (Γαβαιᾶ ο): John & Leo, brothers and 13th 12th century writer (BM38) century rulers of (BM525) Climacus (Κιίκαθνο): John C, 7th century theologian (Γαβξᾶ ο): Theodore, governor of Trebizond and saint, sometimes called John of the Ladder and rebel (AC350) Κιίκαμ (PL623) Garidas (Γαξηδᾶ ο): Eustratius, 11th century Patriarch Comnenus: see (AC521) Constantine: II, 578-582 () Gemistos (Γεκηζηόο): Georgius, 15th century scholar, Contostephanus: see Kontostephanos later called Plethon (BP130) Critopoulo: Chostantin (BM538) Genesius (Γελἐ ζηνο): Joseph, 10th century historian, Curcuas: see Kourkouas may not be a real person (BM224) Curticius: Michael 10th century & rebel Harmenopoulos or Armenopoulos (Aξκελνπνπιν): (AC382) Constantine H, 14th century jurist (MoL241) Cydones: see Kydones Herakleios or (Ἡξάθιεηνο): Flavius H, Dabatenus: D, 11th century doux of Trebizond Emperor 610-641 (BM17) (L152) (AC386) (BM438) 4 Heraclonas (Ἡξάθιεηνο): Constantinos H, Emperor Lascaris (Λάζθαξηο) (fem Laskarina): Theodore I, 641 under H (BM 625) basilicus 1204-1222; Theodore II, basilicus 1254- Holobolos: Manuel 13-14th century writer & translator 1259; John IV, basilicus 1258-1261 (BL36) Laurentius (Λαπξέληηνο): see Lydas: John Humbertopoulos: Constantine, general of Alexius I Lebournes: George, 12th century general (AC455) (AC298) Lecapenus or (Λαθαπήλνο): Romanus I, Hyaleas: Nikephorus, 12th century soldier (AC390) basilicus 920-944; Basil L, the eunuch Hyrtakenos (Yξηαθελόο): Theodore, 14th century parakoimōmenos c960 (W) scholar (BL56) Limenius: 4th century prefect (BM 388) Iasitas: Michael I, brother-in-law John II (W) Longibardus: John, grammarian (AC495) Ingerina (Ιγγεξίλα): Eudokia was mistress to Michael Lydas (Λπδόο): „the Lydian‟ John Laurentius „L‟, III & wife of (PL574) writer, the real surname is usually ignored (BP12) (us) (Ἰ νπζηίλνο): Emperor Flavius J I, 518-527 Makrembolitissa (Μαθξεκβνιίηηζζα): Eudocia M, (BM177); Emperor Flavius J II, 520-578 (BM177); wife of Romanus IV, Empress 1067-1068 (L225) both reigned under family name Macroducas: Constantine, 11th century (BM128) Justinian (Ἰ νπζηηληαλόο): Flavius Petrus Sabbatius J I, Malalas (Μαιάιαο): John, historian, his surname is Emperor 527-565 (BM7) possibly Syriac for orator (BP12) Kabasilis or Cabasilis: , 12th century general Maleinus (Μαιεΐλνο): Eustathius M was a magnate (AC408) under Basil II (PL568) Kabasilas or Cabasilas: Nicholas, 14th century Mangaphas (Μαγθαθᾶ ο): Theodore M, twice theologian and saint (BL93) attempted to usurp the throne in the 12th century Kalamodios: 12th century money lender (BM245) leading to his nickname Morotheodoros Kalekas (Καιέθαο): John XIV K, 14th century (Μσξνζεόδσξνο) or Theodore the Fool (BM438) Patriarch (BL86) Maniakes or Maniaces (Μαληάθεο): George M, known Kalliergis: Zacherias was 15th century refugee & as Gygir in Scandanavian sagas, 11th century general printer of Greek texts (BL105) & catepan of (BM281) Kallistos: K I, 14th century Patriarch (BL78) : Flavian M, Emperor 450-457 or Camaterus (Κακαηεξόο): John X, Maurocatacalon: Gregory M, 11th century, worth Patriarch of Constantinople (BM444) 40,000 numismata in ransom (BM 267) Komnenos or Comnenus (Κνκλελόο): Isaac I, 1057- Mauropous (Μαπξόπνπο): John M, 11th century writer 1059 (BM 137); Alexius I, 1081-1118 rest of & poet, his surname means „black-foot‟ (BM140) dynasty to 1185; Adrian Komnenos son-in-law of Mavrozomes: Theodore M, 12th century strategos Constantine X (W). (BM128) Kamytzes: see Camytzes Mavrocatalon: Nicholas M, admiral (AC314) Kaspax (Κά ζπαθνο): Nikephorus (?), admiral (Μειηζζελόο): Nikephorus M, 11th (AC346) century rebel (BM428) Kokkinos (Κόθθηλνο): Philotheos K, Patriarch 1354- Mesopotamites: George M, 11th century doux of 55 & 56 (BL2) Philippopolis (BM431) Kommene: Helena Cantacuzene K, Empress of Metochites (Μεηνρίηεο): Theodore M, Megas Trebizond 15th century (BL120) in 1305, became a monk as Theoleptos Kontostephanos or Contostephanus (Κνληνζηέθαλνο): (BL42) Issac, 11th century admiral (AC388) Monachus: Epiphanius M, 9th century monk (W) Kourkouas or Curcuas (Κνπξθνύαο): John, 10th Monasteriotes: Leo M, 12th century krites (BM587) century general & catepan of Italy (PL592) Monomakhos (Μνλνκάρνο): Constantine IX M, Ktenas: 10th century protospathios (BM186) basilicus 1042-1055 (BM137) Kydones or Cydones (Κπδώλεο): Demetrios, 15th Moschus (Μόζρνο): John M, wrote a Lives of the century Latin convert & chancellor under 3 Saints in the 6th century, nickname The Abstemious (BP143) (εγθξαηείο) Kymineianus: Eustathius, Drungarius under Alexius I Mouzalon (Μνπδάισλ) (f - Μνπδαιώληζζα): family (AC304) known from 11th to 15th century, George, husband Kyrdiniates: Nicholas, 11th century Patriarch (AC499) of Theodora Raoulina (BL34) Lagudes: (PL611) Musurus (Μνπζνῦ ξνο): 15th century refugee family Lampenos: Alexios, 14th century poet (?) (BL56) (BL107) 5 Nazianzen: (of ) Gregory, wrote a collection Flavius P (BM415); Flavius P, Emperor 602-610, of sermons 11th century (PL557) named after an known by his family name (W) (f) Phokaina earlier theologian (?) (Φώθαηλα), Nepos: Julius, last Western Emperor (BM405) Photias: Patriarch 858-867 (W) or Nicephorus (Νηθεθόξνο): Gregoras N, Placidia: Galla P, 5th century of the West 14th century historian etc, coined the phrase “Hell (BM365) hath no fury like a woman scorned” (BL50) Plakanos: Leo P (BM584) Nicerites: Leo, 12th century general & eunuch Planoudes (Πιαλνύδεο): Maximus P, 13th century (AC408) court poet (BL40) Nicomachi (Νηθόκαρνο): consular family Plethon (Πιήζσλ): see Gemistos Nikerites: Leon, 12th century mega dux of : 6th century senator (BM202) (BL105) Plousiadenos: John P, 15th century priest & composer Notaras (Ννηαξάο): Anna N Palaiologina, refugee (BL99) daughter of the last Megas Doux (BL96) Prodromos (Πξόδξνκνο): Theodore P, 12th century Opsaras: John O, 11th century magnate (BM191) poet, nickname Ptochoprodromus Ouranus (Οὺ ξαλόο): Nikephorus O, doux & writer (Πησρνπξόδξνκνο) „Poor Prodromus‟ (BP104-5) (BM610) Psellus (Φειιόο): Michael P, 11th century author Pachymeres (Παρπκέξεο): George P, 13-14th century (PL603) writer (BM47) : Aelia P, Augusta and later wife of Paidianites: Anna P 12th century (BM584) Theodosius III (BM365) Pakourianus or Bakouriani (Παθνπξηαλόο): great Pyrrhos: P, 7th century Patriarch (?) Georgian immigrant family (PL584) Apasios P, 11th (BM584) century soldier (BP92); Gregory, his brother (W) Rangabè (Ραγθαβέο) Michael I R, basilicus 811-813 Palaeologus (Παιαηνιόγνο): Michael VIII P, basilicus fem Raoulaina (Ρανύιαηλα): Theodora was a 1261-1282 (BM114) 13th century scholar, twice widowed & became a Palaiologina: P, mother of Michael nun (Eulogia), the family was originally Norman VIII Palaeologus (W) (BL33) Palamas (Παιακάο): Gregory P, 14th century saint Romaios: Eustathius R, judge early 11th century (BL68) (PL561) Panaretos (Παλάξεηνο): Michael P, 14th century Rizocopus: John R, 8th century patrician and of Trebizond historian (BL122) (BM669) Panukomites: Nicetas P, diplomat, (AC370) Skleras or Sclerus: S, general and rival of Basil Pegonites: P, 11th century commander (W) II (PL556); Maria Scleraina: famous lover of Pepagomenos (Πεπαγσκέλνο): Demetrios P, 13th Constantine IX (PL576) century doctor (W) Scylitzes (΢θπιίηδεο): John S, 11th century historian Pepagomenos (Πεπαγσκέλνο): Demetrios P, 15th (BM103) century courtier (BP138) Servopoulos: John S, 15th century scholar & refugee in Petraliphas (Πεηξαι[ε]ίθαο): originally Norman, England (BL99); Frankoulis S, 15th century refugee became noble, Theodora Petraliphaina (BL99) (Πεηξαιίθαηλα) became wife of the Despot of Sgouros (΢γνπξόο): Leo S, 13th century independent Epiros (BL15) ruler of (BM437) Petzeas: 12th century general (AC372) Skaliarius: Seljuk convert and general (AC409) Philes: Manuel P, 14th century court poet (BL56) Scylitzes (΢θπιίηδε): John, author (PL560) Philanthropenos (Φηιαλζξσπελόο): Alexios Doukas P, Solomon: John S, 12th century senator & rebel admiral and megas doux, 13th century () (AC382) Philanthropenos (Φηιαλζξσπελόο): Alexios P the Sophianos: S, 15th century courtier (BP138) Younger, rebel general 13th century, son of above Spandounes: Matthew S, 15th century refugee family (BL46) (BL104) Philokales or Philocales (Φηινθάιεο): Eumathios P, Sphrantzes (Φξαληδήο): George S, last logothete & 12th century strategos (AC362) & dux of Cyprus historian (BL96) th (AC353) Stethatus (΢ηεζᾶ ηνο): Nicetas S, 11 century (Φσθᾶ ο): Nikephorus II P, basilicus 963-969 theologian (PL612) (BM104), Komentiolus P, 7th century, brother of 6 Strategopoulos (΢ηξαηεγόπνπινο): Alexios S, 13th Tzimisces (Σδηκηζθήο): T, basilicus 969-976 century general, probably a Komnenos by birth (BM104) (BL18) Tzintzloukes: Andronicus, general (AC353) Stypiotes: Michael S, 10th century soldier (AC474) Tzipoureles: 12th century general (AC455) Synadenos (΢πλαδελόο): John S, 11th century Tzourillas: John T, Bogomile preacher (PL639) (W); (F) Synadene, 14th (Βαηάηδεο): John III V, basilicus 1222-1254 century nun (W) (BM129) Syrgiannes: possibly Mongol descent; John S, 13th Verinus or : Aelia wife of (BM491) century megas (W) Vlastos (Βιαζηόο): 15c refugee family (BL107), Tarchaniotes (Σαξραλεηώηεο): Catacalon T, son of family can be noted from the 1st century, arms Joseph (BM581); Joseph T, general under Alexius I Gules, three plates 2 & 1, argent. (AC299); Gregory T, 10th century catepan of Italy Xanthopoulus (Ξαλζόπνπινο): Nicephorus Callistus (W) (Κάιιηζηνο) X, 14th century writer & theologian : John T, 11th century sebatos (BM431) (BM444) Tarsites: John T, 12th century scholar (BL105) Xerus: Bardas (BM585) (?) Trytherus or Trithurios: Theodore T, 7th century Xylokarabes: Mark X, 15th century Patriarch (BL117) treasurer & commander under Heraclius in Xphias (Ξηθίαο): Nikephorus X, 11th century Strategos (HK81) (L199) of Philippopolis (L193) Tornikes: George T, 12th century priest (PL627) Zautzes (Εανύηδεο): Stylanus Z, 10th century Tornikios (Σνξλίθηνο): Leo T, 11th century rebel commander of the Mikra (BM302) (BM137) (Εήλσλ): Flavius Z, Emperor 474-476 (BM200) Tzamblakon: Demetrios T, 14th century megas Zonaras (Εσλαξᾶ ο): John Z, 12th century historian & stratopedarkhes (BM212) commentator on canon law (PL562) Tzetzes (Σδέηδεο): John T, 12th century writer (BM507)

