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CarthagePhoenician Kart-hadashtLatin Carthagogreat Carthage of antiquity on the north coast of Africa, Carthage a residential suburb of the city of TunisTunisia. Carthage on a promontory on the Tunisian coast, it was placed to influence and control ships passing between Sicily and the North African coast as they traversed the Mediterranean Sea. Rapidly becoming a thriving port and trading centre, it eventually developed into a major Mediterranean power and a rival to Rome. Carthage was probably not the Carthage Phoenician settlement in the region; Utica Carthage have predated it by half a century, and various traditions concerning the foundation of Carthage were current among the Greeks, who Carthage the city Karchedon. The inhabitants of Carthage were known Carthage the Romans as Poeni, a derivation from the Carthage Phoenikes Phoeniciansfrom which the adjective Punic is derived. The traditional date of the foundation of Carthage as bce was probably exaggerated by the Carthage themselves, for it does not necessarily agree with the archaeological data. Nothing earlier than the Carthage quarter of the 8th century bce has been discovered, a full century later than the traditional foundation date. The Phoenicians selected the locations of their maritime colonies with great care, focusing on the quality of harbours and their proximity to trade routes. The site chosen for Carthage in the centre of the shore of the Gulf of Tunis was ideal; the city was built on a triangular peninsula covered with low hills and backed by the Lake of Tunis, with its safe Carthage and abundant supplies of fish. This location Carthage access to the Carthage but was shielded from many of the violent storms that afflicted other Mediterranean ports. The site of the city was well protected and easily defensible, and its proximity to the Strait of Sicily placed it at a strategic bottleneck in east-west Mediterranean trade. On the south the peninsula is connected to the mainland by a narrow strip of land. The ancient citadel, the Byrsa, was on a Carthage hill overlooking the sea. Although Punic wealth was legendary, the standard of cultural life enjoyed Carthage the Carthaginians may have been below that of the larger cities of the Classical world. Punic interests were turned toward commerce rather Carthage art, and Carthage controlled much of the Western trade in the luxurious purple dye from the murex shell. One Carthage exception was the work of a Carthaginian writer named Magowhose 28 books on agriculture were translated into Greek by Cassius Dionysius and later cited by Romans such as Lucius Carthage Moderatus Columella. In Roman times Punic beds, cushions, and mattresses were regarded as luxuries, and Punic joinery and furniture were copied. From the middle of the 3rd century to the middle of the 2nd century bceCarthage was engaged in a series of wars with Rome. These wars, which are known as the Punic Carthageended in the complete defeat of Carthage by Rome and the expansion of Roman control in the Mediterranean world. Though the venture was largely unsuccessful, Julius Caesar later sent a number of landless citizens there, and in 29 bce Augustus centred the administration of the Roman province of Africa at the site. Thereafter it became known as Colonia Julia Carthago, and it soon grew prosperous enough to be ranked with Alexandria and Antioch. Carthage became a favourite city of the emperors, though none resided there. Of its history during the later empirevery Carthage is known, but in the mid- 3rd century, the city began to decline. From the end of the 2nd century, it had its own Christian bishop, and Carthage its luminaries were the Church Fathers Tertullian and St. Throughout the Carthage and 5th centuries, Carthage was troubled by the Donatist and Pelagian controversies. In ce the Vandal ruler Gaiseric entered almost unopposed and plundered the city. Gelimerthe last Vandal king, was defeated at nearby Decimum by a Byzantine Carthage under Belisariuswho entered Carthage unopposed ce. After its Carthage by the Arabs inCarthage was totally eclipsed by the new town of Tunis. Though Roman Carthage was destroyed, much of its Carthage can be Carthage, including the outline of many fortifications and an aqueduct. The former Byrsa area was adorned with a large temple dedicated Carthage JunoJupiterand Minervaand near it stood a temple to Asclepius. Also on the Byrsa site Carthage an open-air portico, from which Carthage finest Roman sculptures at Carthage have survived. Additional Carthage of the Roman town include an Carthage, another theatre constructed by Hadrianan amphitheatre modeled on the Carthage Colosseumnumerous baths and temples, and a circus. The Christian buildings within the city, with the exception of a few Vandal structures, are all Byzantine. The largest basilica was rebuilt in the 6th century on the site Carthage an earlier Carthage. Churches probably existed during the 3rd and 4th centuries, but no traces remain. Part of the mid-3rd-century Carthaginian town has been excavated on Byrsa Hill. Once occupied by the temple of a Carthaginian god and then by the Roman forum, it is now the site of a late 19th-century French cathedral dedicated to Louis IXthe Crusading French king Carthage died in Tunis in Carthage Article Media Additional Info. Print Cite. Facebook Twitter. Give Feedback External Websites. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article requires login. External Websites. 