Male First Names Abramius: possibly the 12th century saint (BP2) (Ἀ λζέκηνο): A of Tralles, architect of Achmet (Αρκέη): ibn Seirim (πηόο ΢εηξείκ), 8th century Constantinople for (BM219), Prefect of author working in Constantinople (PL564) the East under Constantine I (W) Acacius (Αθάθηνο): son Archelus and 6th century Apasios: A Pakourianos Παθνπξηαλόο, 11th Georgian general (W) century soldier (BP92) Adralestos (Ἄ δξαζηνο): Diogenes A, diplomat Apa: A Ammonathas, monophystite priest (BP8) (AC418) Appollos: 7th century hypodektes of Ammonios Adrian (Aδξηαλόο): A Komnenos son-in-law (BM347) Constantine X (W) (Ἀ ξθάδηνο): Emperor 395-408 (BM17) : 1062-75 (BM581) Archelaus (Αξρειάνπ): (BM 389) Alexander (Αιέμαλδξνο): A Kabasilis, 12th century Arsenios (Ἀ ξζέληνο): A Autoreianos, 13th century general (AC408); A Emperor 912-913 (BM197) Patriarch (BL33) Alexandros: Metropolitan of Nicea (PL571) Artemios: general & saint (tb27) Alexius / Alexios (Ἀ ιέμηνο): A Aristenos 9th century Artavasdus (Ἀ ξηαύαζδνο): Emperor 741-743 (W) jurist and commentator on canon law, (PL562) A I Athanasios (Αζαλάζηνο): A I, Patriarch 1289-93 & Komnenos, 1081-1118 (BM6); A Branas, 12th 1303-10 (BL2) century general (BM48); A Strategopoulos, 13th Atticus: Patriarch 406-25 (AC495), century general, probably a Komnenos by birth Bacchus or Bakchos (Βάθρνπ): saint, possibly married (BL18) to St Serge (MoL145) Ammonios (Ἀ κκώληνο): komes (BM 347) Bardas (Βάξδαο): B, brother of Basilissa Theodora & Anastasius (Ἀ λαζηάζηνο): A II Artemius, Emperor founder of University (PL556); B 713-15 (BP13) Skleras, general and rival of Basil II (PL556) Andronicus / Andronikos (Αλδξόληθνο): A I Basil (Βαζίιεηνο): several emperors, first is 867-886 B Komnenos 1183-1185 (BM88), A, 7th century I the Macedonian (ὁ Μαθεδώλ) (BM196), B Coptic Patriarch of 616-22 (HK144) Lekapenos, the eunuch parakoimōmenos c960 (W), 7 B Digenis Akritas, soldier and hero of an epic poem, Tzamblakon, 14th century megas stratopedarkhes Digenis Akritoi, see Akritoi (L221) (BM212) Basilios (Βαζίιεηνο): B Bessarion (Βεζζαξίσλ): 15th Dionysios (Γηνλύζηνο): 15th century of century cleric from Trebizond who became a Latin Philippopolis and briefly Patriarch (BL117) Cardinal (BP128) Dositheos: 15th century metropolitan of Trebizond (Βαζηιίζθνο): Emperor 475-476 (BM398) (BP129) (Βειηζάξηνο): 6th century general under Elias (Ἠιίαο): (AC314) Justinian (BM 165) (L90) Emmanual or Manual: E Chrysoloras, 15th century Benjamin: 7th century Coptic Patriarch of Alexandria theologian & teacher (BP139) (HK144) Enrico: E Dandalo, Patriarch of Grado, uncle of the Caecilianus: 4th century bishop of , became St infamous Doge (BM334) Cyprian (BM331) Epiphanius: (BM268); E Patriarch (Καιιίληθνο): C of Heliopolis 7th century 520-35 (W); E Monachus 9th century monk (W) inventor of Greek (AC517) (HK329); C patricus Eudaemon: (BM316) (BM410) Eufasius (BM 329) Calliparius: 11th century krites kai exisotes (BM 430) Eumathius or Eumathios (Δὐ κάζηνο): E Philokales, Candidus: 6th century bishop of Sergiopolis (BM261) 12th century strategos (AC362) & dux of Cyprus Catacalon: C Tarchaneiotes, son of Joseph (BM581); (AC353) C Cecaumenus, 11th century archon (AC289, Eustathius (Δὐ ζηάζηνο): E Kymineianus, Grand PL608) Dungarius (AC363); E Daphnomeles, strategos Chostantin: Critopoulo, 15th century, an office in the under Alexius I (AC304); E Romaios, judge early mint (BM538) 11th century (PL561); E Maleinus, magnate under Christodoulos (Υξηζηόδνπινο): 11th century first Basil II (PL568); E Garidas, 11th century Patriarch Abbot of St John at (W) (AC521) Chrysobalantites (Υξπζνβαιαληίηεο): Theophanes C, Euthymius: 11th century monk & writer against the 10th century physician (W) Bogomils (PL562) Comentiolus see Komentiolus Eutychius: also known as Sacid ibn Batrĩq, Christian (Κώλζηαο): C II, Emperor 641-668 (BM222) Arab chronicler (HK92) Constantine (Κσλζηαληίλνο): C Akropolites (BL42), Evaristus: monk (PL569) basilicus 668-85 (BM280); C Harmenopoulos, 14th Falkon: 11th century landholder (PL602) century jurist (MoL241); C IX Monomakhos, Felicianus: (BM380) basilicus 1042-1055 (BM137); Heraclonas Festus: 6th century caput senatus (BM490) (Ἡξάθιεηνο): C Heraclonus, Emperor 641 under H Flavius: F Areobindus, Consul in 506 (W); F Armatus, (BM 625) 5th century magister militum (BM243); F Phokas, Cosmas (Κνζκάο): saint (BL93); C Indicopleustes, Emperor 602-610, known by his family name (W); general, also trader and writer of an account of a F Heraclius, Emperor (as H) 610-641 (BM17) journey to Malabar in 522 (BM656); C Patriarch (L152); Emperor F , 518-527 (BM177); under Alexius I; name also used by Emperor F Justin II, 520-578 (BM177); both Cyril / Cyrillus (Κύξηιινο): 9th century Saint and reigned under family name; F Petrus Sabbatius missionary (W) Justinian I, Emperor 527-565 (BM7); F Zeno, Cyrus (Κύξνο): to al-Muqawqis, 7th century Emperor 474-476 (BM200) Chalcedonian Patriarch of Alexandria (HK145), 8th Fulvius: F Asticus, 4th century governor of Asia century Patriarch and saint (W) (BM461) Damian (Γακηαλόο): saint (BL93) Frankoulis (Φξαγθνύιεο): F Servopoulos, 15th century Daniel: 12th century Kievian abbot who wrote about refugee (BL99) Constantinople (BM112) Genesios: son of Falkon, 11th century, becomes a (Γαβίδ): last Emperor of Trebizond 1458-1461 monk (PL602) (W) Gennadios (Γελλάδηνο): G II Scholarios, Patriarch Demetrios or Demetrius (Γεκήηξηνο): D saint, patron 1454-6 under Ottomans (BL9) of Thessalonika (BL49); D Kydones, 15th century George (Γεῶξγηνο): G Akropolites, Latin convert & chancellor under 3 Emperors (BM246); G Chrysokokkes, 15th century scholar (BP143); D Pepagomenos, 13th century doctor (W); (BP129); G Emperor of Trebizond 1266-1280 (); G D Pepagomenos, 15th century courtier (BP138); D Euphorbenus, soldier of Alexius I (AC271); G 8 Gemistos, 15th century scholar (BP130); G Joshua (Ἰ εζνῦ ο): J the Stylite, 6th century chronicler Maniakes, 11th century general & catepan of Italy (BM174) (BM281); G Mesopotamites, 11h century doux of Karas: 12th century soldier (AC409) Philippopolis (BM431); G Pachymeres, 13-14th Karoulos: Greek name of 7th century century writer (BM47); G Sphrantzes, last logothete western barbarian ruler (L141) & historian (BL96); G of Pisida or G Psidias P 7th Katarodon: 12th century soldier (AC454) century poet (W) Komentiolus or Comentiolus (Κνκεληίνινο): K Gregory, Gregorios or Gregoras (Γξεγόξηνο): G Phocus 7th century, brother of Emperor Flavius Akindynos 14th century monk (BL69); G Phocas (BM415) Nikephoros, 14th century historian etc (BL50); G Kostas (Κσζηαο): 11th century nephew of a Gemma Palamas, 14th century saint (BL68); G „the (PL572) domestikos‟, 11th century composer (PL584), Koulean: 12th century Manichean preacher (AC467) nephew of Alexius I (); G Tarchaniotes, 10th century Kousinos: 12th century Manichean preacher (AC467) catepan of Italy (W) Kroummos: Bulgarian ruler (L173) Habib: 6th century monophystite Bishop of Nekress Leo (Λέσλ): several Emperors, first is 457-474 (BP8) (BM175), L Choerosphactes, 9th century envoy Hilarion: 4th century saint (BP5) (L194); L Monasteriotes,12th century krites Himerius (Iκέξηνο): 10th century protospatharios (BM587); L Nicerites, 12th century general & (PL599) eunuch (AC408); L Sgouros, 13th century (Ὑπάηηνο): H (BP18); H bishop of Ephesus independent ruler of Morea (BM437) (tb24); H of Gangra (W) Leonard: L of , 15th century writer (BM545) Isaac (Ιζαάθηνο or Ἰ ζαάθ): several, I I Komnenos (Λεόληηνο): Emperor 695-698 (BM421), also 1057-1059 (BM137); I Kontostephanos, 11th 6-7th century bishop of Neopolis (W), 7th century century admiral (AC388) general (HK150) Isidore (Ιζίδσξνο): I of Meletus, one of the architects Libanius (Ληβάληνο): 4th century teacher of of Hagia (W); I 15th century heiromonk (BM59) (BP139) Longinius (Λνγγῖ λνο): 5th century rebel (?) (BM194) Jacob: (BM 317) Loukas (Λνπθάο): L Chrysoberges: 12th century Joasaph: monastic name of Emperor John VI Patriarch (L231); L Notaras 15th century noble, first Cantacuzene (BL78) „national martyr‟of (BL96) John or Johannes (Iσάλλεο): J IX Agapetas, 12th Lysas: freedman of Annius Plocamus (BM277) century Patriarch, (AC521); J X Kamateros, Macarius: 4th century saint (BP2) name still used Patriarch of Constantinople (BM444); J Cinnamus, Macedonius (Μαθεδόληνο): M II, Patriarch of 12th century writer (BM38); J Climacus, 7th century Constantinople 496-511 (BM190) theologian and saint (PL623); J, diakonos (BM656); Manuel (Μαλνπὴ ι): (BM 55) several emperors, first J Kourkouas, 10th century general & catepan of Italy is 1143-1180; M Chrysoloras, 15th century (PL592); J XIV Kalekas, 14th century Patriarch theologian & teacher (BP139); M Philes, 14th (BL86); J Mauropous, 11th century writer & poet century court poet (BL56); M Planoudes, 13th (BM140); J Opsaras, 11th century magnate century court poet (BL40) (BM191); J Plousiadenos, 15th century priest & Marcellinus: 6th century chronicler (BP17) composer (BL99); J Scylitzes, 11th century historian Mare: monophystite monk (BP8) (BM103); J Solomon, 12th century senator & rebel Mark (Μάξθνο): M (of Ephesos) Eugenikos, 15th (AC382); J Taronites, 11th century sebatos century theologian (BP135); M Xylokarabes 15th (BM431); J Tarsites, 12th century scholar (BL105); J century Patriarch (BL117) Tzetzes, 12th century writer (BM507); J I Tzimisces, Marianus: M Mavrocatacalon, 11th century soldier basilicus 969-976 (BM104); J III Vatatzes, basilicus (AC302) 1222-1254 (BM129); J Alakaseus, patrician & Maro: 5th century monophystite saint (BP1) military leader of Alexius I (AC303); J Synadenos, Matthew (Μαηζαίνο): M Kantakouzenos, Emperor 11th century kouropalates (W); J Syrgiannes, 13th 1353-1357 (W) century megas domestikos (W) (Μαπξίθηνο): Emperor 582-602 Joseph (Ισζήθ): J Tarchaniotes, general under Alexius : 5th century Patriarch under Justinian (W) I (AC299) Maximos (Μάμηκνο): M Planoudes, court poet (BL40) Melitas: scribe of Patriarch Gregory II (BL43) 9 Menas: 7th century Coptic martyr to Chalcedonian Panterius: soldier, helped repel Kievian Rus in 941 () persecution (HK145); M, Patriarch 536-52 (W) Parasceviotes: jailer (AC499) Methodius (Μεζόδηνο) 9th century Saint and Paul (Παῦ ινο): P Sophianos, 15th century courtier missionary (W) (BP138) Mezezius (Μηδίδηνο): 7th century general, briefly held Peter (Πέηξνο): P Barsymes, 6th century consul for himself (BM 421) (BM243) Michael (Μηραήι): several Emperors, M I Rangabè, Petros (PL 572) nephew of a Gemma, 11c, basilicus 811-813 (BM197); M I Cerularius, Philaretus or Philaretos (Φηιάξεηνο): 8th century Patriarch (PL589); M Panaretos, 14th century Patriarch of (?) (BM419) Trebizond historian (BL122); M Psellos, 12th Philippicus (Φηιηππηθόο): P Bardanes, Emperor 711- century scholar, (BM137); M Stypiotes, 10th century 715 (W) soldier (AC474); M Curticius, 10th century admiral Philoromus: monk (BP8) & rebel (AC382); M Iasitas, brother-in-law of John Philotheos (Φηιόζενο): P Kokkinos, Patriarch 1354-55 II (W); M Psellus, 11th century author (PL603) & 56 (BL2) Moagaritos: early 8th century Egyptian connected with Pholos (Φόινο): 12th century Manichean preacher the mint (BM361) (AC467) Modestos: Patriarch of 632-4 (BM472) Photius (Φώηηνο): 858-67 & 877-86 Patriarch and Monoastres: 12th century of unknown scholar, known as the Great (W) barbarian ancestry (AC306) Poemon: 5th century ropemaker and saint (BP6) Mossele: Armenian, founded a monastery (PL583) (Πξνθόπηνο) of Caesarea (ὁ Καηζαξεύο): Narses: N Kamsarakan, 6th century eunuch & general 6th century historian (BP12) (BM332) Romanus (Ρσκαλόο): R I Lecampus 920-944; R III Nathanael or Nathaniel: monastic name of Nicephoros Argyrus 1028-1034 (BM145) Choumnas (BL65) Sabbas (΢άβ[β]αο): S Asidenus, 13th century Neboulus (Νέβνπινο): Bulgar general who defected to sebastokrator (BM107); 6th century saint (BP5) the Arabs during the crucial battle of in Sanutius: 7th century Coptic noble (duqs) in Egypt 692 (BM 631) (HK163) Neon: archon (BM298) Sergius or Serge (΢εξγίνπ): 10th century Patriarch Neophytos: 1153-4 Patriarch (BP93) (BP3); S saint, possible married to St Bakchos Nicephorus or Nikephoros (Νηθεθόξνο): N Bryennus, (MoL145) husband of Anna Comnena (W), N Xphias, 11th Silvanus (΢ηινπαλόο): saint (BP6) century Strategos of Philippopolis (L193); N Simeon (΢πκεώλ): Stephanos‟ name as a monk Melissenos, 11th century rebel (BM428); N (PL583) Ouranus, doux & writer (BM610); N II Phocas, Sissinius: S II, Patriarch 996-9 (PL595) basilicus 963-969 (BM104); N Callistus Sophronius (΢σθξόληνο): 7th century Patriarch of Xanthopoulus, 14th century writer & theologian Jerusalem at Conquest (BP 39, HK90) (BM444); N Xphias, 11th century Strategos of Staurikos (΢ηαπξάθηνο): 9th century, briefly Emperor Philippopolis (L193) on the death of Nikephoros (L180) Nicetas or Nicetos (Νηθήηαο): N Castamonites, 12th Stephanos (΢ηέθαλνο): S Byzantios, 6th century century rebel (AC382); N ? (PL612); N Chalintzes, geographer (BM160); S, eunuch and admiral, later diplomat (AC357); N Panukomites, diplomat, monk (PL583). (AC370); N Stethatus, 11th century theologian Strategius: Flavius S Apion, 6th century patrician (PL612); N Pegonites, 11th century commander (W) (BM464) Nicholas (Νηθόιανο): N Kabasilas, 14th century Stylianus (΢ηπιηαλὸ ο): fem is Styliane (AC495); S theologian and saint (BL93); N Kyrdiniates, Zautzes, 10th century commander of the Mikra Patriarch under Alexius I (AC294) Hetaireia (BM302) Nikephoros (Νηθεθόξνο): (BL 50) Gregoras, historian Symeon (΢πκεώλ): S of Trebizond 15th century Olympiodorus (Ὀιύκπηόδσξνο): O of , 6th Patriarch (BL117) century pagan teacher & writer (BM192) Tarasios (Σαξάζηνο): iconodule, Patriarch 784-806 Pachomius or Pakhomius (Παρώκηνο): 4th century and saint (tb26) saint & inventor of monasteries (BP2)(HK141) Taticus (Σαηίθηνο): 11th century son of a slave & (Παιιάδηνο): chronicler (BP6) general (AC 343) Pamphronius: 6th century patrikios (BM407) Terbelis: Bulgar ruler Tervel (L173) 10 Theodore (Θεόδσξνο): T Balsamon, 12th century Theophanes (Θενθάλεο): 9th century saint (BL44); T canonical commentator & Patriarch of Antioch Chrysobalantites, 10th century physician (W) (PL600, PL562); T Trithurios, 7th century Theophano (Θενθαλν): nephew of John I (BM270) commander under Heraclius in Syria (HK81), Theophilus (Θεόθηινο): Emperor 829-867, last (L199) others (BM118 for 1204-1222), T Gabras, iconoclast (BM190) governor of Trebizond and rebel (AC350); T (Θενθύιαθηνο): 11th century Archbishop Hyrtakenos, 14th century scholar (BL56); T of Achrida (BL46) Maurozomes, 12th century strategos (BM128); T Theophylactos (Θενθύιαθηνο): 8th century bishop Prodromos, 12th century poet (BP104); T Trytherus, (tb26) 7th century treasurer & commander under Heraclius Tiberius (Σηβέξηνο)(BM 175) several, II is 578-582 in Syria (HK81) Vahan: V Trithurios: 7th century commanders under (Θενδώξεηνο): T of , 5th century Heraclius in Syria (L199) hagiographer (BP5) : 6th century bishop (?) (BM317) Theodosius (Θενδόζηνο): 408-450 (BM224); T Vitus: (BM 245) Diakonis, 10th century poet (W) Z‟ura: monophystite monk (BP7) Theoleptos: 13th century bishop of Zachariah or Zacharias: Z of Mitylene, writer (BL61); T name taken by on (BM177), 7th century soldier in Egypt (HK155); Z becoming a monk (BL42) Kalliergis was 15th century refugee & printer of Theopemptus (Θενπέκπηνπο): logothete (BM658) Greek texts (BL105) Zygobenus: monk (AC500)

Female First Names Note that female names are much harder to document than male. There was a tendency for women to recorded as “wife of”, “mother of”, and even “widow of” unless they were very prominent in their own right. Note that, if a woman has a middle name it may be the family name of her grandfather. Aelia (Αειιαη): A Eudocia, augusta, wife of (L153), wife of Constantine X (); E Ingerina, Theodosius II (BM201); A Pulcheria, Augusta and mistress to Michael III & wife of Basil I (PL574) later wife of Theodosius III (BM365) Eugenia (Δπγελία): niece of Michael VIII (BL34), Anastasia (Αλαζηαζία): name taken as nun by Anna of name taken as a nun by Irene Gattilusio (W) Savoy, originally Giovanna, wife of Andronicus III Eulogia (Δπινγία): abbess & basilissa 14th century, (BL93) said “Virtue more easily in well-appointed Angelina (Αληδειηλα): Theodora A Palaeologina, surroundings” (BL59) mother of Michael VIII Palaeologus (W) Euprepia: 11th century sister of Constantine IX Anna (Aλλα): A Dalassena, mother of Alexius I Monomachos (W) (PL573), A Notaras, refugee, daughter of the last Euphrosyne (Δπθξνζύλε): daughter of Loukas Notaras Megas Doux (BL96); A Paidianites, 12th century (BL97), E Palaiologina, illegitimate daughter of (BM584) Michael VIII and wife of Nogai (Mongol) (L143); E (Αξηάδλε): wife of Anastasius I (W) Synadene, 14th century nun (W) Danelis (Γαληειίο): 9th century magnate, awarded the Galla (Τάιια): G Placidia, 5th century regent of the honour of Basileomētōr for her support of Basil I West (BM365) (PL574, MoL235) Gemma: widow in Italy (PL569) Despina (Γεζπνηλα): Maria D Palaiologina, Glyceria (Τιύθηζκα) (?): poor widow (PL583) illegitimate daughter of Michael VIII and wife of Helena (Έιελα): H mother of Constantine I (), H Abakha (Mongol) (L143) Dragasē, Serbian princess and wife of Manuel II Eirene see Irene: Palaiologos and later nun (taken from 15th century Elenē: see Helena miniature) Erythro (Έξπζξό): Greek name of Rotrud, daughter of Hypomone (ὑ πνκνλή): (Patience) name taken by Charlemagne and betrothed of Constantine VI in the Helena Dragaš as a nun (W) 8th century (L138) Irene (Δηξήλε): 780-792 (BM 80), I Gattilusio, 15th Eudokia or Eudocia (Δπδνθία): sister of Andronikos II century wife of John VII Palaiologos, later nun (W); (BL51), E Makrembolitissa, wife of Romanus IV, Palaiologina, formerly Yolanda of Montferrat, Empress 1067-1068 (L225), daughter of Heraklios Empress 1288/9-1317 (BL48) Juliana: J Anicia, patrician (BM203) 11 Kale (θαιινλή) (?): „Beauty‟, mother of Saint Styliane: feminine of Stylianus (AC495) Thomaïs (PL600) Syncletia: 4th century Desert Mother and Saint (BP2) Licinia: L Eudoxia, augusta, wife of Valentinian III Thamar or Ithamar (Θακαξ): daughter of Despot of (BM201) Epiros, Princess of 1294-1309 (BL24) Loukia (Λνπθὶ α): 11th century (PL602) Thecla (Θεθια) the Augusta, mistess of Basil I Macrina: sister of Gregory of Nyassa (tb19) (MoL239) Maria (Μαξία): wife of Michael VII, in Serbian, Mara, Theoctiste: (PL631) (BL 110), M Despina Palaiologina, illegitimate Theodora (Θενδώξα): regent T 1055-1056; T daughter of Michael VIII and wife of Abakha Angelina Palaeologina, mother of Michael VIII (Mongol) (L143); M Scleraina: famous lover of Palaeologus (W); T Petraliphaina became wife of Constantine IX (PL576) the Despot of Epiros (BL15); T Raoulaina, 13th : wife of one Emperor Heraclius and mother of century scholar (BL33) the next (HK157) Theodule: name chosen as a nun by a Theodora (BL4) Melania or Melanie (κειαηλα): M the Younger, 5th Theophanu or Theophano (Θενθαλώ): wife of century desert mother (BM202) Romanus II (W) Metrodora (Μεηξνδσξα): author of a medical book Thomaïs (Θσκατϛ ): 9th century Saint from for women (PL618) (PL572) Olympias (Οιπκπίαο) follower of John Crysostom Verina: 7th century Empress (BP18) (tb19) Zampea (BL 84) originally Isabella, lady-in-waiting to Procopia: wife of Michael I (BM197) (BL84) Simonis (΢ίκσλίδ): S Palaeologina, daughter of Zoë (Εσή): regent 1028-50 (BM226); Z Andronikos II (BL5) Karbonopsina, wife of Leo VI (W)