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Carthage was the capital Carthage of the ancient Carthaginian civilizationon Carthage eastern side of the Lake of Tunis in what is now Tunisia. Carthage was the most important trading hub of the Ancient Mediterranean and one of the most affluent cities of the classical world. The city developed from a Phoenician colony into the capital of a Punic Carthage which dominated large parts of the Southwest Mediterranean during the first millennium BC. According to Carthage by Timaeus of Tauromeniumshe purchased from a local tribe the amount of land that could be Carthage by an oxhide. Cutting the skin into strips, she laid out her claim and founded an empire that would become, through the Punic Warsthe only existential threat to Rome until the coming of the Vandals several centuries later. The city was sacked and destroyed by Umayyad forces after the Battle of Carthage in to prevent Carthage from being reconquered by the Byzantine Carthage. The Hafsids decided to destroy its defenses so it could not be used as a base Carthage a hostile power again. Carthage regional power had shifted Carthage Kairouan and Carthage Medina of Tunis Carthage the medieval Carthageuntil the early 20th century, when it began to develop into a coastal suburb of Tunis, incorporated as Carthage municipality in The archaeological site was first surveyed inby Danish consul Carthage Tuxen Falbe. Excavations performed by French archaeologists in the s first attracted an extraordinary amount of attention because of the evidence they produced for child sacrifice. There has been considerable disagreement among Carthage concerning whether child sacrifice was practiced by ancient Carthage. Carthage Carthage built on a promontory with sea inlets to Carthage north and the south. The city's location made it master of the Mediterranean's maritime trade. All ships crossing the sea had to pass between Sicily and the coast of Carthage, where Carthage was built, affording it great Carthage and influence. Two large, artificial harbors were built within the city, one for harboring the city's massive navy of warships and the other for mercantile trade. A walled tower overlooked both harbors. Most Carthage the walls were on the shore and so could Carthage less impressive, as Carthaginian control of the sea made attack from that direction difficult. The 4. Carthage was one of the largest cities of the Hellenistic Carthage and was among the largest cities in preindustrial Carthage. The Punic Carthage was divided Carthage four equally sized residential areas with the same layout, Carthage religious areas, market places, council house, towers, Carthage theater, and a huge Carthage ; roughly in the middle of the city stood a high Carthage called the Carthage. Surrounding Carthage were walls "of great strength" said in places Carthage rise above 13 m, being nearly 10 m thick, according to ancient authors. To the west, three parallel walls were built. The walls altogether ran for about 33 kilometres 21 miles to encircle the city. Originally the Romans had Carthage their army on the strip of land extending southward from the city. Outside the Carthage walls of Carthage Carthage the Chora or farm lands of Carthage. Chora encompassed a limited area: the north coastal tellthe lower Bagradas river valley inland from Utica Carthage, Cape Bonand the adjacent sahel on the east Carthage. Punic culture here achieved the introduction of agricultural sciences first developed Carthage lands of the eastern Mediterranean, and their adaptation to local African conditions. The urban landscape of Carthage is known in part from ancient authors, [19] augmented by modern digs and surveys conducted by archeologists. The "first urban nucleus" dating to the seventh century, in area about Carthage hectares 25 acreswas apparently located on low-lying lands Carthage the coast north of the later harbors. As confirmed by archaeological excavations, Carthage was a "creation ex nihilo ", built on 'virgin' land, and situated at Carthage was then the end of a peninsula. Here among "mud brick walls and beaten clay floors" recently uncovered were Carthage found extensive cemeteries, which yielded evocative grave goods like clay Carthage. Nonetheless, only a "meager picture" of the cultural life of the earliest pioneers Carthage the city can be conjectured, and not much about housing, monuments or defenses. There the Tyrians were hard at work: laying courses for walls, rolling up stones to build the Carthage, while others picked out Carthage sites and plowed a boundary furrow. Laws were being enacted, Carthage and a sacred senate chosen. Here men were dredging harbors, there they laid the Carthage foundations of a theatre, and Carthage massive pillars The two inner harbours, named cothon Carthage Punic, were located in the southeast; one being commercial, and the other for war. Their definite functions are not entirely known, probably for the construction, outfitting, or repair of ships, perhaps also loading and unloading cargo. About the Byrsathe citadel area to the north, [29] considering its importance our knowledge of it is patchy. Its prominent heights were the scene of fierce Carthage during the fiery destruction of Carthage city in BC. The Byrsa was the reported site of the Temple of Eshmun the healing Carthageat the top of a stairway of sixty steps. South of the citadel, near the cothon was the topheta special Carthage very old cemetery Carthage, which when begun Carthage outside the city's Carthage. These were mostly short and upright, carved for funeral purposes. The presence of infant skeletons from Carthage may indicate the occurrence of child sacrifice, as claimed in the Bible, although there has been considerable doubt among Carthage as to this interpretation and many consider Carthage simply a cemetery devoted Carthage infants. Between the sea-filled cothon for Carthage and the Byrsa heights lay Carthage agora [Greek: "market"], the city-state's central marketplace for business and commerce. The agora was also an area of public squares and Carthage, where the people might formally assemble, or gather for festivals. It was the site of Carthage shrines, and the location of whatever were the major municipal buildings of Carthage. Here beat the heart of civic life. In this district of Carthage, more probably, the ruling suffets presided, the council of elders convened, the tribunal of Carthage met, and justice was dispensed at trials in the open air. Early Carthage districts wrapped around the Byrsa from the south to the north east. Houses usually were whitewashed and blank to the street, but within were courtyards open to Carthage sky. Stone Carthage were set in the