Castles, Villages, Towns and Cities

A place name could be used as a surname, thus John Damascene is also and a person associated with Attica would be Atticus. (Άβπδνο): on the Hellespont (AC 437) Altaluogo: see Ephesus Achyraus: town south of Constantinople, Turkic Amasia (M9) in Armeniac, Turkic Balıkesir (BM110) Amastris (AC 446) town in , Acroenum (Αθξντλόλ): becomes after 740, : city (BP16), Turkic Diyarbakir, Kurdish Amed now Turkic Afyonkarahisar (BM124) (L126) Adana: town in (AC365), Amira (AC 431) town in Lapara, (Ἀ δξακπηηελό): also known as Amisus or Aminsos (BM49), Turkic Demetrias, seaport city in , Turkic Edemrit Amnia (BM 209) (BM83, BL39, AC437) (M9) city in , Turkic Ümraniye Adrianopolis (Αλδξηαλνύπνιηο): city in Amphipolis (BM 79) /, Turkic Adaras (M9) Ampous or Ampoun (AC487) town in Iconium, Adrianopolis (Αλδξηαλνύπνιηο) city in east , Turkic Ambanaz Turkic (BL73) Amasya (Ἀ κάζεηα): capital of the Armeniac theme. Aenus (Αἶ λνο): town on the south-east coast of Anabarza (AC 431) city in Cilicia, Thrace, Turkic Enos, now (BM79) Anaea or Ania (BM49), Turkic Kadi Kalesi Agathonike: near Adriatic (AC306) Anastasiopolis: see Aigialoi: port (AC453) (BM 104) Aila: becomes Aqaba, port in the Red Sea (RS33) Anchialos: town in Thrace, Turkic Ankhialo, (BP106, Akrokos (AC 455) village near Nicea, AC305), now Bulgarian (L174) Akronion (AC 487) town in Iconium, Ancyra / , (BP 16) city in Bukellarian, (M9) city in Mesopotamia, Halep Andronopolis: see Dryinopolis Alethina (AC 455) village near Nicea, (BM 601) Alexandretta (BM415), Turkic Iskenderun (BM112), Turkic Anamur Alexandria (BM 174) city in Egypt Angelocastrum: see Alexiopolis: also known as Neocastron (AC 468) , city (BM 212) build for converts from Manicheanism, Antaeopolis (BM 354) 12 Antinoe: 7th century town in (HK167) Bacchenus (AC 386) village, Antinopolis: 7th century capital of Middle Egypt Backovo: also known as Batzokova (PL 584) now in (HK159) Bulgaria, Bulgar Bachkovo Antioch (M9) city in Mesopotamia, Arabic Antakya Balabista (AC 379) town, Antioch (BM117) city on the Meaender River, Turkic (M 9) city in Longibardia, Karapınar Bassianae (BM 73) Antioch (BM 110) city in Batzokova: see Backovo Antioch (BM54) city in Pisidia, Turkic Yalvaç Bergula: see Arcadiopolis Antaras (AC 354) town Belgrada (BM 37) modern Belgrade or Beograd Anydroi Pirogoi (BM 140) Berrhoe: also known as Berra (BM 80), Turkic Stara : provincial capital in Syria (BP 16, HK69) Zagora also known as (BM 127), Turkic Dinar Berrhoea (BM 260) in Syria : also known as Stauropolis (BM122) : see Beyrout Turkic Geyre Beyrout or Berytus (M 8) town in Mesopotamia, Aphrodito: town in upper Egypt (BM347), now Kũm modern Ishqaw (HK341) Beroa (AC 431), Turkic Chalep, city in Cilicia, Apollinopolis Magna (BM 349) Bizye (BM 79) Turkic Vize Apollonos Ano (BM 350) () Monastery of Constantinople and home Apologos: Persian/Arab known as Ubulla, port on of famous Tigris near Basra, first town encountered by Arabs Bosporous (BM 50) town in that made white bread (HK124) Bouleuteria (PL 580) Apros / Aprus (AC 326) town Brandiez: see Brundusium Aramisos (AC 431) castle in Lapara, Brundusium or Brandiez (BM 37) Turkic Braničevo Arcadiopolis: also known as Vorgoles or Bergula Buzaea (BP 3) village (BM81) Bulgar Lüleburgaz Boüsa (AC 315) Dalmatian town Archelais: see Coloneia Brusa (M 9) city in , Argos (BM 79) Brysis: also known as Urisio (BM 81) Argyrocatron (AC 365) port in Cilicia, Byzacena (BM289) Armiro: see Halmyros Caballa (BM 126) probably Turkic Gevele Dağ (M 9) city in Mesopotamia, Caesarea (M 9) city in , Turkic Artach (AC 430) town in Koele-Syria, Caffa: also known as Chafa (BM 46), Tukic Feodosiya Ason (AC 316) town Calamus (BM 108) (M 9) city in , Calaonorus or Coracaesium (BM 50), Turkic Athyra (AC 319) town Camacha (BM 609) Arta (BL 12) city in Epiros, Campania (BM 376) Artach (BM 104) Canbaluc: Latin from Mongol Qanbaliq, Beijing Aspona (BM 73) (L168) Astipalia (BM 53) Candelloro: also known as Celenderis (BM 50), Astytzium (BM433) possibly Turkic Kızkulesi Turkic Gilindire Athens (BM 57) Canina: (AC 408) town, Athos (BM 210) monastery on Iberon : (BM 57) Athos (BM 201) monastery on Lavra Carthage: one of the greatest of Roman cities, in North Atroa (PL 611) (BM 289) Attalia: also known as Satellia or Setalia (M9) port- Cassandrea: (BM 88) city in Cibyrrhaeot, Turkic Castamenon: Turkic Kastamonu (BM40) Attica (BM 85) Castoria (BM 35) Augustopolis (AC 487) town in Iconium, Turkic (BM 407) Sülmenli Cataonia (BM 62) Aureus Mons (BM 73) city on the Cavusin (PL 571) Avlona (AC 310) Dalmatian town Cedrea: Turkic Bayat (BM123) Babylon: major citadel on the Nile delta, Old Cairo Celaenae: see Apamea was built near it (HK143), Arabic Qasr al-Shama Celenderis: see Candelloro (HK151) Ceos (BM 660) 13 : town near , last Roman town in Africa Damatrys (BM 133) (HK311) Daonium (BM 83) Chaffa: see Caffa Daphni, () town and monastery in Greece : Turkic Kadiköy (BP7) Dara: (BM 261), town in south-east , also : (BM261) also known as Chalkis (HK76), known as Anastasiopolis, modern Oğuz (L259) later Qinnasrĩn, town south of Aleppo (HK76) Dãthin: village near Gaza (HK73) (BM 55) probably Turkic Çardak Decervion (BM 44) probably Turkic Celbianum Charsianon (PL 583) suburb of Constantinople Dekanos / Dekatera (AC 395) town in , Chele (AC 307) village in , Dekapolis (MoL 239) town, : also known as Kherson, (M9) city & theme Demetrias: see Adramyttium on north shore of , Demotika (AC 9) city in Macedonia, Chiarenza or Glarentsa (BM 534), Turkic Killini Deure (AC 408) town in Dalmatia, Chimara (AC 315) Dalmatian town Develtus (BM 82), Turkic Bourgas Chios (BM 51) Diabolos (AC 404) town in Dalmatia, Chirovachi (AC 396) town in Dalmatia, Doux (AC 430) town in Koele-Syria, Chliara: city, Turkic Soma, now Kirkağaç (AC437) (M 9) city in Opsikion, Turkic Eskişehir Chliat: a stronghold on the north-west shore of Lake Drama (BL 53) town in Eastern Macedonia, site of Van in , now modern Akhlat (L224) estate of Eirene Palaiologina, Choma: also known as Angelocastrum: town, Turkic Drizupara (BM 81) Homa (AC348) Didymoteichon (BL 72) town in Thrace, Turkic Chonae: also known as Collossae (BM 55), Turkic Dimetoka Honaz Docea (BM 557). Turkic Tokat Chonios (AC 431) castle in Lapara, Durazzo (M 8) city in Dyrrachium, Christoupolis (BM 212) Dryinopolis: also known as Andronopolis (BM 35), Chrysopolis (BM 658) in Bythnia, Turkic Üsküdar Turkic Argyrokastro Cibotos (BM 40) Dyrrachium: also known as Epidamnos, (AC310), (BM 622) Dalmatian town in theme of same name (M 9), (BM 112), Turkic Bolu Turkic Dürres Clysma: becomes Qulzum, port in the Red Sea near (BM 79) in Macedonia where Suez now is (RS33) Edessa (M 9) city on River Skirtos in Mesopotamia, Collossae see Chonae Arabic Coloneia: also known as Archelais (AC 387) fortified Eilisson (BM 281) town, Turkic Elatea (BM 450) Colonia (BM 624) near Nicopolis, Turkic Emesa (M 9) city in Mesopotamia, Şebinkarahisar Empythium (BM 208) : town on Cyprus (BM415), Turkic Salamis Ephesus: also known as Altaluogo or Hagios Constantinople: city in Thrace, known as Miklagard to Theologos (M 9) city in Samos, Turkic Selçuk the Rus, often referred to in writing as New Epibati (BL 79) town on the Bosporos, (BM656) Epidamnos: see Dyrrachium Coracaesium: also known as Calaonorus Eriza (BM 108), Turkic Dere Köy (BM 50) Euboia: also known as Negroponte (BM 51), Turkic Corone (BM 52) Evvoia (BM 245) (BM 123), Turkic Avkat, now Mecitözü Cotyaeum (BM 112), Turkic Kütahya Ezerum (BM 83) Cratia (BM 112), Turkic Gerede (BM 73) Cypsella (BM 81) Finica (BM 112), Turkic Cyrrhus (Κύξξνπ): capital of the of Focie: see (BM 623) Gabala (AC 365) port in Cilicia : city near Nicea (BP16) on south of Sea of Gaïta (BM 126), Turkic Akait (HK329) Galata (BL 76) town across the from Dadybra (BM 112), Turkic Iskilip Constantinople Damascus (M 9) city in Mesopotamia, Turkic Gangra (Γαγγξώλ) (BM 40), Turkic Çankırı Dimashk Ganus (BM 274), Turkic Ganos, now Gaziköy 14 Gaza: coastal city in (BM201, HK73) Kherson: see Cherson Geranion (AC 395) town in Dalmatia, Khimara (BM 35) Gerash: town in Syria, becomes Jerash (HK66) Khoirobakkhoi / Cherevach (BM 65) Germaniceia: also known as Germanicea (AC 430) Kibotos (AC 453/ AC 333) and town town in Koele-Syria, Turkic Maraş Koiloi (AC 445) port in Asia, Glabinitza (AC 409) town in Dalmatia, Kokkinobaphos (PL 577) Glarentsa: see Chiarenza Kommermoeri (AC 431) town, Göreme (PL 640) in , convent only? Kosinitza (BL 117) town in Thrace, Graecia (BM 38) in Kotoiraekia (AC 472) town near Nicea, Graos Gala (BM 130) Krisis / Krisei (BL 40) suburb of Constaninople, : see Adrianopolis Laodicea (AC 348) town in Mesopotamia Hagios Theologos see Ephesus Lacerium (BM 42), Turkic Dazkırı, now Baklan Ovası Hagios Macarious : see St M) (BM 57) Hagios Menas: see St M (BM 108) Hagios Metras: see St M Lampe (AC 348) town Halmyros: also known as Armiro (BM 52), Turkic Lampascus (BM 74), Turkic Lapseki Almiros Laodicea (BM 42), Turkic Ladik, now Denizli Hebraike: also known as town (AC342), Larada (BM 43), Turkic Karaman Pontic town (BM118), Turkic Ereğli / Sezer, (AC 319) town in Koele-Syria (BM 63), Turkic Larissa (M 9) city in Hellas, Helenopontus (BM 98) Latros (PL 617) Heleopolis (AC312) town in Egypt, Arabic On Lavra (PL 580) Heliopolis: in Syria, becomes Ba‟alkak (HK66) Lazica (BM 50) near Trebizond Heraclea (M 9) city in Bukellarian, Lembos (BM 49) monastery Heraclea: see Hebraike : becomes Arabic Labla, city in Heracleopolis (BM 354) Tipolitania (HK207) Hexamilium (BM 631), Turkic Evreşe (BM 53) (BM 42) city in , Turkic Pamukkale Leucate (BM 589) Hierapolis (M 9) city in Syria Leukia (AC 479) town near Nicea, Hiericho (AC 408) town Lifetti (BM 46) probably Turkic Yevpatoriya Hierissus (BM 86) Limnae (BM 143), Turkic Hoyran, now Eğridir Gölü Homs: city in northern Syria (HK74) Limnia (BM 116) (BM 98) Lipso (BM 53) Iantium (BM 385), Turkic Meaux Longinias (AC 365) town in Cilicia, Iconium: city in Anatolia, Turkic (M9) (L97) Lopadion / Lopadium / Lupar (AC 453) town near (BM 48) Nicea, Turkic (BL 12) city in Epiros, Loulou (AC 430) castle in Koele-Syria Isaura (BM 416) (BM 54) Isauria (BM 57) (BM 55) (BM 108), Turkic Macre (BM 83) in , Turkic Iuliopolis (BM 73) Macre (BM 83) in Thrace Iviropoulos (BP 94) Madytos (AC 445) port in Asia, Jerusalem (BM 201) Magnesia (BM 118), Turkic Justinianopolis (BP 16) city Maina (BM 52) Kallioupolis (BL71), Turkic now , Malvagia (BM 51), Turkic port in Thrace, Mamistra (AC 365) town in Cilicia Kabalion (AC 315) Dalmatian town Mandraklou (BM 68) Kaltzierin (AC 431) castle in Lapara Manzikert () village Kars (BM 212) (AC 360) town in Cilicia, Kato Hexapolis (BM 624) Marchapin (AC 365) port in Cilicia Kauka (AC 430) castle in Koele-Syria, Marcianopolis (BM 389) Kedros / Kedrea, (AC 480) town, Maresch (BM 42) probably Turkic Araç Kelbianos (AC 438) city Margus (BM 73) 15 Marycatus (BM 622) near Nikiu: small town and bishopric in the Nile delta (BP Mastura / (PL561) town on the Meander 34, HK29) River, Turkic Nazilli Nymphaeon (AC438) city, Turkic Nif, modern Mavrocastro / Maocastro (BM 46), Turkic Akkerman, Kemalpaşa now Cetatea Ochrida / Achrida / Lucretia (BM36), Turkic Okhrid Mazamia (BM 143) Oenaeum (BM133), Turkic Ünye Medicion (PL 605) Olympia (BM 64) Mekran (AC 431) village Optatianae (BM 622) near Melitene (BM 239), Turkic Opus (AC 323) town Meletus (Μηιήζηνο) (W) Orcistus (BM140), Turkic Alikel Mesampeloi (AC 336) town Oreus (BM 80) Mesanacta (BM 124), Turkic Ortaköy (Ὀμύξξπγρνο): in Egypt 160km south of Mesembria (M 8) town in Thrace, Turkic Nessebur Cairo, modern El-Bahnasa (BM 347) Mesanakta (AC 483) town in Iconium, Paipert (AC 350) town Methone (BP 130) Pelopennesian port, Pales (AC 314) / Palatia / Balat (BM 49), Turkic Milet Palmyra: city in the Syrian desert (HK66) Mistra (BL 15) city in Lacodemia, silk production (BM 57) Mnizus (BM 99) Panasium (BM130), Turkic Banaz Ovası (BM 57) Panephysis (BP 2) Moesia Secunda (BM 404) Panium (BM 79) Monastir: city in Zab (Algeria) (HK212) Panopolis (BM 459) Mopses (AC 365) town in Cilicia, (BM 99) Mopsuestiae (AC 431) city in Cilicia, Paros (PL 631) town Mt Mauros (AC 430) town in Koele-Syria (BM 112) (BM83), Turkic Messoune Patmos (Πάηκνο): one of the northernmost of the Mylasa-Melanudium (BM122), Turkic -Bafa Dodecanese, has a monastery of St John (BM53) Mylos (AC 397) town in Dalmatia (BL 15) city in Peloponnesus (BM 112) Paurae (BM42), Turkic Bafra Myriokephalon (BP110) Turkic Tzybritze, (BM108) probably, Turkic Biga Tzibrelitzemani or Cybrilcymani Pegasios (AC 324) town Nacolia (BM 140), Turkic Seyitgazi Pelekanum (AC 325) area Naissus / Nit (BM 37), Turkic Niš Pelagonia (BL17) Macedonian town, Turkic Monastir Narbo (BM 246), Turkic Narbonne Pella: city in Jordan (HK78) Naupaktos (BL 27) harbour in , known as Pelusium: town on coast near Port Said (HK148), Lepanto to the Latins Arabic Farãma (BM 53) : also Pergamum, (AC438) city in Samos, Negroponte: see Euboia Turkic Nemara: fort on the western edge of the Syrian desert Peristera (BM 88) (HK34) Peritheorium (BM 83) Neocaesarea (BM40), Turkic (BM 622) Neocastron: see Alexiopolis : city in Nabatea east of the Negev (HK66) Neopatras (BM 83) Petrola (AC 397) town in Dalmatia, Neopolis (Νεαπόιεσο): city in Cyprus (tb24) Pharsalus (M 9) city in Hellas, Neoutzikon (BM 432) Pherae (BM 89) monastery of Kosmosotira Nerezi: see Scopia Pherme (BP 2) Nicea or (Νίθαηα): city in Opsikion, Turkic Phersia (AC 430) town in Koele-Syria, (M9) Philadelphia (BL61), Turkic Alaşehir Nicea or Nicaea (Νίθαηα): in Thrace (BM81) Philea (PL568) town on Black Sea, Nicodemia (AC 307) town, Turkic Izmit Philippi (BM36) Nicopolis (Νηθόπνιηο): means „city of victory‟, town Philippopolis (BL117) town & bishopric in south of Constantinople, former Acroenum, now Macedonia, Bulgar Turkic Afyonkarahisar (BM 80) Philita (BM114) 16 Philomelion: also knowns as Philomelium (AC348) Sarbanos (AC431) castle in Lapara, town, Turkic Akşehir Sardes (AC348) city in Thracesian Phocaea or Focie (BM49), Turkic Eski, now Yeni (BM122). Turkic Sart Foça Sarsapin (AC431) town Pithecas (BM12) (BM99), Turkic Gölcuk-Hasköy Plastra (AC431) town in Lapara, Satellia: see Attalia Pliska (BM280) Savaria (BM384), Turkic Szombathely Podandus (BM104) Savia (BM384) Poemanenon (AC453) town, Scodra (BM37), Turkic Shköder Polybotos (AC348) town, Turkic Bolvadın Scopia: also known asNerezi (BM 89) (BM50) Scythopoulos: city in Jordan (HK78) Pora (BM83) : also Sebastea, city (BP16) in Sebastea Porthmus (BM80) theme, Turkic Poutze (AC303) stronghold Sebastopolis (BM631) Pracana (BM125) probably Turkic Alakapı Sebeitla: city in southern (HK207) : also known as Sampson (BM61), Turkic Segermes: city south of Carthage (HK204) Samsun Selucia or Isauriae (M9) city in Cilicia, Turkic Prilep (BM219) (BM52), Turkic Silivri (AC453) town near Nicea, Turkic Semlin: Kosovo (L229) Prusias (BM118), Turkic Düzce Serdica, Hesternit or Straliz (BM37), Bulgar Ptelion (BM51) Sergiopolis (BM261) Pylae (BM49) / Serra (BM35) Qus: monastery in Upper Egypt (HK145) Sestus (BM478) Raetia Secunda (BM384) Setalia: see Attalia Ragusa (M8) town in Dalmatia, Sgenin (AC431) city in Cilicia, castle in Lapara, Ras (BM525) (BM317), Turkic Selimiye, now Eski Antalya Reake (BP5) village Sidera (BM83) in Thrace Reggio (M8) town in Singidunum (BM73) Registo: see Rhaedestus Sinianda (BM149) possibly Turkic Kızılviran Rhaedestus, Registo, Rudistio or Rodisto (BM46) Sinope (BM42), Turkic Sinop Turkic Tekirdağ Sinopoli, or Sinope (BM46) in Thrace Rhages: Persian town of Rayy (HK176) (BM73), Serbian Sremska Mitrovica Rodisto: see Rhaedestus Sirogellis (BM81) Rodosto (M8) port in Thrace, (M9) town in Cilicia, Turkic Kozan Romaïna (AC431) town in Lapara Siscia (BM378), Turkic Sisak Rousia / Rusa (BM35) probably Keşan Smolena (BM88) Rudisto: see Rhaedestus (AC438) city in Samos, Turkic Izmir : becomes Arabic Sabra, city in Tipolitania Solkhat or Sorghati (BM549), Turkic Staraya Krim (HK207) Soudi (AC343) Sagaudaous (AC474) village near Nicodemia, Souetios (AC430) town in Koele-Syria, St Macarius: Coptic monastery in Wadi Natrun Sozopolis (AC384) town ? (HK164) Sozopolis (BM42) in Pisidia probably Turkic Uluborlu St Menas: becomes Mina after Conquest, town in the Sozopolis (BM47) in Thrace, Bulgar Nile delta (HK145) or Lacedemonia (BM52), Tukic Sparti St Metras: Coptic monastery in Alexandria (HK164) Spalatum: Split (L164) Salamis (M9) town in Cyprus (BM122), Turkic Datça (BM57), Turkic Split Stauropolis: see Aphrodisias Samnium (BM558) Sthlabotilin (AC431) castle in Lapara, Samos (BM53) Sthlanitza (AC374) town Samosata (M8) town in Mesopotamia, Stiva: see Thebes Sampson: see Priene Stobi (BM79) Santabaris (AC480) town, Turkic Bardakçi Strumitsa (BM88) monastery of Theotokos Eleousa Sarai: (BM548) Arabic al-Sara, Turkic Sarra 17 Studion: town (PL569). also known as Studium Tribusonda: see Trebizond (MoL241) Triglia (BM51) probably Turkic Tirilya Studium: see Studion Trikkala (BM83) Sugdaia or Saldadia (BM549), Turkic (BM118) in (BM261) Tripolis (BM56) in Syria, Arabic Tarabulus Syhe (C363) port in Cilicia, Tripoliania (BM289) Sykeon (BP1) city in Mesopotamia, Troezen (BM80) (BM123), Turkic Şuhut : (BM62), Turkic Truva Syracuse (M8) town in Calabria : (BM73), Turkic Niğde Tabens: Coptic monastery in Alexandria (HK158) Tyre: city in Palestine (BM627) Tadmor (M9) Tzurullum: (BM81), Turkic Çorlu Taik (BM212) Tzybritze, Tzbrelitzzemani or Cybrilcymani (BM126), Tana (BM547) Turkic Çivrilçimeni Tantalus (BM126) probably Turkic Dandal Tzykanisterin: (AC510) (BP16) city Urisio: see Brysis Tauchira: becomes Arabic Tokra, city in Usuze: (BM79) (HK206) Varna: (BM46) Tebenna (AC386) village, Vatopedi: Athonite monastery (PL579) Telchampson (AC431) castle in Lapara, Venetia / Venice: provincial town in Italy (M8) Telouch (AC430) town in Koele-Syria Vicina or Vezina: (BM46) probably Turkic Păcuiul lui Tentyra (BM459) Soare Thebes or Stiva (BM51) Viminacium: (BM73) Themisonium (BM108) Vinnensis: (BM289) town and Theodosiopolis (BM212), Turkic : city on plains in Mauretania (HK212) Theotokos Petritzonitissa (BM89) monastery at Vonitza: castle in Epiros (BL27) Batzokova Vorgoles: see Arcadiopolis Thessalonika (M9) city in the theme of Thessalonika, Xerigordos: town (AC312) Thyateira (BM108) Xerolophos: hill and area in Constantinople (BL63) Ticium (BM378), Turkic Zab: Arabic Zãb, in Algeria around Aurès Timgad: city west of Carthage near foot of Mt Aures (HK212) (HK map), founded by (SBS) : now Ladar in , 9th century capital of the Timoros (AC412) town in Dalmatia, Dalmatian theme (L164) Trajanopolis (BM88) Zagora or Zaorra (BM46) Tralleis or Tralles (Σξαιιηαλόο): town in the Zapetra (M9) city in Lykandos Thracesian theme, Turkic Aydın (BM129) Zara (M8) town in Dalmatia Trapezus: see Trebizond Zetunium (BM37) Trebizond: also known as Trapezus or Tribusonda (M9) city in Chaldea, (AC386), Turkic

Themes (Θέμα), Districts, other nations etc

The same applies for the larger areas as for the towns. The locative was often added and could become a surname. Achaia: province from the Hellespont into Greece, Anatolia: 10th century theme in Asia (M9), in 7th became the theme of Hellas (BM 57) century name for most of Turkey (HK map 1) Aegean (M 9) = Insulae, 10c theme, Antares (AC 431) in Cilicia, Aegyptos (BM 170) diocese Antartes (AC 431) military district in Cilicia, Aetos (theme, AC 431) Arabia (BM 178) province Africa Proconsularis, area around Carthage, (BM167) Armenia (Άξκεληάθσλ): 7-11th centuries, theme in diocese (BM165) or exarchate, (BM289) Asia, sometimes divided into Armenia Prima, Aigaion Pelagos (BM 651) theme Secunda, Tertia, capital Amasya Ἀ κάζεηα (M9) Akrilevo (AC 306) district in Asia (BM 57), theme Aurès: mountains in western Algeria (HK212) 18 Balaneus (AC 431) military district in Cilicia, Kibotos (AC 453/ AC 333) province and town Bithynia (AC 307) province Kibyrrhaioton (BM 58) theme Borze (AC 430) military district, Kilikia (BM103) see Cilicia Bukellarian (M 9) 10c theme in Asia, (BM 184) theme Bulgaria (BM 35) theme and kingdom Koele-Syria (AC 430) province, Byzacena: a western province in : island off the west of Asia Minor (HK324) (HK202) Lapara (AC 431) theme, Calabria (M 9) 10c theme in Italy, Limnii (AC 431) theme, Cappadocia (M 9) 10c theme in Asia, sometimes Longbardia (M9) 10c theme in Italy, Cappadocia Prima and Secunda. Lybia Inferior (BM 179) district Carthagena (BM 405) Spain Lybia Superior (BM 180) district Casiotis (AC 431) theme in Cilicia, Lydia (BM 660) district (M 9) 10c theme in Europe, Lykandos (M 9) 10c theme in Asia, Chalcedon: modern Kadıköy (L69) Macedonia / Makedonia (M 9) 10c theme in Europe, Chaldea (M 9) 10c theme in Asia, Marakes (AC 353) district Charsianon (M 9) 10c theme in Asia, Marakeus (AC 431) military district in Cilicia Cherson (M 9) 10c theme in Crimea, Mare Nostrum: Mediterraneum (HK325) Chrysopolis: modern Üsküdar (L69) Meletene (BM 103) early theme Cibyrrhaeot (M 9) 10c theme in Asia, Mesopotamia: theme in Syria (M9) Cilicia / / Kilikia (AC 358, M 9) theme in Moesiae (BM 373) district and diocese Asia, Monembasia (BP 130) Pelopennesian See, Colonea (M 9) 10c theme in Asia, Morea (Μσξέαο): Despotate, centred at Mistra, after Chrovatia: Croatia (L163) 1261 often used as a title for the Emperor‟s heir. Cyclades (BM 559) islands and apotheke Neokastra (BM 131) theme Cyprus / Cipri (M 9) 10c theme, Nicopolis (Νηθόπνιηο) theme in western Greece (M9) Cyrenaica: in 7th century North Africa west of Egypt (or Ochrida) (PL 629, BL46) Bulgarian (HK200) bishopric Cyrrhestica (Κπξξεζηηθή): district in north-west Syria, Opsikion: theme in Asia, 10th century (M 9) 9th main towns Hierapolis Bambyce, , Europus, (L178), also Osequium (BM621) Birtha?, Beroea (modern Aleppo), Batnae, and Optimaton: 10th century theme in Asia (M9), 9th Cyrrhus (L178) Dacia (BM 168) diocese Oriens (180) diocese Diocleia: theme, becomes Serbian (L165) Pagras (AC 430) military district, / Dyrrhakion (M 9) 10c theme in Europe, (BM 179) district East (BM 168) prefecture Palatza (AC 430) military district, Epiros (Greek Despotate) Paphlagonia (M 9) 10c theme in Asia, Gabala (AC 431) military district in Cilicia, Pedias (BM 98) district (BM 54) sometimes Galatia Prima and Pelagonia (AC 404) district in Dalmatia, Secunda Pelopennesus (Πεινπόλλεζνο): the peninsula of Galliae (BM 289) diocese Greece, theme from the 8th century, sometimes Halys (BM 609) river = Kızıhrmak known as the Morea (M9) Hellas (Ἑ ιιάδνο): theme, south-east Greece and (until Philadelphia (BL 61) town & bishopric in Asia Minor, 8th century) the Peleponnese (M9) Philippopolis (BL 117) town & bishopric, Hellaspontus (BM 57) apotheke Pisidia (Πηζίδε): contains Termessus, , , Iconium (AC 487) province, , , Antiochia, , Tyriacum, Illyricum (AC 379) province / prefecture, Laodiceia, Katakekaumene and Philomelium (BP35) Indus (BM 122) river in Dalaman Podandon (AC 431) theme, Italia (BM 167) prefecture Pontica (BM 163) diocese / theme Kalymnos: island off the west of Asia Minor (HK324) Prokonesses: island in the (HK332) Kappadokia (BM 100) theme R(h)omania: district, Rumania (BM51) Kathismatin (AC 431) district, Rhosia: by 10th century later Rossiya (L153) Khaldia (BM 184) theme Samos (M 9) 10c theme in Asia, Kharsianon (BM 103) theme Scutari (AC 306) district near Adriatic, 19 Sebastea (M 9) 10c theme in Asia, Thracesian (M 9) 10c theme in Asia, Seleucia / Seleukeia (BM 103) theme Thebais Inferior and Superior (BM 179) district Servloi: Serbia 10th century (L164) Thessalonike (BM 57) theme Serres (BL 57) district in Macedonia, / Thrace (BM 51) theme Sosthenion (AC 323) district near Constantinople Tracheia (BM 98) district Sparta (BM 52) Lacademonia = Sparti Tres Provinciae (BM 329) Sicily, Sardina and Corsica St Elias (AC 430) military district, Valania (district AC 353) St Symeon, (M 9) 10c port of Antioch theme Voleron (BM 159) theme in Europe, Zeugitania: a central province in North Africa Taugast: Wei China, from Turkic Tabghach (L168) (HK202) Terbounia: theme, becomes Serbian Travuni (L165) Zoume (AC 431) theme, Thrace (M 9) 10c theme in Europe,