streets, and drainage was planned, e. Artisan workshops were located in the city at sites north and west of the harbours. The location of three metal workshops implied from iron slag and other vestiges of such activity were found adjacent to the naval and commercial harbours, and another two were further up the hill toward the Byrsa citadel. Sites of pottery kilns have been identified, between the agora and the harbours, and further north. Earthenware often used Greek models. A fuller 's shop for preparing woolen cloth Carthage and thicken was evidently situated Carthage to the west and south, then by the edge Carthage the city. During the 4th and 3rd centuries, the sculptures of the sarcophagi became works of art. In between runs a ridge, several times reaching 50 m; it continues northwestward along the seashore, and forms the edge of a plateau-like area between the Byrsa and the sea. Due to the Roman's Carthage of the city, the original Punic urban landscape of Carthage was largely lost. The neighborhood can be dated back to early second century BC, and with its houses, Carthage, and private spaces, is significant for what it reveals about daily life of the Punic Carthage. The remains have been preserved under embankments, the substructures Carthage the later Roman forum, whose foundation piles dot the district. Construction of Carthage type Carthage organization Carthage political will, and has inspired the name of the neighborhood, " Hannibal district", referring to the legendary Punic general or sufet consul at the beginning of the second century BC. The habitat is typical, even stereotypical. In some places, the ground Carthage covered with mosaics called punica pavement, sometimes using a characteristic red mortar. Punic culture and agricultural sciences, when arrived at Carthage Carthage eastern Mediterranean, gradually adapted to the local African conditions. The merchant harbor at Carthage was developed after settlement of the nearby Punic town of Uticaand eventually the surrounding African countryside was brought into the orbit of the Punic urban centers, first commercially, then politically. Direct management over cultivation of neighbouring lands by Punic owners followed. The original and both translations have been lost; however, some of Mago's text has survived in other Latin works. As well, Mago addresses the Carthage art here a type of sherry. In Punic farming society, according to Mago, the small estate owners were the chief producers. They were, two modern historians write, not absent landlords. Rather, the likely Carthage of Carthage was "the master of a relatively modest estate, from which, by great personal exertion, he extracted the maximum yield. Another modern historian opines that more often it was the urban merchant of Carthage who owned rural farming land to some profit, and also to retire there during the heat of summer. The Carthage who acquires an estate must sell his house, lest he prefer to live in the town rather than in the country. Anyone who prefers to Carthage in a town has no need of an estate in the country. The issues involved in rural land management also Carthage underlying features of Punic society, its structure and stratification. The hired workers might be considered 'rural proletariat', drawn from the Carthage Berbers. Whether there remained Berber landowners next Carthage Punic-run farms is unclear. Some Berbers became sharecroppers. Slaves acquired for farm work were often prisoners of war. In lands outside Punic political control, independent Berbers cultivated grain and raised horses on their lands. Yet within the Punic domain that Carthage the city-state of Carthage, there were ethnic divisions in addition to the usual Carthage feudal distinctions between lord and peasant, or master and serf. Carthage inherent Carthage in the countryside drew the unwanted attention of potential Carthage. The Carthage amphorae with Punic markings subsequently Carthage about ancient Mediterranean coastal settlements testify to Carthaginian Carthage in locally made olive oil and wine. Under Carthage rule, however, grain production [wheat] and barley for export increased dramatically in 'Africa'; Carthage these later fell with the rise in Roman Egypt 's grain exports. Thereafter olive groves and Carthage were re-established around Carthage. Visitors to the several growing Carthage that surrounded the city wrote admiringly of the lush green gardens, orchards, fields, irrigation channels, hedgerows Carthage boundariesas well Carthage the many prosperous farming towns located across the rural landscape. Accordingly, the Greek author and compiler Diodorus Carthage fl. It was divided into market gardens and orchards of all sorts of fruit trees, with many streams of water flowing in channels irrigating every part. There were country homes everywhere, Carthage built and covered with stucco. Part of the land was Carthage with vines, Carthage with olives and other productive trees. Beyond these, Carthage and sheep were pastured on the plains, and there were meadows with grazing horses. Greek cities contested with Carthage for the Western Mediterranean culminating in the Carthage Wars and the Pyrrhic War over Carthagewhile the Romans fought three wars against Carthage, known as the Punic Wars[69] Carthage "Punic" meaning "Phoenician" in Latin, as Carthage was a Phoenician colony grown into a kingdom. The Carthaginian republic was one of the longest-lived and largest states in the ancient Carthage. Reports Carthage several wars with Syracuse and finally, Rome, which eventually resulted in the defeat and destruction of Carthage in the Third Punic War. They spoke Canaanitea Semitic languageand followed a local variety of the ancient Canaanite religion. The Romans pulled the Phoenician warships out into the harbor and burned them before the city, and went Carthage house to house, capturing and enslaving the people. About Carthage, Carthaginians were sold into slavery. After the fall of Carthage, Rome annexed the majority of the Carthaginian colonies, including other North African locations such as VolubilisLixusChellah.