Geographical Features Aegina (PL 593) island, Iotabé: island and 6th-7th century trade base at the Akheloos (BM 61) river mouth of the Sinus Aelanitieus, becomes Tinãn Arabia Petrae: „stony Arabia‟ desert area now part of (RS28) Jordan Kephalonia (AC 360) island? Athyras (BM 66) river Khãbũr: river and part of the border with Sasanids Azala (AC 341), hill near Nicea (HK70) Baake (AC 307) lake near Philippopolis, Kleisoura (BM 183): narrow pass Balearic Islands (BM 399) Lavros (BM 201) island Caÿster (BM 62) = Küçük Menderes (BM 57) island /Cephallenia (BL 18) Adriatic island Lesbos (Λέζβνο): island in the Aegean (BM588) Charzanes (AC 410) river in Dalmatia, Leucas (AC 360) island? Pyle: Golden Gate (of Constantinople) (L73) Lychnis (AC 393) lake in Dalmatia, Cordissus: small river near Dara (L260) Makron Teikos: „Long Wall‟, 45km, needed a garrison (AC 360) Adriatic island, of 10,000 (L91) Cos (AC 361) island Meander / Maeandros / Maeander (PL 561) river = /Creti (BM 51) island Büyük Menderes Cyclades (BM 660) island group Mega Teichos: Great Wall of Constantinople (L72) Cyndus (BM 63) river at Tarsus Melas (BM 66) river Cyprus / Cipri (BM 51) island Nestos (BM 645) river Danastris: Dneister River (L155) Onopniktes (BM 64) river (Parmenios?) Dibolis (AC 399) river in Dalmatia, Patara (AC 361) island Dorylaeum (AC 341) plain near Nicea Peneios (BM 64) river Drakon (BM 63) river, becomes Kırk Geçid Petra (AC 409) mountain pass in Dalmatia, Droa (BM 65) river, becomes Drava Proteichisma: see Exo Teichos. Drymon (AC 393) river in Dalmatia Pyle Regio: „Gate of Rhegium‟ aka Pyle Rousiou Echinadian (BM 61) islands „Gate fo the Reds‟ now Mevlevihane Gate (Yeni Elissos (AC 393) river in Dalmatia, Mevlevihane Kapisis (L74) Euboea (AC 336) Greek island, Pyle Rousiou: see Pyle Regio. Sea (Black Sea) Rekhios (BM 64) river (possibly = Vardar) Exo Teichos: Outer Wall, the furthest wall from Rhodes / Rhodi (M 9) island in Cibyrrhaeot, Constantinople also known as the Proteichisma (BM 645) province (L73) Roda: an island in the Nile at Fustãt, renamed Jazirat Forty Martyrs (BM 124) lake = Akşehir Gölü al-sinaca (HK338) Halys (AC 356) river near Ancyra (see book for Turk) Samos (AC 361) Aegean island, Hypanis: Bug River (L155) Sangaris / Sangarios (AC 307) river in Bithynia = Iberon (BM 210) island Sakarya Indus (BM 122) river = Dalaman Çayı Sazonia: Saxonia in eastern Germany (L149) Siberis (BM 64) river Simoesis (BM 62) river 20 Sinus Aelanitieus: Bay of Aqaba in Red Sea (RS33) Taurocomas (AC 305) mountains Skamandros (BM 62) river = Menderes (BL 78) island off Thrace, Skirtos (BM 63) river Theodosianon Teichos: the Theodosian Wall of Skopas (BM 64) river Constantinople (L72) Sperchios: river in Greece (L191) Vardar (BM 65) river = Vardarios Strymon (BM 83) river Voleron (BM 159) theme : Don River (L155) Zacynthos (AC 360) island? : mountain in Sicily (L217)

Imperial Institutions, Offices and Ranks

There are a multitude of titles and ranks that were used to convey both real and symbolic honour in the Empire. This multitude meant that it was often impossible to tell exactly who outranked whom in precedence and honour. This was useful when there were more than one to be honoured and the Emperor wanted each to feel superior to the others. By what he said (which only the recipient might hear) each could think that they had the higher title. Per Wikipedia „Byzantine Aristocracy and Bureaucracy‟ “In the 8th-11th centuries, according to information provided by the Taktikon Uspensky, the Klētorologion of Philotheos (899) and the writings of Constantine Porphyrogennetos, below the imperial titles, the Byzantines distinguished two distinct categories of dignities (ἀ μίαη): the „dignities by award‟ (δηά βξαβείσλ ἀ μίαη), which were purely honorific court titles and were conferred by the award of a symbol of rank, and the „dignities by proclamation‟ (δηά ιόγνπ ἀ μίαη), which were offices of the state and were conferred by imperial pronouncement. The former were further divided into three subcategories, depending on who was eligible for them: different sets of titles existed for the „Bearded Ones‟ (βαξβάηνη from Latin barbati, i.e. not eunuchs), the eunuchs (ἐ θηνκίαη) and women. State officials usually combined titles from both main categories, so that a high official would be both „magistros‟ (an „awarded‟ title) and logothetēs tou dromou (a „proclaimed‟ office).” Any Latin title is an earlier one that is phased out in favour of a later Greek one. Ab actis: Latin, in charge of acts, a clerk (BM181, Argyros (Αξγπξνο): (?) (BM 197) tou bestiou / tōn B340) stephanōn (BM 276) Adiutores: Latin, originally law students attending to Ārchēgētēs: alternatively hoplitarchēs, commander of learn, aide, assistant, secretary (BM181, B370) all in a large from the 10th century Agentes in rebus (ἀ γγειηαθόξνη or καγηζηξηαλνί): (W) „agents for things‟, detached junior official on any Archon (ἄ ξρσλ): one term that can be translated as special duty (BM 190) (L108) Prince (L147) Akolouthos (ἀ θόινπζνο): „Acolyte‟ or „follower‟ the Archōn tēs kharagēs: (?) (BM 412) chief of the from the 10th century Asekretis: early subordinate official in the Chancery (W) (W) Amiralios: Admiral, term comes into use towards the Assessor: assistant judge (BM178) end of Empire as a deputy of the megas doux (W) (αὑ ηνθξάησξ): „autocrat‟ „self-ruler‟ one Anagrapheus (ἀ λαγξαθεύο): commissioner appointed term used by Heraclius to describe himself (W) to codify and collect information (BM431) (βαζηιεύο): term for the Emperor and Anthypatos (ἀ λζύπαηνο): „‟, originally the replaced or Augoustos. Female is basilissa highest rank for provincial governors, in the 9th (W) century, became an honorific title. Disappeared by Basileomētōr: (βαζηικεηέξαο) „Mother of the the end of the 12th century (BM185) (W) Emperor‟, given to the magnate Danelis for her Anthypatos (ἀ λζύπαηνο): proconsul (BM185) support (PL 574, MoL 235) Apoeparkhōn (ἀ πνεπάξρσλ or ἀ πὸ ἐ πάξρσλ), a Basileopatōr (βαζηιενπάησξ): „Father of the Emperor‟ translation of the Latin ex praefectis (BM 656) a title granted twice to father-in-laws; Stylianos Apo hypatōn: former consul (BM 194) Zaoutzes under Leo VI the Wise and Romanos I Apothēkarios/ apothecarious: keeper of a storehouse Lekapenos briefly as regent for Constantine VII (W) (BM242) Basilikos mandatōr (βαζηιηθόο καλδάησξ): „imperial Apothēkē tōn basilikōn kommerkiōn: (BM 626) messenger‟ (W) Apparitor: Latin, „public servant‟ (BM 187) Bouleutēs (βνπιεπηή ο): councillor of an organisation (BM190) 21 Cancellarius: Latin for Chancellor (BM 165, B379) Despotēs (δεζπόηεο): despot or master (BM164), Castrensis sacri palatii: a servant (unknown level) in female „‟. In the 12th century Manuel I the Imperial household (BM203, B382) Komnenos made it the highest awarded title. Chartularius: see Khartoularios Devotus or devotissimus: Latin, title given to a junior (ραξηνθύιαμ): usually archivist of the official referring to their devotion to the Emperor Patriarch, but see also Khartoularios (MoL 241) (BM243, B434) Chiliarchēs: alternatively taxiarchēs commander of an Dioiketēs: „chief financial officer (?) (BM414) infantry regiment, usually 1,000 men (taxiarchia or Dishypatos (δηζύπαηνο): „twice consul‟, rare dignitary chiliarchia) (W) seen after the 8th century (W) Circitor: a junior NCO tasked to makes rounds Domestikoi: domestic official, most officials with this to check sentries (BM166) title were eunuchs, even the military ones (BM 433) Clarissimus, vir: Latin „very famous man‟ and early Domestikos epi tes trapezes (δνκέζηηθνο ηῆ ο Empire title given to Senators (BM 244, B390) βαζηιηθῆ ο ηξαπέδεο): official responsible for Collator: Latin, one who contributes to the state, attending to the imperial table and for banquets (W) taxpayer (BM332, B395) Domestikos tēs hypourgias (δνκέζηηθνο ηῆ ο Comes or komēs: literally „companion‟, lower rank of ὐ πνπξγίαο): assistant of the domestikos epi tes nobles (BM178) (BM388). Many suffixes can be trapezes (BM305) used to indicate an area where they work. Domestikos tōn optimatōn: (?) (BM312) Comes domesticorum: Latin „companion of the house‟ Domestikoi presentales: (?) (BM187) head of the Domestici, a trusted unit of Palace Domestikos tōn skholōn: military commander of a guards (BM187, B397) , the Scholai (BM104) Comes domorum: Latin, superintentant of Palace Domestikos tou thematos: commander of the themes, buildings (BM179, B397) one for Asia and one for Europe (W) Comes sacri patrimonii per Italium: chief of the Domus Divina per Cappadocium: Latin, the Imperial administration of the Emperor‟s patrimony in Italy property or household in Cappodocia (?) (BM55, (BM404, B397) B422) Comitatus: see Comes Doux, Dux or Doukas (Γνύθαο), Dux or doux: Latin, Comitiva or comes sacrarum largitionum: early term leader or commander usually of a military district for the chief financial officer (BM187, B397) (BM165, B446) Consiliarius: Latin, counsellor, adviser (BM165) (δξνπγγάξηνο): any of the senior naval : Latin, former consul (highest ruling commanders below Admiral, usually headed a fleet, magistrate) and sometimes governor of a province one of the lowest ranks to carry a title (BM182) (BM165, B411) Droungarios tōn ploτmōn (δξνπγγάξηνο ηνῦ Cubicularius or koubikoularios (θνπβηθνπιάξηνο): [βαζηιηθνῦ ] πινΐκνπ): Commander of the Latin or Greek, Imperial chamber servant, eunuch (Imperial) Fleet based around Constantinople (BM227, B419) or chamberlain of the bed-chamber (BM184) (L64) Ducenarius: Latin, leader of two hundred (BM166) Cubiculum sacrum: Latin, chamber servant of a holy Dux: see Doux place (BM333) Dux et Augustalis: commander and emperor (BM170) Curator thesauri: Latin, keeper of the store or treasure Eidikon / isikon / eidikos, „epi tou eidikou‟: „one (?) (BM411) responsible for special affairs‟ an official in charge Curiales: Latin, „office holders‟, members of a of monopolies, factories, storehouses and treasuries, Municipal Council (L210, B422) an evolution of the Curiosus: Latin, spy or scout, but become agentes in (BM192, B397) rebus (BM 608, B422) Eparch (ἔ παξρνο) (of Constantinople): urban prefect Cursus clabularis: Latin, another name for the platys of Constantinople, keeps law and order, runs jails dromos (BM294, B422) and the taxiōtai (W) Cursus publicus: Latin, another name for the dēmosios Ethnarchēs (ἐ ζλάξρεο): ruler of a barbarian tribe (W) dromos (BM294, B422) Eudokimotatos: something to do with a village Cursus velox: Latin, another name of the oxys dromos headman (?) (BM244) (BM295, B422) Eusebestatē augousta: „Most Pious Augusta‟ form of Dekharkhēs: (?) (BM182) address for the Empress (W) Dēmosios dromos: „public transport‟ (?) (BM294) 22 Exarkhos or exarchus (ἔ μαξρνο): governor of remote Khartoularios tou arklōn (ηῶλ ἀ ξθιῶλ): literally „of parts of the empire such as Italy or Africa (BM407) the money box‟, senior financial official outside Exceptor: Latin, scribe or minute taker, literally „one Constantinople (BM420) (W) who catches up‟ (BM181, B461) Khartoularios tou sakellion (ηνῦ ζαθειιίνπ): in Exercitus: Latin, the army (BM423, B462) charge of the Sakellion treasury (BM318) Exisōtēs: (?) (BM414) Khartoularios tou stablou (ηνῦ ζηάβινπ): secretary of Hetaireiarchēs (ἑ ηαηξεηάξρεο): leaders of the stables, incharge of the Imperial stud farms and barbarians who form guard units („the Company‟), provisioning the baggage train (BM312) such as the Chazaroi and the Pharganoi (W) Khartoularios tou tagmata (ηῶλ ηαγκάησλ): in charge Hoplitarchēs: alternatively archēgētēs, commander of of the pay and finances of the tagmatic troops (W) all infantry in a large army from the 10th century Khartoularios tou thematos (ηῶλ ζεκάησλ): in charge (W) of income from a theme (BM414) Horeiarios: official in charge of distributing food from Khartoularios tou vestiariou (ηνῦ βεζηηαξίνπ): in the state granaries (W) charge of the Vestiarion treasury (BM410) (ὕ παηνο) literally „highest‟ actually „consul‟ Khrysepsēteion: something to do with gold (?) (BM185) eventually became a temporary honorary (BM259) title (W) Khrys(o)epsētēs: something to do with gold (?) Hyperarithmoi (ππεξάξηζκνο): supernumary (BM186) (BM427) Hypeourgia basilikē: (?) (BMx) Khrysōnēs: something to do with gold (?) (BM341) Hyperprōtopansebastohypertatos: „Above first all Khrysiurgion: something to do with gold (BM 260) venerable above ruler‟ (W) Kleisourarkhēs: (?) (BM 182) Hypostratēgos (ππόζηξαηεγνύ): „under commander‟, Koitōn basilikos (θνηηῶλ βαζηιηθόο): eunuch second in command of an army (L236) chamberlain of the Emperor (BM160) Kaisar (θαῖ ζαξ) or : often used for the heir to Koitōnitēs: see Cubicularius (BM191) the throne (BM 164), gradually went down the list Kommerkiaros: (?) (BM 592) of precedence after despotēs and sebastokratōr. (f) Komes tou stablou (θόκεο ηνῦ ζηάβινπ): in charge of kaisarissa. the horses and pack horses of the army until Kanikleios (θαλίθιεηνο): the keeper of the imperial replaced by the Konostaulos (BM 312) inkstand, one of the senior officials of the imperial Konostaulos (θνλόζηαπινο): Greek form of Comes chancery (W) stabuli, replaced the Komes tou stablou and then Kastrensios: a chamberlain in the palace (W) eventually becomes the leader of Frankish Katepanō (θαηεπάλσ): „the one placed above‟, the mecenaries (W) governor of a area combining two or more themes Kortē basilikē: (?) (BM272) (W) Koubikoularios (θνπβηθνπιάξηνο): from the Latin Katholikos (θαζνιηθόο): „universal‟, title of the cubicularius, „chamberlain‟, title for eunuchs (W). Nestorian and Antiochan , possibly also Kouratōreion or kourator: curator, usually a financial used for an early supervisor of accounts (BM377) official (BM104) Kavallarios: Hellenized Latin, originally meaning a Kouropalatēs (θνπξνπαιάηεο): from the Latin cura cavalry soldier, from the 12th century this became a palatii, „charge of the palace‟ possibly best rendered minor court title (W) as „mayor of the Palace‟ (BM 185) (L147) Kellarios oikeiakos basilikos: (?) (BM305) Kritēs thematos (θξηηήο ζεκαηηθέο): chief judge of a Kentarkhos: centurion, the senior one is the theme (BM430) prōtokentarchos (BM182) Kyria (θπξία): „lady‟ (W) Kephale (θεθαιή): „head‟, the governor of a small (θύξηνο): „lord‟ (L197) province, usually a town and its surrounding Lamprotatos (ιακπξόηεξνο): „most splendid‟ (BM , although people were referred to by this 244) name, it never became a formal title (W) Largitionales: Latin, treasury officers (BM 387, B536) Khartoularios or (ραξηνπιάξηνη): Logothetēs tōn agelōn (ηῶλ ἀ γειῶλ): in charge of the although usually translated as Chartulary, started as State herds of horses and mules (BM311) mere clerks but by the 9th century a secretary or Logothetēs tou dromou (ινγνζέηεο ηνῦ δξόκνπ): senior minister is the normal function. (BM181) literally „accountant of course‟ (BM 220), in charge See below for some of the different functions of dealings with foreigners and of the Platys recorded: Dromos and the Oxys Dromos. Sometimes 23 rendered as Postal Logothete. Term in use 8th to Nykteparchos (λπθηέπαξρνο): „night prefect‟, night 12th centuries superceded by the logothetēs tōn time deputy of the Eparch (W) sekretōn. Nipsistiarios (ληςηζηηάξηνο): title for eunuchs (W) Logothetēs tōn sekretōn (ινγνζέηεο ηῶλ ζεθξέησλ): Nobelissimos (λσβειίζζηκνο): from the Latin 12th century term mutating into the megas („most noble‟): originally a title given logothetēs in charge of all fiscal matters (W). to close relatives of the Emperor, subordinate only Logothetēs tou genikou (ινγνζέηεο ηνῦ γεληθνῦ ): to the kaisar until 11th century, succeeded by (general logothete) in charge of tax collection Prōtonobelissimos (W) (BM410) (L134) Numerarius: Latin, keeper of accounts or auditor (BM Logothetēs tou stratiōtikou (ινγνζέηεο ηνῦ 166, B602) ζηξαηησηηθνῦ ): military logothete or chief Officium or offikion (Οθθίθηνλ): an office or its staff paymaster (BM410) (L134) (BM165) Magister militum: Latin, originally the sole „master of Oikeiakōn, epi tōn (ἐ πὶ ηῶλ νἰ θηαθῶλ): logothete war‟, eventually one for each theme, superceded by with unclear duties to do with the Emperors stratēgoi (BM165, B571) household (BM434) : Latin, master of officers Opifices monetae: Latin, makers of money (BM321) (BM388, B571), highest public servant post-5th Ostiarios (ὁ ζηηάξηνο): from the Latin ostiarius, century until Logothetēs began to be used (L50) „doorkeeper, usher‟, title for eunuchs (W) Magister (rationalis) rei privatae: Latin, administrator Oxys dromos (νμύο δξόκνο): „smart road‟ (?) Imperial of the Emperor‟s private property (BM377, B572) messenger service (BM295) (L109) Magistros (κάγηζηξνο): „master‟, the title ceased to be Palatinus /i: Latin, all persons or people in civil or used in the 12th century (BM185) military service in the Palace (BM 388) (B616) Megaphylarch: „paramount (tribal) chief‟ (L197) Panhypersebastos (παλππεξζέβαζηνο): „venerable Megas diermēneutēs: great interpreter (?) (BM440) above all‟ (W) Megas domestikos: „‟ chief of the Pansebastos (παλζεβαζηόο): „all venerable‟ (W) army from about the 9th century (BM159) Papias: great concierge of the Imperial palaces, Megas droungarios: head of the navy until the creation responsible for the opening and closing of the of the Megas Doux in the 11th century (W) palace gates each day (W) Megas doux (κέγαο δνύμ): great or over leader, Parakoimōmemos (παξαθνηκώκελνο): literally „one equivalent to the Lord High Admiral and towards who sleeps nearby‟, servant of the bedchamber the end of the empire became the head of the public (BM104) service (BM181) Patrikios or (παηξίθηνο): patrician or noble, Megas logothetēs (κέγαο ινγνζέηεο) or Megas one of the highest dignities until its disappearance in logariastēs (tōn euagōn sekretōn): final term used the 12th century, (f) patrikia (BM185) (W) for the head of all public finances (BM 208, 432) Pinkernes (πηγθέξλεο): originally the emperor‟s (W) cupbearer, later a senior honorific title (W) Megas stratopedarkhēs: see stratopedarkhēs (BM 212) Phylarch (θύιαξρνο): „tribal chief‟ (L197) Meriarkhēs: „commander of a Meros‟ (BM182) Phylax (θύιαμ): sentinel, watcher (BM310) (general of up to 7,000 troops) (L236) Platys dromos (πιαηύο δξόκνο): „broad road‟, Imperial Mētaton: something to do with the quartermaster of a freight service (BM294) (L109) unit (?) (BM311) Porphyrogennētos (πνξθπξνγέλλεηνο): „born-in-the- Metrētai: Latin, measurer (BM318) ‟, born in a particular room in the palace lined Mesazōn (κεζάδσλ): „mediator‟ final replacement for with . This was not reserved to the the Grand Logothete as the chief minister (W) Imperial family but could be allowed to a favoured Minsouratōr: Latin, mensurator, measurer (BM305) person. (W) Moderator: Latin, ruler or manager (BM178, B585): Praefectura /us: Latin, prefect or president (BM 165, Moneta: Latin, either money itself or the mint B642) (BM276, B586) Praefectus Augustalis: Latin, „prefect of Augustus‟, Moneta publica or fiscalis: Latin, the public treasury title of the prefect of Egypt from the 4th century (BM390, B586, 473) (BM179, B643) Monetarius: Latin, master of the mint (BM 326) (s): Latin, prefect of the city (of Rome, (κπζηηθόο): a private secretary (W) later Constantinople) (BM 194, B644) Nauarchos: the captain of a ship (W) 24 Praefectus vigilum: Latin, prefect of the virgiles (city Prōtomagistros (πξσηνκάγηζηξνο): first among the police and firemen) (BM140, B644) see Praitor tou Magistroi (W) demoi Prōtomanglavitēs (πξσηνκαγγιαβίηεο): chief of the Praipositos or Praepositus (πξαηπόζηηνο): from the Manglavitai, it was a rank held by Harald Haadrada Latin praepositus, „placed before‟, overseer (W) (BM459) Prōtonobelissimos: high title originally reserved for Praepositus sacri cubiculi: Latin, chamberlain of the the Imperial family, it was succeeded by Imperial household (BM179, B645) Prōtonobelissimohypertatos (W) Praepositus (sacrorum) thesaurorum: Latin, overseer Prōtonobelissimohypertatos: high title originally of the Imperial treasure (BM345) reserved for the Imperial family, eventually Praeses: Latin, „guardian‟, governor of a province (BM degenerates by the 13th century to a provincial 165, B646) official (W) / praitōr (πξαίησξ): head, leader or chief, Prōtonotarios (πξσηνλνηάξηνο) tou thematos: principal originally only applied in Constaninople, but clerk of the court of a theme (BM305) gradually came to apply to a theme (BM178) Prōtoproedros: see (BM58) Praitor tou demoi (πξαίησξ ηῶλ δήκσλ) or Praetor Prōtopatharaton: (?) (BM186) populi: leader of the people, in charge of police and (πξσηαζεθξῆ ηηο): an earlier title for the fire services in Constantinople (BM180) (W) head of the chancery, responsible for keeping Praktōr (πξάθησξ): officer, usually one who exacts official government records (W) judgement (BM99) Prōtospatharios (πξσηνζπαζάξηνο): literally „first or Primikērios (πξηκηθήξηνο): from the swordsman‟, title often given to senior military Latin primicerius, „first in the list‟, title given to leaders until the 13th century (BM185) (W) eunuchs (BM 166) Prōtostratōr (πξσηνζηξάησξ): initially the Emperor‟s Primikērios tou (oikeiakou) vestiariou: (BM 440) see stable master, from the 11th century it became a title Khartoularios tou vestiariou given to the second in command of an army Prokathēmenos tou vestiariou (BM 440) see (BM259) Khartoularios tou vestiariou Protostratotius: („chief equerry‟, Basil I held this Proconsul: Latin, one who, at the end of his position for Michael III before their marriage, consulship, becomes a governor of a province MoL234) (BM178, B653) Prōtosymboulon (πξσηνζύκβνπινο): „first councillor‟ Procurator monetae: Latin, manager of the mint (L146) (BM316, B655) Prōtovestiarios: takes care of the emperor‟s personal Proedros (πξόεδξνο): „chairman‟, originally reserved wardrobe (BM 192). The Empress has vestiaria & for eunuchs, it was opened up in the mid-11th protovestiaria (W) century to „Bearded Ones‟ as well, especially Quasestor sacri palatii: Latin, principal legal advisor to military officials. Highest title for officials. (W) the Emperor (BM404, B644) came to mean „privileged one‟, used as President (of Quaestura / quastor exercitus: the office of magistrate the Senate) (BM 185) (f) (πξνέδξηζζα) proedrissa, (BM104) reserved dress is „a rose-colored and gold- Rationalis: Latin, treasurer, took over from procurator embroidered tunic, a gem-encrusted belt, and a and was replaced by comes (BM 381) (B677) white chlamys (cloak) trimmed with golden bands Rationalis rei summae: Latin, „treasurer of high and with two gold tablia (square patches) and things‟, chief of the financial administration decoration of ivy leaves.‟ (BM329) (B678) Prosecutores: Latin, escort or attendant (BM387, Rhaiktōr: (?) (BM 184) B658): Sakellion or (ζαθειιάξηνο): „shieldlet‟ Protectores (Latin) or protiktores (πξνηίθηνξεο): under Heraclius, an honorary supervisor of the other members of the Scholai, bodyguards of the Emperor palace administrators, logothetes, etc. Later, the (BM 622) (B658) chief financial comptroller of the Empire. Still used Prōtanthypatos (πξσηαλζύπαηνο): a form of as the „purse holder‟ of a monastery (BM192) (W). anthypatos or „proconsul‟, created in the 11th Sebastokratōr (ζεβαζηνθξάησξ): „Venerable Ruler‟ a century bolster the term, disappeared by the end of title created by as a the 12th century (W) combination of autokratōr and (BM89). (f) Prōtokarabos: (?) (BM 191) Sebastokratorissa. 25 Sebastos (ζεβαζηόο): „August One‟ (f) Sebastē, Thalassocrator: „one who has dominance on the sea‟, originally reserved for the Imperial family was High Admiral (AC270) debased and changed by the use of prefixes (W) Topotērētēs (ηνπνηεξεηῆ ο): literally „place-warden‟ it Sekreta: see Logothetēs tōn sekretōn (BM410) is used for the deputy at various levels in the army Semissalis: Latin literally „half another‟, junior NCO, and navy (W) possible lance-corporal equivalent (BM166) Tourmarchēs or Tourmakhēs (ηνπξκάξρεο): tourma Silentiarios (ζηιεληηάξηνο): originally a group of commander (PL583) (BM182) courtiers responsible for the maintenance of order in Trapeza basilikē (βαζηιηθὴ ηξάπεδα): literally „table the palace (W). of the Emperor‟, Royal Bank (BM186) (ζπαζάξηνο): „-bearer‟ the spatharioi Trapeza genikē: bank of the Logothetēs tou genikou were initially a special corps of imperial guards. The (BM411) title survived until the early 12th century (BM 185) Trapeza idikē: bank of the epi tou eidikou (BM411) (L64) Tribunus et notarius: Latin, (captains) and (ζπαζαξνθαλδηδάηνο): special clerks (BM187) picked guards (named from their white tunics) (BM Vestarkhēs or (βεζηάξρεο): adopted in the 185) latter half of the 10th century for high-ranking Spatharokoubikoularios (ζπαζαξνθνπβηθνπιάξηνο): eunuchs, it was awarded to „bearded‟ senior military sword chamberlain (W) officers and judicial officials of Constantinople from Spectabilis: Latin, literally „spectacle‟, a title for high ca. 1050 on. It disappeared in the early 12th century. officers (BM 180) (B712) (BM185) (W) Stratēlatēs (ζηξαηειάηεο): a translation of the Latin Vestēs or (βέζηεο): senior honorific title, first magister militum, only used before 8th century (W) attested under . Awarded to both Statio: Latin, post or station of military guards (BM eunuchs and non-eunuchs, it survived until the early 331) (B714) 12th century. (BM 185) (W) Stratēgos or Stratēgia (ζηξαηεγόο): general or admiral Vestētōr (βεζηήησξ): officers of the Imperial wardrobe (BM138, 624), „commander‟ (L236) often also with (Latin vestiarium & vestiaritai) (BM433) the title „doux‟ Vestiarion oikeiakon basilikou: officer of the Imperial Stratelatēs: military command (?) (BM656) wardrobe (BM197) Stratopedarchēs, stratopedarkhein or startopedarkhēs : Latin one who acts in another‟s place as a (ζηξαηνπεδάξρεο): Master of the Camp, official in substitute (BM178) (B763) charge of making sure the army was stocked with Zostē patrikia (δσζηὴ παηξηθία): „Girded patrician‟ food and arms (BM133) Title was given to the empress‟ ladies of honour, Stratōr (ζηξάησξ): „groom‟ (W) and, ranked very high in hierarchy just below the Susceptor: Latin, contractor or collector of taxes, tax kouropalates. From the early 9th century, and farmer (BM 331) (B726) disappeared in the 11th century (W) Taxiarchēs (ηαμίαξρνο): alternatively chiliarchēs: Zygostatēs demosios: master of weights of the commander of an infantry regiment (taxiarchia or imperial treasury (?) (BM317) chiliarchia) (W)

Other Occupations Allectores: Latin „person who attracts‟ business Blattion (βιάηηηνλ) purple dye maker, literally negotiator (?) (BM387) „purplish‟, by the 10th century comes to denote silk Apokrisiaros / apocrisiarius (ἀ πνθξηζηάξηνο): delegate itself (BM630) (W) or deputy, particularly the ‟s legate in Conductor: Latin one who leases (BM332, B576) Constantinople (BM351) Ergodosia (εξγνδνζία): employers (BM629) Aurifices: Latin goldworker (BM 389) Grammaticus: Latin, teacher of language (AC495) Balnitōr: bath attendant (BM656) Sabastos: quarrier of gravel or rock (?) (BM89) Scalptores: Latin, engraver or carver (BM389)

Possible and Definite Nicknames and Descriptors 26 Barbari: from βάξβαξνΦώλνο (barbarophonos or „of Néa (Νέα): ‘New‟, Basil the N, 10th century seer and incomprehensible speech‟), becomes Arab „barbar‟ saint (PL584) and thence Berber (HK205) Néos Theológos (Νένο Θενιόγνο): ‘New Theologian‟ Pogonatos: „the Bearded‟, Emperor Constans II Simeon the NT, 11th century mystic and saint (BM222) (PL584) Bucinator: Latin „the trumpeter‟ (HK328) (Ὀξθαλνηξόθνο): bringer up of Cataias: John C, 7th century (BP39) orphans (BM297), John O, parakoimōmemos under Chrysostom: „golden mouthed‟ St John C (Ἰ σάλλεο Romanus III (W) ὁ Υξπζόζηνκνο) Metropolitan () Pachýs (ὁ παρύο): „fat‟, John (the F) Comnenus, Diakonis (Γηάθνλνο): „the ‟, Theodosios D, attempted coup leader against Alexios III 10th century poet (W) (BM225) Diblatius: Bogomile preacher (AC497) Pantechnes: Michael P, „many skills‟ (AC510) Digenis (Γηγελήο): „of two races‟, Basil D hero of a Ptochoprodromus (Πησρνπξόδξνκνο): „Poor 12th century epic poem (PL608) Prodromus‟: see Theodore Prodromus. Elei̱ mosýni̱ do̱ ri̱ tí̱ s (ειεεκνζύλεδσξεηήο): Rhinotmetos (ὁ Ῥ ηλόηκεηνο): „slit or cut-nosed‟, „almsgiver‟ John the A, 7th century Patriarch of Justinian II R, 7th century Emperor (L137) Alexandria (BM204) Phileote (PL 584) Eukratas (εγθξαηείο): „The Abstemious‟ nickname of Psellos (Φειιόο): „the Stammerer‟ Michael P, 12th John Moschus () century scholar, (BM137) Eugenikos (Δπγεληθόο): „the courteous‟, Mark (of (΢ρνιαζηηθόο): „pedantic‟ John S 6th Ephesus) E, 15th century theologian (BP135) century Patriarch of Constantinople and saint (BP19) Gerontas (Γέξνληαο): the Old, Michael VI Bringas G, Sklavenoi: the Slav (L60) Emperor 1056-7 (BM137) Studite: any resident of the monastery of Hagios Gymnós (γπκλόο): „naked‟ (PL 631) Ioannes Prodromos tois Stoudiou (Saint John the Honestus: Latin, honoured or distinguished (BM244, Forerunner at Stoudios) founded by the Consul B488) Stoudios in 462, the most important monastery in Indicopleustes: „who sailed to India‟, Cosmas, trader Constantinople (PL597) and writer of an account of a journey to Malabar in Stylite: from „pillar‟, any saint who sat on a pillar to be 522 (BM656) removed form the world, Joshua S (BM174) Karbonopsina (Καξβσλνςίλα): Zoe K, „with the coal- Thaumaturgus (ζαῦ κα ἔ ξγνλ): miracle worker black eyes‟, wife of Leo VI (W) Symeon T, holy man (BP19) Ladder (Κιίκαμ), of the: John Climacus, 7th century theologian and saint (PL623) Macedonian, the (ὁ Μαθεδώλ): Basil I the M Emperor 867-886 (BM196) Mavrocatacalon (AC 302) Marianus Morotheodoros (Μσξνζεόδσξνο): „Theodore the Fool‟, See T Mankaphas)

Titles Suitable for Foreign Rulers These are taken from the Book of Ceremonies, a complete protocol for running a complex court establishment written in the seventh century. It incuded such items as the robes suitable for different ranks, stations and titles. “Salaried titles without duties, sinecures that is, became annuities in modern terms when sold to raise capital funds, and they could be especially valuable giftsd for useful foreigners.” This entire section, unless noted, is from L132.  Variantions on „outside ruler‟ Archegos Exousiarches Archon Exousiaokrator Archon of Exousiastes Exarchon  Variation on an ancient term for ruler or high  Variation on „overlord‟ official, more loosely „prince‟ Hegemon Archegetes Hegemonarches 27 Kahegemon Endoxos Prohegemon or proegemon Endoxotatos  Variants from Spartan „overseer‟  Variations on „distinguished‟ Dynastes Periphanes Epheoros Periphanestatos Hegetor Peribleptatos Prohegetor Peribleptos Protos  Variantions on „well born‟  Variants on „great rule giver‟ Eugenes Diataktor Eugenestatos Hyperechon  „Lord‟ Hypertatos Kyrios Koiranos Kyriotatos Megalodoxos  Various Panhypertatos Aglaos  Aglaotatos Rēgas (term for Westerners) (W) Amantor Rex Aragos  „Prince‟ Ariprepes Prinkips (from Latin first citizen) Ariprepestatos  „‟ Boulephoros Doux (from Latin dux regional commander) Entimos  Vaiants on „tribal chief‟ Entimotatos Ethnarkes Epikouros Patarchos Epirrophos Phylarchos Eritimos Toparches Eritimotatos  Variants on „general‟ Gerousiotatos Stratarches Gerousios Strategos Hegoumenos (currently abbot) Stratelates Olbios Stratiarchos Olbiotatos  Variants on „infantry formation commander‟ Phaidimos Phaidimotatos Taxiarchos Pro(h)egemoumenos th  Variants on „magnificent‟ Prōtosebastos: „First Venerable One‟ given in the 12 Megaloprepes century to the and the Sultan of Megaloprepestatos Iconium (W). Pepothemenos Satrapes (taken from the Persian title)  Variants on „most esteemed‟ Synkletikos

Terms and words

Akritai (plural: ἀ θξίηαη, singular: Akritēs, ἀ θξίηεο): as the Zutt. They were captured by the Romans in eastern light infantry border warriors (L221) the 11th century and moved into the Empire. Armamentum / on: (Latin) the entire aggregate of Probably later became the Rom or Gypsies (HK307) equipment and techniques available to a practicioner Bandae: 8th century unit size, 5 per drungi (L179). (BM331) Caelicolae: Latin, „heaven fearer‟, a person who Atsinganoi: a tribal group. Originally a Sind tribe, follows Jewish rites without converting (L210) known as the Jat, horticulturists, probably Capitatio: Latin, the manpower of an area (L201) untouchables, known as thieves and rogues, around Century: 8th century unit size 2 per bandae (L179). the 10th century they were transported to Syria by Collatio lustralis: Latin, a tax on wealth, buildings, Arabs to around Ain Zarba. There they were known animals, tools & slaves (L201) 28 : Latin, place of assembly of a decision- Panaghia Muchliotiótissa: „All Saints of the Mongols‟, making council (BM190, B408) church in Constantinople (L144) Dolabra: trenching tool (L23?) Pharganoi: may be a period mis-spelling of Pharangoi Dromos (δξόκνο): road () or else pertaining to some central Drungi: 8th century unit size, two per „mere‟ or Asian , military unit part of the „turmae‟ (L179). Hetaireia (BM186) Episkepsis (επίζθεςε): literally „visitation‟ an Pyle (πύιε): gate (L73) injuction or denunciation (BM58) Scholae or Skholai: military unit of Tagmata (BM186) Epoptēs (ἐ πόπηεο): spectator or eyewitness thus one Scholarii or skholarioi: belonging to the scholae who is admitted into the highest grade of holy (BM243) mysteries (BM414) Scribo (BM 190): to write, I write, something written Fabrica or phabrix: Latin, usually the state workshop Scrinium (BM 390): book box or letter case of artisans (BM416, B466) Skēnē basilikē: Imperial theatre (?) (BM272) Gaon: „(school) head‟ (L211) Soula: moat (L73) Genikon: belonging to the race or tribe (BM140) Spatha: sword Gynaecium (γπλήνἶ θνο): women‟s quarters (BM560) Stathmos (ζηαζκόο): 28km, the distance between two Hetaireia megalē (greater), mesē (middle) and mikra stations on the Persian Royal Road (BM99) (little): divisions of the Hetaireia, the barbarian Stratiōtikou (ζηξαηησηηθνῦ ): military (BM410) troops (BM 186) Tagma ton Teikan: battalion of the walls, from 8th Hugron pir: „liquid fire‟ (L214) century (L75). Jugatio: yield of an area (L201) Tagmata: 8th century unit size of 4,000 men, usually Khazaroi: pertaining to the , especially a translated as battalion, but brigade is more accurate military unit part of the Hetaireia (BM186) (BM130) (L179). Four of the six were the Scholai, Khōneia: foundry, possibly for gold (BM225) the senior unit, the Exkoubitoi, the sentinels, the Khrysioplysiai / oi: „places for the washing of the Hikanatoi, the able ones, and the Noumera. gold‟, possibly same as khōneia (BM225) (BM622) Koine (θνηλή): language (W) Tamieion (Σακηείνλ) / : inner rooms : Latin, connected with the State borders of the Emperor (?) (BM131) (BM166) Taxiōtai (ηαμηῶηαη): urban police of Constantinople Manglavitai (καγ[γ]ιαβίηαη): A category of palace (W) guards, armed with sword and cudgel (manglavion) Teikos: Wall (L72) (BM191) (W) Thyranoixia: „Gate-opening‟ a service of dedication Mansio: lodging place, abode (BM73) for a new church. Mere: 8th century unit, alternative to „turmae‟, 2 per /tourma: pre-reform troop or squadron Tagmata (L179). (BM193) Meros: 6th century (pre-reform) unit of up to 7,000, 3 Turmae: 8th century unit, alternative to „mere‟, 2 per per „army‟, commanded by a Merarch (L236) Tagmata (L179) Myriocephalon: „a thousand mountainpeaks‟, a battle Xenodokheion: place for strangers to lodge (BM134) in Anatolia in the 12th century (L231) Zupania or Zupanate: , ruled by a Zupan, 10th century (L164)

Bibliography used (commonly available lists of Emperors and Saints are not mentioned)

Ariès, Phillipe and George Duby (general editors) A History of Private Life Vol 1 From Pagan Rome to Paul Veyne (1992) (translated Arthur Goldhammer) Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, ISBN 0 674 39974 9. A very readable account of customs and morés. (citations use PLxxx)

Berger, Adolph (1953) Encyclopaedic Dictionary of , American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, Vol43, part 2 (citations use Bxxx)

Boswell, John (1996) The Marriage of Likeness: Same-Sex Unions in Pre-modern Europe Fontana Press, London, ISBN 0 00 686326 4. Establishes a long history of such marriage. Includes texts of hetero- and homosexual matrimony. Fascinating reading by a master linguist and historian. (citations use MoLxxx) 29 Cavallo, Guglielmo (editor) (1992) The Byzantines (translated Thomas Dunlap, Teresa Lavender Fagan & Charles Lambert) The University of Chicago Press, London, ISBN 0 226 09792 7. Gives a sketch of some of the different social groups that made up the culture. (citations use tbxxxx)

Comnena, Anna (1150) (translated E. R. A. Sewter) The Penguin Books, London (this edition 1969), ISBN 0 14 044215 4. A Byzantine Princess, exiled to a convent for plotting against the Emperor, writes a histoory of the Emperor‟s predecessor - her father). Essential reading for a balanced view of the . (citations use ACxxx)

Hendy, Michael F. (1985) Studies in the Byzantine Monetary Economy c300-1450 Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, ISBN 0-521-24715-2 (citations use BM xxx)

Jeffreys, Elizabeth and Michael, Ann Moffat (editors) (1978) Byzantine : Proceedings of the First Australian Conference, Research Centre, ANU, Canberra. ISBN 0 86784 009 9. For specialists only, some illustrations. (citations use BPxxx)

Kennedy, Hugh (2008) The Great Arab Conquests: How the spread of changed the world we live in , London, ISBN 978 0 7538 2389 7, Best account of the period I have read, superb detail using most up to date transiterations. (citations use HKxxx)

Luttwak, Edward N. (2009) The Grand Strategy of the Belknap Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, ISBN 978-0-674-03519-5, DD 335.0335 (citations use Lxxx)

Nicol, Donald M. (1996) The Byzantine Lady: Ten Portraits 1250-1500 Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, ISBN-0-521-57623-7. Unusual both in dealing with Byzantine women and with the lateness of the portrayal. (citations use BLxxx)

Treharne, R. F. (1982) Muir’s Atlas of Medieval and Modern History George Phillip, London, ISBN 0 540 05434 8. (citations us Mxx)

Wikipedia: (citations use W) only used if well referenced to reliable academic sources that I do not have available. Of especial utility is the page Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy.