sign in sign up
<<
Home , Accepted Frewen, Alexander II of Scotland, Alexander Jagiellon, Alexander Neville, Alvito Nunes, Anna Jagiellon

TIMELINE1800 18001600

Date Date Britain Date Rest of World 8000BCE Sharpened stone heads used as axes, spears and arrows. 7000BCE Walls in Jericho built. 6100BCE North Atlantic Ocean – Tsunami. 6000BCE Dry farming developed in Mesopotamian hills. - 4000BCE Tigris- planes colonized. - 3000BCE Farming communities spread from south-east to northwest . 5000BCE 4000BCE 3900BCE 3800BCE 3760BCE Dynastic conflicts in Upper and Lower . The first metal tools commonly used in agriculture (rakes, digging blades and ploughs) used as weapons by slaves and peasant ‘infantry’ – first mass usage of expendable soldiers. 3700BCE 3600BCE

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 1 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 3500BCE King Menes the Fighter is victorious in Nile conflicts, establishes ruling . Blast furnace used for smelting bronze used in . Sumerian civilization developed in south-east of Tigris-Euphrates river area, Akkadian civilization developed in north-west area – continual warfare. 3400BCE 3300BCE 3200BCE 3100BCE 3000BCE Bronze Age begins in and China. Egyptian military civilization developed. Composite re-curved bows being used. In , helmets made of copper-arsenic bronze with padded linings. , king of , first to use iron for weapons. Sage Kings in China refine use of bamboo weaponry. 2900BCE 2800BCE city-states unite for first time. 2700BCE Palestine invaded and occupied by Egyptian infantry and cavalry after Palestinian attacks on trade caravans in Sinai. 2600BCE 2500BCE Harrapan civilization developed in Indian valley. Copper, used for mace heads, found in Mesopotamia, , Palestine and Egypt. Sumerians make helmets, spearheads and axe blades from bronze. Socked axes designed. Sumerians use chariots, four-wheeled carts, no pivoting front axle, drawn by donkeys and wild asses. Lugazaggisi, king of Uruk, defeats Lagash Empire, with support from archers. 2400BCE

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 2 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 2350BCE King Sargon of the Akkadians bows and arrows mass produced in Mesopotamia. Seizes entire Semetic Empire, uses first ‘landscape diagrams’ to deploy his troops. 2250BCE Maps used in combat during Hsai dynasties. 2230BCE Guti people sweep through Babylonia, overthrow . 2130BCE The Guti are driven from Mesopotamia. 2000BCE Sumarian civilization falls. Advanced state societies develop in (Minoan), Greece (Mycenaean) and . Hitite tribes become unified around the Bosphorus. Their joint forces cross Euphrates, blunder Babylon and advance into Syria. Hitites master iron production, defeat Babylonians, to east, and Egyptians, to south, in battle. Helmets and body armour made of electrum in Egypt and Mesopotamia. Assyrian Empire establishes colony in (Turkey) to send metals to Mesopotamia. -1400BCE Crete uses ships with keels and ribs. 1900BCE Amorites conquer all of Mesopotamia. 1850BCE Babylonian civilization rises to political prominence under Amorites. 1831BCE China – Earthquake, epicentre Mount Tai. 1800BCE Warriors of the drive Egyptians south, achieving complete control of the Nile delta. 1760BCE Greeks use bronze to make armour, swords and spears. -1520 The Chinese Shang founded. 1700BCE Harrapan civilization falls to outside attacks. 1600BCE Iranian tribes begin using warhorses and light, two- wheeled chariots in Mesopotamia. Greece – Volcanic eruption on Santorini, thought to have caused Tsunami which may have led to damage in Crete. 1575BCE Egyptian forces, led by Pharoah Amosis I, use the Nile flooding and the first troop-carrying boats to liberate Upper Egypt from the Hyksos.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 3 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1500BCE Armour of overlapping scales of bronze, laced together or sewn onto a backing of padded fabric, used in Mesopotamia, Syria and Egypt. The sickle sword is developed, a bronze sword with a curved concave blade and straight, thick handle. 1450BCE Mycenaeans of mainland Greece take control of Crete. 1400BCE Phoenicians develop ships with two banks of rowers on both sides, and rams. Cleaning impurities from smelted iron produces stronger metals in Syria. Improved weaponry spreads to Egypt and Greece. 1300BCE 1299BCE Battle of Kadesh between Egypt and the Hitites, over control of Syria, result indecisive. 1250BCE Moses leads the Isrealites into Canaan. c. Mycenaean raiders, under Agamemmon, sack the city of Troy. 1200BCE Iron Age begins. Effective long bladed swords developed when iron can be hammered at tensile strength. 1193BCE Destruction of Troy, soldiers infiltrated into the city inside a large wooden horse. 1100BCE Mycenaean and Minoan civilizations destroyed by invading Dorians from northern/north-western Greece. They spread throughout Greece and Anatolia. 1090BCE Civil war in Egypt during of Rameses XI. 1027BCE Chou dynasty replaces Shang dynasty in China

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 4 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1000BCE c. begins to organize reoccupation oth the Ionian coasts and islands. c. Aryan peoples conquer the Indus Valley area. Perhaps first sculpted at Deir-el- Bahri, Egypt, depicts a wounded Syrian soldier, armed with iron weapons with his Egyptian wife and son. Philistines crush , first king of Israel, in battle. Jewish kingdom arises under King , following decline of Egyptian power. He unites Judah and Isreal, with as capital, brings water supply to the city through reinforced subterranean tunnels.

933BCE died. His kingdom divided between Rehoboam I, as king of Judah, and Jeroboam I as king of Isreal. Sheshonk I of Egypt seizes Jerusalem. 900BCE 890BCE 880BCE Assyrian Empire controls the trade routes between the Mesopotamia world and the Mediterranean world. 870BCE 860BCE 850BCE Hellenistic epics: Iliad and Odyssey, by Homer. 840BCE 830BCE 820BCE 813BCE founded as trading centre with Tyre. 810BCE 800BCE c. Tyre falls to the Assyrians, Carthage became the leader of the western Phoenicians. 790BCE Civil war in David’s kingdom. Amaziah, king of Judah, defeated by Israel, later killed by Judean rebels opposing his rule. 785BCE Homer describes advanced battlefield surgery.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 5 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 780BCE 6 September – first authenticated date in Chinese history – solar eclipse. 776BCE First Olympic games held in Olympia. 770BCE Etruscans introduce horse-drawn chariots to . Spoked wheels and horseshoes used by the Halstatt culture. 760BCE Celts move into . 760BCE Spartans colonize , 750BCE – Sparta gains hegemony in Greece. 740BCE 730BCE 720BCE Romulus, first king of , divides a year into 10 months, about 5,000 years after Egyptian solar observations showed there to be 12 lunar rotations annually. 710BCE 700BCE Achaemenids begin ruling Persia. 690BCE 680BCE -669BCE Assyrians conquer Egypt. 670BCE 665BCE King of Nineveh, one of the first tyrants to use his army against his own people 660BCE Assyrians destroy city of Babylon, army engineers divert Euphrates to cover site of city. 650BCE , Spartan rule challenged in Greece. 640BCE Judah submits to Assyrians, whose army moves to Egypt, destroys Memphis and Thebes. 630BCE Scythian raiders pillage Palestine and Syria. 625BCE , a Chaldean , seizes Babylonian throne, declares independence from Assyria. 620BCE Mayan civil wars in Mexico resolved. Phoenicians settle in . 612BCE -609BCE Medes of Persia and Chaldeans overthrow Assyrians, destroy Nineveh. 610BCE 600BCE The use of iron starts to replace bronze in China.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 6 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 590BCE 587BCE Nebuchadnezzar destroys Jerusalem, Jewish communities dispersed. 580BCE 570BCE 560BCE 550BCE Cyrus I rebels against the Medes, captures Ecbatana. 540BCE Etruscans and Carthaginians unite at battle of Alalia. 539BCE Persians, under Cyrus the Great, capture Babylonia. 530BCE 520BCE 510BCE 505BCE Etruscans defeat Romans. 500BCE 499BCE -494BCE Persia suppresses revolts of Ionian cities. 490BCE -449BCE Greco-Persian wars. Persians use elephants when defeated by Miltiades at Marathon. 481BCE An age of warring states begins in China. 480BCE Battle of Thermopylae. Athens burned, Acropolis destroyed. Themistocle, creator of the Greek navy, agrees to lead the Athenian squadron against the Persians. The Carthaginians, led by Hamilcar Barca, defeated at Himera, , by Gelo of Syracuse.

479BCE The Greeks, led by Spartan general Pausanias, defeat Persians, at Plataea. 478BCE Walls of Athens rebuilt, harbour of fortified. 477BCE 306 Roman Fabii and their armed supporters, slaves etc are slaughtered at Cremera by invading Etruscan forces. 470BCE Cimon, son of Miltiades leads campaigns against Persian army.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 7 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 466BCE Cimon destroys Persian army at Eurymedon. 200 Persian ships are sunk or captured. 465BCE Gelo forms one of the first all volunteer armies, when democracy established in Syracuse. 464BCE Greece – Earthquake measuring 7.2Mw, epicentre in Sparta. 460BCE Persians collapse in battle on Cyprus. 450BCE 449BCE Artaxerxes recognizes independence of all Greek city-states at the of Callias. 448BCE Aspasia, mistress of Pericles, rules Athenian society, one of the first women involved in military command. 445BCE 30 year formal truce agreed between Athens and Sparta. 440BCE Jerusalem is fortified, Nehemiah and Ezra raise walls at the Rock/Temple Mount. Rhodes is fortified, Hippodamus of Miletus builds protected harbour and walled town. 431BCE Peloponnesian wars between Athens and Sparta, dispite ’30 years truce.’ 430BCE 429BCE Pericles died, succeeded by joint rule of Cleon and Nicias. 426BCE Greece – Tsunami hit Maliakos Bay. 421BCE ‘Peace of Nicias’, initiates a ’50 year truce’ (lasts 6 years) 420BCE Cleon died. Alcibiades moves against Nicias, persuades Athenians to ally themselves with Argos, Elis and Mantinea against Sparta. 410BCE 408BCE Guerrilla warfare against Persian rule by Medes, they are put down by King Darius. 406BCE I the Elder introduces catapults as weapons, sometimes firing hot shot.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 8 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 401BCE ‘Retreat of Ten Thousand’ a Greek army led by Xenophon, aiding Persian Cyrus, defeated at Cunaxa. 10,000 survivors marched home across 1,000 of enemy territory. 400BCE Carthaginians occupy . 399BCE Dionysus I the Elder directs his engineers to construct engines for war with Carthage, the result is the Gastrophetes, a large crossbow. 396BCE The Carthaginian army destroys , Sicily. 390BCE Gauls from northern Italy, under Brennus, capture, sack and burn Rome 384BCE Manilus Capitolinus, accused of royal ambitions after the failed defence of Rome, is thrown to his death from the Tarpeian Rock. 380BCE 379BCE Revolt against Spartan rule in Thebes. ‘Massacre of the Spartan tyrants’ by Pelopidas and Epaminondas. 377BCE Walls built around Rome. 373BCE Greece – Earthquake and tsunami destroyed Helike.. 371BCE Battle of Leuctra, Epaminondas leads Theban forces to victory against Spartan army. 370BCE 365BCE Eastern Mediterranean – 21 Jul – Earthquake and tsunami hit Alexandria. 360BCE 356BCE Alexander of Macedon (), son of Philip II, born. 355BCE The Great Wall of China is started as a partial protection against the Huns. 352BCE Philip II became king of . 350BCE 343BCE Philip II of Macedon supports Thebans in ‘The Sacred War’ against Phocians. 340BCE

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 9 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 336BCE Philip II assassinated at Aegaeby, Alexander I the Great, succeeds him. 335BCE Alexander I the Great destroys Thebes, in revenge for his father’s death. 333BCE Alexander begins campaigns against Persian Empire by defeating Darius at Issus. 332BCE Port of Alexandria established. Macedonians conquer Tyre and Jerusalem. 331BCE At Gaugamela, Alexander’s army uses long spears (6m), stabbing swords and small oval shields, against Persians 330BCE Alexander the Great takes Babylonia, plans to make it seat of his empire. 329BCE Macedonians occupy and Persepolis. 328BCE Alexander I the Great marries Bactrian princess, Roxana. 327BCE Alexander invades India. -304 Wars between Romans and Samnites of amcient Italy. 326BCE Alexander the Great extends his empire to the Indus river 323BCE June. Alexander I the Great died of a fever at Babylon. His conquests are divided, Ptolemies take Egypt, Seleucids take Syria-.

322BCE Conflict erupts among Alexandrine generals. 321BCE Romans defeated at Caudine Forks against Samnites. Chandragupta Maurya develops empire in Ganges and Indus river valley areas by re-conquering northern India from Macedonians. Mauryan dynasty established. 320BCE Romans inflict Samnites losses at Lucerian. 319BCE Polysperchon restores liberty to Helenic city- states. 316BCE Cassander takes over Macedonia as and puts Alexander’s mother, Olympias, to death. 311BCE End of civil wars in Alexander’s former empire. Lysiachus takes Thrace, Antigonus takes Minor (Turkey).

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 10 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 310BCE Romans inflict Samnites losses at Vadimonian Lake. Macedonian Nearchus completes exploration and first charting of Persian Gulf, the Euphrates and parts of Indian Ocean. (originally ordered by Alexander in 325BCE) 309BCE Romans inflict Samnites losses at . 308BCE Ptolemy Soter established the great museum and library at Alexandria. (Become one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World) 307BCE Carthaginians besiege Syracuse. 300BCE Chainmail appears in Greek art. Mechanical artillery began to use torsion in addition to tension power. 298BCE -290 Third Samnite War, extension of Roman power over Etruscans and . 290BCE 289BCE Romans defeated at Atrium by Senones, a Goaulish tribe. 283BCE Romans invade and conquer Corsica. 280BCE A small army, commanded by Pyrrhus, king of , lands in Italy. 279BCE Pyrrhus rallies his troops to drive a Roman force from the field at Aesculum, with the help of Tarentine infantry, of whom nearly all were killed. 278BCE Reinforcements from Tarentum and Epirus arrive to help Pyrrhus but many are again killed by Romans. 275BCE Further support from Argos but Pyrrhus suffers defeat at Beneventum, and later killed by rioters in Nauplia, protesting his incompetence. 274BCE Military caste of Babylon collapses. Babylonians re-established in new fortified city of . 272BCE -231BCE Ashoka expands Maurya empire in Ganges and Indus river valley areas. 270BCE 266BCE is conquered by Romans.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 11 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 264BCE -241BCE between Rome and Carthage. Appius Claudius Pulcher defeats Heiro of Syracuse at Messana. Romans develop boarding ramps for their ships. Romans use the gladius (0.60m) stabbing sword. 260BCE 259BCE Romans encounter advanced Greek medicine, especially for battlefield trauma, from Greek prisoners of war. 256BCE Roman fleet defeats Cartaginians at Ecnomus 255BCE Regulus, attacking Carthage, is captured by Xanthippus the Spartan 250BCE England - Le Tène, Iron Age people of , 250BCE The unsuccessful siege of Lilybaeum, by Romans. invade southern England, with little resistance. 246BCE Hamilcar Barca takes command of Carthaginian forces in Sicily. Birth of , the Great. 241BCE Hamilcar makes peace with Rome 240BCE 238BCE Carthage begins its conquest of 230BCE 226BCE Rhodes – Earthquake. 221BCE Age of warring states in China ends as the warrior state Ch’in predominates all others. 220BCE 219BCE -201BCE . Hannibal crosses the via the Little St Bernard Pass, invading Italy from the north 218BCE Hannibal takes Torino and crushes Roman forces under Publius Cornelius Scipio at Ticinus river. 217BCE Hannibals war elephants and cavalry contribute to Roman defeat at Lake Trasimene. 216BCE Romans defeated at Battle of Cannae, Hannibal’s army slaughters over 50,000. Philip V of Macedon makes formal alliance with Hannibal.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 12 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 212BCE Romans attempt to distract Carthaginian attention to Sicily, under Marcellus, they seize and burn Syracuse. Greek mathematician Achimedes killed . 211BCE Carthaginians reach walls of Rome. Hannibal’s brother, Hasdrubal, defeated by Romans at a ford on Metaurus river. Hasdrubal’s force retreats north, Hannibal goes to south. 210BCE 209BCE Shih Huang Ti, of China, died, rebellion begins. 207BCE Han dynasty supplants Ch’in in China, adopt principles of Confucius. 202BCE General Scipio Africanus defeats Hannibal’s exhausted army at Zena. 200BCE 197BCE A Roman expeditionary force demolishes Philip V’s Macedonian army at Cyconscephelae. Asia Minor – II became king of Pergamum. 195BCE Hannibal flees to Syria, given sanctuary by King Antiochus III. 192BCE Hannibal lands , with Syrian forces, in Greece. 191BCE Battle of Thermopylae, Romans dismember Antiochus’ forces, pursue them to Magnesia. 190BCE Antiochus’ forces surrender to Romans at Magnesia. – Became king. 189BCE Rhodian galleys off the Eurymedon river defeat Hannibal. 185BCE India - Pusyamitra Sunga became emperor of the Shunga dynasty which displaced the Mauryan rule in India. 182BCE Hannibal commits suicide in Libyssa, to deny Roman demands for his extradition. 180BCE China – Wen became emperor of the Han Dynasty 172BCE Rome and Macedon at war, King Perseus inflicts initial defeats on Roman forces. 170BCE – Eucratides I became king.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 13 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 168BCE Roman legions regroup at Pydna, Perseus defeated. -167BCE Persecution of around Jerusalem, by Antiochus IV. Desecration of the Temple provokes .

165BCE Judas Maccabaeus rededicates re-dedicates the Temple after expelling Syrians. 160BCE – Judas Maccabeus killed during Battle of Elasa. Jonathan Maccabeus became leader of Maccabees. Armenia – Artaxias I died, Artavasded I became king. 159BCE Seleucid Empire – Alcimis re-established as High Priest, after Seleucid victory in . Bactria – King Eucratides I died. 158BCE Asia Minor – Eumenes II died, Attalus II Philadelphus became king of Pergamum. 157BCE Seleucid Empire – Jonathan Maccabeus recognised as a minor king. China – Emperor Wen of Han died. 156BCE – First Dalmatian War began. 155BCE Roman Republic – Romans conquered Delminium, the Dalmatians were compelled to pay tribute to Rome – end of First Dalmatian War. Bactria – Menander I became king of Indo-Greek Kingdom. 154BCE China – Rebellion of the Seven States. 153BCE Greece – Parts of Sikyon destroyed by earthquake. 152BCE 151BCE India – Pusyamitra Sunga died, his son Agnimitra became emperor.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 14 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 150BCE Seleucid Empire – Demetrius I Soter killed in battle, Alexander Balas became king. Alexander Balas married Thea. Asia Minor – Mithridates IV Philopator Philadelphus died, Mithridates V Eurgetesbecame king of Pontus. 149BCE Roman Republic – -146BCE . Roman supremacy is total. – Battle of Carthage began. Macedon – Andriscus became king. – Prusias II was assassinated, Nicomedes II became king. 148BCE Ireland – Corlea Trackway built in County 148BCE Roman Republic – Battle of Pydna. Longford. Construction of Via Postumia, links Aquileia and Genua. 147BCE Africa – Carthage razed and levelled, less than 50,000 survive, sold into slavery. Greece – Macedonia became part of Roman Republic. 146BCE Roman Republic – Roman legions reign supreme in seven imperial provinces – Corsica/, Transalpina, Gallia, Macedonia, Sicily, plus the ‘two ’ on Iberian Pennisula and ‘Africa’ (the southern Mediterranean rim). Rome became the sole superpower. Africa – Carthage falls to Roman forces. End of Third Punic War. Greece – Battle of Corinth, Greece became Roman province, art and treasure taken to Rome. 145BCE Syria – Battle of . Egypt - Ptolemy VI killed in battle, succeded by Ptolemy VII who is assassinated, succeded by Ptolemy VIII. 144BCE Roman Republic – Aqua Marcia aquaduct built in Rome. – Parthians take Babylonia. 143BCE Roman Republic – Celtiberian War ends. Judea – High Priest Jonathan Maccabaeus killed. 142BCE Roman Republic – Bridge over Tiber river completed. Judea – Simon Maccabaeus became High Priest.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 15 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 141BCE China – Emperor Jing of Han died, succeded by Wu of Han. Judea – Simon Maccabaeus became prince. 140BCE Judea – Simon Maccabaeus became king. China – Han Wudi became emperor. 139BCE Roman Republic – Lusitanian War ends. 138BCE Parthia – King Mithridates I died, Phraates II became emperor. 137BCE Roman Republic – Slaves in Sicily revolt against Romans. Valencia founded. Numantian War begins. Sri Lanka – King Dutugemunu died. 136BCE China – Confucianism adopted as state religion by emperor Wu Di. 135BCE Roman Republic – begins. Bactria – King Menander I died, succeded by Epander. Judea – High Priest and prince Simon Maccabaeus killed. 134BCE Roman Republic – Siege of Numantia. Judea – John Hyrcanus became high priest and prince. 133BCE Roman Republic – Asia Minor (Turkey) seized as Rome’s eight province. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus elected tribune. China – June – Battle of Mayi. 132BCE Roman Republic – First Servile War ends. Tiberius Gracchus assassinated. 131BCE Roman Republic – Aristonicus of leads uprising against Rome. 130BCE 129BCE Syria – Antiochus VII Sidetes killed in Battle of Ecbatana 128BCE 127BCE Parthia – defeat Parthians. 126BCE Syria – Demetrius II died, Seleucus V Philometor became king, Cleopatra Thea acts as regent.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 16 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 125BCE Syria – Seleucus V Philometor killed by Cleopatra Thea, who takes throne with Antiochus VIII Grypus as co-ruler. 124BCE Parthia – Artabanus I died, Mithridates II became king. 123BCE Roman Republic – Gaius Gracchus became tribune. Carthage re-established as headquarters of Africa province. 122BCE Roman Republic – Marcus Fulvius Flaccus and Gaius Gracchus become tribunes. Gracchus passes law requiring state to provide weapons and equipment for 121BCE Roman Republic – Tribunal established in Rome that executes 3,000 followers of Gracchus. Asia – Chineses defeat Xiongnu. 120BCE 119BCE Roman Republic – Second Dalmatian War begins. Greece – Hipparchus became of Athens. Asia – Battle of Mobei 118BCE Roman Republic – Roman colony of Narbo Martius founded in Gallia Transalpina. Second Dalmatian War ends. Numidia – Divided into three pasrts after death of king Micipsa. Each third ruled by Adherbal, Hiempsal I and Jugurtha. 117BCE 116BCE Egypt – Ptolemy VIII Physcon died, Ptolemy IX Philometor Soter II Lathyros became king. 115BCE Roman Republic – is in Rome. Middle East –Beginning of empire that will become China. Warriors of Ch’in return from north-west, cross Lop Nor Desert and occupy Tarim Basin. Parthia makes trade treaty with China. Kingdom of Sheba collapses.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 17 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 114BCE Roman Republic – First temple of Venus built. Asia Minor – Mithridates VI Eupator became king of Bosporus. 113BCE Roman Republic – Germanic tribes attack Gaul and northern Spain. War between Celtiberians and Romans. Persia – Antiochus IX Cyzicenus became king of Seleucid. 112BCE Roman Republic –Jugurtha declares war against Romans. Asia – Silk Road opens. 111BCE Roman Republic – Fire in Rome. Asia – Han Empire annexes Vietnamese kingdom of Nam Viet. China – Jiuquan founded as military outpost on Silk Road. 110BCE Ireland – king Edersceal died. 110BCE Asia – Han Dynasty of China annexes Minyue. 109BCE 108BCE Roman Republic – Battle of Muthul. Asia – Battle of Loulan. 107BCE 106BCE Asia – Chinese and Persians establish diplomatic ties. 105BCE Roman Republic – Marcus Aurelius Scaurus (politician and general) executed as prisoner of war. 6 October – Battle of Arausio. End of . 104BCE Roman Republic – Gaius Marius became consul. Jugurtha thrown into Tullianum and died of starvation. Athenion starts a in Segesta (Sicily). Judea – John Hyrcanus died, Aristobulus I became king and high priest. 103BCE Roman Republic – Gaus Marius prepares campaign against Ambrones and Teutones settled in Gaul. Judea – Aristobulus I died, Alexander Jannaeus became king and high priest.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 18 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 102BCE Roman Republic – Battle of Aquae Sextae. 101BCE Roman Republic – Battle of Campi Raudii. Battle of Vercellae. Libya – Ptolemy Apion inherits kingdom of . Egypt – Cleopatra III assassinated by her son Ptolemy X Alexander. 100BCE Roman Republic – Lucius Valerius Flaccus and Gaius Marius become Consuls. Romans develop the pilum, a (1.50m) long weapon, with one third being a spearhead. 99BCE Roman Republic – Aulus Postumius Albinus and Marcus Antonius Orator become Consuls. 98BCE Roman Republic – Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos and Titus Didius become Consuls. 97BCE Roman Republic – Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus and Publius Licinius Dives become Comnsuls. The bans human sacrifices. displays a hunt in games at Rome for the first time. 96BCE Roman Republic – Gaius Cassius Longinus and Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus become Consuls. Greece – Antiochus VIII Grypus died, his son Seleucus VI Epiphanes became king of the Seleucid Empire. 95BCE Roman Republic – - Lucius Licinius Crassus and Quintus Mucius Scaevola Pontifex become Consuls. Greece – Seleucus VI Epiphanes deposed, Philip I Philaedelphus and Antiochus XI Ephiphanes become co-rulers. Asia Monor – the Great became king of Armenia. 94BCE Roman Republic – Gaius Coelius Caldus and Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus become Consuls. Anatolia – Nicomedes IV became king of Bithynia. India – Shakas start to control the northwest.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 19 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 93BCE Roman Republic – Gaius Valerius Flaccus and Marcus Herennius become Consuls. Asia Minor – Ariobarzanes I Philoromanus became king of . Arshak I became king of Caucasian Iberia. 92BCE Roman Republic – Gaius Claudius Pulcer and Marcus Perperna become Consuls. Roman-Persian Wars begins. Gaius Sentius became Roman governor of Macedonia. 91BCE Roman Republic – Sextus and Lucius Marcius Philippus become Consuls. 90BCE Roman Republic – Lucius Julius Caesae and Publius Rutilus Lupus become Consuls. The Etruscans are granted Roma citizenship. 89BCE Roman Republic – Gnaeus Pompeius and Lucius Porcius Cato become Consuls. Battle of Fucine Lake. Battle of Asculum. begins. 88BCE Roman Republic – Social War ends. First Civil War begins. 87BCE Roman Republic – elected Consul of Rome. Sulla besieges Athens. China – Emperor Han Wudi died. 86BCE Roman Republic – 1March – Sulla captures Athens. Battle of Tenedos. Battle of Chaeronea. 85BCE Roman Republic – Battle of . 84BCE Roman Republic – First Mithridatic War ends. 83BCE Roman Republic – Battle of Mount Tifata. begins. Fire destroys the Temple of Jupiter. 82BCE Roman Republic – Battle of the Colline Gate 81BCE Roman Republic – Sulla appointed dictator. Second Mithridatic War ends.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 20 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 80BCE Roman Republic – Battle of the Baetis River Egypt – Ptolemy XII Auletes became king. Alexandria comes under Roman rule. 79BCE Roman Republic – Lucius Cornelius Sulla renounces his dictatorship. 78BCE Roman Republic – Marcus Aemilius Lepidus became Consul in Rome. Third Dalmatrian War begins. 77BCE Roman Republic – City of Tigranakert built. Sri Lanka – King Duttagamani died. 76BCE Roman Republic – End of Third Dalmatian War Judea – King Alexander Jannaeus died. -67BCE Salome Alexandra became queen. -66BCE Hyrcanus II became High Priest of Jerusalem. 75BCE Roman Republic – Cicero is quaestor in Rome. Battle of . Greece – Julius Caesar kidnapped by Cilician pirates. 74BCE Roman Republic – Battle of Cyzicus. Cyrene became a Roman province. Spain – Pamplona founded. 73BCE Britain – Heli died, Lud became king. 73BCE Roman Republic – begins. India – End of Sunga Empire. 72BCE Roman Republic – Battle of Cabira. Quintus Sertorius assassinated by Arcus Perperna. Spain – End of . Gaul – The Helvetti, under Ariovistus, invade. 71BCE Roman Republic – End of Third Servile War. Revolt of slaves and gladiators, led by Sparticus. Legions led by consuls and Crassus, crush revolt, inflicting thousands of rapes, mutilations and crucifixions. Nessebar comes under Roman rule. 70BCE Parthia – Phraates III became king.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 21 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 69BCE Roman Republic – Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus and Quitus Hortensius become Consuls. Antiochus XIII Asiaticus installed as king of Syria. Battle of . Euphrates re-established as a frontier. Gaius Julius Caesar ia a quaestor in spain. Egypt – Ptolemy XII deposes Cleopatra V, becoming sole ruler. 68BCE Roman Republic – Lucius Caecilius Metellus and Quintus Marcius Rex become Consuls. Gaius Antonius Hybrida became Praetor. 6 October – Battle of . Ostia sacked by pirates. –Abgar II became ruler. Greece – Romans colonize Crete. 67BCE Roman Republic – Manius Acilius Glabrio and Gaius Calpurnius Piso become Copnsuls. Pompey divides the Mediterranean into 13 zones, to each assigns fleet under an admiral. Judea – Queen Salome Alexandra died, Hyrcanus II became king. Pontus – Mithridates VI invades Pontus. China – December – Battle of Jushi. 66BCE Roman Republic – Manius Aemilius Lepidus and Lucius Volcatius Tullus become Consuls. Gaius Antomius became Praetor. Cicero became Praetor of Sicily. Alliance between Mithridates VI of Pontus and Tigranes II of Armenia is broken. Battle of the Lycus. Judea – -63BCE Aristobulus II became king and high priest. 65BCE Roman Republic – Senate passes the Lex Papia, expelling all foreigners from Rome. 64BCE Roman Republic – Agrarian Reform Law proposed. Pompey destroys , annexes Syria and Judea. Syria – Antiochus XIII Asiaticus deposed.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 22 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 63BCE Roman Republic – Pompey’s legions conquer Palestine, absorb it into ninth Roman province of Syria, overthrowing Seleucid Empire. Massacre of 12,000 Jews on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. Julius Caesar elected Pontifex Maximus. Pontus – Mithridates VI commits suicide, Pharnaces II become king. 62BCE Roman Republic – 5 January – Battle of Pistoria. Caesar divorces Pompeia. Commagene – King Antiochus I Theos builds his mountain-top tomb at Mount Nemrut. 61BCE Roman Republic – Gaius Julius Caesar wins his first victory as a general against rebels in Iberia. Caesar became governor of Hispania, creates Legio X Gemina 60BCE Roman Republic – Gaius Julius Caesar returns to Rome, elected consul, forms ‘First Triumvirate’ with Crassus and Pompey. Advocates extension of Roman colonies in Switzerland, France and Britain 59BCE Roman Republic – Gaius Julius Caesar and Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus become Consuls. Caesar marries Calpurnia. Colonia of Florentia () founded. 58BCE Roman Republic – Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus and Aulus Gabinius become Consuls. Publius Clodius Pulcher institutes a monthly corn dole for poor Romans. Cyprus became a Roman province. Gallic War begins. Julius Caesar became a Procinsul, leads Legions VII, VIII, IX and X into Gaul. Caesar builds 19 earthwork and fortifications between Lake Geneva and the Jura Mountains. June – Battle of Arar. July – Battle of Bibracte. September – Battle of Vosges. Egypt – Berenice IV became queen. Asia – Jumong became ruler of Buyeo.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 23 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 57BCE Roman Republic – Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther and Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos Iunior becom Consuls. May – Battle of Axona. September – Battle of Sabis. Parthia – Mithridates III became king. Asia – City of Gwangju founded in South Korea. 56BCE Roman Republic – Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus and Lucius Marcius Philippus become Consuls. 55BCE Britain – August - Caesar dispatches an 55BCE Roman Republic – and expedition to Britain, deploying new Roman Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus become Consuls. warships with catapults, to subdue resistance on Caesar conquers Northern Gaul. landing. May – Caesar defeats Germanic army, massacre women and children, totalling 430,000 people. June – Ceasar crosses the river near Bonn, Parthia – Battle of Seleucia, 54BCE England – Southern England became part of 54BCE Roman Republic – Appius Claudius Pulcher and Roman Republic following Julius Caesars second Lucius Dominitius Ahenobarbus become Consuls. expedition. He receives a nominal submission Winter – Revolts in Gaul. from Cassivellaunus and installs Mandubracius as Pompey builds first permanent theatre in Rome. king. 53BCE Roman Republic – Marcus Valerius Messalla and Gnaeus Dominitius Calvinus become Consuls. Crassus defeated and killed by Parthians at . Roman Merchants massacred at Cenabum (Orléans). Caesar and Pompey compete for control of Rome. Armenia – Artavasdes II became king. 52BCE Roman Republic – Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus become Consuls. Pompey marries Cornelia Metalla. – Siege of (Bourges). April/May – Siege of Gergovia. July – Battle of Vingeanne. Siege of Alesia.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 24 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 51BCE Roman Republic – Marcus Claudius Marcellus and Servius Sulpicicius Rufus become Consuls. Egypt – Spring – Pharaoh Pytolemy XII died, succeeded by his daughter Cleopatra VII and son Ptolemy XIII. Asia – The Hsiung-nu split into two hordes. 50BCE Roman Republic – Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Claudius Marcellus Minor become Consuls. The Scorpio was invented. Roman Republic take control of Judea. 49BCE Roman Republic – Lucius Comelius Lentulus Crus and Gaius Claudius Marcellus Maior become Consuls. 10 January – Julius Caesar leads army across the Rubicon, initiating Civil War. February – Pompey flees to Epirus. 9 March – Caesar advances against Pompeian army in Spain. 2 August – Pompeians in Ilerda surrender to Caesar. 24 August – Gaius Scribonius Curio defeated in , in Battle of the Bagradas River. September – Battle of Massilla. October – Caesar appointed Dictator in Rome. 48BCE Roman Republic – Gaius Julius Caesar and Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus become Consuls. 10 July – Battle of . 9 August – Battle of Pharsalia, Caesar outflanks and defeats Pompey. Siege of Alexandria. Battle of Nicopolis December – Battle of Alexandria, part of the library burned down. Asia – Yuan became Emperor of Han Dynasty.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 25 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 47BCE Roman Republic – Quintus Fufius Calenus and Publius Vatinius become Consuls. February – Battle of the Nile, Julius Caesar and Cleopatra VII defeat rival Egyptian Queen Arsinoe IV. May – Battle of Zela, Caesar defeats Phamaces II of Pontus. Pompey murdered in Egypt on orders of Queen Cleopatra VII. Battle of Mount Tabor in Judea. 46BCE Roman Republic – Gaius Julius Caesar and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus become Consuls. 4 Jan – Battle of Ruspina, Titus Lebienus defeats Julius Caesar. 6 April – Julius Caesar defeats Pompeian and Numidian armies. Ceasar creates the Julian calendar. 45BCE Roman Republic – Gaius Julius Caesar became Consol. 17 March – Battle of Munda, Titus Labenus died. Legion XIIII Gemina and Legion X Equestris demobilized. Ceaser named dictator for life. 44BCE Roman Republic – Gaius Julius Ceasar and become Consuls. 15 March – Conspirators, led by Marcus Brutus and Cassius Longinus, murder Julius Caesar, dictator of Rome. 20 March – Funeral of Julius Ceasar. Mark Antony became first man in Rome. Pharaoh Cleopatra VII declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion. Europe – Comsius became king of .

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 26 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 43BCE Roman Republic – Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus and Aulus Hirtius become Consuls. Octavian confirmed as Propraetor. Gaius Antonius defeated by Marcus Junius Brutus at Dyrrachium. 14 April – Battle of Forum Gallorum. 21 April – Battle of Mutina. Sextus Pompey became supreme commander of . Gaius Cassius became Proconsul of Syria. July-Aug – Octavian enters Rome. 7 Dec – Marcus Tullius Cicero killed. Gaul – Lugdunum () founded. 42BCE Roman Republic – Battle of Philippi. Brutus and Cassius commit suicide after their army is defeated by legions led by ‘the Second Triumvirate’. Roman Republic and Egypt – Mark Anthony allies with Cleopatra, last queen of Egypt, decisive combat takes place at sea, between war galleys of Roman and Egyptian fleets. 41BCE Roman Republic – Lucius Antonius and Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus become Consuls. . Lucius and Fulvia defeated in Battle of Perugia. 40BCE Roman Republic – Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus and Gaius Asinius Polio become Consuls. Seige of Perusia, Lucius Antonius surrenders to Octavian. Octavian divorces Clodia Pilchra, marries Scribonia. Treaty of Brundisium. Roman ships designed with larger catapults and towers. Parthia – Parthians conquer Jeruselem. Antigonus the Hasmonean became king of Judea. 39BCE Roman Republic – Battle at Taurus Mountains. 38BCE Roman Republic – 17 Jan – Octavian marries Livia. Treaty of Tarentum signed. Battle of Cyrrhestica.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 27 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 37BCE Roman Republic – Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Titus Statilius Taurus become Consuls. Second Pact of Tarentum. Romans conquer Jerusalem from Parthians. Herod the Great became king of Judea. Ananelus became High Priest of Judea. Roman ships strengthened with beams around waterline. Korea – Kingdom of Goguyeo founded by Dongmyeong. 36BCE Roman Republic – Lucius Gellius Publicola and Marcus Cocceius Nerva become Consuls. Mark Antony lauched a offensive against Parthians. Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa secures Liparis Islands. Agrippa received Naval Crowm(corona navalis). Mark Antony marries Cleopatra VII. Astrobulus III became High Priest in Jerusalem. 3 Sept – Battle of Naulochaus. Asia – Oct-Dec – Battle of Zhizhi.

35BCE Roman Republic – Illyria became a Roman Province. 34BCE Roman Republic – Mark Antony and Lucius Scribonius Libo become Consuls. Mark Antony advances into Armenia and arrests king Artavases II. Donations of Alexandria 33BCE Roman Republic – Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian and Lucius Volcatius Tullus become Consul. Marcus Vipsanius built Aqua Julia in Rome. China – Crown Prince Ao became Emperor Cheng. 32BCE Roman Republic – Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus and Gaius Sosius become Consuls. July – Roman Senate declares war on Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII. Octavian proclaimed Dux.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 28 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 31BCE Roman Republic – Battle of Actium. Octavian’s ships defeat the fleet loyal to Cleopatra and Mark Anthony, they kill themselves following Octavian’s victory. Egypt became a Roman province. 30BCE Roman Republic – Octavian takes the name Augustas after the overthrow of the Ptolemies. as virtual, and later actual, emperor. Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian and Marcus Lucinius Crassus Dives become Consuls. Egypt – 1 August – Octavian Caesar captures Alexandria. Cleopatra commits suicide, Ptolemy XV Caesarion executed. 29BCE Roman Republic – Octavian Caesar and Sextus Appuleius become Consuls. 28BCE Roman Republic – Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian and Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa become consuls.

27BCE – 16 Jan-17 Aug 14AD – Caesar Divi Filius became . Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian and Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa become consuls. Construction of old Pantheon begins. 26BCE Roman Empire – Caesar Augustus and Titus Statilius Taurus become Consul. Campaign agains the Cantabrians in northern Hispania. Greece – Dioteimus Alaieus became Archon of Athens. India – The Andhra dynasty replaces the Kanva dynasty. 25BCE Roman Empire – Caesar Augustus and Marcus Junius Silanus become Consuls. Temple of Neptune built on Circus Flaminius, Rome. became Roman province after King Amyntas’ death. 24BCE Roman Empire – Caesar Augustus and Gaius Norbanus Flaccus become Consuls. City of Nicopolis founded in Egypt.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 29 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 23BCE Roman Empire – Caesar Augustus and Aulus Terentius Varro Murena become Consuls. Nubians attack Roman province of Egypt. Vitruvius writes De Architectura (the Ten Books of Architecture). Israel - Herod the Great builds palace in Jerusalem and fortress in Judaea. 22BCE Roman Empire – Lucius Arruntius and Marcus Claudius Marcellus Aeserninus become Consuls. Aemilius Lepidus Paullus and Lucius Munatius Plancus become Censors. Legions III and XXII with Gaius Petronu, goveronor of Egypt, destroy the Napata. Armenia – Artaxias II claims throne. 21BCE 20BCE Roman Empire – Peace treaty between Rome and Parthia. King Herod the Great begins renovation of the Temple of Jerusalem. 19BCE Roman Empire – Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa completed the Aqua Virgo (Rome). 18BCE Roman Empire – Caesar Augustus introduces Julian Laws. 17BCE 16BCE Roman Empire – Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus and Publius Cornelius Scipio become Consuls. Noricum incorporated into Roman Empire. Trier made capital of German province. 15BCE Roman Empire – Marcus Livius Drusus Libo and Lucius Calpurnius Piso become Consuls. Nero Claudius Drusus improves passage through the Alps to , builds Via Claudia Augusta through Italy. (Vindobona) became a frontier city. Augsburg () founded as Augusta Vindelicorum. Chur (Switzerland) became capital of Roman province Rhaetia.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 30 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 14BCE Roman Empire – Nero Claudius Drusus fortifies Augusta Vangionum (Worms, Germany). Caesar Augustus makes Beeroth (Beirut) a clonia, named Colonia Julia Felix Berytus. Winter – Legion X stationed in Syria. 13BCE Roman Empire – Tiberius Claudius Nero and Publius Quinctilius Varus become Consuls. Nero Claudius Drusus builds Castrum Monguntiacum (, Germany) Drusus granted governor of Gaul. 12BCE Roman Empire – Marcus Valerius Messalla Appianus and Publius Sulpicius Quirinius become Consuls. Emperor Augustus given title Pontifex Maximus. 11BCE Roman Empire – Quintus Aelius Tubero and Paullus Fabius Maximus become Consuls. Battle of Lupia River – Romans win victory in Germania. Drusus builds wooden camp Castellum Bonna near the Rhine. 10BCE Roman Empire – Africanus Fabius Maximus and Iullus Antonius become Consuls. Obelisk of Montecitorio brought from Egypt to Rome by Emperor Augustus. Germany – Bridge built across Rhine near Bonn. Roman camp established at Speyer. 9BCE Roman Empire – Roman legions, led by Drusus and Tiberius, push into Germania and extend boundaries of the empire to river . Nero Claudius Druses died after fall from horse. incorporated in Roman Empire as part of Illyria. 8BCE 7BCE Roman Empire – Tiberius Claudius Nero and Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso become Consuls. 6BCE Judaea is annexed by Rome. 5BCE

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 31 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 4BCE Palestine – Herod the Great died. Herod Archelaus became ruler of Judea. Herod Antipas became tetrarch of Galilee and Perea. 3BCE Roman Empire – Lucius Domitius Abenobarbus commands Roman army in Germania, crosses river Elbe. 2BCE Roman Empire – Emperor Augustus proclaimed Pater Patriae, “Father of the Country”, by Roman Senate. Julia the Elder, daughter of Augustus exiled to Pandateria for treason and adultery. Asia – – Phraates IV murdered by his son a wife. became king. 1BCE China – Emperor Ai of Han died, succeeded by Ping of Han, aged 9, Wang Mang appointed regent.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 32 CE CE CE Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1 Roman Empire – -5 – Tiberius quells revolts in Germainia. Gaius Ceasar and Lucius Aemilius Paullus appointed Consuls. The Aqua Alsientina aquaduct constructed in Rome. Silk appears in Rome. Greece – Aurius Paianeius became Archon of Athens. China – Emperor Ping begins his reign. Africa – Aksumite Empire founded. Amanishakheto, Queen of Kush, died, her son Natakamani succeeds her. 2 Roman Empire – Publius Alfenus Varus and Publius Vinicius appointed Consuls. Greece – Cedeides became Archon of Athens. China – Census shows a population of nearly 60 million. Vietnam – Census shows a population of nearly 1 million. 3 Roman Empire – Lucius Aelius Lamia and Marcus Valerius Messalla Messallinus appointed Consuls. Greece – Menneas became Archon of Athens. Korea – King Yuri of Goguryeo moved the capital from Jolbon Fortress to Gumgnae Fortress. 4 Roman Empire – Sectus Aelius Catus became Consul. The Lex Aelia Sentia passed to regulate the manumission of slaves. Marcus Plautius Silvanus appointed Proconsul of Asia. Greece – Polianus Maradonius became Archon of Athens. 5 Roman Empire – Gnaeus Cornelius Cinna Magnus and Lucius Valerius Mesalla Volesus become Consuls. Tiberius conquers Germania Inferior. Greece – Polycharmus Azenius became Archon of Athens.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 33 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 6 Roman Empire – Iudea and become Roman provinces. Syria is guarded by Legions III, VI, X and XII. Emperor Augustus sets up a treasury to pay bonuses to retiring legion veterans. Marcus Aemilius and Lucius Arruntius become Consuls. Greece – Theophilus became Archon of Athens. China – 3 Feb – Emperor Ping Di died aged 14; Wang Mang succeeds him, aged 2. 7 Roman Empire – Pannonians, Dalmatians and revolt against Roman rule. Publius Quincilius Varus appointed governor of Germania. Abgarus of deposed as king of Osroene. Construction of the Temple of Concord starts. Asia – Vonones I became ruler of Parthia. 8 Britain – Tincomarus deposed king of Atrebates 8 Roman Empire – 3 Aug – Tiberius defeats flees to Rome, Eppillus succeeds him. Dalmations on the River Bathinus. Marcus Furius Camillus, Sextus Nonius Quinctilianus, and Lucius Apronius become Consuls. 9 England – Cymbaline, king of Catuvellauni 9 Roman Empire – Illyria became a province after recognized by imperial Rome as ‘Rex Brittonum’ revolt is defeated. Legions II, Xii and XX move to Germany, replacing XIX etc destroyed at Teutoburg. Pannonia () submits to Roman rule. The law Lex Papia Poppaea is adopted in Rome, to encourage and strengthen marriage. 5% inheritance tax and 1% sales tax introduced. China – Wang Mang seizes the throne from the Liu family. 10 Roman Empire – Publius Cornelius Dolabella became Consul. China – Wang Mang outlaws the private purchase and use of crossbows. 11 Asia – Artabanus II became ruler of Parthia. India – Satakarni became Emperor of the Anhra Empire.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 34 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 12 Roman Empire – Annius Rufus appointed Prefect of Judea. Augustus orders invasion of Germany beyond the Rhine. Germanicus and Gaius Fonteius Capito become Consuls. Armenian overthrown by Romans. 13 14 Roman Empire – 19 Aug – Emperor Augustus died. 18 Sept-16 Mar 37 – Tiberius Caesar Augustus became Roman Emperor. Census indicates there are 4,973,000 Roman citizens. Sectus Appuleius and Sextus Pompeius become Consuls. 15 Roman Empire – Emona founded by Legion XV. Legion XXI stationed at Regensburg. Valerius Gratus appointed Prefect of Judea. 16 17 Roman Empire – Cappadocia (Asia Minor) became a Roman Province. Lucius Aelius Sejanus became Praetorian Prefect. Germania – Civil War begins. Israel – Herod Antipas builds the city of Tiberias on the western shore of the Sea of Galille. Asia Minor – Earthquake destroys city of Sardis. 18 Roman Empire – Emperor Tiberius and Germanicus become Consuls. Kingdom of Marcomanni destroyed by German chirftain Armanius. Africa - A sub unit of Legion III destroyed by an ambush. Syria – Germanicus Caesar arrived as new commander in chief for Roman East. Asia – Germanicus concludes peace treaty with ArtabanusII of Parthia.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 35 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 19 Roman Empire – Germanicus Julius Caesar poisoned. Emperor Tiberus expels Egyptians from Rome and deports 4,000 Jews from Sicily. Triumphant Arch built for Germanicus Julius Caesar in Saintes, France. 20 Roman Empire – Servius Sulpicius Galba became a Praetor. Emperor Tiberius orders investigation and public trial in Roman Senate for murder of Germanicus. Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso commits suicide, fearing he will be found guilty. 21 Roman Empire – Emperor Tiberius became Consul (4th time) Asia – King Daeso of Dongbuyeo killed in battle. 22 Roman Empire – Decimus Haterius Agrippa and Gaius Sulpicius Galba become Consuls. Drusus Julius Caesar receives tribunician powers. Roman law replaces Celtic customs in Gaul. China – Han dynasty suppresses final areas of resistance. 23 Roman Empire – Gaius Asinius Pollio and Gaius Antistius Vetus become Consuls. China – Liu Xuan proclaims himself emperor against Wang Mang. July – Battle of Kunyang. 24 Roman Empire – Servius Cornelius Cethegus and Lucius Visellius Varro become Consuls. Greece – Charmides became Archon of Athens. Korea – King Namhae died, King Yuri succeeds him to throne in Silla. 25 Roman Empire – Cossus Cornelius Lentulus and Marcus Asinius Agrippa become Consuls. China – Liu Xiu became emperor. 26 Roman Empire – Tiberius retires to Capris. Pontius Pilate appointed Prefect of Judea.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 36 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 27 Roman Empire – Lucius Calpurnius Piso and Marcus Licinius Crassus Frugi become Consuls. Fire in Rome. Amphitheatre in Fidenae collapses, killing 20,000 of the 50,000 spectators. Apricots brought to Rome. An Arc de Triumph built in Rimini, in honor of Augustus. 28 Korea – King Daru succeeds to throne of Baekje. 29 Roman Empire – Romans capture Serdica (Sofia). Agrippina the Elder exiled to island of Pandataria. 30 – Romans found city of Tournai. India – founded (approx. date). 31 Roman Empire – Lucius Aelius Sejanus and Emperor Tiberius become Consuls. Lucius Aelius Sejanus executed. 32 Roman Empire – Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus and Lucius Arruntius Scribonianus become Consuls. 33 Roman Empire – Servius Sulpicius Galba became Consul. Emperor Tiberius founds a credit bank in Rome. Financial crisis in Rome. Rome – -c.67 Simon became .

34 Roman Empire – Paullus Fabius Persius and Lucius Vitellis become Consuls. Construction of three tier aquaduct running 269 miles from Nîmes. 35 Asia – Tiridates III became king of Pathia. 36 Roman Empire – Pontius Pilate recalled to Rome. Marcellus became governor of Judaea and Samaria. 37 Roman Empire – 16 Mar – Emperor Tiberius died. 18 Mar-24 Jan 41 – , Gaius Caesar Augustus Germenicus became Roman Emperor. Earthquake destroys Antioch (Turkey)

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 37 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 38 Roman Empire – Anti-Jewish riot in Alexandria during visit by Agrippa I. Phaedrus writes his collection of fables. 39 Roman Empire – Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus and Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo become Consuls. Caligula orders a floating bridge of ships to be built between Baiae and Pueoli. Caligula orders a statue of himself to be placed in Temple of Jerusalem. Philo leads a Jewish delegation to Rome to protest anti-Jewish conditions in Alexandria. 40 Emperor Caligula became Consul. 40 Roman Empire – Emperor Caligula became Caligula starts campaign to conquer Britain Consul. Caligula starts campaign to conquer Britain. Caligula declares himself a god, orders all Greek deity statues to be replaced by his, appoint his horse a Senator. Asia – became king of Parthia. 41 Roman Empire – Emperor Caligula and Gnaeus Sentius Saturninus become Consuls. 24 Jan – Emperor Caligula assassinated. 25 Jan – 13 Oct 54 – Tiberius Claudius Caesar Agustus Germanicus became Roman Emperor. Claudius restores religious freedom to Jews throught empire. Israel – Agrippa became king of Judea. 42 Roman Empire – Emperor Claudius and Gaius Caecina Largus become Consuls. Romans take control of Ceuta. Algeria and Morocco become Roman provinces. Construction starts on Portus harbour. Korea – Suro became king of Geumgwan Gaya. 43 England – Romans invade, resistance from 43 Roman Empire – Emperor Claudius and Lucius Caractacus is crushed at Medway. Vitellius become Consuls. Canterbury (Durovernum Cantiacorum) captured Romans have complete control of Mediteranean. and fort built. Asia – Warfare between northern and southern founded (Londinium). Huns. Vietnam and China – Vietnam designated a province of China.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 38 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 44 Britain – Boudicca marries Prasutagus, king of 44 Roman Empire – Gaius Sallustius Crispus the Iceni. Passienus and Tiyus Statilius Taurus become Consuls. Mauretania became a Roman province. Rhodes returns to Roman Empire. Judea controlled by Roman governors. Pomponius writes De Situ Orbis (Geography of the Earth). 45 Roman Empire – Marcus Vinicius and Titus Flavius Sabinus become Consuls. Juvavum (, Austria) awarded status of municipium. Emperor Claudius expels Jews from Rome. Savaria (Szombathely, Hungary) founded. Greece – (historian/biographer) born. 46 Roman Empire – Decimus Valerius Asiaticus and Marcus Junius Silanus Torquatus become Consuls. Celje (Slovenia) awarded municipal rights. Census shows there are more than 6,000,000 Roman citizens. Thracia became Roman province. Asia – Drought and invasion of locusts at Mongolian steppes, cause famine and revolt at Xiongnu. 47 Britain – Publius Ostorius Scapula became 47 Roman Empire – Emperor Claudius and Lucius governor, replacing Aulus Plautius. Vitellius become Consuls. – Musselburgh founded. Traiectrum (Utrecht) fortification built near mouth of the Rhine. Forum Claudii Vallensium (Martigny, Switzerland) founded. Canal Fossa Corbulonis constructed between the Rhine and Meuse, . 48 Britain – Publius Ostorius Scapula announces 48 Roman Empire – Aulus Vitellius and Lucius intention to disarm Britons south and east if the Vipstanus Poplicola become Consuls. Trent and Severn. The Iceni revolt but defeated. Citizen rights granted to the Aedui, France. Romans move against Brigante tribe. – Romans move against Deceangli tribe. 49 Britain – Colonia for Roman veterans founded at 49 Roman Empire – Claudius marries his neice, Camulodunum (Colchester). Agrippina the Younger. Nero became engaged to Claudia Octavia.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 39 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 50 Wales – Campaign against Silures tribe begins. 50 Roman Empire – Use of soap, learned from the England – Romans build wooden bridge over Gauls, made compulsory with northern legions. in London area. Cologne (Germany) raised to status of a city. Asia – (approx. date) Kushan Empire created when Tocharian and Yeu-Chi tribes united. 51 Wales – Publius Ostorius Scapula defeats 51 Roman Empire – Emperor Claudius and Titus Caratacus and the Silures. Flavius Vespasianus becom Consuls. England – Caratacus seeks sanctuary from Caratacus exhibited in chains in Rome. Cartimandua, queen of the Brigantes, she is a Parthia – Gotarzes II died, Vonones II succeeds Roman ally and hands him over to Ostorius. but died a few months later, his son Vologases I became ruler. 52 Wales – Governor Publius Ostorius Scapula died 52 Roman Empire – Claudius has a 5.6km tunnel campaigning against the Silures. Aulus Didius dug through Monte Salviano in an attempt to Gallus replaces him. control Fucine Lake. The execution of old and crippled slaves is prohibited. Pliny the Elder writes his accounts of the German wars. China – The Yuejue Shu gazetteer was written during the Han Dynasty. 53 Roman Empire – Decimus Junius Silanus Torquatus and Quintus Haterius Antoninus become Roman Consuls. Nero marries Clausia Octavia. 54 England – Venutius leads a revolt against 54 Roman Empire – 13 Oct – Emperor Claudius Cartimandua, queen of the Brigantes. Goveronor died. Aulus Didius Gallus sends military aid to her. 13 Oct-11 June 68 – Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus became Roman Emperor. Nero attempts to prohibit the gladiatorial games. Gnaeus Dominitius Corbulo became governor of Asia. Clashes between Jews and Pagans erupts in Caesarea following a local ordinance restricting the civil rights of the Jews. The Roman garrison takes the side of the pagans. Winter – Dominitius Corbulo takes Legio VI Ferrata and Legio X into the mountains of Cappadocia. Takes them on a 25 mile training march and weapons drill.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 40 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 55 Roman Empire – Nero became Consul. Britannicus, son of Claudius, killed by supporters of Nero. 56 Roman Empire – Publius Clodius Thrasea Paetus became Consul. War begins between Rome and Parthia, following the invasion of Armenia by Vologases I. 57 Britain – Quintus Veranius Nepos became 57 Roman Empire – Nero became Consul. governor. China – Emperor Guangwu of Han died, Han Wales – Quintus Veranius Nepos begins Mingdi became Emperor. campaign against Silures. 58 Roman Empire – Emperor Nero and Marcus Valerius Corvinus become Consuls. Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo leads the Roman army against the fortress at Volandum in Armenia. China – Ming-Ti became emperor, moves against military aristocracy, introduces Buddhism. 59 Roman Empire – Nero has his mother, Agrippina the Younger, killed. 60 Britain – Romans build a bridge over river 60 Roman Empire – Nero sends an expedition to the Thames in London. Meroë (Sudan) Roman army take possession of , Roman defeat the Rhoxolani on the Danube. Icenian chiefs deprived of their hereditary estates. Herod Agrippa II rules the northeast of Judea. is flogged, her daughters are publicly raped. Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, governor of Britannia, leads campaign on island of Mona (Anglesey) Boudica joins Celtic tribes in revolt against Romans. Legio IX Hispana defeated and Camulodunum (Colchester) is destroyed. Boudica attacks Londinium (London) and Verulamium (St. Albans) 61 Wales – The Druidic stronghold in Anglesey 61 Roman Empire – Publius Petronius Turpilianus destroyed by Suetonius Paulinus. and Lucius Caesennius PAetus become Consuls. England – Verulamium (St. Alban) attacked and burnt by Britons. Roman citizens killed. Boudica defeated at Battle of Watling Street by Roman army.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 41 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 62 Roman Empire – Emperor Nero marries Poppaea Sabina. Parthians invade Armenia. Battle of Rhandeia. A large storm destroys 200 ships in the port of Portus. Italy – 5 Feb – Earthquake measuring 6.0Mw, epicentre in Bay of . 63 Roman Empire – Vespasian became governor of Africa. Pompeii damaged by earthquake. 64 Roman Empire – 18 July – Great Fire of Rome. First persecution of Christians. became part of Syria. 65 Roman Empire – Gaius Calpurnius Piso comspires against emperor Nero. Cestius Gallus became legate of Syria. Emperor Nero kills his pregnant wife with a kick to the stomach. China – First official reference to Buddhism made. Africa – First Christian community in Africa founded. 66 England – Legio II Augusta stationed at 66 Roman Empire – Suetonius Paullinus became . Consul. 22 September – Emperor Nero creates Legio I Italica. -70 - Jewish revolt begins against Roman Empire. The Zealots attack Jerusalem and destroy Roman garrison. The Sacarii capture the fortress of Masada. Cestius Gallus leads Roman army into Judea to put down Jewish rebellion.

Halley’s Comet is visible.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 42 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 67 Roman Empire – Gaius Licinius Mucianus became governor of Syria. Vespasian and Titus go to Judea to put down Jewish Revolt. Siege of Jotapata, massacre of 40,000 Jewish inhabitants. Massacre of Jewish inhabitants at fortress in the Golan. Sardinia became a Roman province. Greece – Emperor Nero takes part in the Olymic Games. Rome – -c.76 – Linus became Pope. 68 Roman Empire – 11 June – Emperor Nero commits suicide. 8 June-15 Jan 69 – Servius Galba Caesar Augustus became Roman Emperor. Legio I Macriana Liberatrix and Legio I Adiutrix created. Marcus Ulpius Trajanus became Consul. lays siege to Jericho. China – An iron chain suspension bridge is constructed. Buddist White Horse Temple built. 69 England – Mutiny of Legio XX Valeria Victrix at 69 Roman Empire – 15 Jan – Emperor Galba Deva Victrix (Chester). Marcus Trebellius murdered. Maximus, governor of Britannia, forced to flee to 15 Jan – Marcus Otho Caesar Augustus became Gaul. Roman Emperor. Marcus Vettis Bolanus became governor of 14 April – First Battle of Bedriacum. Britannia, faces insurrection of Venutius, king of 16 April – Emperor Otho commits suicide. the Brigantes. 17 April – Aulis Vitellius Germanicus Augustus became Roman Emperor. 1 August – Batavavian rebellion. 24 October – Second Battle of Bedriacum. 20 Dec – Emperor Vitellius murdered. 1 July-24 June 79 – Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus became Roman Emperor. Legio I Macriana Liberatrix disbanded.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 43 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 70 Roman Empire – Emperor Vespasian and Tirus Caesar Vespasian become Consuls. Building of the Colosseum is started. Legio II Adiutrix created. Siege of Jerusalem Roman catapults apparently able to send stones weighing 25kg (55lbs), 365m (400yds) or further. Legio V Alaudae and Legio XV Primiaenia destroyed during Batavian Revolt. Legio I Germanica, Legio IIII Macedonicxa, Legio XVI Gallica disbanded. 71 Fortess of Eboracum established by 71 Engalnd – Battle of Stanwick, Quintus Petillius 71 Roman Empire – Emperor Vespasian and Marcus Romans, Legio IX Hispana, based here. Cerialis puts down revolt by Brigantes. Cocceius Nerva become Consuls. Battle of Treves. Herodium, Jewish fortress, destroyed by Legio X Fretensis. 72 Roman Empire – Vespian and Titus become Consuls. First Jewish-Roman War. Work begins on the building of the Colosseum in Rome. 73 Roman Empire – Titus Flavious Domitianus became Consul. Asia – February – Battle of Yiwulu 74 Roman Empire – Emperor Vespasian and Titus Caesar Vespanianus becom Consuls. Black Forest region reattached to Roman Empire. 75 Britain – Sextus Julius Frontinus became 75 Roman Empire – Emperor Vespasian and Titus governor, makes his headquarters in Isca Augusta Caesar Vespanianus becom Consuls. (Wales). Temple of Peace built in Rome. Wales – Frontinus starts conquest, Legio II Armazi (Georgia) is fortified. Augusta moved to border of River Usk. Asia – Accession of Han Zhangdi. Venta Silurum (Caerwent) founded. 76 Wales – Sextus Julius Frontinus subdues the 76 Roman Empire – Emperor Vespasian and Titus Silures, and other hostile tribes. Caesar Vespanianus becom Consuls. Fortress at Isca Augusta (Caerleon) built for Legio Rome – -c.88 – Anacletus became Pope. II Augusta.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 44 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 77 Britain – Gnaeus Julius Agricola became 77 Asia – Giru became king of Baekje in the Korean governor. peninsula. Wales – Agricola subdues the Ordovices tribe. Winter – Agricola conquers Anglesey. Scotland – Caledonian tribes formed in a confederacy under the leadership of Calgacus. Romans discover and Islands. 78 79 England - Deva Victrix (Chester) founded. The 79 Roman Empire – 24 Jun – Emperor Vespasian fortress built for Legio II Adiutrix. died. Mamucium (Manchester) founded. 24 Jun-13 Sept 81 – Titus Flavius Caesar Scotland – Agricola attempts to enter Caladonia. Vespasianus Augustus became Roman Emperor. 24 August – Mount Vesuvius erupts destroying Pompeii, Herculaneum, Stabiae and Oplontis. 80 England – Legio II Adiutrix stationed at Lindum 80 Roman Empire – Emperor Titus inaugurates the Colonia (Lincoln) Colosseum with 100 days of games. Pantheon destroyed by fire. Eifel Aqueduct built. 81 Roman Empire – 13 Sept – Emperor Titus died. 14 Sept-18Sept 96 – Titus Flavius Caesar Domitianus Augustus became Roman Emperor. Arch of Titus built. Pliny the Younger id priest in the cult of the Emperor. The silver content in the denarius rises to 92%. 82 Scotland – Gnaeus Julius Agricola raises a fleet 82 Roman Empire – Emperor Domitian became and encircles Celtic tribes beyond the Forth. Consul. Calgacus unites the Picts, and made chieftain of the Caledonian Confederacy. 83 Scotland – Inchtuthil, Roman fort built. 83 Roman Empire – Emperor Domitian became Consul. Castration of slaves prohibited in Rome. 84 Roman Empire – Roman fortification, the , built along the Rhine-frontier. 85 Roman Empire – Domitian appoints himself censor for life, gives him right to control the Senate.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 45 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 86 Roman Empire – Domitian introduces the Capitoline Games. Germany – divided ingto Upper and Lower provinces. Dacia – First Battle of Tapae. 87 Dacia – became king. 88 Roman Empire – Two Egyptian obelisks erected in Benevento in front of Temple of Isis, in honour of Emperor Domitian. End of . Asia – Emperor Han Zhangdi died aged 31, his son Zhao succeeds him as Emperor Han Hedi, aged 9 years. Rome – Pope Anacletus I died. -97 - Clement I became Pope. 89 Dacia – Legio XIII Gemina transferred here to help in war against Decebalus. Asia – Battle of Ikh Bavan. 90 Roman Empire – Emperor Domitian and Nerva become Consuls. Cologne became capital of Germania Inferior. Emperor Domitian buys peace from Decebalus of Dacia. Parthia – King Artabanus III died, succeeded by Pacourus II. 91 Roman Empire – Manius Acilius Glabrio and Marcus Ulpius Trajanus become Consuls. Pliny the Younger named a tribunes plebis. Asia – Chinese government re-establishes of the Western Regions. 92 Roman Empire – Emperor Domitian became Consul. The Marcomanni are defeated by Romans at the Danube. Roman army moves into Mesopotamia. Dacia – First Battle of Adamclisi. 93 Roman Empire – Pliny the Younger named a Praetor. Emperor Domitians persecutes the Christians.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 46 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 94 Roman Empire – Emperor Domitian rebuilds and rededicates the Curia Julia. Domitian bans philosophers from Rome. Asia – Chinese General Chao takes Yangi. 95 Roman Empire – Emperor Domitian and Titus Flavius Clemens become Consuls. Domitian executes senators fearing they were plotting to kill him. Sextus Julius Frontinus appointed superintendent of the aquaducts in Rome. 96 Roman Empire – 18 Sept – Emperor Domitian assassinated. 18 Sept-27 Jan 98 – Marcus Coccieus Nerva Caesar Augustus became Roman Emperor. Arch of Titus completed in Rome. Construction of the Forum of Nerva begins in Rome. Marcus Ulpius Trajanus became governor of Upper Germany. 97 Roman Empire – 28 October – Marcus Ulpius Trajanus recalled from German frontier. Roman colony of Cuicul started in Numidia. Nerva recognizes the Sanhedrin of Jamnia as an official government body of the Jews. Rome – -c.107 – Aristus became Pope. 98 Roman Empire – 27 Jan – Emperor Nerva died. 28 Jan-7Aug 117 – Caesar Marcus Ulpius Nerva Trajianus Augustus became Roman Emperor. Trajan reopens the canal between the Nile and the Red Sea. Trajan begins a form of state wlfare assuring poor children are fed and taken care of. 99 Roman Empire – during the 1st C, Romans begin to use segmented iron torso armour (lorica segmentata).

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 47 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 100 Britain – Tiberius Avidius Quietus became 100 Roman Empire – Emperor Trajan and Sextus governor. Julius Frontinus become Consuls. Bricks become the primary building material. Africa – Timgad founded. Asia – Pakores became king of the Indo-Pathian Kingdom. Wheelbarrows first used in China. Americas – The Moche civilization starts building a society in modern Peru. 101 Roman Empire – Second Battle of Tapae. Indonesia – Tibetans introduce Buddist religion. 102 Roman Empire – Lucius Julius Ursus Servianus and Lucius Licinius Sura become Consuls. Port of Portus enlarged. India – presence of sugar in Urine interpreted as sign of illness. 103 Roman Empire – Trajan and Manius Laberius Maximus become Consuls. Pliny the Younger became member of College of Augurs. Legio X Gemina moves to Vienna. Syria – Temple of the Sun erected to the god Baal in Palmyra. 104 Roman Empire – Fire breaks out in Rome. Trajan orders building of Alcántara Bridge over Tagus river. Stone bridge built over the Danube between Serbia and . 105 Roman Empire – Legio XXX Ulpia Victrix and Legio II Traiana Fortis created. Romans conquer Kerak from the Nabateans. Pacorus II of Parthia died, succeeded by Vologases III. Asia – Emperor He Di died, Shang Di became emperor, aged 3 months. Peace treaty signed between Baekje and Silla in Korean peninsula. Paper making refined by Cai Lun. 106 Roman Empire – Battle of Sarmizegetusa. 11 August – south eastern part of Dacia (Romania) became Roman province

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 48 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 107 Roman Empire – Lucius Licinius Sura and Quintus Sosius Senecio become Consuls. Asia – Han Andi became emperor of China. Suishō, king of Wa (Japan) sends 160 slaves to Emperor An of Han. Bagan (in Burma) founded. Rome – -.115 – Alexander I became Pope. 108 Roman Empire – Appius Annius Trebonius Gallus and Marcus Appius Bradua become Consuls. 109 Roman Empire – Pliny the Younger is legate to Bithynia. Parthian Empire – Pacorus II died, Osroes I succeeds him. 110 Roman Empire – Forum of Trajan constructed in Rome. Asia – became Proconsul. Caravans regularly depart from Luoyang with ginger, cassia and silk to be bartered in for gold, silver, g;assware, pottery, cloth and intaglio gems from Rome. China – Earthquake, epicentre in Dian Kingdom, Yunnan. 111 Roman Empire – Pliny the Younger sent to Bithyania as governor. Asia – Indian Emperor Cenguttuvan invades Kushan Empire. 112 Roman Empire – Trajan and Titus Sextius Africanus become Consuls. Publius Cornelius Tacitus became governor of Anatolia. Hadrian became Archon of Athens. Korea – Pasa died, Jima became king. 113 Roman Empire – Trajan begins begins expedition against Parthia. Trajan Column built in Rome to commemorate in . Armenia annexed and became a Roman province. Asia – “Pattini dheivam” worship inaugurated in Kannagi Temple in Chera Kingdom, South India.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 49 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 114 Roman Empire – Arch of Trajan built in Benevento. Osroene became vassal kingdom of Roman Empire. Trajan defeats Pathians. Greece – Monument to Philopappos erected in Athens. 115 Roman Empire – Trajan captures Parthian capital Ctesiphon. Kitos War Rome – -125 – Sixtus I became Pope. 116 Roman Empire – Trajan captures Pathian cities of Seleucia, Babylon, and Susa. Osroes I removed as king of Parthia, Parthamaspates appointed in his place. Legio III Cyrenaica sent to Judea. Legio VII Claudia sent to Cyprus. 117 Roman Empire - End of Kitos War. 7 Aug – Emperor Trajan died of Stroke, aged 63. 11 Aug-10 Jul 138 – Caesar Publius Aelius Trajianus Hadrianus Augustus became Roman Emperor. Construction of Pantheon begins in Rome. Silver content in Roman Denarius falls to 87% from 93%. 118 Roman Empire – Roman Forum completed. Hadrian became Consul. 119 Britain – Legio VI Victrix stationed in Britain. 119 120 Britain – Hadrian visits Britain. 120 Foss Dyke constructed in Lincoln. 121 Britain – Hadrian visits and orders construction of 121 Roman Empire – Construction of Temple of a fortified wall between Tyne and Solway. Venus and Roma begins in Rome.

122 Britain – 13 September Hadrian’s Wall started. 122 Cohort VIIII Batavorum garrisoned at Vindolanda. 123 Britain – Housesteads Fort built on Hadrian’s 123 Roman Empire – Hadrian’s Villa built at Tivoli. Wall. China – Ban Yong re-establishes Chinese control over Tarim Basin. 124 Roman Empire – Hadrian starts to rebuild the Olympeion in Athens. India – Nahapana, king of Scythians died in battle.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 50 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 125 Roman Empire – Hadrian establishes the Panhellenion. Hadrian distributes imperial lands to small farmers. Africa – Plague in North Africa. India – king Gautamiputra Satakarni of Andhra dynasty destroys kingdom of Maharashtra. China – Zhang Heng invents a hydraulic-powered armillary sphere. Rome – Pope Sixtus I died. -138 Telesphorus became Pope. 126 127 Britain – Hadrian’s Wall completed. 127 Roman Empire – Hadrian determines that Christians not put to death without a trial. 128 Roman Empire – Free bread distributed to the poor. Asia – Giru died, Gaeru became king of Baekje in Korean peninsula. 129 130 Roman Empire – Law passed in Rome, banning execution of slaves without trial. Temple of Olympian Zeus completed in Athens. Triumphal Arch for Hadrian built in Geresa. Hadrian’s Gate in Antalya, Turkey built. India – Huviska became king of the Kushan Empire. Asia – Basra became capital of Arabia. 131 Roman Empire – Hadrian builds city Aelia Capitolina on location of Jerusalem. Reorganization of Imperial Council. The Equestrian Order given full legal status. Italy divided into legal districts managed by consuls. Hadrian prohibits practice of circumcision, public reading of Torah, observance of festivals and the Sabbath, teaching of Judaic Law and ordination of Rabbis.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 51 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 132 Britain – Merchants build structures outside forts 132 Roman Empire – Temple of Olymian Zeus in of Hadrian’s Wall. Athens completed. Bar Kokhba Revolt begins in Judea. Leg X Fretensis evacuate Jerusalem – Jews enter city, strike coins to celebrate independence. Leg XXII Deiotariana destroyed. Construction begins on Mausoleum of Hadrian (Castel Sant’Angelo) in Rome. China – Zhang Heng invents seismometer. 133 Britain – Sextus Julius Severus, governor of 133 Roman Empire – Sextus Julius Severus sent to Britain leaves for Judea. Judea to quell revolt. 134 Roman Empire – Romans retake Jerusalem. A university opens in Rome. Hadrian’s Villa in Tivoli completed. 135 Roman Empire – End of Bar Kokhba Revolt. Hadrian bars Jews from Jerusalem. Legio VI Ferrata rebuild fortress in Jerusalem. Alter to Jupiter built on site of theTemple in Jerusalem. 136 Roman Empire – Hadrian chases Jews from Gallilee. Triumphal Arch built near Scythopolis. Roman province of Judea and Galilee became Syria Palaestina. 137 Roman Empire – Tax laws passed for trade in Palmyra. 138 Roman Empire - 10 Jul – Emperor Hadrian died of heart failure. 10 Jul-7Mar 161 – Caesar Titus Aelius Hadrainus Antoninus Augustus Pius became Roman Emperor. Construction of Theatre of Philadelphia (Amman) starts. Silver content of denarius fell to 75%. Rome – Pope Telesphorus died. -142 – Hyginus became Pope. 139 Roman Empire – Antoninus Augustus Pius and Caius Bruttius Praesens become Consuls. Tomb of Hadrian completed in Rome. Marcus Aurelius named Caesar.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 52 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 140 Roman Empire – Antoninus Augustus Pius and Marcus Aurelius Caesar become Consuls. Parthian Empire - King Mithridates IV died, Vologases III claims throne. 141 Roman Empire – Temple of Antoninus and Faustina built in Rome.

Halley’s Comet recorded. 142 Britain – Construction of Antonine Wall started. 142 Rome – Pope Hyginus died. -155 – Pius I became Pope. 143 Britain – Brigantes revolt suppressed by Quintus 143 Roman Empire – became Consul. Lollius Urbisus. 144 Roman Empire – Lucius Hedius Rufus Lollianus Avitus and Titus Statilius Maximus become Consuls. Campaigns in Mauretania begin, China – Emperor HanShundi died, Han Chongdi succeeds. 145 Roman Empire – Antoninus Augustus Pius and Marcus Aurelius Caesar becom Consuls. Arrian became Archon in Athens. China – Emperor Han Chongdi died, succeeded by Han Zhidi. India – Ajmere founded. 146 Roman Empire – Faustina the Younger became Roman Empress. China – Emperor Han Zhidi died, succeded by Han Huandi. 147 Roman Empire – 900th anniversary of founding of Rome. Pathia – King Vologases III died, succeded by Vologases IV. 148 149 150 151 Asia – Mytilene and Smyrna destroyed by and earthquake. 152 153

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 53 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 154 155 Britain – Romans begin to leave Hadrian’s Wall. 155 Roman Empire – Rome stated that although it did not recognize it as an official religion, Judaism must be tolerated. Circumcision was relegalized. Rome - 11 July – Pope Pius I died. -166 – Anicetus became Pope. 156 157 158 159 India – Shivashri Satakarni became king Satavahana of Andhra. 160 Rome – Manufacture of soap with grease, lime and ashes began. China – Buddhist monks arrive. 161 Roman Empire – 7 Mar – Emperor Antonius Pius died. 7 Mar-Mar 169 – Caesar Lucius Aurelius Verus Augustus became Roman Emperor. 162 163 164 Roman Empire – Plague spreads, little travelling or military activity for 16 years. 165 166 Rome – Pope Anicetus died. -175 – Soter became Pope. 167 168 169 Roman Empire – Mar – Emperor Lucius Verus died. 7 Mar-17 Mar 180 – Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antonius Augustus became Roman Emperor. 170 171 172 173 174

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 54 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 175 Rome – Pope Soter died. -189 – Eleuterus became Pope. 176 177 Roman Empire – -31 Dec 192 – Caesar Marcus Aurelius Commodus Antonius Augustus became Roman Emperor 178 179 180 Scotland – Roman expeditionary force defeated, 180 Roman Empire – 17 Mar – Emperor Marcus IX Legion retreats south of Hadrian’s Wall. Aurelius died. 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 Rome – Pope Eleuterus died. -199 – Victor I became Pope. 190 Britain – Albinus proclaims himself emperor, killed 190 at Battle of . 191 192 Roman Empire – 1 Dec – Emperor Commodus assassinated. 193 Roman Empire – 1 Jan – Caesar Publius Heluius Augustus became Roman Emperor. 26 Mar – Emperor Pertinax murdered. 28 Mar – Caesar Marcus Didius Severus Julianaus Augustus became Roman Emperor. 1 June – Emperor executed. 9 April-4 Feb 211 – Caesar Lucius Pertinax Augustus became Roman Emperor. 194 195 196

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 55 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 197 198 Roman Empire – -8 April 217 – Caesar Marcus Aurelius Severus Antonius Pius Augustus () became co Roman Emperor with Severus. 199 Rome – Pope Victor I died. -217 – Zephyrinus became Pope. 200 Afghanistan – Huns invade. 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 Roman Empire – Caesar Publius Septimius Geta Augustus became Co Roman Emperor with Severus and Caracalla. 210 211 4 February – Emperor Severus died at 211 Roman Empire – 4 Feb - Co-Emperor Septimius York. Severus died. His sons Caracalla and Geta assumed 26 Dec – Co-Emperor Geta murdered on order of joint rule, but Caracella Caracalla. murdered his brother and married his Caracalla became sole Roman Emperor. mother-in-law. 212 Roman Empire – Roman citizenship granted to every freeborn subject. 213 214 215 216

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 56 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 217 Roman Empire – 8 April – Emperor Caracalla murdered. 11 April-8 June 218 – Marcus Opellius Severus Marcrinus Augustus Pius Felix became Roman Emperor; Marcus Oppellius Antonius Diadumenianus appointed Junior Emperor. Rome – Pope Zephyrinus died. -223 – Callixtus I became Pope. 218 Roman Empire – 8 June – Co- Marcrinus and executed. 8 June-11 Mar 222 – Marcus Aurelius Antonius Augustus () became Roman Emperor. 219 220 China – Civil Wars, Han dynasty falls. 221 Asia Minor and Balkan Peninsula – from Germany invade. 222 Roman Empire – 11 Mar – Emperor Elagabalus murdered. Roman Empire – 13 Mar-18 Mar 235 – Caesar Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander Augustus became Roman Emperor. 223 Rome – Pope Callixtus died. -230 – Urban I became Pope. 224 225 India – End of Andgra dynasty, start of Civil Wars. Southern India broken up into a dozen kingdoms. 226 227 228 229 230 Rome – Pope Urban I died. 21 July – 28 Sept 235 Pontanian became Pope. 231 232 233 234

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 57 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 235 Roman Empire – 18 Mar – Emperor Alexander Severus murdered. 20 Mar-April 238 – Caesar Gaius Julius Verus Maximinus Augustus became Roman Emperor. Rome – 28 Sept – Pope Pontian died. 21 Nov – 3 Jan 236 – Anterus became Pope. 236 Rome – 3 Jan – Pope Anterus died. 10 Jan – 20 Jan 250 – Fabian became Pope. 237 238 Roman Empire – April – Emperor Maximus Thrax assassinated. 22 Mar – Caesar Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Africanus Augustus proclaimed co Roman Emperor with Caesar Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus Africanus Augustus. 12 April – Co-Emperor Gordian II killed in Battle of Carthage, Gordian I commits suicide. 22 April– Caesar Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximus Augustus proclaimed Co Roman Emperor with Caesar Decimus Caelius Calvinus Balbinus Pius Augustus and 22 April-11 Feb 244 - Caesar Marcus Antonius Gordianus Augustus. 29 July – Co-Emperors Pupienus Maximus and Balbinus assassinated. 239 240 241 242 243 244 Roman Empire – 11 Feb – Emperor Gordian III died. Feb – Sept/Oct 249 – Caesar Marcus Julius Phillipus (the Arab) Augustus became Roman Emperor 245 246 247

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 58 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 249 249 Roman Empire – Sept/Oct – Emperor Philip the Arab killed in battle. Sept/Oct-June 251 – Caesar Gaius Messius Quintus Trajanus Dicius Augustus proclaimed Roman Emperor. 250 Rome – 20 Jan – Pope Fabian died. 251 Roman Empire – Herrennius Etruscus became Co Roman Emperor. June – Co-Emperors Decius and Herennius Etruscus killed in Battle of Abrittus. June – Caesar Caius Valens Hostilianus Messius Quintus Augustus accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate. June – Aug 253 – Caesar Gaius Vibius Trebonianus Gallus Augustus Proclaimed Roman Emperor by Danubian legions: he made his son Volusianus Co-Emperor. Sept/Oct – Roman Emperor Hostilian died. Rome – 6 Mar – June 253 – Cornelius became Pope. 252 253 Roman Empire – Aug – Co-Emperors Trebonianus Gallus and Vousianus assassinated. Aug – Caesar Marcus Aemilius Amilianus Augustus became Roman Emperor. Sept/Oct – Emperor Aemilianus assassinated. Oct-260 – Caesar Publius Licinius Valerianus Augustus became Roman Emperor. Oct-Sept 268 – Caesar Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus Augustus made Co-Emperor. Rome – June – Pope Cornelius died. 25 June – 5 Mar 254 – Lucius I became Pope. 254 Rome – 5 Mar – Pope Lucius I died. 12 May – 2 Aug 257 – Stephen I became Pope. 255 256 257 Spain – Franks invade. Rome – 2 Aug – Pope Stephen I died. 30 Aug – 6 Aug 258 – Sixtus II became Pope.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 59 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 258 Italy – Alemanni, supported by Suevi, conquers most of northern Italy, defeated by Roman army at . Rome – 6 Aug – Pope Sixtus II died. 259 Rome – 22 July – 26 Dec 268 – Dionysius became Pope. 260 Roman Empire – Emperor Valerian died in captivity after capture at Battle of Edessa. 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 Roman Empire – Sept – Co-Emperor Gallianus murdered. Sept-Jan 270 – Caesar Marcus Aurelius Claudius (Gothicus) Augustus became Roman Emperor. Greece – Goths sack Athens, Sparta and Corinth. Rome – 26 Dec – Pope Dionysius died. 269 Rome – 5 Jan-30 Dec 274 – Felix I became Pope. 270 Roman Empire – Jan - Emperor Claudius Gothicus died. Jan – Caesar Marcus Aurellius Claudius Quintilius Augustus became Roman Emperor. ? – Emperor Quintilius died. Sept?-Sept 275 – Caesar Lucius Dominus Aurelianus Augustus proclaimed Roman Emperor by Danubian legions. 271 272 Constantine born at York. 272 273 274 Rome – 30 Dec – Pope Felix I died.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 60 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 275 Roman Empire – Sept – Emperor Aurelian assassinated. 25 Sept-June 286 – Caesar Marcus Claudius Tacitus Augustus became Roman Emperor. Rome – 4 Jan- 7 Dec 283 – Eutychian became Pope. 276 Roman Empire – June – Emperor Tacitus died. June-Sept? – Caesar Marcus Annius Florianus Augustus became Roman Emperor. Sept? – Emperor Florianus assassinated. Sept?-Sept/Oct 282 – Caesar Marcus Aurelius Probus Augustus proclaimed Roman Emperor by Danubian legions. 277 278 279 280 281 282 Roman Empire – Sept/Oct – Emperor Probus assassinated. Sept/Oct-July/Aug 283 - Caesar Marcus Aurelius Carus Augustus became Roman Emperor. 283 Roman Empire – July/Aug – Emperor Carus died. July/Aug-284 – Caesar Marcus Aurelius Numerus Numerianus Augustus became Co Roman Emperor with -285 – Caesar Marcus Aurelius Carinus Augustus. Rome – 7 Dec – Pope Eutychian died. 17 Dec-22 April 296 – Caius Became Pope. 284 Roman Empire – Emperor Numerian died. 20 Nov-1 May 305 – Caesar Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus Augustus proclaimed Roman Emperor. 285 Britain – Carausius, commander of Roman fleets 285 Roman Empire – Empire divided into west and in British waters proclaims himself emperor of an east. independent Britain. Emperor Carinus died in Battle. 286 Roman Empire – 1 Apr-1 May 305 – Caesar Gaius Aurelius Valerius Maximianus Augustus adopted as senior Co-Emperor.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 61 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 Rome – 22 Apr – Pope Caius died. 30 Jun-1 Apr 304 – Marcellinus became Pope. 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 Rome – 1 Apr – Pope Marcellinus died. 305 Roman Empire – 1 May – Co-Emperors and Maximian abdicate. 1 May-25 July 306 – Caesar Gaius Flavius Valerius Constantius (Chlorus) Augustus became Co-Roman Emperor with 1 May-May 311 – Caesar Galerius Valerius Maximianus Augustus. 306 25 July - Constantius died at York. 306 Roman Empire – 25 July – Co-Emperor Constatine, his son proclaimed emperor. Constantius I Chlorus died. July-Mar/Apr 307 – Flavius Valerius Severus Augustus became co Roman Emperor. 25 July-22May 337 – Caesar Flavius Constantinus Valerius Augustus proclaimed Roman Emperor, accepted as Caesar (west). 28 Oct-28 Oct 312 – Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius Augustus seizes power.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 62 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 307 Roman Empire – 16 Sept – Roman Emperor Severus II commits suicide/murdered after capture in Mar/April by Maxentius. Constantine I promoted to Augustus (west) Maxentius made Caesar (west). 308 Roman Empire – 11 Nov-Sept 324 – Caesar Valerius Licinius Augustus appointed Augustus (west) Rome – - 309 – Marcellus I became Pope. 309 Rome – Pope Marcellus died. -310 – Eusebius became Pope. 310 Rome – Pope Eusebius died. 311 Roman Empire – May – Co-Emperor Galerius died. 1 May- July/Aug 313 – Caesar Galerius Valerius Maximinus (Daia) Augustus became Roman Emperor. Rome – 2 Jul-10 Jan 314 – Miltiades became Pope. 312 Roman Empire – 28 Oct – Caesar Maxentius killed at Battle of Milvian Bridge against Constantine I. 313 Roman Empire – July/Aug – Maximinus Daia defeated in civil war against Licinius. -18 Sept 324 – Caesar Valerius Licinius Augustus became Roman Emperor (east). 314 Rome – 10 Jan – Pope Miltiades died. 31 Jan-31 Dec 335 – Sylvester I became Pope. 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 63 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 324 Roman Empire – 18 Sept Emperor Licinius executed. 325 Roman Empire – Constantine ends gladiatorial combats in Rome. 326 327 328 329 330 Byzantium – On the site of this old Greek colony, Constantine founds a new city to serve as an imperial capital. 331 Roman Empire – Seat of the reunited empire moves from Rome to . 332 333 334 335 Rome – 31 Dec – Pope Sylvester died. 336 Rome – 18 Jan-7 Oct – Mark became Pope. 337 Roman Empire – 22 May – Emperor Constantine I died. 22 May-340 – Caesar Flavius Claudius Constantinus Augustus became Co Roman Emperor with 22 May-3 Nov 361 – Caesar Flavius Julius Constantius Augustus and 22 May-350 – Caesar Flavius Julius Constans Augustus. Rome – 6 Feb- 12 Apr 352 – Julius I became Pope. 338 339 340 Roman Empire – Co-Emperor Constantine II killed in battle. 341 342 343 344

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 64 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 345 346 347 348 349 350 England – Fortifications built in London, 350 Roman Empire – Co-Emperor Constans particularly against attack from the tidal river. assassinated. Consantius II became sole Emperor. 351 352 Rome – 12 Apr – Pope Julius I died. 17 May-24 Sept 366 – Liberius became Pope. 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 England – Picts and Scots cross Hadrian’s Walls 360 Europe – Huns invade from east. and attack Roman settlements in the north 361 Roman Empire – 3 Nov – Emperor Constantius II died. 3 Nov-26 June 363 – Caesar Flavius Claudius Julianus Augustus became Roman Emperor. 362 363 Roman Empire – 26 June – Emperor Julian mortally wounded in battle. 26 June-17 Feb 364 – Caesar Flavius Jovian Augustus proclaimed Roman Emperor. 364 Roman Empire – 17 Feb – Emperor Jovian died. 26 Feb-17 Nov 375 – Flavius Valentinianus Augustus elected Roman Emperor by army. 28 Mar-9 Aug 378 – Flavius Julius Valens Augustus appointed Co-Roman Emperor (east). 365 Crete – 21 Jul – Earthquake. 366 Rome – Pope Liberius died. 1 Oct-11 Dec 384 – Damasus I became Pope.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 65 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 367 368 369 370 England – Theododius drives Picts and Scots 370 back beyond Hadrian’s Wall. 371 372 373 374 375 Roman Empire – 17 Nov – Co-Emperor Valentinian I died. 17 Nov-25 Aug 383 – Flavius Gratianus Augustus became Co-Roman Emperor (west) with 17 Nov-15 May 392 – Flavius Valentinian Invictus Augustus. 376 – Huns invade. 377 378 Roman Empire – 9 Aug – Co-Emperor Valens killed in Battle of Adrianople. 379 Roman Empire – 1 Jan-17 Jan 395 – Flavius Theodosius Augustus became Roman Emperor. 380 381 382 383 Roman Empire – 25 Aug – Emperor Gratian murdered. Jan-1 May 408 – Flavius Arcadius Augustus appointed Roman Emperor (east).

384 Rome – 11 Dec – Pope Damasus I died. 11 Dec-26 Nov 399 – Siricius became Pope. 385 386 387 388 389

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 66 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 390 391 392 Roman Empire – 15 May – Co-Emperor Valentinian II died. 393 Roman Empire – 23 Jan-15 Aug 423 – Flavius Honorius Augustus appointed Roman Emperor (west). 394 395 Roman Empire – 17 Jan – Emperor Theodosius I died. Alric, king of the , and his mounted armies enter southern Greece, plunder Athens and head to Balkans. 396 397 398 399 Rome – 26 Nov – Pope Siricius died. 27 Nov-19 Dec 401 – Anastasius became Pope. 400 401 Roman Empire – Alric’s army crosses into Italy. Rome – 19 Dec – Pope Anastasius I died. 22 Dec-12 Mar 417 – Innocent I became Pope. 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 Roman Empire – 1 May – Emperor Arcadius died. 1 May-28 July 450 – Flavius Theodosius Augustus became Roman Emperor (east) 409 410 Britain – King Alric’s actions causes Roman 410 Roman Empire – Alric captures and sacks Rome. Legions to withdraw to regain Italian mainland. Heads towards Naples but died. 411 412 413

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 67 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 414 415 416 Roman Empire – Visigoth cavalry conquer Vandal kingdom in Spain. 417 Rome – 12 Mar – Pope Innocent I died. 18 Mar-26 Dec 418 – Zosimus became Pope. 418 Rome – 26 Dec – Pope Zosimus died. 28 Dec-4 Sept 422 – Boniface I became Pope. 419 420 421 Roman Empire – 8 Feb – Flavius Constantius Austus became Roman Emperor (west). 22 Sept – Emperor Constantius III died. 422 Rome – 4 Sept – Pope Boniface died. 10 Sept-27 Jul 432 – Celestine I became Pope. 423 Roman Empire – 15 Aug – Emperor Honorius died. 27 Aug- May 425 – Joannes became Roman Emperor (west). 424 425 Roman Empire – May – Emperor Joannes executed. 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 Rome – 27 Jul – Pope Celestine I died. 31 Jul-Aug 440 – Sixtus III became Pope. 433 434 435 436 Britain – Last Roman legions leave. 436 437 438

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 68 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 439 Roman Empire – Gaiseric, king of the Vandals crosses from Spain to North Africa, seizes Carthage, making it the capital of his new . 440 Rome – Aug – Pope Sixtus III died. 29 Sept-10 Nov 461 – Leo I became Pope. 441 442 443 Roman Empire – Last Roman legions driven from North Africa by Gaiseric. 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 Hengist, Saxon general, re-took York 450 Roman Empire – 28 July – Emperor Theodosius II died. July-16 Mar 455 – Flavius Placidius Valentinianus Augustus (west). -Jan 457 – Flavius Marcianius Augustus became Roman Emperor (east) 451 452 453 454 455 Roman Empire – 16 Mar – Emperor Valentinian III assassinated. 17 Mar – Flavius Anicius Petronius Maximus Augustus proclaimed himself Roman Emperor (west). 31 May – Emperor Petronius Maximus murdered. 9 July-17 Oct 456 – Eparchius Avitus Augustus proclaimed Roman Emperor (west). Roman Empire – Gaiseric’s fleet seizes Rome from the Tiber; carries off empress and her daughters with thousands of other slaves.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 69 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 456 Roman Empire – 17 Oct – Emperor Avitus became bishop of Placentia, murdered soon after. 457 Britain – Britons defeated by Hengest at Battle of 457 Roman Empire – Jan – Emperor Marcian died. Crayford; abandoned to the . April-7 Aug 461 – Julius Valerius Majorianus Augustus appointed Roman Emperor (west). 7 Feb-18 Jan 474 – Flavius Valerius Leo Augustus proclaimed Roman Emperor (east). 458 459 460 461 Roman Empire – 7 Aug – Emperor Majorian deposed by his troops, died soon afterwards. Nov-Aug 465 – Libius Severus Augustus appointed emperor (west) Rome –10 Nov – Pope Leo I died. 19 Nov-29 Feb 468 – Hilarius became Pope. 461 462 463 464 465 Roman Empire – Aug – Emperor Libius Severus died. 466 Octa fled to York, Ambrosius followed him 466 and demanded his surrender. Eosa, Octa’s brother arrived at York and also surrendered to Ambrosius. Ambrosius summoned all the and of the kingdom to York and restored the Christian church. 467 Roman Empire – 12 Apr-11 Jul 472 – Anthemius Augustus appointed Roman Emperor (west) 468 Rome – 29 Feb – Pope Hilarius died. 3 Mar-10 Mar 483 – Simplcius became Pope. 468 470 471

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 70 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 472 Roman Empire – 11 July – Emperor Anthemius executed. 11 July – Flavius Anicius Olybrius Augustus appointed Roman Emperor (west). 2 Nov – Emperor Olybrius died. 473 Roman Empire – Mar-June 474 – Glycerius appointed Roman Emperor (west). 474 Roman Empire – 18 Jan – Emperor Leo I died. 18 Jan – Flavius Leo Junior Augustus became Roman Emperor (east). June-28 Aug 475 (Italy)/480 (Gaul & ) – Julius Nepos appointed Roman Emperor (west). 17 Nov – Emperor Leo II died. 475 Roman Empire – 9 Jan-Aug 476 – Flavius Basilicus Augustus became Roman Emperor (east). 28 Aug – Emperor Julius Nepos deposed in Italy, continued to rule in exile in Gaul and Dalmatia. 31 Oct-4 Sept 476 – Romulus Augustulus appointed Roman Emperor (west) 476 Roman Empire – Aug – Emperor Basilicus executed. Aug-9 Apr 491 – Flavius Zeno Perpetuus Augustus became Roman Emperor (east) 477 478 479 480 Roman Empire – Emperor Julius Nepos assassinated. 481 482 483 Rome – 10 Mar – Pope Simplicius died. 13 Mar-1 Mar 492 – Felix III became Pope. 484 485 486 487 488

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 71 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 489 Theodoric defeats Odoacer on Isonzo river and near Verona. 490 491 England – capture , . 491 Roman Empire – 9 April – Emperor Zeno died. 9 Apr-9 Jul 518 – Flavius Anastasius Augustus became Roman Emperor (east). 492 Rome – 1 Mar – Pope Felix III died. 1 Mar-21 Nov 496 – Gelasius I became Pope. 493 – Theodoris founds the Ostrogoth kingdom of Italy. 494 Kingdom of Italy – Absorbs Malta. 495 496 Clovis defeats the Alemanni near Strasbourg, helped by Ostrogoth cavalry trainers. Rome – 21 Nov – Pope Gelasius died. 24 Nov- 19 Nov 498 – Anastasius II became Pope. 497 498 Rome – 19 Nov – Pope Anastasius II died. 22 Nov-19 Jul 514 – Symmachus became Pope. 499 500 British tribes defeat Saxons at Mount Baden, 500 The Marcomanni invade and seize . The Dorset. depart and settle in Bohemia. 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 Battle of Campus Vogladensis. 508 509 510 511 512 513

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 72 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 514 Rome – 19 Jul – Pope Symmachus died. 20 Jul-19 Jul 523 – Hormisdas became Pope. 515 516 517 518 Roman Empire – 9 Jul – Emperor Anastasius died. 9 Jul-1 Aug 527 – Flavius Justinus Augustus elected Roman Emperor. 519 520 521 522 523 Rome – 19 Jul – Pope Hormisdas died. 13 Aug-18 May 526 – John I became Pope. 524 525 Afro-Arab War, Caleb of Abyssinia conquers the Yemen. 526 Turkey – 19 May – Earthquake, epicentre in Antioch. Rome – 18 May – Pope John I died. 13 Jul-22 Sept 530 – Felix IV became Pope. 527 Roman Empire – 1 Aug – Emperor Justin I died. 1 Aug-13/14 Nov 565 – Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Justinianus Augustus became Roman Emperor. 528 529 530 Rome – 22 Sept – Pope Felix IV died. 22 Sept-17 Oct 532 – Boniface II became Pope. 531 532 Rome – 17 Oct – Pope Boniface II died. 533 Rome – 2 Jan – 8 May 535 – Mercúrius became Pope John II. 534 535 Rome – 8 May – Pope John II died. 13 May-22 April 536 – Agapetus I became Pope.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 73 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 536 Ostrogoth kingdom dissolved. became part of Frankish Kingdom. Rome – 22 Apr – Pope Agapetus I died. 1 Jun-11 Nov 537 – Silverius became Pope. 537 Battle of Camlan, Arthur, king of the Britons, killed. 537 Rome – 11 Nov – Pope Silverius died. 29 Mar-7 Jun 555 – Vigilius became Pope. 538 539 – War between the Byzantine Empire and Persia 540 550 551 Beirut – 6 Jul – Earthquake measuring 7.5Mw, epicentre in Tyre, Tripoli. 552 553 554 555 Rome – 7 Jun – Pope Vigilius died. 556 Rome – 16 Apr-4 Mar 561 – Pelagius I became Pope. 557 558 559 560 561 Rome – 4 Mar – Pope Pelagius I died. 17 Jul-13 Jul 574 – Catelinus became Pope John III. 562 563 564 565 Roman Empire – 13/14 Nov – Emperor died. 13/14 Nov-578 – Flavius Justinius Junior Augustus became Roman Emperor. Italy – The Lombards drive the Byzantines from northern Italy. 566

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 74 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 567 Spain – Leovigild, king of the Visigoths, drives Byzantines from western Spain. 568 569 570 Persians overthrow Abyssinian rule in Yemen, war with Byzantines renewed. 571 572 573 574 Rome – 13 Jul – Pope John III died. 575 Rome – 2 Jun-30 Jul 579 – Benedict I became Pope. 576 577 578 Roman Empire – Emperor Justin II died. 579 Rome – 30 Jul – Pope Benedict I died. 26 Nov-7 Feb 590 – Pelagius II became Pope. 580 581 582 583 584 585 Spain – Leovigild completes conquest of Spain. 586 587 588 589 590 Rome – 7 Feb – Pope Pelagius died. 3 Sept-12 Mar 604 – Gregory I became Pope. 591 592 593 594 595

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 75 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603 604 Rome – 12 Mar – Pope Gregory I died. 13 Sept-22 Feb 606 – Sabinian became Pope. 605 606 Rome – 22 Feb – Pope Sabinian died. 607 Rome – 19 Feb-12 Nov 607 – Boniface III became Pope. 608 Rome – 25 Aug-8 May 615 – Boniface IV became Pope. 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 Rome – 8 May – Pope Boniface IV died. 19 Oct-8 Nov 618 – Adeodatus I became Pope. 616 617 618 Rome – 8 Nov – Pope Adeodatus I died. 619 Rome – 23 Dec-25 Oct 625 – Boniface V became Pope. 620 621 622 623 624

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 76 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 625 -633 Paulinus 625 Rome – 25 Oct – Pope Boniface V died. 27 Oct-12 Oct 638 – Honorius I became Pope. 626 Edwin converts to 626 627 12 April – Edwin and his two sons, Osfrid 627 and Edrid, baptised at the site of the . 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 Rome – 12 Oct – Pope Honorius died. Oct-2 Aug 640 – Severinus became Pope. 639 640 Rome – 2 Aug – Pope Severinus died. 24 Dec-12 Oct 642 – John IV became Pope. 641 642 Rome – 12 Oct – Pope John IV died. 24 Nov-14 May 649 – Theodore I became Pope. 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 Rome – 14 May – Pope Theodore I died. Jul-16 Sept 655 – Martin I became Pope. 650 651 652

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 77 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 653 654 Rome – 10 Aug-2 Jun 657 – Eugene I became Pope. 655 Rome – 16 Sept – Pope Martin I died.

656 657 Rome – 2 Jun – Pope Eugene I died. 30 Jul-27 Jan 672 – Vatalian became Pope. 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 -669 Caedda, Archbishop of York. 664 665 666 667 668 669 -678 Wifrith I, Archbishop of York. 669 670 671 672 Rome – 27 Jan – Pope Vatalian died. 11 Apr-17 Jun 676 – Adeodatus II became Pope. 673 674 675 676 Rome – 11 Apr – Pope Adeodatus II died. 2 Nov-11 Apr 678 – Donus became Pope. 677 678 -686 Bosa, Archbishop of York. 678 Rome – 11 Apr – Pope Donus died. 27 Jun-10 Jan 681 – Agatho became Pope. 679 680

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 78 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 681 Rome – 10 Jan – Pope Agatho died. Dec-3 Jul 683 – Leo II became Pope. 682 683 Rome – 3 Jul – Pope Leo II died. 684 Japan – 29 Nov – Earthquake measuring 8.4Mw followed by Tsunami hit Hakuho. Rome – 26 Jun-8 May 685 – Benedictus II became Pope. 685 Rome – 8 May – Pope Benedict II died. 12 Jul-2 Aug 686 – John V became Pope. 686 -691 Wilfrith I, Archbishop of York. 686 Rome – 2 Aug – Pope John V died. 21 Oct-22 Sept 687 – Conon became Pope. 687 Rome – 22 Sept – Pope Conon died. 15 Dec-8 Sept 701 – Sergius I became Pope. 688 689 690 691 -c.705 Bosa, Archbishop of York. 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700 701 Rome – 8 Sept – Pope Sergius I died. 30 Oct-11 Jan 705 – John VI became Pope. 702 703 704 705 John of , Archbishop of York. 705 Rome – 11 Jan – Pope John VI died, 1 Mar-18 Oct 707 – John VII became Pope. 706 707 Rome – 18 Oct – Pope John VII died.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 79 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 708 Rome – 15 Jan-4 Feb – Sisinnius became Pope. 25 Mar-9 Apr 715 – Constantine became Pope. 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 Rome – 7 Apr – Pope Constantine died. 19 May-11 Feb 731 – Gregory II became Pope. 716 717 718 -732 Wilfrith II, Archbishop of York. 718 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 279 730 731 Rome – 11 Feb – Pope Gregory II died. 18 Mar-28 Nov 741 – Gregory III became Pope. 732 -766 Ecgbeorht, Archbishop of York. 732 733 734 735 736 737 738

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 80 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 739 740 741 Rome – 28 Nov – Pope Gregory III died. 3 Dec – 22 Mar 752 – Zachary became Pope. 742 743 744 England -796 Offa king of 744 745 746 747 748 749 Levant Region – 18 Jan – Earthquake measuring 7.5Mw. 750 751 752 Rome – 22 Mar – Pope Zachary died. 23 Mar-25 Mar – Stephen elected Pope, but died before consecreated. 26 Mar-26 Apr 757 – Stephen II became Pope. 753 754 755 756 757 Rome – 26 Apr – Pope Stephen II died. 29 May-28 Jun 767 – Paul I became Pope. 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 81 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 767 -780 Æthelbeorht, Archbishop of York. 767 Rome – 28 Jun – Pope Paul I died. 1 Aug-24 Jan 772 – Stephen III became Pope. 768 769 770 771 772 Rome – 24 Jan – Pope Stephen III died. 1 Feb-26 Dec 795 – Adrian I became Pope. 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 -796 I, Archbishop of York. 780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793 794 795 Rome – 26 Dec – Pope Adrian I died. 26 Dec-12 Jun 816 – Leo III became Pope. 796 -c.808 Eanbals II, Archbishop of York. 796 England - 26 or 29 July King Offa died, aged 58. 796 797

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 82 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 798 799 800 - Pope Leo III’s of I the Great (Charlemagne), king of the Franks, founding father of French and German , as Imperator Romanorum (Emperor of the Romans), in St. Peter’s church, Rome. Beginning of Holy Roman Empire. 801 802 Egbert, driven into exile by Offa of , 802 - Krum became khan, embarks on returned from Charlemagne’s court, became king expansion expansion of his territory. of , maintains independence of Wessex Byzantine Empire - Finance minister Nikephoros I from Mercia. deposes and exiles Empress Irene to become Emperor; reorganizes the empire. 803 804 - Godfred became king. - Giovanni Galbaio, 8th , chief magistrate and leader of the “Most Serene ”, flees, with his family, to Mantua. Obelerio degli Antenori, became doge and accepts Frankish protection and war with Byzantium ensues. 805 806 807 808 -c.837 Wulfsige, Archbishop of York. 808 809 810 Denmark - King Godfred murdered by a servant, his nephew, Hemming, became king. Italy - Pepin, son of Charlemagne, king of Frankish kingdom of Italy, died. His son Bernard became king.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 83 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 811 Venice – Obelerio degli Antenori goes into exile in Constantinople. Angello Participazio became doge, he reclaims land and refortifies city. Bulgaria – Khan Krum defeats Byzantines, kills Emperor Nikephoros I. Byzantine Empire – Saurakios I became emperor, then abdicates to his brother, Michael I Rangabe. 812 Denmark – King Hemming died, Sigfred and Anulo dispute . Anulo died in battle. Throne fought over until 10th century when Denmark is unified. 813 Holy Roman Empire – Lois the Pious crowned co-emperor of the Franks with his father, Charlemagne. Byzantune Empire – Michael I Rangabe defeated by , abdicates in favour of Leo V the Amemian; Michael II the Armorian became emperor. 814 Holy Roman Empire – Death of Charlemagne; succeeds as and king of the Franks. Bulgaria – Death of Krum; Omurtag became ruler, concludes a 30 year peace treaty Byzantine Empire. 815 816 Rome – 12 Jun – Pope Leo III died. 12 Jun-24 Jan 817 – Stephen IV became Pope. 817 Bavaria – Holy Roman Emperor Louis the German became king. Rome – 24 Jan – Pope Stephen IV died. 25 Jan-11 Feb 824 – Paschal I became Pope. 818 Italy – Holy Roman Emperor Louis the Pious makes King Bernard of Italy a vassal of his cousin, Louis’ son, Lothair; Bernard plots against him, discovered and blinded, Bernard died. Lothair became . 819

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 84 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 820 Byzantine Empire – Michael II the stammerer, assassinates Emperor Leo V during Christmas mass in Hagia Sophia, became first emperoer of teh Phrygian dynasty; his direct descendents rule Byzantine Empire more than 200 years. 821 822 823 824 Rome – 11 Feb – Pope Paschal I died. 8 May-Aug 827 – Eugene II became Pope. Holy Roman Empire - Nine articles of the Constitutio Romana establish the authority of the Holy Roman Emperors in Rome. Pamplona – Íňigo Arista revolts against the Franks, establishes kingdom of Navarre. 825 Egbert defeats Beornwulf of Mercia at battle of 825 Ellendun, takes control of Mercian dependencies in south-eastern England; Kent, , Sussex, East Anglia and submit to Wessex. 826 827 Venice – Giustiniano Participazio exiles his brother Giovanni, to become doge. Work begun on construction of first Basilica di San Marco. Rome – Aug – Pope Eugene II died. Aug-Sept – Valentine became 100th Pope, died after a few months. Sept-Jan 844 – Gregory IV became Pope. 828 829 England -839 Egbert of Wessex conquers Mercia, 829 Venice – Giovanni I Participazio, brother of accepts his lordship; recognised Giustiniano, became doge. as Bretwalda, first sole ruler of Britain. Byzantine Empire - Theophilus became 6th and last of the iconoclast emperors. 830 Egbert of Wessex defeats Welsh, but loses 830 Mercia.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 85 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 831 Date of the design of the Scottish flag, said to 831 Byzantium – Byzantine emoperor, Theophilus, have appeared to king Óengus II before a battle forbids use of . with the Angles. Holy Roman Empire – Louis the Pious reinstated as emperor of the Franks, after first civil war of his reign. Bulgaria – Malamir, grandson of Krum, became ruler. 832 Venice – Obelerio degli Antenori tries to reclaim dogeship, Doge Giovanni Participazio kills him, displays his head in the marketplace. 833 Great – The Central European Slavic Principality of Great Moravia founded when Prince Mojmír I unifies the two neighbouring principalities of Nitra and Moravia. 834 835 836 England - Egbert of Wessex defeated by the 836 Venice – Giovanni Participazio deposed after a Danes. revolt; Pietro Tradonico elected doge. Bulgaria – Presian, nephew of Malamir, became khan; extends Bulgarian control over Slavic tribes in Macedonia. 837 -854 Wigmund, Archbishop of York. 837 838 England - At Hingston Down, Egbert of Wessex 838 beats the Danes and the west Welsh. Scotland - The Stone of Destiny, the coronation stone of the kings of Scotland, is placed at , Scotland. Ireland – Feidlimid mac Cremthanin became high king of Ireland. 839 England – 4 February King Egbert died aged 64. 839 5 February – 856 Æthelwulf, crowned at Kingston upon Thames, as king of Wessex, Kent, , the west Saxons and east Saxons. 840 Holy Roman Empire – Lothair I became Holy Roman Emperor. Venice – Lothair I recognizes independence of Venice and its authority over its lagoon. 841

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 86 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 842 Asturias – Alfonso the charte died. Visigoth Nepocian takes throne but defeated by Ramiro I at Battle of the Bridge of Cornellana. He changes system of succession by removing election process. Pampolona – Íňigo Arista chosen as first king of Pampolona, which later became kingdom of Vavarre. Holy Roman Empire – Louis the German, king of East Francia and Charles the Bald, king of West Francia, swear the Oaths of Strasbourg, an alliance against Holy Roman Emperor Lothair. Byzantine Empire – Emperor Theophilus died, his widow, Theodora, became empress, serving as regent for her son, Michael III the Drunkard, she reintroduces veneration of icons. 843 Scotland - Kenneth MacAlpin thought to have 843 West Francia – The 3 sons of Louis the Pious united the Kingdom of Scotia, becoming, some divide the Carolingian Empire into 3 kingdoms; the describe, the first king of Scotland (Alba) as well became a distinct state; as king of the Picts. Charles the Bald became king. Middle Francia – Lothair receives title of emperor, given central portion including Low Coutries, Lorraine, Alsace, Burgundy, Provence and Kingdom of Italy. Eastern Francia – Louis the German became king of East Francia, which became Germany. 844 Wales - Rhodri Mawr became first Prince of all 844 Rome – Jan – Pope Gregory IV died. Wales. Jan-7 Jan 847 – Sergius II became Pope without seeking authority of Holy Roman Emperor Lothair; Lothair invades, but pacified when crowned king of Lombardy. 845 846 Great Moravia – Mojmír I died. East Francis king, Louis the German confirms Rastislav as second king of Great Moravia. 847 Rome – 7 Jan – Pope Sergius died. 7 Jan-17 Jul 855 – Leo IV became Pope. Syria – 24 Nov – Earthquake, epicentre in Damascus. 848

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 87 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 849 850 Asturias – Ordoňo , son of Ramiro I, founder of Perez dynasty, became king of Austurias to ascend throne without an election. Austurias became known as León. 851 852 Pampolona – García Íňiguez became king. Bulgaria – Boris I became khan. 853 854 -900 Wulfhere, Archbishop of York. 854 855 Provence – Charles, youngest son of Holy Roman Emperor, Lothair I, became king when Lothair divedes realm of Lotharingia between his 3 sons. Holy Roman Empire – Louis II succeeds Lothair as Holy Roman Emperor. Rome – 17 Jul – Pope Leo IV died. Jul-7 Apr 858 – Benedict III became Pope. Byzantine Empire – Empress Theodora displaced from her regency; her son, Michael III, rules alone. 856 England -860 Æthalbald, 2nd son of Æthelwulf, 856 Iran – 22 Dec – Earthquake. became king of Wessex, after forcing his father to Greece – Dec – Earthquake, epicentre in Corinth. abdicate, marries his widowed 16 year old stepmother, Judith. Her father, Charles the Bald, Holy Roman Emperor has marriage annulled. 857 857 858 Scotland - Domnall mac Ailpín, brother of 858 Rome – 7 Apr – Pope Benedict III died. Kenneth I, became king of Picts, as Donald I. 14 Apr-13 Nov 867 – Nicholas I became Pope. England - 13 January Æthelwulf died, aged 62 or 63. 859 860 England - 20 December King Æthelbald died. 860 Kievan Rus’ – Rurik, a Viking chieftain comes to 21 December – 865 Ethelbert, 3rd son of power in Ladoga and Norvogorod, founded Rurik Æthelwulf, became king of Wessex. dynasty, centred on city of Kiev. 861 862 Scotland - Constantine I, son of Kenneth 862 MacAlpin, became king of the Picts. 863 Provence – King Charles died, childless, kingdom split between his brothers, Lothair II and Emperor Louis II.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 88 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 864 Bavaria – Carloman, son of Louis the German, became king. Venice – Pietro Tradonico assassinated; Orso I Participazio elected doge. Bulgaria – Boris I converts to Christianity, following invasion of Byzantine Empire. Great Moravia – King Rastislav has to acknowledge the supremacy of Louis the German, after East Franks invade. 865 England – King Æthelbert died aged c. 30. 865 -871 Ethelred, 4th son of Æthelwulf, became king of Wessex. 866 and Asturias - Alfonso III the Great became king. 867 21 Mar - King Osbert and King Ella killed 867 Rome – 13 Nov – Pope Nicholas I died. in battle against Danes. 14 Nov-14 Dec 872 – Adrian II became Pope. Byzantine Empire – Basil I crowned co-emperor, assassinates Michael III to become sole ruler. 868 – First declared by Christian warlord Vímara Peres. 869 Holy Roman Empire – Emperor Louis II allies with Emperor Basil I against Sarecens. Byzantine Empire – Basil I crowns his son, Constantine, co-emperor. Japan – 13 Jul – Earthquake measuring 8.6Mw, epicentre in Sendai, followed by tsunami. 870 Byzantine Empire – Basil I crowns another son, Leo, co-emperor. Great Moravia – Louis the German, king of East Francia, has King Rastislav blinded and imprisoned; Svatopluk I chosen as king. 871 England – 23 April Æthelred died at Battle of 871 Merton, aged 34. 24 April - 899 , 5th son of Æthelwulf, became king, calls himself ‘King of the Anglo Saxons.’ 872 872 Rome – 14 Dec – Pope Adrian II died. 14 Dec-16 Dec 882 – John VIII became Pope.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 89 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 873 Portugal – Lucídio Vimaranes takes his father’s place in Portucale, died soon after. Count Diogo Fernandes inherits title via marriage to Lucídio’s daughter. 874 875 Scotland - , Viking king, subdues 875 Provence, Holy Roman Empire and Italy – Louis Orkney and II died, Charles II the Bald became king and emperor. – Harald Fairhair, Viking king, subdues Orkney and Shetlands, adds them to his kingdom. 876 East Francia – Louis the Younger became king. 877 Scotland - Constantine I died fighting the . 877 France and Provence – Louis the Stammerer Áed mac Cináeda, son of Kenneth MacAlpin, became king of West Franks and Provence. became king of the Picts. Italy – Carloman, eldest son of Louis German, became king. 878 England - Alfred defeats Vikings under , 878 at Ethandune; the divides England between the Anglo-Saxons and the Danes. Scotland - mac Dúngail became king of the Picts. 879 West Francia – Louis the Stammerer died, his sons Louis III and Carloman II become joint kings of France. Provence – Boso elected king, marries daughter of Emperor Louis II. Italy – Charles III the Fat became king. Byzantine Empire – Basil I crowns his son, Constantine, co-emperor, who died shortly after, Basils younger son, Alexander, takes his place. 880 Bavaria – Carlaman abdicates after a stroke, his brother, Louis the Younger, king of East Francia and , became king. 881 Venice – Giovanni II Participazio elected Doge. Holy Roman Empire – Charles III the Fat crowned Holy Roman Emperor.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 90 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 882 France – Louis III died, Carloman II rules alone. Pamplona – Fortún Garcés king, last of the Arista dynasty. East Francia – Louis the Younger, his brother, Charles the Fat, became king, reuniting the entire East Frankish kingdom. Rome – 16 Dec – Pope John VIII died. 16 Dec-15 May 884 – Marinus I became Pope. Kievan Rus’ – Oleg became ruler of all the Rus people, capture Kiev from Viking warlord. 833 884 France – Holy Roman Emperor and king of East Francia, Charles the Fat, also became king of West Francia. Rome – 15 May – Pope Marinus died. 17 May-Sept 885 – Adrian III became Pope. 885 Rome – Sept – Pope Adrian III died. Sept-14 Sept 191 – Stephen V became Pope. Byzantine Empire – Basil I died in hunting accident, Leo VI the Wise became emperor. 886 England - Alfred the Great makes a treaty with 886 the Danes formalizing the partition of England with the , northern and eastern England under Danish control. 887 Provence – Louis the Blind became king. East Francia – Charles the Fat is deposed. Slovianian Arnulf of Carinthia, elected king. Venice – Giovanni II Participazio retires, Pietro Candiano elected doge, killed in battle, same year, attacking the Narentines. His great-nephew, Pietro Tribuno, elected doge. Japan – 26 Aug – Earthquake, epicentre in Osaka, Shiga Gifu & Nagano, followed by tsunami. 888 Western Francia – Charles the Fat died, Odo, count of , elected king. 889 Scotland - Donald II, son of Constantine I, 889 became king of the Picts, known as king of Alba. 890 Norway – Harald I Fairhair became the country’s first king.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 91 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 891 Holy Roman Empire – III of Spoleto became Holy Roman Emoperor. Rome – 14 Sept – Pope Stephen V died. 19 Sept-4 Apr 896 – Formosus became Pope. 892 Holy Roman Empire – Lambert II of Spoleto became Holy Roman Emperor. 893 Bulgaria – Former King Boris I comes out of retirement when his son Valadimir tries to revert to paganism. Vladimir defeated and blinded. Boris’s 3rd son, Simeon I the Great became khan. Iran – 23 Mar – Earthquake, epicentre in Ardabil. Armenia – 28 Dec – Earthquake, epicentre in Dyin. 894 England – Northumbrians and Angles swear 894 Great Moravia – Svatopluk I died, kingdom allegiance to Alfred the Great, break their truce by divided between his three sons. attacking south-west of England. 895 896 Italy – Eastern Franks invade and conquer Italy under leadership of Arnulf of Carinthia, he is elected Holy Roman Emperor. Rome – 4 Apr – Pope Formosus died. 4 Apr-19 Apr – Boniface VI became Pope, he died a few days later. 22 May-Aug 897 – Stephen VI became Pope. Bulgaria – Simeon I defeats the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of Bulgarophygon. 897 Rome – Aug – Remains of Pope Formosus are exhumed and put on trial (Cadaver Synod), he is found unworthy of pontificate. Pope Stephen VI imprisoned and strangled after this trial. Aug-Nov – Romanus became Pope, deposed after 3 months. Dec- Jan 898 – Theodore II became Pope. 898 West Francia – Charles III the Simple, became king of France. Rome – Jan – Pope Theodore II died. Jan-Jan 900 – John IX became Pope. 899 England – 26 October Alfred the Great died aged 899 East Francia – Louis the Child became king. c.50. 27 October - 924 became king of Wessex.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 92 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 900 -c.916 Æthelbald, Archbishop of York. 900 Scotland – Constantine II became king of Alba. 900 Rome – Jan – Pope John IX died. Jan- 903 – Benedict IV became Pope. 901 Holy Roman Empire – Louis III the Blind, usuper king of Provence, became Holy Roman Emperor. 902 903 Rome – Pope Benedict IV died. Jul-Sept – Leo V became Pope for 30 days, deposed and murdered by Christopher. 904 Rome – AntiPope Chrisopher ejected. 29 Jan-14 Apr 911 – Sergius became Pope. 905 Pamplona – Fortún Garcés deposed by a coup, retires to a monastery, Sancho I Garcés became first king of the Jiménez dynasty. 906 907 Great Moravia – The country is destroyed by a Hungarian attack and vanishes as a state. 908 909 910 Galicia, León and Asturias – Alfonso III died, his kingdom divided between three sons; García became king of León, Ordoňo of Galicia and Fruela of Asturias. 911 Provence – of Arles became king. East Francia – Louis the Child died aged 18; Conrad I elected king. Rome – 14 Apr – Pope Sergius III died. Apr-Jun 913 – Anastasius III became Pope. 912 Venice – Orso II Participazio elected doge. Byzantine Empire – Alexander became co- emperor with Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos. Kievan Rus’ – Igor became ruler. 913 Rome – Jun – Pope Anastasius died. Jul-Mar 914 – Lando became Pope. Bulgaria – Simeon I defeats the army of the Byzatine Empire, recognized as tsar by Patriarch Nicholas. 914 León and Galicia – Ordoňo also became king of León after death of García. Rome – Mar – Pope Lando died. Mar-May 928 – John X became Pope.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 93 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 915 Holy Roman Empire – Berengar of Friuli elected Holy Roman Emperor. 916 -931 Hrotheweard, Archbishop of York. 916 England and Wales – Marcian warrior queen 916 Aethelflaed conquers Wales. 917 917 918 England – By this year, all Danes south of the 918 Humber have submitted to King Edward the Elder. 919 East Francia – I the Fowler elected king, first of the . 920 England – Saxons retake East Anglia from the 920 Danes. 921 922 France – Robert I became king. 923 France – Robert I died in battle, Charles the Simple became king. 924 England – 17 July Edward the Elder died aged c. 924 Holy Roman Empire – Holy Roman Emperor 50. Berenger is assassinated, there are no heirs 3 August – 939 Athelstan the Glorious became king. 925 León – Alfonso Froilaz, became king, driven out by sons of Ordoňo II. 926 927 Pamplona – Jimeno Garcés became. Bulgaria – Simeon I died of heart failure, Peter I became tsar. 928 Rome – May – Pope X imprisoned and possibly murdered. May-Dec – Leo VI became Pope. Dec-Feb 931 – Stephen VII became Pope. 929 930 Norway – Erik Bloodaxe became king, quarrels with his brothers, has 4 killed. 931 -956 I, Archbishop of York. 931 León – Alfonso IV abdicates and enters a monastery, Ramiro II became king. Pamplona – Garcia Sánchez I became king, aged 12. Rome – Feb – Pope Stephen VII died. Feb-Dec 935 – John IX became Pope.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 94 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 932 Venice – Orso II Participazio retires, Pietro II Candiano succeeds him. 933 Provence - ceases to be a separate kingdom. 934 Burgundy – Rudolph II became king of Burgundy. Denmark – founds Denmark’s first dynasty. Norway – Hakkon returns from England and ousts Eril Bloodaxe from the throne. 935 Rome – Dec – Pope John XI died. 936 France – Louis IV became king. Germany – Henry the Fowler died, Otto the Great became king. Rome – 3 Jan-13 Jul 939 – Leo VII became Pope. 937 England – Athelstan defeats an army of Scots, 937 Burgundy – Rudolph II died, Conrad the Peaceful Irish and Danes at the , became king. securing the submission of Constantine II of Scotland, Athelstan claims the title of King of all Britain. 938 939 England – 27 October Athelstan the Glorious 939 Venice – Pietro Badoer Participazio is elected died, aged c.44. doge. 28 October – 946 Edmund the Magnificent Rome – 13 Jul – Pope Leo VI died. became king. 14 Jul-Oct 942 – Stephen VIII is became Pope. 940 941 942 Venice – Pietro III Candiano is elected doge. Rome – Oct – Pope Stephen VIII died. 30 Oct-May 946 – Marinus II is became Pope. 943 Scotland – Constantine II abdicates and retires to 943 a monastery. Malcolm I became king. 944 Byzantine Empire – Romanos I is deposed by his sons, forced to become a monk; followers of Emperor Constantine VII revolt and Stephen and Constantine into exile. 945 England – conquers Strathclyde. 945 Italy – Lothiar II takes control of Italy. and Westmorland are annexed by the Kievan Rus’ – Igor is killed; his wife takes revenge Scots. on his killers and became regent for Igor’s heir, Sviatoslav. She is the first ruler of Rus to covert to Christianity.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 95 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 946 England – 26 May Edmund the Magnificent 946 Rome – May – Pope Marinus II died. murdered, aged c.25. 10 May-Dec 955 – Agapetus II is became Pope. 27 May - 955 became king. 947 948 949 950 Portugal – Gonçalo Mendes became count. 951 León – Ordoňo III became king. Italy – Otto I of Germany invaded and crowned King of the Lombards; Kingdom of Italy now ruled within the Holy Roman Empire, with the emperor as monarch. 952 953 954 Scotland – Malcolm I is killed, Indulf, succeeds 954 France – Lothair became king, aged 13. him. 955 England - 23 November Eadred died, aged c.32. 955 Germany – Ott the Great defeats the Magyars at 24 November – 959 became king. the Battle of Lechfeld, and the at Reichnitz. Rome – Dec – Pope Agapetus II died. 16 Dec-14 May 964 – Octavian became Pope John XII. 956 -971 , Archbishop of York. 956 León – Sancho the Fat became king. 957 England – King Edwig defeated in battle at 957 Gloucester, fear of civil war he agrees to divide the country alomng the Thames, he rules Wessex and Kent, Edgar rules north of the Thames. 958 Denmark – King became king, accepts Christianity. León – Ordoňo the Wicked usurps Sancho the Fat. 959 England – 1 October Eadwig died, aged c. 19. 959 Byzantine Empire – Constantine VII died, 2 October – 975 Edgar the Peaceable became possibly poisoned, Romanos II became emperor. king, uniting the country. 960 León – Sanch the Fat regains the throne. 961 Germany – Otto II the Red became king. Norway – Haakon I mortally wounded at Battle of Fitjar. Harald II Greycloak became king.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 96 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 962 Scotland – King Indulf killed fighting the Vikings at 962 Holy Roman Empire and German Nation – Otto the Battle of Bands, near Cullen; succeeded by the Great is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. Dub mac Maíl. 963 – is founded by Siegfried, count of Ardennes. – is founded by Miezko I. Byzantine Empire – Romanos II died aged 26. Nikephoros II Phokas became emperor. 964 Rome – 14 May – Pope John XII died. 22 May-23 Jun – Benedict V voted Pope by the people of Rome. Jul-Mar 965 – Leo VIII appointed antiPope by Holy Roman Emperor Otto I and elected Pope when Benedict deposed.

965 Rome – Mar – Pope Leo VIII deposed. 1 Oct- 6 Sept 972 – John XIII became Pope. 966 León – Ramiro III became king, aged 5, his mother and aunt act as . 967 Scotland - King Dub assassinated. Cuilén 967 Holy Roman Empire – Otto II the Red became became king. emperor. 968 969 Byzantine Empire – Nikephoros II Phokas assassinated. John Tzimiskes became Emperor John I. Bulgaria – Boris II became tsar. 970 Pamplona – Sanch II Garcés Abarca became king. 971 Edwaldus, Archbishop of York. 971 Scotland - King Cuilén murdered bya a Scottish 971 Serbia - Petrislav became prince of Duklja and , Amdarch, the building he is in is Travunia. deliberately set on fire. 972 -992 Osweald, Archbishop of York. 972 Rome – 6 Sept – Pope John XIII murdered. Kievan Rus’ – Sviatoslav I killed by the Pecheneg khan, Kurya. 973 England – King Edgar I crowned at Bath by St 973 Rome – 19 Jan-Jun 974 – Benedict VI became Dunstan, 14 years after becoming king. Pope, two months later he is imprisoned. – the Victorious became king. 974 Rome – Jun – Pope Benedict VI strangled on the orders of Crescentius I. Oct-10 Jul 983 – Benedict VII elected Pope.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 97 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 975 England – 8 July Edgar the Peaceable died, 975 aged c. 32. 9 July – 978 Saint became king, aged 13. 976 Ireland – Brian Boru became king of Munster 976 Norway – Harald II killed in Denmark by Haakon Sigurdsson and Harald Bluetooth. Haakon II Sigurdsson became king. Venice – Pietro IV Candiano killed in a revolution against his efforts to create a , Pietro I Orseolo is elected doge. Austria – Leopold of appointed margrave. Bulgaria – Tsar Boris II and his brother, Roman, held as honorary hostages in Constantinople; to ensure the dynasty died out, Roman is castrated. Byzantine Empire – Basil II the Bulgar-Slayer became emperor. Kievan Rus’ – Civil war breaks out between Oleg and Yarolpolk, Oleg killed, Yarolpolk became prince of Kiev. 977 Bulgaria – Boris II accidently killed by border guards. Roman became tsar, ruling jointly with Samuil. 978 England – 18 March Saint Edward the Martyr 978 Kiev – Vladimir became grand prince . assassinated, aged c. 16. Venice – Doge Pietro I Orseolo joins a 19 March – 1013 Æthelred the Unready became Benedictine monastery, later becoming a hermit. king, aged 10.(first reign) Vitale Candiano is elected doge. 979 Venice – Vitale Candiano abdicates for health reasons, Tribuno Memmo is elected doge. 980 Kievan Rus’ – Vladimir kills Yaropolk and became sole ruler. Belarus – Ragnvald Olafsson, prince of Polatsk killed by Vladimir the Great, grand prince of Kiev. Vladimir I became ruler. 981 982 983 Germany – Otto III elected king, aged 3. Rome – 10 Jul – Pope Benedict VII died. Dec-20 Aug 984 – Piètro Campanora became Pope John XIV.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 98 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 984 León – Ramiro III loses throne to Bermudo II the Gouty. Rome – 20 Aug – Pope John XIV died. Aug-Mar 996 – John XV became Pope. 985 Rome – John XV elected Pope. 986 France – Louis V succeeds Lothair as king. Denmark – Sweyn I Forkbeard became king. 987 France – Ling Luois V died in hunting accident. Hugh Capet is elected king. 988 Kievan Rus’ – Vladimir I converts to Christianity. 989 990 Serbia – became prince of Duklja 991 Venice – Pietro II Orseolo elected doge. 992 Poland – Boleslaw I became king. 993 Burgundy – Rudolph III became king. 994 Pamplona – García Sánchez II became king. 995 -c.1003 Ealdwulf, Archbishop of York. 995 Scotland – Kenneth II is assassinated. 995 Sweden – Olaf Skötkonung became king. Constantine III succeeds him. Norway – Haakon II killed by a servant, Olaf I Tryggvason became king. 996 France – Robert II the Pious became king. Holy Roman Empire – Otto III Became emperor. Rome – Mar – Pope John XV died. May-18 Feb 999 – Bruno of Carinthia became Pope Gregory V, aged 24, first German Pope. 997 Scotland – Constantine II killed in factional 997 Bulgaria – Samuil became sole ruler, first of the fighting, last of the line of Áed. Kenneth III House of Comitopuli. succeeds him. Serbia – Samuil of Bulgaria conquers Duklja and takes prince Jovan Vladimie prisoner. 998 Rome – Otto III of Germany retakes city of Rome, reinstates Pope Gregory V after mutilating and blinding antiPope John XVI. 999 Wales – Llewelyn ap Seisyll became king of 999 León – Alfonso V became king, aged 5; his mother Deheubarth and Gwynedd. acts as regent. Portugal – Mendo Gonçalves became 3rd count of Portugal. Rome – 18 Feb – Pope Gregory V died. 2 Apr-12 May 1003 – Gerbert d’Aurillac became Pope Sylvester II. First French Pope.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 99 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1000 Norway – Olaf I Tryggvason died in Battle of Svolder, country split into three areas of control. Hungary – Hungarian state founded by Stephen I. 1001 1002 Ireland – king Máel Sechnaill surrender the title of 1002 Germany – Otto III died fighting Romans. Henry II ‘High King of Ireland’ to Brian Boru. elected king. Bulgaria – All-out war between Byzantine Emperor Basil II and Bulgarian Tsar Samuil; Basil victor. 1003 -c.1023 Wulfstan II, Archbishop of York. 1003 Rome – 12 May – Pope Sylvester II died. Jun-Dec – Siccone became Pope John XVII. 25 Dec-Jul 1009 – Giovanni Fasano became Pope John XVIII. 1004 Pamplona-Navarre – Sancho III the Great became king. Italy – Henry II, king of Germany, became king. 1005 Scotland – Kenneth III killed in battle by Máel 1005 Coluim mac Cináed who became king, known as Malcolm II. 1006 1007 1008 Portugal – Alvito Nunes became count. Venice – Otto Orseolo elected doge, aged 16. 1009 Rome – Jul – Pope John XVIII died abdicated. 31 Jul-12 May 1012 – Pietro Matino Boccapècora became Pope as Sergius IV. 1010 1011 1012 Rome – 12 May – Pope Sergius IV died. 18 May-9 Apr 1024 – Theophylactus II became Pope Benedict VIII. 1013 England – Danes invade. 1013 25 December-1014 became king.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 100 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1014 England – 3 February Sweyn Forkbeard died, 1014 Denmark – Harald II became king. aged c. 54. Norway – Olaf II Haraldsson declares himself March/April - 1016 Æthelred the Unready king. became king. (second reign) Byzantine Empire – Basil II defeats Bulgarian Ireland – High King Brian Boru defeats Vikings at army and massacres 15,000 prisoners in Battle of , but is stabbed in the back by Kleidon. Viking chief. Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill Holy Roman Empire – Henry II of Germany became king again. crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1015 England – Viking king, Canute the Great invades. 1015 Bulgaria – Gavril Radomir killed whilst huntingby his cousin, Ivan Vladislav, who became king. Balarus – Bratislav become prince of Polotsk. Kievan Rus’ – Sviatopolk I became prince of Kiev. 1016 England – 23 April Æthelred the Unready died, 1016 Serbia – Prince Jovan Vladimir beheaded by aged c.48 Bulgarian ruler Ivan Vladislav. Dragimir succeeds. 24 April became king. 30 November Edmund Ironside died, aged c. 23. 30 November – 1035 Canute became king. 1017 England – Canute divides the country into the 1017 Portugal – Ilduara Mendes marries earldoms of Wessex, Mercia, East Anglia and and became countess of Portugal. . 1018 Bulgaria – Ivan Vladislav killed, Presian II succeeds. 1019 Sweden and Norway – signing of treaty at Kungälv. Denmark – Canute I the Great became king. Kievan Rus’ – Iaroslav the Wise murders hid 3 brothers. 1020 England – Canute codifies the laws of England. 1020 Italy – Italian towns, including Rome, Florence and Venice, become city-states. 1021 1022 Ireland – Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill died. 1022 Sweden – Anund Jakob became king. 1023 -1041 Ælfric Puttoc, Archbishop of York. 1023 Wales – Rhydderch ab Iestyn, ruler of Gwent and 1023 Morgannwg, seizes Deheubarth. Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig became king of Gwynedd. 1024 Rome – 9 Apr – Pope Benedict VIII died. Apr-20 Oct 1032 – Romanus became Pope John XIX. Germany – Henry II died. Conrad II elected king, first of the .

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 101 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1025 Poland – Mieszko II Lambert Became king. Byzantine Empire – Basil II died; Constantine VIII became sole ruler. 1026 Venice – Pietro II Orseolo is deposed; Pietro Barbolano elected doge. 1027 Holy Roman Empire – Conrad II, king of Germany, crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1028 León – Alfonso V killed; Bermudo III became king, last of Pérez dynasty. Norway – Olaf II died in Battle of Stiklestad, canonized, became Norway’s patron saint. Canute the Great became king. Portugal – Mendes Nunes Became count. Germany – Henry III elected co-ruler. Byzantine Empire – Zoe became empress; her husband became Romanos III. 1029 Spain – Garcia Sánchez, count of Castile, assassinated, Ferdinand succeeds him. 1030 France – Henry I revolts against his father, Robert I 1031 France – Henry I became sole ruler. Poland – became . 1032 Burgundy – The Holy Roman Emperor, Conrad II became king; Burgandy absorbed by French monarchy. Venice – Doge Pietro Barbolano forced to abdicate in favour of Otto Orseolo, Otto is close to death so Domenico Flabanico is elected doge. Poland – Bezprym murdered; Mieszko II Lambert returns to throne. Rome – 20 Oct – Pope John XIX died. -1045 – Theophylactus III became Pope Benedict IX. 1033 1034 Scotland – Duncan I and Bethóc become king 1034 Poland – Mieszko II Lambert probably murdered, and queen. Czechs invade from south, Poland divided among local rulers. Byzantine Empire – Empress Zoe murders her husband Romanos III, marries her chamberlain, elevating him to the throne of eastern Roman Empire as Michael IV the Paphlagonian.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 102 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1035 England – 12 November Canute died, aged c. 1035 Norway – Magnus I the Good became king. 40. 13 November – 1040 became king. 1036 England – attempt to seize 1036 throne from Harold I. 1037 León – King Bermudo III killed in Battle of Tamarón, Spanish kingdoms of León and Castile unite, Ferdinand, count of Castile, became king Ferdinand I the Great, start of Jiménez dynasty. 1038 1039 Wales – Iago ab Idwal killed, Gruffyd ap Llewelyn 1039 Germany – Conrad II died; Henry III continues as became king. sole ruler. Poland – Casimir I the Restorer became duke. 1040 England – 17 March Harold Harefoot died, aged 1040 Hungary – Peter Urseolo became king. c.23 or 24. Later his body is exhumed, beheaded and thrown into a fen near the Thames. 18 June – 1042 Harthacanute became king. Scotland – King Duncan I killed in Battle, Macbeth succeeds him. 1041 -1042 Æthelric, Archbishop of York. 1041 Bayzantine Empire – Michael IV died, Michael V became co-emperor with Zoe. 1042 -1051 Ælfric Puttoc, Archbishop of York. 1042 England – 8 June Harthacanute died, aged c.24. 1042 Denmark – , king of Norway, 9 June – 1066 Saint Edward the Confessor also became king of Denmark. became king. Serbia – Stefan Dobroslav I Vojislav defeats Bytantine Emperor Constantine IX; Duklja became a leading state in Serbia. Byzantine Empire – Michael V deposed by popular revolt; Zoe became joint-empress with her sister Theodora. Zoe marries again, elevates husband to the throne as Constantine IX. Syria – 12 Aug – Earthquake measuring 7.2Mw, epicentre in Palmyra, Baalbek. 1043 Venice – Doge Domenico Flabanico died; Domenico Contarini elected doge. 1044 Hungary – Peter became king again after Battle of Ménfõ. Belarus – Vseslav became prince of Polotsk.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 103 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1045 England – Edward the Confessor begins 1045 Rome – Pope Benedict IX forced from Rome, construction of Abbey. Sylvester III became Pope, April – Pope Benedict IX forces Pope Sylvester III’s expulsion. May – Pope Benedict IX resigns, selling papacy to John Gratian who became Pope Gregory VI; Benedict IX returns to papal throne but Gregory recognized as true Pope. 1046 Rome – 20 Dec – Pope Gregory VI died. 24 Dec-9 Oct 1047 – Suidger, the German bishop, became Pope Clement II. Holy Roman Empire – Henry III, king of Germany, crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1047 – secures control of Normandy. Rome – 9 Oct – Pope Clement II died. Nov-1048 – Benedict IX seizes Lateran Palace, became Pope for third time. Denmark – Sweyn II Estridson became king. Norway – Harald III Sigurdsson, also known as Harald Hardråda, became sole ruler, the last Viking king. Hungary – King Peter deposed for second time, Andrew I returns from exile to become king. 1048 Rome – Pope Benedict IX resigned. 17 Jul-9 Aug – Poppo, bishop of Brixen, became Pope Damasus II. Hungary – king Andrew assigns 1/3 control to his brother Duke Béla. 1049 Rome – 12 Feb-19 Apr 1054 – Bruno von Eguisheim-Dagsburg became Pope Leo IX. He renewed the practice of celibacy. 1050 Portugal – Nuno Mendes became 7th count of Portugal, last count of the House of Vímara Peres. Sweden – Edmund the old became king, last of the House of Munsõ. Byzantine Empire – Empress Zoe died, her husband, Constantine IX, became sole ruler. 1051 -1060 , Archbishop of York. 1051 Serbia – Mihailo I became grand prince of Duklja. 1052

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 104 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1053 1054 Navarre - Garcia Sánchez III died in the Battle of Atapuerca; succeeded by 14 year old Sancho IV. Germany – Henry IV became king. Rome – 19 Apr – Pope Leo IX’s excommunication of the patriarch of Constantinople, Michael I Cerularius, led to the between Eastern and Western Churches, the Great Schism. Kievan Rus’ – Izyaslav I became prince of Kiev. 1055 Wales – Gruffydd ap Llewelyn claims sovereignty 1055 Rome – 13 Apr-28 Jul 1057 – Gebhard, count of over all of Wales. Calw, Tollenstein und Hirschberg became Pope Victor II. Byzantine Empire – Constantine IX died, Theodora became sole ruler. 1056 León-Castile – Ferdinand I the Great declares himself ‘Emperor of Hispania’. Byzantine Empire – Empress Theodora died childless. Michael VI Bringas replaces her, but not received with universal support, conflict breaks out between noble families. 1057 Scotland – King Macbeth killed in battle against 1057 Rome – 28 Jul – Pope Victor II died. Malcolm III, mac Gille Coemgáin became 2 Aug-29 Mar 1058 – Frèdèric de Lorraine king. became Pope Stephen IX. Hungary – King Andrew I has his son Solomon crowned ‘junior’ king. Byzantine Empire – Michael VI abdicates; Isaac I became emperor. 1058 Scotland – King Lulach assassinated; Malcolm III 1058 Poland – Boleslaw the Bold became duke of Canmore became king. Poland. Rome – 29 Mar – Pope Stephen IX died. 6 Dec-27 Jul 1061 – Gérard de Bourgogne, bishop of Florence, became Pope Nicholas II. He introduced the practice of being elected by cardinals instead of Roman aristocracy. 1059 Byzantine Empire – Isaac I abdicates; Constantine X Douhas became first emperor of the Doukid dynasty.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 105 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1060 France – Philippe I succeeds to throne age 7, rules in his own right by 14. Sweden - Ragnvaldson became king, first of the House of Stenkil. Hungary – Duke Béla defeats his brother Andrew I to become king; Andrew I captured and died. 1061 -1069 Ealfred, Archbishop of York. 1061 Rome – 27 Jul – Pope Nicholas II died. 30 Sept-21 Apr 1073 – Anselmo da Baggio, bishop of Lucca, became Pope Alexander II. 1062 1063 Aragón – Sancho Ramírez became king. Hungary – King Béla I died, his throne’s canopy collapses on him. Solomon crowned king for second time, aged 9. 1064 Wales – Gruffydd ap Llewelyn killed by Cynan ap 1064 Iago. Bleddyn ap Cyfyn became ruler. 1065 Morchar appointed governor of York 1065 León-Castile – Ferdinand I died, his kingdom is split between his sons; Sancho II the Strong receives the Kingdom of Castile, Alfonso VI became king of León, and García of Galicia. 1066 England – 5 January Saint Edward the 1066 Sweden – Stenkil Ragnvaldsson died. Confessor died, aged c. 60. Norway – Magnus II Haraldsson became king. 6 January – became king. 23 September – Battle of Stamford Bridge. 14 October – Harold Godwinson killed at Battle of , aged c.46. 15 October – 17 December Edgar the Atheling, proclaimed king, but not crowned. 25 December - 1087 William I the Conqueror became king. 1067 France – The Trencavel family in . Norway – Olaf III the Peaceful returne from England to claim his share of the Kingdom (the south), Magnus II rules the north. Byzantine Empire – Michael VII became emperor, aged 17; his mother, Eudokia, and general Romanos IV Diogenes, rule as regents.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 106 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1068 After death of Robert, Gospatrick, 1068 England - Earl Morchar, governor of York, earl of 1068 Kievan Rus’ - A popular uprising deposes commander of the Northumbrians, and Chester joined Blethwin, king of Wales with guard Izyaslav I, who flees to Poland. Edgar Atheling, marched their forces to of 700 men marched to Durham and slew Robert, York. whom William had created earl of Northumbria. William advanced on York. William demands Morchar, Edwin, Gospatrick & Edgar sent back to Scotland. Edgar from Malcolm, the Scottish king. William pardoned the and entered to Malcolm refuses, invites king of Denmark to join keys of York. English and Scottish forces against William. Heavy fine levied on citizens. Sent his brother Osbern, with the two sons of Two built (Clifford’s Tower & Baile Harold, and troops in 250 ships, sailed up the Hill), garrisoned by Norman soldiers. Humber. Morchar, Edwin & Gospatrick flee to Scotland. Osbern etc. received by citizens. 1069 19th Sept. prepared for siege, 1069 England – William the Conqueror crushes 1069 Norway – Magnus II died, Olaf became sole ruler. started fire in suburb, which spread to rebellion in the north, burning houses, crops, cattle Kievan Rus’ – Izyaslav I retakes Kiev, with help parts of city and burnt cathedral and and land, over 100,000 people die from starvation from Polish army. library. and winter cold. This is known as the Harrying of Danes able to approach walls without the North. opposition, during confusion. 3,000 Normans killed, High Sheriff of the county, his lady and a few others, found in the castles, survived. Waltheof, son of Siward, appointed governor of York, with garrison if English and Scottish soldiers. Danes retired to place between Humber and Trent to await Normans. William arrived before city, summoned Waltheof to surrender – refused. 1070 -1100 Thomas I (of ), Archbishop 1070 England - William bribed Danish general with 1070 of York. money and right to plunder sea coast, if left the William pushed forward the siege on country. York. Waltheof, the first nobleman to be beheaded in After 6 months, York surrendered, due to England. famine. Herewald teh Wake begins a Saxon revolt in nthe English and Scotch garrison put to the Fens of Eastern England. sword. City raised to the ground. Waltheof, the last Saxon earl, was beheaded for conspiracy.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 107 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1071 Spain – García II, as king of Galicia, first to use title of king of Portugal, following defeat of Count Nuno Mendes in Battle of Pedroso. Italy – The last Byzantine-controlled city in the south, , is captured by . Venice - Domenico Selvo elected doge. Byzantine Empire – Emperor Michael VII sends his mother to a monastery, kills Romanos IV and crowned senior emperor. 1072 England & Scotland – William I invades 1072 León-Castile – Sancho the Strong assassinated , Scotland; defeats in the Fens. Alfonso VI takes control and calls himself ‘Emperor Ireland – Toirdelbach ua Briain became high king of all Hispania.’ of Ireland, aged 15. Bulgaria – Constantin Bodin assumes throne as Peter III, following revolt obyBulgarian noblemen. Byzantines retaliate and capture Peter. Bulgaria ruled by Byzantine Empire. 1073 Rome – 21 Apr – Pope Alexander II died. 22 Apr-25 May 1085 – Hildebrand of Soana became Pope Gregory VII. Kievan Rus’ – Izyaslav I ousted again. Sviatoslav II became prince of Kiev. 1074 Denmark – Harald III elected king. Hungary - Solomon is defeated by Géza I in the Battle of Mogyoród, goes into exile but remains in control of western of country. 1075 England – Revolt of the Three Earls, against 1075 Holy Roman Empire – Henry IV, Holy Roman William I, is last serious act of resistance to Emperor conquers Saxony. . Wales – Bleddyn ap Gyfyn killed by Rhys ab Owain. Trahearn ap Caradog became king of Gwynedd. 1076 Aragón & Navarre – Sancho Ramírez elected king became king. Rome – Pope Gregory VII excommunicates the Holy Roman Emperor, Henry IV. Kievan Rus’ – Vsevolod I became prince of Kiev, ceded throne to Isyaslav I.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 108 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1077 England – , future duke of 1077 Sweden – Halsten Stenkilsson became king. Normandy, instigates first insurrection against his Hungary – Géza I died; his brother, Ladislaus I father, William I. became king. - Kingdom of Duklja founded, with support of Pope Gregory VII; Mihailo I is the first king. 1078 Wales – Trahaern ap Caradog, king of Gwynedd, 1078 Bulgaria – , Peter III, freed by defeats Rhys ab Owain in Battle of Goodwick. venetian sailors and returns to . Byzantine Empire – Michael VII resigns and enters a monastery; Nikephoros III Botanieiates proclaims himself emperor. Kievan Rus’ – Izyaslav I died in a civil war; Vsevolod I restored to power. 1079 Poland – Bolslaw II the Bold murdered bishop of Kraków, nobles and prelates revolt, Boleslaw forced into exile in Hungary; his brother, Wladyslaw I , became duke of Poland. 1080 England – William I writes to Pope to remind him 1080 Sweden – Inge I became king, shares throne with the king of England owes him no allegiance. his brother, Halsten. Denmark – Canute IV became king. 1081 Wales – Trahaearn ap Carado, king of Gwynedd 1081 Sweden – Blot Sven overthrows hia brother-in law is murdered; Gruffydd ap Cynan became king of King Inge. north Wales, spends first 12 years imprisoned by Serbia – Constantin Bodin became king of Duklja. William I in England. Byzantine Empire – Emperor Nikephorus III is overthrown by Alexios I Comnenus. 1082 Holy Roman Empire – Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, besieged Rome and gained entry. 1083 Sweden – Inge I kills Blot Sven and returns to the throne. – is conquered by Duklja. Hungary – King Stephen is canonized and became patron saint of his country. 1084 Venice – Doge Domenico Selvo defeated at by Robert Guiscard’s Normans. Vitale Faliero Dodoni elected Doge. Holy Roman Empire – Henry IV, king of Germany crowned Holy Roman Emperor 1085 Rome – 25 May – Pope Gregory VII died.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 109 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1086 Rome – 24 May-16 Sept 1087 – Desiderius, the great abbot of Monte Cassino, became Pope Victor III. Denmark – King Canute IV is assassinated in the church of St. Alban at Odense; he is made a saint and became patron saint of Denmark; his brother Olaf I, became king. 1087 England – 26 Sept – 1100 William II became 1087 France – 9 Sept – William I the Conqueror died, king. aged c. 59, whilst besieging Mantes. Germany – Conrad II elected king and crowned in Aachen. Hungary – Former King Solomon I is killed in battle near Hadrianopolis. Rome – 16 Sept – Pope Victor III died. 1088 Rome – 12 Mar-29 Jul 1099 – Odo of Lagery became Pope Urban II. 1089 1090 Ireland – Domhnall Maclochlainn became high 1090 Spain – García II, former king of Galicia, died in king. monastery to which he was consigned by his brothers. 1091 1092 1093 Scotland – Malcolm III killed at Battle of Alnwick; 1093 Portugal – Henry of Burgundy receives the county Donald III Bane became king, he expels the of Portugal as a dowry for marriage to Theresa, English from the Scottish court. daughter of Alfonso. Norway – Haakon Magnusson became king. Italy – Conrad II of Germany crowned king. Kievan Rus’ – Sviatopolk II became prince of Kiev. 1094 Scotland – Donald III Bane deposed, Duncan II 1094 Aragón and Navarre – Sancho I died at Siege of succeeds him, but killed in revolt against Norman Huesca; Pedro I became king. influence in Scotland; Donald III Bane returns to Norway – Haakon Magnusson died; Magnus throne. Barefoot became king. 1095 Denmark – Eric I became king. Hungary – Ladislaus I died and canonized. Coloman became king. 1096 Venice – Vital I Michele elected 32nd Doge. 1097 Scotland – Edgar became king. 1097 1098 Germany – Henry IV deposes his son, Conrad II, replacing him with his younger son, Henry V.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 110 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1099 Germany – Henry V became the last king of the Salian dynasty. Rome – 29 Jul – Pope Urban II died 14 days after the capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders. 13 Aug-21 Jan 1118 – Monk Ranirtius became Pope Paschal II, he excommunicates Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV. Sweden – Halsten died, Inge is sole ruler. 1100 -1108 Gerard, Archbishop of York. 1100 England – 2 August William II Rufus died, aged 1100 c.40, killed by an arrow whilst hunting. 5 August – 1135 Henry I (Beauclerc) became king. 1101 England – Robert Curthose gives up hos claim to 1101 Serbia – Constantin Bodin, king of Duklja, died, the Anglo-Norman throne, which confirmed Henry his sons, Mihailo II Vojislav and Dobroslav II, rule I as king of England. jointly. Belarus – Boris I became prince of Polotsk. 1102 Venice – Ordelafo Faliero became doge. Poland – Zbigniew and Boleslw III Wrymouth rule the country jointly after the death of their father Wladyslaw I Herman. Serbia – Dobroslav III became ruler of Duhlja, he is captured, castrated and blinded. Kočopar Branislavljevic brought to power by Prince Vukon of Rascia. 1103 Norway – Olaf Magnusson became king, aged 4, his older brothers act as regents. Serbia – Vladimir, oldest brother of King Constantin Bodin, become s king of Duklja, marries one of Prince Vukan’s daughters. 1104 Aragón and Navarre – Alfonso I the Warrior became king. Denmark – Niels became king.

1106 England – Henry I defeats his older brother, 1106 Germany – Henry IV escapes from prison, defeats Robert Curthose, , at the Battle his son Lorraine, but died soon after. of Tinchebrai. Belarus – David became prince of Polotsk. 1107 Scotland – King Edward died, his brother, 1107 Poland – Boleslaw III puts his half-brother, Alexander I became king. Zbigniew, to flight, and became sole ruler. Zbigniew and Holy Roman Empire join forces against Poland, but defeated, Zbigniew captured and blinded.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 111 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1108 -1114 Thomas II, Archbishop of York. 1108 Scotland – Alexander marries Sybilla, illegitimate 1108 daughter of . 1109 León-Castile-Galicia – Alfonso IV died, Urraca, his daughter, became queen, she marries Alfonso I of Aragón. 1110 Holy Roman Empire – Henry V invades Italy. 1111 Holy Roman Empire – Henry V of Germany crowned emperor, later excommunicated by Pope. 1112 Portugal – King Henry died, his son Alfonso I Henriques became count of Portugal, aged 3. His mother, Teresa, rules as regent. Sweden – Philip Halstensson became king, sharing the throne with Inge II. 1113 Scotland – David, brother of King Alexander I, 1113 Hungary – Coloman imprisons and blinds his demands further titles and land, known as ‘Prince brother Almos. of the Cumberlands’. Serbia – Vladimir of Duklja is poisoned by order of Queen Jakvinta, she appoints her son George to the throne. Kievan Rus’ – Vladimir II Monomakh, son of Vsevolod I, became prince of Kiev. 1114 -1140 , Archbishop of York. 1114 León-Castile-Galicia – Marriage of Queen Urraca and Alfonso I of Aragón is annulled. 1115 Norway – Olaf Magnusson died, his brothers Øystein and Sigurd I the crusader, share the throne. 1116 Hungary – Coloman died, Stephen II became and Coatia. 1117 Venice – Doge Ordelafo Faliero killed in battle against Hungarians, Domenico Michele elected doge. 1118 Ireland – Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair became 1118 Normandy – Rebellion against Henry I breaks out. high king. Rome – 21 Jan – Pope Paschal II died. 24 Jan-28 Jan 1119 – Giovanni Coniula became Pope Gelasius II. Sweden – Philip Halstensson died, Inge II became sole ruler. Serbia – Prince Grubeša Branislavljević, deposes King George of Duklja. Byzantine Empire – John I Comnenos became emperor.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 112 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1119 Rome – 28 Jan – Pope Gelasius died. 2 Feb-13 Dec 1124 – Guy de Vienne became Pope Calixtus II. 1120 England – born. 1120 The sinks in the , Henry II’s son , , is drowned. 1121 1122 Roman Empire – Henry V renopunces the right of investiture of bishop, in the Concordat of Worms. His excommunication is lifted. 1123 Rome – Pope Calixtus II opened the First Council of the Lateran. Norway – Øystein died, Sigurd I became sole ruler. 1124 Scotland – David I became king, with support of 1124 Rome – 13 Dec – Pope Callixtus died. Henry I of England. 15 Dec-13 Feb 1130 – Lamberto Scannabecchi, cardinal of Ostia, became Pope Honorius II. 1125 England – Edgar the Atheling died, aged c.72. 1125 Germany – Henry V died, Lothair, duke of Saxony, elected king. Kievan Rus’ – Vladimir II died, his son Mstislav I became prince of Kiev. 1126 León-Castile-Galicia – Queen Urraca died,Alfonso VII became king. 1127 Balarus – Boris I became prince of Polotsk (2nd time). 1128 Portugal – Count Alfonso I Henrique defeats his mother, Teresa, at Battle of São Mamede, also defeats Alfonso VII of Castile and Léon. Portugal effectively became independent. Balarus – Sviatopolk of Kiev became prince of Polotsk. 1129 Portugal – Count Alfonso Henriques declared prince of Portugal.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 113 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1130 Sweden – Sverker I the Elder became king. Norway – Sigurd I died, Civil war break out for claim to throne between Magnus Sigurdsson and Harald IV Gille. Venice – Pietro Polani elected doge. Rome – 13 Feb – Pope Honorius II died. 14 Feb-24 Sept 1143 – Cardinal Gregorio Papareschi became Pope Innocent II; a group of cardinals elect antiPope Anacletus II. Sicily – Roger II became king. 1131 Hungary and – Stephen II died, Béla II the Blind became king. Balarus – Vasil became prince of Polotsk. 1132 Kievan Rus’ - Yaropolk II became prince of Kiev. 1133 Holy Roman Empire – Lothair III, elected king of Germany, is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1134 Aragón and Navarre – Alfonso I of Aragón leaves his kingdom to the Templar. His wishes are ignored and Ramiro II became king. Denmark – King Niels died in battle in Schleswig; Eric II became king. Norway – Magnus IV Sigurdsson defeats Harald IV at Battle of Färlev. 1135 England – 1 December Henry I died, aged 67, 1135 León-Castile-Galicia – Alfonso II of Castile is from food poisoning. crowned ‘Emperor of all the Spains’. 22 December – 1154 Stephen (of ) became Norway – Harald IV captures Magnus IV, blinds king. him and imprisons him. 1136 Wales – defeats the Normans at 1136 Norway – Sigurd Slembedjakn murders Harald IV; Crug Mawr. Sigurd II Munn became co-ruler with his brothers Inge and Øystein; Sigurd Slembedjakn makes a rival claim for the throne. 1137 Fire of York, burnt down the Cathedral, 1137 France – Louis VII the Young became king. St. Mary’s Abbey, St. Leonard’s Hospital, Aragón – Ramiro abdicates and returns to the 39 parish churches in the city , and Trinity monastery, his daughter Peronilla became queen. church, in the suburbs. Germany – Lothair II died, whilst in Italy. Denmark – Eric III became king. Sicily – Naples is captured and integrated into the .

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 114 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1138 David, king of Scotland, and army, 1138 England and Scotland - Scottish army defeated 1138 Germany – Conrad III elected king, civil war besieged York. by archbishop Thurstan’s army, at – breaks out when he deprives rival Henry the Proud Archbishop Thurstan, lieutenant governor 10,000 Scots killed of his lands. of the North, called a force of nobility and Rome – AntiPope Anacletus II died. gentry of the county, marched against Poland – Boleslaw III divide the country between Scots, who left the city. his five sons. Syria – 11 Oct – Earthquake, epicentre in . 1139 Portugal – Prince Alfonso declared king, after Battle of Ourique. Norway – Sigurd Slembedjakn is imprisoned and executed by supporters of Inge I. Sicily – Pope Innocent II recognizes the Kingdom of Sicily. Kievan Rus’ – Vsevolod II became ruler (prince of Kiev) Rome – Second Council of the Lateran convened. 1140 1141 -1147 William FitzHerbert, Archbishop of 1141 Hungary and Croatia – Béla II died, Géza II York. crowned king, aged 11. 1142 1143 Portugal – King Alfonso VII of Castile recognizes Portugal as an independent kingdom by the Treaty of Zamora. Rome – 24 Sept – Pope Innocent II died. 26 Sept-8 Mar 1144 – Guido di Castello became Pope Celestine II. Byzantine Empire – Johnn II Comnenus died in hunting accident. Manuel I Comnenus became emperor. 1144 France – Geoffery of , second husband of , conquers Nomandy. Rome – 8 Mar – Pope Celestine II died. 12 Mar-15 Feb 1145 – Gherardo Caccianemici dal Orso became Pope Lucius II. Balarus – Rogneda Borisovich became prince of Polotsk. 1145 Rome – 15 Feb – Pope Lucius II killed by a stone thrown at him as he marched against the Roman Senate. 15 Feb-8 Jul 1153 – Bernardo dei Paganelli di Montemagno, became Pope Eugene III.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 115 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1146 Holy Roman Empire – Emperor Conrad III takes part in the . Poland – Wladyslaw II driven into exile by his younger brother; Boleslaw IV the Curly became high duke. Serbia – Radoslav Gradišnić became ruler of Dukja. Kievan Rus ‘ – Igor II became prince of Kiev, soon deposed by his cousin, Iziaslav Msistislavich, who became Iziaslav II. 1147 -1153 , Archbishop of York. 1147 Portugal – King Alfonso I and the Crusaders capture from the Moors. Germany – Conrad III has his son, Henry Berengar, elected king, to rule whilst he is away on the Second Crusade. 1148 Aragón – Queen Petonella abdicates in favour of her son Ramon, who became Alfonso II. Navarre – Sancho VI became king. Portugal – King Alfonso I takes Abrantes from the Moors. Denmark – Eric III abandons the throne, retires to a monastery, Sweyn III became king, challenged by Canute V and Valdemar ‘the Great’. He kills Canute, but killed by Valdemar, who became king in 1157. Venice – Domenico Morosis elected doge. Kievan Rus’ – Yuri I Dolgoruki became prince of Kiev. 1149 1150 Germany – King Henry Beregar died. 1151 Belarus – Rostislav of became prince of Polotsk. Kievan Rus’ – Prince Yuri I driven from Kiev by his nephew Iziaslav III. 1152 Germany – Conrad III died, Frederick I Barbarossa elected king. 1153 -1154 William FitzHerbert, Archbishop of 1153 Scotland – King David I died. His grandson, 1153 Rome – 8 Jul – Pope Eugene III died. York. Malcolm IV, became king, aged 11. 8 Jul-3 Dec 1154 – Corado Demetri della Suburra became Pope Anastasius IV.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 116 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1154 -1181 Roger de Pot L’Evêque, 1154 England – 25 October Stephen died, aged c.58. 1154 Italy – Frederick I Barbarossa crowned king. Archbishop of York. 19 December – 1189 Henry II (Curtmantle) Rome – 3 Dec – Pope Anasatasius IV died. became king. 4 Dec-1 Sept 1159 – Cardinal Nicholas of Albano became Pope Adrain IV, the only Englishman to become Pope. Sicily – Roger II died, William I the Bad became king. Kievan Rus’ – Rostislav I became grand prince for one week, Iziaslav III drives him out and returns to power. 1155 Norway – Sigurd II murdered by his brother and co-ruler Inge I. Holy Roman Empire – Frederick I Barbarossa of Germany crowned Holy Roman Emperor. Kievan Rus’ – Yuri I retakes Kiev. 1156 Ireland – Muirchertach MacLochlainn became 1156 Sweden – Sverker I murdered on way to church high king. on Christmas day. Erik IX the Saint became king. Venice – Vitale II Michele elected doge. 1157 León-Castile-Galicia – King Alfonso VII died, kingdom split between sons – Ferdinand – León and Galicia, Sancho-Castile and Toledo. Denmark – Valdemar the Great became king. Norway – Inge became sole ruler after his brother Øystein killed. Russia – Andrei Bogolyubsky became Prince Andrei I of Vladimir-Suzdal. Kievan Rus’ – Yuiri I died, Iziaslav III restored to throne. Syria – 12 Aug – Earthquake measuring 7.2Mw. 1158 León-Castile-Galicia – Alfonso VIII became king of Castile, aged 3. 1159 Rome – 1 Sept – Pope Adrian IV died. 7 Sept-30 Aug 1181 – Cardinal Orlando Bandinelli became Pope Alexander III. Balarus – Rogneda Borisovich became prince of Polotsk for 2nd time. Kievan Rus’ – Rostislav I become grand prince for 2nd time.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 117 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1160 First York , mentioned in 1160 Sweden – Erik IX is murdered, later canonied history, called by Henry II. becoming Sweden’s patron saint; Magnus II Malcolm, king of Scotland, summoned became king. before this parliament, charged with Sicily – William I defeats a revolt, his son Roger is betraying Henry’s counsel to the French, killed. during the war in that country. Allegations proved false, but Malcolm had to lose some of his lands in England. and to do for the kingdom of Scotalnd. 1161 Sweden – Karl VIII became king. Norway – Haakon II the Broadshouldered defeats and kills Inge I, in battle near , he succeeds Øystein as king. Hungary and Croatia – Stephen III became king. 1162 Norway – Haakon II the Broadshouldered killed by Erling Skaake, Sigurd Markusfostre named king. Serbia – Mihailo III Vojislav became last ruler of Dukja. Balarus – Vseslav Vasilkovich became prince of Polotsk. 1163 Wales – Owain Gwynedd recognized as ruler. 1163 Norway – Magnus V Elingsson first Norwegian king to be crowned, aged 7. 1164 1165 Scotland – Malcolm IV died, aged 24; his brother, 1165 William I the Lion succeeds him. His standard became the Royal Standard of Scotland (red lion rampant with forked tail, on yellow background) 1166 Ireland – Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair became last 1166 Sicily – William II became king, aged 11, his ‘High King of all Ireland’. mother, Margaret of Navarre, acts as regent. 1167 Sweden – Canute I Ericson kills Karl VII to take the throne. Balarus – Volodar of Minsk became prince of Polotsk. Kievan Rus’ – Mstislav II became grand prince. 1168 England – Prince Richard became duke of 1168 Aquitaine. 1169 England – leaves England to 1169 Germany – Henry VI is elected king. establish her court in Poitiers. Sicily – 4 Feb – Earthquake.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 118 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1170 England – Thomas Becket assassinated. 1170 Kievan Rus’ – Gleb became grand prince. Ireland – Henry II sponsors the Norman invasion Eastern Mediterranean – 29 Jun – Earthquake of Ireland. measuring 7.7Mw, Damage in Syria, Lebanon & Turkey. 1171 Archbishop Roger commenced the 1171 Wales – agrees to negotiate 1171 Sicily – William II declared old enough to rule. rebuilding to the Minster Choir. with Henry II of England. Kievan Rus’ – Vladimir II is briefly grand prince, Roman I succeeds him. Parliament met in York. William, successor of Malcolm, summoned to do homage for the . He complied and, in token of his subjection, deposited on the alter of the Cathedral, in York, his breast-plate, spear, and saddle.

1172 England – Council of Avranches absolves Henry 1172 Venice – is elected doge. II of the assassination of Thomas Becket. Hungary and Croatia – Stephan III died, Béla III, Ireland - Henry II conquers Ireland and confirmed his younger brother, became king. as lord of Ireland by the Pope. 1173 England – Eleanor of Aquitaine and her sons 1173 Poland – Mieszko III ‘the Old’ became high duke. rebel against her husband, Henry II, unsuccessful. Kievan Rus’ – Vsevolod the Big Nest briefly istalled to throne, before being taken prisoner. Rurik became grand prince. 1174 England – 12 July – William I of Scotland 1174 Norway – Øystein Meyla declared king by his captured by English force led by de Glanvill supporters during civil war. at Battle of Alnwick, Henry II occupies Scotland. Russia – Prince Andrei I Bogolyubsky assassinated; his half-brother Mikhail became prince of Vladimir-Suzdal. Kievan Rus’ – Iaroslav II, manoeuvred onto throne by relatives. 1175 Scotland – William I of Scotland allowed to return 1175 to Scotland following signing Treaty of Falaise, agreeing to pay cost of occupation by taxing Scots. Ireland – Ruaidri Ua Conchobair, the last high king, submits to Henry II with Treaty of Windsor. 1176

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 119 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1177 Norway – Øystein Meyla killed in Battle of Re. Sicily – William II marries Joan, daughter of Henry II of England. Poland – Expulsion of Mieszko III, Casimir II the Just, elevated to high duke. Russia – Vsevolod the Big Nest became grand prince of Vladimir. Kievan Rus’ – Sviatoslav III deposes Iaroslav II. 1178 Venice – Orio Mastropiero elected doge. 1179 Portugal – Pope Alexander III acknowledges Afonso as king of an independent Portugal. Rome – Third Council of the Lateran convened. Pope Alexander III forced to leave Rome by Roman republic; antiPope Innocent III is installed. 1180 France – Philippe II Augustus became king. Rome – AntiPope Innocent III deposed by Pope Alexander III. Byzantine Empire – Manuel I omnenus died, Alexios II Comnenus became emperor. Kievan Rus’ – Rurik returns to power. 1181 Rome – 30 Aug – Pope Alexander III died. 1 Sept-25 Nov 1185 – Cardinal Ubaldo Allucingoli became Pope Lucius III. 1182 Denmark – Valdemar the Great died, Canute VI became sole ruler. Kievan Rus’ - Sviatoslav III became grand prince for third time, co-ruler with Rurik. 1183 Byzantine Empire – Alexios II strangled, Andronikos Comnenos became sole emperor. 1184 Rome – Pope Lucius III lauches Inquisition. Norway – Magnus V killed in Battle of Firmreite, Sverre Sigurdsson became role ruler. 1185 Scotland – Richard the Lionheart, needing funds 1185 Portugal – Alfonso Henriques I died, his son for Third Crusade, terminates Treaty of Falaise in Sanco I became king. return for 10,000 silver marks. Norway – Jon Kuvlung became to the throne. Rome – 25 Nov – Pope Lucius III died. 25 Nov-19 Oct 1187 – Uberto Crivelli became Pope Urban III. Byzantine Empire – Isaac II Angelus deposes Andornikos I Comnenus and takes throne.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 120 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1186 Serbia – conquers the state of Duklja, unifies Duklja and Rascia into single state. 1187 Rome – 19 Oct – Pope Urban III died. 21 Oct-17 Dec – Alberto di Morra became Pope Gregory VIII. 19 Dec-20 Mar 1191 – Paulino Scolari became Pope Clement III. 1188 León-Castille-Galicia – Alfonso IX the slobberer became king of León and Galicia. Norway – Pretender Jon Kuvlung killed by King Sverre. 1189 -1212 Geoffrey, Archbishop of York. 1189 England – 6 July Henry II died, aged 56. 1189 Holy Roman Empire – Frederick I Barbarossa 3 September – 1199 Richard I the Lionheart leads Third Cursade against Saladin. became king. Sicily – William II died, his nephew Tancred Gave orders that no Jew be presented at his crowned king. coronation, which had been the tradition. Several Jews found in crowd, they were attacked, some killed. Benedict and Jocenus, from York, in this crowd. Benedict was dragged to a church and forcibly baptized then taken before Richard, where he professed to still be a Jew in his heart. Died soon after. Jocenus escaped, unhurt, and returned to York. 1190 16 March 150 Jews killed at York . 1190 England – Richard I threatens war against 1190 Holy Roman Empire – Frederick I Barbarossa Richard ordered to go to Tancred od Sicily, captures Messina. drowns in Saleph river. York and punish offenders, high sheriff Poland – Mieszko II the Old returns to power as and governor imprisoned, 100 inhabitants high duke, until Casimir II is restored. taken to and imprisoned for – Progon became prince of Albania. four years. Government of county given to Osbert de Longchamp. 1191 Rome – 20 Mar – Pope Clement III died. 21 Mar-8 Jan 1198 – Giacinto Bobone, aged 85, became Pope Celestine III. Holy Roman Empire – Henry VI of Germany crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1192 England – Truce between Richard I and Saladin 1192 Venice – is elected doge. ends Third . Richard taken hostage by Belarus – Ginwill became prince of Polotsk. Leopold V of Austria.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 121 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1193 1193 Norway – became pretender to the throne. 1194 England – Richard I ransomed from Henry VI, 1194 Norway – King Sverre Sigurdsson Holy Roman Emperor excommunicated by Norwegian Church. Civil War breaks out again with the Baglers. Sigurd Magnusson killed. Navarre – Sancho VII the Strong became king. Sicily – King Tancred died, William III became king, under the regency of his mother. Poland – Casimer II died, leszek I the White became high duke. Kievan Rus’ – Sviatoslav III died, Rurik became sole ruler. 1195 Byzantine Empire – Alexios proclaims himself emperor Alecios III, Isaac II is imprisoned and blinded. 1196 Aragón – Pedro II became king, the first to be crowned by the Pope. Norway – Inge Magnusson became Baglar pretender to the throne. Germany – Frederick II elected king. Sweden – Canute I died; Sverker II the Younger elected king. Hungary and Croatia – Emeric became king. Serbia – Grand Prince Stefan Namanja abdicates in favour of his son Stefan. Bulgaria – Kaloyan became tsar. 1197 Holy Roman Empire – Henry VI died of malaria. 1198 Germany – Philip of Swabia elected king, disputed by Otto IV of Brunswick whoc is elected as rival king and crowned by the archbishop of Cologne. Civil War ensues. Rome – 8 Jan – Pope Celestine III died. 8 Jan-16 Jul 1216 – Cardinal Deacon Lotario dei Conti di Segni is became Pope Innocent III. Sicily – Frederick I became king. Bohemia – Ottokar I became king. Bulgaria – King Pter murdered; Kalojan became king. Poland – Leszek I the White replaced as high duke by Mieszko III the old.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 122 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1199 Meeting held in York between kings of 1199 England – 6 April Richard I killed, aged 41, at 1199 Poland – Leszek I the White ousts Mieszko III the England and Scotland, agreed sons of siege of Châlus. Old and restored as high duke. English king to marry daughters of 27 May – 1216 John Lackland became king. Belarus – Boris II became prince of Polotsk. Scottish king. 1200 1201 1202 Denmark – Valdemar II the Conqueror became king. Norway – King Sverre died; Haakon III pronounced king. Inge Magnusson died and the Bagler party is dissolved. Poland – Leszek I the White replaced as high duke by Mieszko III the old, again, who died shortly after and succeeded by Wladyslaw III Spindleshanks. Lievan Rus’ – Ingvar I briefly rules as grand prince before Rurik regains the throne. 1203 France – Philippe II enters . Byzantine Empire – Alexios III flees, following arrival of armies of ; Isaac II returns to throne with Alexios IV as co-ruler. Thessalonica – Boniface of Montferret, a leader of the Fourth Crusade, founds this kingdom. 1204 Norway – Haakon III died, Guttrum Sigurdsson named king, aged 4. Hungary and Croatia – Ladislaus III crowned king, aged 5. Bulgaria – Kalojan proclaims himself tsar. Byzantine Empire – Emperor Alexios IV overthrown in a revolution; Nicolas Canabus elected emperor, but refuses, therefore strangled. Alexios Murzuphlus proclaimed emperor as Alexios V. Loses battle to Crusaders, and flees. Constantine proclaimed emperor but not crowned. Empire – Baldwin, count of Flanders, crowned emperor, a Crusader state founded by leaders of Fourth Crusade on land captured from Byzantine Empire. Kievan Rus’ – Rostislav II became grand prince.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 123 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1205 Sweden – Battle of Älgarås. Venice – elected doge. – Henry of Flanders crowned emperor. Hungary and Croatia – Ladislaus died; Andrew II became king. 1206 Poland – Wladyslaw III deposed; Leszek I the White restored to throne. Kievan Rus’ – Rurik briefly seizes power for fifth time; Vsevolod IV deposes him and became grand prince. 1207 Norway – Erling Steinvegg died; Philip Simonsson named as new Bagler pretender. Germany – King Philip’s entry to Cologne brings Civil War to end. Bulgaria – Tsar Kaloyan murdered; his nephew Boril became tsar. Albania – Dhimitër became sovereign prince. 1208 Sweden – Sverker II defeated at Battle of Lena; Erik X became king, the first to be crowned. Germany – Philip of Swabia murdered; Otto IV became sole ruler. Kievan Rus’ – Rurik briefly seizes power for sixth time. 1209 Holy Roman Empire – Otto IV crowned emperor. 1210 Poland – Tanglefoot became high duke. 1211 Portugal – Afonso II became king. Germany – Frederick Roger became king as Frederick II. Poland – Mieszko II died; Leszek I the White is restored as king. 1212 Sicily – Henry became king. Russia – Yuri III became grand prince of Vladimir- Suzdal. 1213 Aragón – Pedro II died at Battle of Muret; James I the Conqueror became king. 1214 Scotland – died; Alexander II 1214 succeeds him.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 124 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1215 , Archbishop of York. 1215 England – January – Group of demand 1215 Spain – Henry I became king of Castile. (election quashed) . Pedro II of Aragón killed in Battle; James the -1255 , Archbishop of -May – Barons take London. Conqueror became king. York. 10 June – Barons and King John meet at Rome – Fourth Council of the Lateran convened. , Articles of the Barons drawn up. A formal royal grant was also reached called The . 1216 Northern barons laid siege to York. 1216 England – 19 October John died, aged 49. 1216 Rome – 16 Jul- Pope Innocent III died. Prince Louis of France offered crown by English 18 Jul-18 Mar 1227 – Cencio became Pope barons, he invades England – First ’s War. Honorius III. 28 October – 1272 Henry III became king, aged 9 Sweden – Johan I Sverkersson became king, aged 15. Albania – Dhimitër Progoni died; his wife Komnena marries nobleman Grigor Kamona, who became sovereign prince. Latin Empire – Pierre II de Courtenay became emperor, kidnapped. Russia – Konstantin I defeats Yuri II to seize Grand-Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal; Yuri sent into exile. 1217 England – Prince Louis of France renounces his 1217 Castile – Henry I killed by falling roof tile; his claim to English throne in Treaty of Lambeth – end cousin, Ferdinand III, succeeds him. of First Baron’s War. Norway – Inge Baardsson died; Haakon IV succeeds him, aged 13. Serbia – founded, Stefan II became king. Latin Empire – Pierre II de Courtenay died whilst held a prisoner by captive. His wife Yolanda takes power. 1218 Bulgaria - Ivan Asen II became tsar having sent Boril into exile after blinding him. Russia – Konstantin died Yuri II returns to throne. 1219 Latin Empire – Robert de Courtenay became emperor. 1220 Henry III and king of Scotland met in 1220 Holy Roman Empire – Frederick II became York, Scottish king agreed to marry emperor. Henry’s sister. 1221

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 125 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1222 Sweden – Johan I is deposed; Erik XI became king, aged 5 years. Germany – Henry VII is crowned co-king with his father, Frederick II. Cyprus – 11 May – Earthquake measuring 7.5Mw. 1223 France – Louis VIII the Lion became king. Portugal – Afonso II died; Sanch II the Pious became king. Kievan Rus’ – Vladimir III became grand prince. 1224 1225 1226 France – Louis IX the Saint became king. 1227 Archbishop Walter de Grey added south 1227 England – Henry III became of age and assumes 1227 Rome – 18 Mar – Pope Honorius III died. transept to Minster. government. 19 Mar-22 Aug 1241 – Ugolino di Conti became 40 days relaxation was granted to Pope Gregory IX. benefactors who contributed liberally to Poland – Leszek I the White assassinated; this work. Wladyslaw III Spindleshanks returns to power. Serbia – Stefan Radoslav became king. 1228 Latin Empire - Robert de Courtenay died; Baldwin II became emperor, aged II 1229 Sweden – Canute II exiles Erik to Denmark and seizes throne. Poland – Konrad I of Masovia became high duke. Venice – Jacopo Tiepolo elected doge. 1230 Henry III and king of Scotland spent 1230 Leόn-Castile-Galicia – Ferdinand III, king of Christmas at York. Castile, became king of Leόn. Bohemia – Wenceslaus I became king. Bulgaria – became dominant power in the Balkans. 1231 Majorca – King James I the Conqueror of Aragόn conquerors Majorca and became king. 1232 Poland – Henry I the bearded, duke of , became ruler. 1233 Serbia - Stefan Radoslav deposed by his brother, Stefan Vladislave I. 1234 Sweden – Canute II died, Erik XI retuns from exile and takes throne. Navarre – Theobald I Posthumous, elected king. Germany – Frederick II outlaws his son, Prince Henry.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 126 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1235 Germany – Prince Henry is tried by Frederick II and dethroned. Hungary and Croatia - Andrew II died, Béla IV became king. - is the first known grand duke. Kievan Rus’ – Iziaslav became grand prince. 1236 1237 25 Sept - signed between 1237 England and Scotland – Treaty of York defines 1237 Germany – Conrad IV elected king. Henry III and Alexander II of Scotland. the boundary betwen the two kingdoms as running Kievan Rus’ – Iaroslav II became grand prince. between the Solway Firth and the mouth of the river Tweed. 1238 Poland – Henry II the Pious became high duke. Russia – Iaroslav II, grand prince of Novgorod and Kiev, became grand prince of Vladimir. Kievan Rus’ – Mikhail II beocmes grand prince. 1239 Norway – Skule Baardson declared king by his supporters, raises army to fight King Haakon IV. Kievan Rus’ - Rostislav III became grand prince. 1240 Norway – Skule Baardson defeated and killed by Haakon IV, civil war comes to an end. Kievan Rus’ - Around this time Mongols destroy Kiev because its princes’ refuse to submit to them. 1241 Rome – 22 Aug – Pope Gregory IX died. 25 Oct-10 Nov – Goffredo da Castiglione became Pope Celestine IV, died before coronation. Denmark – Erik IV became king. Bulgaria – Kaliman Asen I became tsar, aged 7. Poland – Henry I died fighting Monguls at Battle of ; Konrad of Masovia became high duke (2nd time).

1242 1243 Rome – 25 Jun-7 Dec 1254 – Sinibaldo Fieschi became Pope Innocent IV. Poland – Boleslaw V the Chaste became high duke. Serbia – Stefan UroŠ overthrows his brother to become king. 1244

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 127 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1245 Russia – Iaroslav II is poisoned and died; Sviatoslav III became grand prince of Vladimir. 1246 Germany – Henry Raspe elected antiking. Bulgaria – Kaliman I died, aged 12; his brother, Michael Asen I became tsar. 1247 1248 Leόn – Fernando II takes Seville from the Moors. Portugal – Sancho II goes into exile; Afonso III became king. Russia – Mikhail Khorobrit of Moscow, seizes city of vladimir and ousts grand prince. 1249 Scotland – Alexander III became king, aged 8. 1249 Russia – Andrei II became grand pronce of Ireland – 15 August – Battle of Athenry. Vladimir. 1250 Sweden – Eric IX died, Valdemar I Birgersson takes crown, aged 12. Denmark – Abel kills Eric IV and assumes throne. Germany – Frederick II defeats William of Holland but died soon after; Conrad IV became sole ruler. Sicily – Conrad of Germany became king as Conrad I. 1251 Henry III’s daughter and Alexander III of 1251 France – First Shephards’ Crusade launched to Scotland, married at at rescue Luis IX from captivity in Egypt. Christmas. Lithuania – Grand duke Mindaugas Alexander III, and 20 of his nobles, acknowledged as king. knighted by Henry III. 1252 Leόn-Castile-Galicia – Alfonso X the wise became king. Denmark – King Abel kiled in battle; Christopher I elected king. Venice – Reniero Zeno elected doge. Russia – Mongols eject Andrei I from Vldimir; Alexander Nevsky became grand prince. 1253 Navarre – Theobald II became king. Bohemia – Ottakar II became king. Albania – Grior Kamona died, succeeded by his son-in-law, Gulam

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 128 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1254 England – Lesser barons replaced on the King’s 1254 France – Louis IX expels all Jews from France. Council by elected representatives from the shires Portugal – Afonso III holds the first session of the and cities. Cortes. Germany and The Holy Roman Empire – The Great begins. Rome – 7 Dec – Pope Innocent IV died. 12 Dec-25 May 1261 – Rinaldo dei Conti di Jenne became Pope Alexander IV. Sicily – Conrad II became king, aged 2. Albabia – Gulam died. 1255 -1258 Sewal de Bovill, Archbishop of 1255 York. 1256 Bulgaria – Tsar Michael Asen I is murdered by his cousin, whilst hunting. 1257 Germany – Alfonso X, king of Leόn, Castile and Galicia, elected king but not crowned. Bulgaria – Kaliman II flees, Ivan Asen became tsar briefly, replaced by Constantine Tikh. 1258 -1265 Godfrey de Ludham, Archbishop of 1258 Engalnd – Henry III forced to accept Provisions of 1258 Sicily – Manfred became king. York. , requiring the summoning of Parliament and end of in England. Wales – Llewelyn the Last is the final ruler of an independent Wales. 1259 England – signed by Henry III and 1259 Denmark – Christopher I deposed by nobles loyal Louis IX of France. to his son, who became king as Eric V. 1260 Minster’s north transept and a steeple 1260 erected by the treasurer John le Romain. (father of archbishop with same name) 1261 Rome – 25 May – Pope Alexander died. 29 Aug-2 Oct 1264 – Pantaléon became Pope Urban IV. Byzantine Empire – Constantinople recaptured by Nicaean forces, led by Michael VIII. 1262 England – Henry III obtains a papl bull from Pope 1262 Norway – Icedland and Greenland come under Alexander IV, releasing him from the Provisions of Norwegian rule. Oxford. Sicily – Pope grants kingdom of Sicily to .

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 129 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1263 Scotland – Alexander III defeats Norwegians, led 1263 Norway – Haakon IV died in Orkney, Magnus VI by Haakon IV, in . the Law-Mender became king. Lithuania – Grand Duke Mindaugas and his sons murdered by his nephew who became ruler. 1264 England - Second Barons’ War. 1264 Germany – War of the Thuringian Succession Ireland – First known meeting of the Irish ends. legislature takes place at Castledermot in County Lithuania – Vaišvilkas, prince of Black Kildare. deposes Treniota and seizes power. Russia – Alexander Nevsky died; Iaroslav III became grand prince of Vladimir. Rome – 2 Oct – Pope Urban IV died. 1265 , Archbishop of York. 1265 England – First elected English Parliament held in 1265 Rome – 5 Feb-29 Nov 1268 – Cardinal Gui Faucoi (election quashed) Westminster (De Monfort’s Parliament) le Gros became Pope Clement IV. -1266 Bonaventura, Archbishop of York. Battle of Evesham of Second Barons’ War, (resigned before confirmation) Edward’s army defeats and kills Simon de Montfort. 1266 -1279 , Archbishop of York. 1266 Scotland – War with Norway ends, Magnus VI of 1266 Sicily – Manfred killed in Norway concedes the Western Isles and Isle of against Charles of Anjou whoc became king as Man in exchange for large monetary payment. Charles I. 1267 Wales – Henry III acknowledges Llewelyn ap 1267 Lithuania – Grand Duke Vaišvilkas became a Gruffydd’s title of in Treaty of monk, his brother-in-law Shvarn succeeds him. Montgomery. 1268 France – Housed of Bourbon rises to prominence. Rome – 29 Nov – Pope Clement IV died. 29 Nov-1 Sept 1271 – Papal Interregnum. Roman Empire – , aged 16, captured and beheaded by Charles of Anjou. Venice – elected doge. Armenia – Earthquake measuring 7.0Mw, epicentre in . 1269 Bohemia – King Otaker II inherits Carinthia and part of Carniola. Lithuania – became grand duke. 1270 France – Luis IX died of the plague whilst beseiging ; Philippe III the Bild became king. Hungary and Croatia – Stephen V became king. 1271 Rome – 1 Sept-10 Jan 1276 – Cardinal Tebaldo Visconti became Pope Gregory X.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 130 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1272 England – 16 November Henry III died, aged 65. 1272 Navarre – Theobald II died in 8th Crusade, his 20 November – 1307 Edward I (Longshanks) brother, Henry I the Fat became king. became king. Hungary and Croatia – Stephen V died; Ladislaus IV became king. Albania – Charles I of Anjou establishes a kingdom with himself as king. Russia – Vasily of Kostroma became grand prince of Vladimir. 1273 Germany – Rudolph I elected king. 1274 England – Edward I rturns from 9th Crusade to be 1274 Navarre – Hebry the Fat died, his daughter crowned king. Joanna became queen, aged 3. 1275 Sweden – Valdemar I deposed by his brother Magnus III Ladulås, who became king. Venice – Jacopo Contarini elected doge. 1276 Germany – Rudolf forces Otakar II of Bohemia to cede to him Austria, Styria, Carinthia and Carniola. Rome – 10 Jan – Pope Gregory X died. 21 Jan-22 Jun – Pierre de Tarentaise became Pope Inocent V. 11 Jul-18 Aug – Ottobuono Fieschi became Pope Adrian V. 8 Sept-20 May 1277 – Pedro Julião became Pope John XXI. Aragόn – Pedro III became king. Majorca – James II became king. Serbia – Stefan Uroš I forced to abdicate by his son, who became king. Russia – Dmitry of Pereslavl became grand prince of Vladimir. 1277 Rome – 20 May – Pope John XXI died after roof of palace fell on him. 25 Nov-22 Aug 1280 – Giovanni Gaetano Orsini became Pope Nicholas III. Bulgaria – Tsar Constatnine died. 1278 Holy Roman Empire – Rudolph I of Germany and Ladislaus IV of Hungary defeat and kill Ottakar II of Bohemia in Battle of Marchfield. Bohemia – Wenceslaus II became king. 1279 1285 William Wickwane, Archbishop of 1279 Portugal – Deni became king. York. Poland – Leszek the Black became ruler.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 131 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1280 Norway – Erik II Magnusson became king, aged 12. Venice – Giovanni Dandolo elected doge. Bulgaria – George Teter became tsar as George I. Rome – 22 Aug – Pope Nicholas III died. 1281 Rome – 22 Feb- 28 Mar 1285 – Simon de Brion became Pope Martin IV. Norway – Erik II marries Princess Margaret of Scotland. Byzantine Empire – Michael IX named as co-emperor. Belarus – Daumantas became prince of Polotsk. 1282 Spain – Alfonso X of Castile and Leόn unseated by his son, Sancho IV the Brave, in civil war. Norway – Queen Margaret died giving birth. Sicily – begins. Lithuania – Traidenis died; Daumantas became grand duke. Serbia – Stefan Dragutin became ill and gives the throne his brother Stafan Uroš II Miklutin. Byzantine Empire – Andronikos II Palaiologos became emperor. 1283 England – Edward i has Dafydd sp Gruffydd 1283 executed by drawing and quartering, the first time this form has been used. 1284 Wales – Creation of the Statute of Rhuddlan. 1284 León-Castile-Galacia – Alfonso X died, Sanch IV the Brave became king. Navarre – Queen Joanna marries Prince Philipe of France.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 132 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1285 -1296 John Le Romeyn, Archbishop of 1285 France – Philippe III died in Batle of Aragón; York. Philippe IV the Fair became king. Navarre - Queen Joanna I became queen of France; King Philippe IV of France became Felipe I of Navarre. Rome – 28 Mar – Pope Martin IV died. 2 Apr-3 Apr 1287 – Giacomo Savelli became Pope Honorius IV, last Pope to be married. Aragón – Alfonso III the Liberal became king. Naples – Charles II became king.. Sicily – James I became king, Charles II of Anjou continues to claim kingdom. Albania - Charles II of Anjou succeeds his father as king. Lithuania – Butigeidid became grand duke. 1286 Scotland – Alexander III died, his granddaughter 1286 Denmark – Eric V assassinated; succeeded by his became queen. son Eric VI. First War of Scottish Independence. 1287 Spain – King Alfonso III of Aragón conquers Minorca from Moors. Rome – 3 Apr – Pope Honorius IV died. 1288 Rome – 22 Feb-4 Apr 1292 – Girolamo Masci became Pope Nicholas IV. Poland – Henryk IV Probus became high duke. 1289 Venice – Pietro Gradenigo elected doge. Sicily – Charles II crowned king. 1290 Scotland – Queen Margaret died, aged 3. 1290 Sweden – Birger Magnusson became king. Hungary and Croatia – Stephen V assassinated; Andrew III became king. Poland –Premislas II became high duke. China – 27 Sept – Earthquake measuring 6.8Mw, epicentre in Hopeh. 1291 Archbishop John le Romeyn laid 1291 Scotland – Scottish nobles recognise authority of 1291 Aragón and Sicily – James II became king; foundation stone for Minster’s nave. . resigns as king of Sicily. Stone quarried from Tadcaster, granted Italy – Independence of San Marino confirmed by by Robert de Vavasour. papal bull. Wood for roof given by Robert de Percy. Lithuania – became grand duke.

Welshman Rice-ap-Meredith tried for high treason, condemned, hanged and quartered at York.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 133 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1292 Scotland – Six years of interregnum when country 1292 Rome – 4 Apr – Pope Nicholas IV died. governed by Guardians of Scotland, ends when 4 Apr-5 Jul 1294 – Papal Interrregnum. elected king. Germany – of Nassau elected king. Bulgaria – George I flees, replaced by two usurpers – Smilitz and Caka. 1293 Norway – Eric II marries Isabel Bruce, sister of . Japan – 26 May – Earthquake measuring 7.1Mw, epicentre in Kantō region followed by tsunami. 1294 Scotland – John Balliol negotiates the Auld 1294 Rome – 5 Jul-13 Dec – Pietro Angelerio became Alliance with France and Norway. Pope Celestine V – abdicated. 24 Dec-11 Oct 1303 – Benedetto Caetani became Pope Boniface VIII. Albania – Charles II surrenders his right to Albania to his son Philip II. Russia – Audrey III Alexandrovich ousts his brother Dmitri from Vladimir and became grand prince. 1295 England – Edward I summons the Model 1295 Aragón – Treaty of Anagni, James II returns the Parliament. Balearics to James II of Majorca. León-Castile-Galicia – Ferdinand IV the Summoned became king, aged 9 years. Poland – Premislas II crowned king. Lithuania – became grand duke. 1296 -1299 Henry Newark, Archbishop of York. 1296 England and Scotland – Edward I storms 1296 Sicily – Frederick II installed as king. Berwick-upon-Tweed; defeats Scots at Battle of Poland – King Premislas II kidnapped and Dunbar. King John Balliol abdicates and murdered, Wenceslaus II, king of Bohemia also imprisoned in . became High duke of Poland. 1297 Scotland – William Wallace begins his revolt 1297 France – Louis IX canonized as St. Louis. against English, defeating them at Battle of Stirling – gains independence from when Bridge. captures by François Grimaldi. 1298 Edward I summoned parliament to meet 1298 Scotland – Edward I defeats William Wallace in 1298 Bulgaria – Ivan II succeeds his father Smilitz as at York. . tsar. 1299 -1304 Thomas Corbridge, Archbishop of 1299 Norway – Erik II died, his brother is crowned king York. Haakon V. Edward I summoned parliament to meet Bulgaria – Chaka forces Ivan II and his regency to at York. flee, and became tsar. 1300 Poland – High Duke Wencelaus I crowned king. Bulgaria – Teodor Svetoslav deposes Chaka and became tsar; Chaka strangled and beheaded in prison.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 134 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1301 Wales – Edward of Caernarvon became first 1301 Monaco - The Genoese regain control; the prince of Wales. Grimaldis go into exile. Scotland – Robert I makes peace with Edward I Hungary and Croatia – Andrew III died, of England. Wencelaus of Bohemia became king. 1302 Italy – War of Sicilian Vespers ends. 1303 Rome – 11 Oct – Pope Boniface VIII died. 22 Oct-7 July 1304 – Niccolò Boccasini became Pope Benedict XI. Crete – 8 Aug – Earthquake measuring 8.0Mw, followed by tsunami which hit Crete, Rhodes, Alexandria & in Palestine. 1304 -1315 , Archbishop of 1304 England – Edward I takes Stirling Castle, last 1304 Rome – 7 Jul – Pope Benedict XI died. York. stronghold in war of Scottish Independence. Russia – Michael of Tver became grand prince of Vladimir. 1305 Navarre - Joanna died; Louis I became king. Rome/ – 5 Jun-20 Apr 1314 – Raymond Bertrand de Got, archbishop of became Pope Clement V. Poland – Wenceslaus III king of Bohemia and Hungary also became king of Poland. 1306 -1318 Court of at least twice 1306 England – Court of Exchequer removed from 1306 Austria – Rudolf III declares himself king. held at York. London. Hungary – Wenceslaus III gives up throne to Otto, Scotland – Robert the Bruce became king, begins duke of Lower Bavaria. fight for Scottish Independence from English rule. Poland – Wenceslaus III assassinated; Wladyslaw defeats Scots at Battle of I the Short became high duke of Poland. Bethven. 1307 England – 7 July Edward I died, aged 68. 1307 7 July – 1327 Edward II became king. 1308 Rome – Papal court moves to Avignon, the Great Scism begins. Hungary and Croatia – Otto abdicates; Charles I became king. Germany – Albrecht I murdered by his nephew Johann Parricida; Henry Vii became king. 1309 Monaco – Rainer I became first sovereign ruler. Rome – Pope Clement V settle papal seat in Avignon. Sicily – Robert the Wise became king. Hungary and Craotia – Robert of Anjou became king as Charles I, also king of Naples and Sicily.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 135 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1310 Venice – Rebellion against the doge and Grand Council. Bohemia - John the Blind elected king. – Basarab I became ruler. 1311 Edward II spent Christmas at York, had 1311 Majorca – Sancho I became king. city walls fortified. Venice – became doge. Piers Gaveston, who had been banished to France by Edward I, joined Edward II at York. 1312 León-Castile – Alfonso XI the \Just became king. Venice – Giovanni Soranzo elected doge. Holy Roman Empire – Henry VII crowned emperor. 1313 Germany – Henry Vii died. 1314 Scotland – Robert the Bruce defeats English at at 1314 France – Louis X the Quarreller became king. , regaining Independence. Germany – Ludwig IV elected king. Rome/Avignon – 20 Apr – Pope Clement V died. 20 Apr-7 Aug 1316 – Papal Interregnum. 1315 1315 Belarus – Vainus became prince of Polotsk. 1316 -1340 , Archbishop of York. 1316 Ireland – Second Battle of Athenry – over 5000 1316 France – Louis X died of dehydration or poisoning; dead. newborn John I the Posthumous became king, died after 5 days; Philippe V the Tall succeeds him. Navarre – Philippe V of France became Felipe II of Navarre. Rome/Avignon – 7 Aug-4 Dec 1334 – Jacques Duèz became Pope John XXII. Lithuania – Vytenis died; became grand duke. 1317 1318 Scotland – Scots capture Berwick-upon-Tweed 1318 Russia – Grand Prince Michael of Vladimir from English. executed by the Mongol Khan; Yuri of Moscow became grand prince.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 136 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1319 Edward II visited York to raise an army to 1319 England - Edward II besieged Berwick. 1319 Norway and Sweden – Haakon V of Norway died, proceed against Scotland. Scots crossed into England and made their way succeeded by his grandson, the Swedish Prince Court of Exchequer, King’s Bench, down to York. Magnus; the two countries are reunited. Doomsday Book and other records Archbishop of York with army pursued Scots. removed to York for 6 months. 12 October – Battle of Myton, near Archbishop of York formed army of , also known as “The White Battle”, priests, monks, labourers, artisans, where 3000 of the archbishops army were killed. shopkeepers, &c., numbering 10,000 Nicholas Flemming, Mayor of York for 7th time, killed at Myton. The Mayor was interred at St. Wilfred’s church, York, a chantry was also founded at this church for him.

1320 -1330 Minster’s west end built by 1320 Scotland – Scots reaffirm their Independence by 1320 Denmark – Christopher II became king. Archbishop William de Melton. signing Poland – High Duke Wladyslaw I the short Forty days relaxation was granted to crowned king. benefactors. Byzantine Empire – Co-emperor Michael IX Palaiologos died. 1321 Trial of Thomas and his 1321 England - Thomas, earl of Lancaster beheaded at 1321 Serbia – Stefan Uroš II Milutin died; Stefan Uroš III revolting barons before Edward II in York. his castle at Pontefract. Dečanski became king. Found guilty, barons hung and quartered in York, Thomas beheaded at his castle at Pontefract. 1322 Parliament held in York. 1322 England – Edward’s forces routed by Robert, the 1322 France – Philippe V died; Charles IV the Fair family restored to royal favour. Scotch king, at Byland Abbey, Edward escaped to became king. made lord . York. Germany – Ludwig of Bavaria defeats Frederick Edward’s eldest son created Prince of the Fair at Battle of Műhldorf and became king Wales and Duke of Aquitain. Ludwig IV. Bulgaria – George Terter became tsar. Russia – Grand Prince Yuri of Vladimir killed by Dmitri the Terrible Eyes, who became grand prince. 1323 Bulgaria – George II died; Michael Šišman became king. Denmark – Christopher II overthrown by nobles sent into exile; Duke Valdemar of South Jutland became puppet king. 1324 Majorca – Sancho I died, wills throne to his nephew James III.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 137 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1325 Portugal – King Dinis died Alfonso IV became king. 1326 England – Isabella, Edward II’s wife, invades 1326 Russia – Grand Prince Dmitri the Terrible Eyes England with her lover, Roger Mortimer, captures executed; Alexander succeeds him. Edward II. 1327 Edward III in York with army, in 1327 England – 25 January Edward II abdicated. 1327 Aragón – Alfonso IV the Kind became king. preparation to fight Scots. Joined by John 25 January – 1377 Edward III became king. Lord Beaumont, of Hainault, and his army 21 September Edward II murdered, aged 43. of 2000. Massacre of 300 English archers by Hainaulters, 80 interred at St. Clement’s church, Fossgate. 1328 24 January – Edward III marries Philippa, 1328 France – Charles IV died; Philippe VI the niece of John Lord Beaumont, in Fortunate became king. cathedral. Celebration lasted 3 weeks. Navarre – Joanna II became queen. Drunken Hainaulters assaulted women of Holy Roman Empire – Ludwig IV became suburbs. Contest between English and emperor. Hainaulters, many on each side died. Russia – Grand Prince Alexander flees, Ivan Fire started in suburbs. Kalita of Moscow became Grand Prince Ivan I.

1329 Scotland – England recognizes Scotland as an 1329 Navarre – Queen Joanna II marries Philippe of independent nation. Évreux who became King Filipe III of Navarre. King Robert the Bruce died; his son David II Denmark – Christopher II restored to throne. became king, aged 5. Venice – elected doge. 1330 Bulgaria – The Bulgars are beaten by the in Battle of Velbuzhd. Michael III Šišman killed; Ivan Stephen became tsar. Wallachia – Prince Basarab I defeats Charles I of Anjou at Battle of Posada, gaining independence. 1331 Monaco – Charles I Grimaldi retakes Rock of Monaco. Serbia – Stefan Uroš III imprisoned and strangled by his son Dušan, who became Stefan Uroš IVDušan. Bulgaria – Ivan Alexander became tsar. 1332 Edward III summoned a parliament to 1332 England – First record of division of English 1332 Albania – Robert of Taranto succeeds Philip II. assemble at York. Parliament into 2 houses. Scotland – crowned king. 1333 Scotland – Edward III of England and Edward 1333 Poland – Casimir III the Great became king. Balliol defeat Scots at Halidon Hill.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 138 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1334 Edward III spent Christmas at York. 1334 Rome/Avignon – 4 Dec – Pope John XXII died. 20 Dec-25Apr 1342 – Cardinal Jacques Fournier became Pope Benedict XII 1335 Parliament held at York. 1335 1336 Aragón – Pedro IV became king. Albania – Charles became duke of Durazzo. 1337 England – Edward III claims French throne; 1337 France - Edward III of England claims French Hundred Years’ War begins throne. Sweden and Norway – Magnus IV crowned joint ruler in . Sicily – Peter II became king. 1338 1339 Venice – Bartolomeo Gradenigo elected doge. 1340 -1352 William Zouche, Archbishop of 1340 England – Edward III declared king of France. 1340 France – Edward III of England declared king. York. Denmark – Valdemar III became king. 1341 Scotland – David II returns from France. 1341 Lithuania – became grand duke. Byzantine Empire – John V Palaiologos became emperor under the regency of his mother. 1342 Rome/Avignon – 25 Apr – Pope Benedict XII died. 7 May-6 Dec 1352 – Cardinal Pierre Roger became Pope Clement VI. Sicily – Louis the Child became king aged 5, his mother and uncle act as regents. Hungary and Croatia – Louis I the Great became king. Balarus – Wigund became prince of Polotsk. Russia – Simeon of Moscow became grand prince of Valdimir. 1343 Navarre – Charles II the Bad became king. Norway – Haakon VI takes the throne, aged 3, his father acting as Regent. Venice – elected doge. Sicily – Robert the Wise died, Joan I became queen. 1344 Aragón – Pedro IV captures Majorca from James III. 1345 Lithuania – Juanutis is overthrown by his brothers, became grand duke.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 139 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1346 Queen Philippa staying in York, collected 1346 England & Scotland – 17 Oct – David II taken 1346 France – English defeat Philippe VI at Battle of forces, appointed Archbishop William de prisoner by English at Battle of Neville’s Cross Crécy. la Zouch second in command. Marched Germany – Charles IV elected king. against Scots. Bohemia – John the Blind killed at Battle of Crécy; Scottish king David Bruce brought captive Charles IV became king. to York, before taken to London by Serbia – Dušan the Mighty crowned emperor and Philippa Autocrat of Serbs and Greeks. 1347 England – English defeat French at Battle of 1347 Bohemia – Charles IV of Germany became king. Croytoye. Byzantine Empire – John VI Kantakouzenas wins civil war, became senior emperor. Germany – Ludwig IV died. 1348 -1349 Bubonic Plague in York. 1348 England – Truce signed with France. 1348 France – Truce signed with England. Spain – Pedro IV of Aragón defeats his nobles at Epila. Albania – Joanna became duchess of Durazzo. Italy – 25 Jan – Earthquake measuring 6.9Mw, epicentre in Fruili, Venice & Rome. 1349 Majorca – James Iii driven out and killed at Battle of Llucmajor by Pedro IV’s forces; Majorca became part of Aragón. James IV became pretender to the throne. Germany – Charles IV elected king again. 1350 England – English fleet commanded by Edward III 1350 Spain – Spanish fleet defeated by English fleet defeats Spanish Fleet at Batle of Les Espagnols commanded by Edward III at Batle of Les sur Mer. Espagnols sur Mer. France – John II the Good became king. León-Castile-Galicia – Alfonso XI died; Pedro the Cruel became king. 1351 1352 -1373 John Thoresby, Archbishop of 1352 Monaco – Charles I introduces co-rulership with York. his sons Rainier II and Gabriel, and his uncle Antonio. Rome/Avignon – 6 Dec – Pope Clement VI died. 18 Dec- 12 Sept 1362 – Cardinal Étienne Aubert became Pope Inocent VI. Wallachia – Nicolae Alexandru became prince. 1353 Byzantine Empire – Matthew Kantakouzenos became co-emperor. Russia – Ivan II the Fair became grand prince of Vladimir.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 140 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1354 Venice – elected doge. Byznatine Empire – John V Paliaologos became emperor again. 1355 Portugal – Civil War starts Norway – Haakon VI became king. Venice – Doge Marino Faliero found guilty of treason, beheaded; Giovanni Gradenigo elected doge. Italy – Charles IV crowned king. Sicily – King Louis died of plague, aged 17; Frederick III became king. Holy Roman Empire – Charles IV crowned emperor. Serbia – Tsar Dušan died. 1356 England – Black Prince defeats French at Poiters. 1356 France – John II captured byBlack Prince of Scotland – Edward Balliol surrenders claim to of England at Poitiers. Scottish throne to Edward III of England. Sweden – Erik XII became joint ruler. Serbia – Stefan Dušan proclaimed Tsar of all Serbs, Arbanasses and Greeks. Bulgaria – Ivan Alexander crowns Ivan Šišman co-tsar. Switzerland – 18 Oct – Earthquake measuring 6.2Mw, epicentre in Masel. 1357 Scotland – King David II ransomed for 100,000 1357 Monaco – Charles I died, Monaco captured by marks. Genoese. Portugal – Pedro I became king. 1358 1359 Russia – Dmitry of Suzdal became grand prince of Vladimir. 1360 France – John II allowed to return from captivity in England to raise his ransom money. Sweden – Erik XII became joint ruler with his father, Magnus IV. 1361 Bubonic Plague in York. 1361 Venice – Lorenzo Celsi elected doge. Japan – 3 Aug – Earthquake measuring 8.4Mw, epicentre in Nankaido, followed by tsunami.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 141 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1362 Norway – Haakon VI elected king of Sweden. Hungary and Croatia – Louis I conquers northern Bulgaria. Rome/Avignon – 12 Sept – Pope Innocent VI died. 28 Sept- 19 Dec 1370 – Guillaume Grimoard became Pope Urban V. Sweden – Haakon VI of Norway became joint ruler with Magnus IV. Zeta – Durad I became ruler. Byzantine Empire – reduced to the city of Constantinople. 1363 Sweden – Albrecht von Mecklenberg invited to be king by rebel members of Swedish Council of Aristocracy. Russia – Grand Prince Dmitry of Suzdal deposed; Dmitry Donskoi replaces him. 1364 France – Charles V the wise became king. Navarre – Charles II defeated in battle, loses his French territories and claim to duchy of Burgandy. Sweden – Albrecht von Mecklenberg invades and crowned king. Wallachia – Vladislav I became prince. 1365 Sweden – King Magnus taken prisoner by King Albrecht’s forces. Venice – Marco Cornaro elected doge. 1366 Spain – Pedro I unseated from throne of Castile by Henry of Tratámara. 1367 France – Charles V creates first royal library. Spain – Pedro the Cruel of Castile restored to throne. Portugal – Pedro I died, Henry of Trastámara claims crown but Pope Gregory gives throne to Ferdinand I. Venice – Andrea Contarini elected doge. Albania – Karlo Thopia captures Durazzo and became prince. 1368 1369 Bubonic Plague in York. 1369 England – War breaks out with France. 1369 France – French recapture most of Aquitaine. León-Castile-Galicia – Henry II the Bastard kills Pedro the Cruel, seizes throne.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 142 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1370 Rome/Avignon – 19 Dec – Pope Urban V died. 30 Dec-26 Mar 1378 – Pierre Roger de Beaufort became Pope Gregory XI. Poland – Casimer the Great died; Louis I the Great of Hungary abd Croatia elected king. 1371 Scotland – King David died; Robert II became 1371 Norway – A peace agreement allows Magnus to king. return; Albrecht confirmed king. Bulgaria – Ivan Šišman became co-tsar with his brother Ivan Stratsimir. 1372 1373 -1388 , Archbishop of 1373 York. 1374 1375 Bubonic Plague in York. 1375 Majorca – Pretender James IV died, his claim passes to his sister Isabella, known as . Denmark – Oluf II became king, aged 5; his mother Queen Margaret is regent. 1376 England – The God Parliament held. 1376 Germany – Wenceslaus the Drunkard elected The Black Prince died. king. Bosnia and Serbia – Stephen Tvrtko crowned king. Byzantine Empire – Andronikos IV Palaiologos deposes his father John V to become emperor. 1377 England – 21 June Edward III died, aged 64. 1377 Sicily – Mary became queen. 21 June – 1399 Richard II became king. Lithuania – Jogaila became grand duke. Wallachia – Radu I became prince. 1378 Bubonic Plague in York. 1378 Rome – . 26 Mar – Gregory XI died. 8 Apr-15 Oct 1389 – Archbishop Bartolomeo Prignano became Pope Urban VI. French cardinals elect antiPope Robert of Geneva as Clement VII. Bohemia – Wenceslaus IV the Drunkard of Germany became king. 1379 31 March – Edward Hewison executed at 1379 Léon-Castile-Galicia – Andronikos IV deposed, Tyburn Gallows. allowed to retain title co-emperor; John V Palaiologos returns as senior emperor. 1380 France – Charles VI became king. 1381 Naples – Charles III became king.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 143 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1382 England – 21 May – Earthquake measuring 1382 Venice – Michele Morosini elected doge. 5.8Mw, epicentre in Canterbury. Hungary and Croatia – Mary became queen aged 10. Albania – Balsh II became ruler. Poland – Jadwiga became queen. 1383 Portugal – Ferdinand I died, his daughter Beatrice claims throne. Wallachia – Dan I became prince. 1384 1385 Richard II stayed at York. 1385 Portugal – JoãoI elected king. Duel between Sir John Hooland, Hungary and Croatia – Queen Mary deposed by Richard’s brother, and Lord Ralph Charles III of Naples but restored after several Stafford, near . The latter months. was slain. Albania – Karlo Thopia returns to power as prince. Albania is conquered by Ottamans. Zeta – Durad II Stracimirović became ruler. 1386 Switzerland – Swiss win Battle of Sempach. Naples – Charles III assassinated; Ladislaus became king. Lithuania and Poland – Grand Duke Jogaila of Lithuania marries Queen Jadwiga of Poland and became king Wladyslaw II Jagiello of Poland. Wallachia – Prince Dan I died in battle;Mircea I the Great became prince. 1387 Aragón – John I became king. Navarre – Charles II died when burnt alive during medical treatment; Charles III the Noble became king. Denmark and Norway – Oluf of Norway died; his mother Margaret I elected regent. Hungary and Croatia – Queen Elizabeth strangled. Mary and Sigismund rule jointly. Albania – Gjergj Thopia became prince. Belarus – became prince of Polotsk. 1388 -1396 , Archbishop of 1388 Bulgaria – Tsar Ivan Stratsimir forced to accept York. Ottoman overlordship after invasion.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 144 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1389 Richard II in York to settle disagreement 1389 England – Truce signed in Hundred Years’ War 1389 France – Truce signed in Hundred Years’ War between the clergy and the mayor and with France. with England. commonality of the city. Rome – 15 Oct – Pope Urban VI died. King gave his sword to mayor William de 2 Nov-1 Oct 1404 – Pietro Tomacelli became , to be borne before him and his Pope Boniface IX of Western Schism; Clement VII successors in office. remains antiPope in Avignon. From this time chief magistrate given title Sweden – Queen Margaret of Norway became of lord mayor. Queen of Sweden, after Battle of Åsle; declares Eric of king of Norway, aged 7. Ruissia – Vasli I became grand prince of Vladimir- Moscow. 1390 -1391 Bubonic Plague in York. 1390 Scotland – John became king as Robert III. 1390 León-Castile-Galicia – John I died during equestrian performance; Henry III the Infirm became king. Byzantine Empire – John VII Palaiologos became emperor, but John V Palaiologos restored. 1391 Bosnia and Serbia – Stephen Dabiša became king. Byzantine Empire – John V Palaiologos died; Manuel II Palaiologos became emperor. 1392 Richard II brought king’s bench and 1392 Scotland – takes control of 1392 France – Charles VI became insane; Philipe the chancery to York. Shetland Islands and Faroe Islands. Bold became regent. Richard II presented the first mace to the Lithuania – the Great became grand city, to be carried before the lord mayor, duke. and a cap of maintenance for the sword- bearer. 1393 Bulgaria – Kinh=g Ivan Šišman died in battle against Turks. 1394 Rome – AntiPope Clement VII died; Cardinal Pedro de Luna elected as Benedict XIII. 1395 Aragón and Sicily – Martin became king he marries Queen Mary of Sicily, they rule jointly. Hungary and Croatia – Queen Mary died, Sigmund became sole ruler. Bosnia and Serbia – Helena became queen on behalf of Stephen Ostoja. 1396 -1398 Robert Waldy, Archbishop of York. 1396 Aragón – John I died, his brother Martin I c. Richard II abolished the office of succeeds him. bailiffs, and appointed two sheriffs. 1397 Bulgaria – Tsar Ivan Stratsimir taken prisoner; his son Constantine II became tsar.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 145 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1398 -1405 Richard le Scrope, Archbishop of 1398 Bosnai and Serbia – Stephen Ostoja became York. king. 1399 England – 30 September – 1413 Henry IV 1399 Poland – Queen Jadwiga died in childbirth; (Bolingbroke) became king. Wladyslaw II Jagiello became sole ruler. 1400 England – 14 February Richard II died in 1400 Germany and Holy roman Empire – Wenceslaus , aged 33. deposed; Ruprecht, elector of Palatinate, became Wales – Owen Glendower declares himself prince king of Germany. of Wales, starts a rebellion. 1401 Sicily – Queen Mary died; Martin I became sole ruler. 1402 Wales – Henry IV fights Owen Glendower. 1402 1403 Enland – Henry IV defeats Harry ‘Hotspur’ Percy 1403 Zeta – Durad II Stracimirović died from injuries at Battle of . during Battle of Gračanica, aged 16’Balša III became ruler. 1404 1404 Rome – 1 Oct – Pope Boniface IX died. 17 Oct-6 Nov 1406 – Cardinal Cosimo de’ Migliorati became Pope Innocent VII (Western Schism). Bosnia and Serbia – Stephen Tvrtko II deposes Stephen Ostoja to become king. 1405 8 June – Archbishop Richard le Scrope, 1405 Wales – French troops arrive to support Owen 1405 beheaded for high treason, interred in Glendower against Henry IV. Cathedral. York’s privileges removed by order of Henry IV, following actions by archbishop, soon reinstated. -1406 , Archbishop of York. (election quashed) 1406 -1407 Robert Hallum, Archbishop of York. 1406 Wales – Henry, prince of Wales, defeats Owen 1406 León-Castile-Galicia – John II became king. Glendower Majorca – Elizabeth I died. Rome – 6 Nov – Pope Innocent VII died. 30 Nov-4 July 1415 – Angelo Correr became Pope Gregory XII (Western Schism). 1407 -1423 Henry Bowet, Archbishop of York. 1407 1408 Bosnia and Serbia – Stephen Ostoja regains Bosnian throne. 1409 Rome – Council of Pisa deposes both Popes, electing Peter Phillarges, antiPope, as Alexander V. Sicily – Martin II became king.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 146 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1410 Rome – AntiPope Alexander V died; John XXII elected antiPope. Germany – Ruprecht died; Sigismund of Hungary finally elected king. Poland – Ladislaus II beats Teutonic Knights at Battle of Tannenberg. Aragón and Sicily – King Martin died. 1411 Holy Roman Empire – Sigismund of Hungary elected Holy Roman Emeperor. 1412 Henry and his queen visited York on a 1412 Aragón, Valencia, Majorca, Sardinia, Corsica pilgrimage to the shrine of St. John of and Sicily – John of Castile became king. Beverley. 1413 England – 20 March Henry IV died, aged 45 or 1413 Venice – elected doge. 46. 20 March – 1422 Henry V became king. 1414 England – Henry V adopts claims of Edward II to 1414 Naples – King Ladislaus died; his sister Joan II the French crown. succeeds him. 1415 England – Henry V defeats Charles VI at 1415 France – Charles VI defeated by Henry V at Agincourt. Agincourt. Rome – 4 Jul – Deposed Pope Gregory XII abdicated. 4Jul-11 Nov 1417 – Papal Interregnum. 1416 Wales – Owen Glendower died. 1416 Aragón, Valencia, Majorca, Sardinia, Corsica and Sicily – Alfonso V became king. 1417 Rome – The Great Schism ends, 11 Nov-20 Feb 1431 – Cardinal Oddone Colonna became Pope Martin V. 1418 Bosnia and Serbia – Ostojic became king. Wallachia – Mihail I became prince. 1419 Monaco – Amboise of Menton recaptures Monaco from the Genoese, sharing power with Antonie of Roquebrune and Jean I. Bohemia – King Wenceslaus died of a heart attack; Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor and king of Hungary, succeeds him. 1420 England – Treaty of Troyes acknowledges Henry 1420 Wallachia – Dan II became prince. V as heir to French throne.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 147 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1421 Bosnia and Serbia – Stephen Tvrtko II returns to Bosnian throne. Zeta – Balša III died; Stefan Lazarević became . Wallachia – Dan II deposed by Radu II, but regains the throne. 1422 England – 31 August Henry V died, aged 35. 1422 France – Charles VI died; Charles VII became 31 August – 1461 Henry VI became king. (first king, with support of . reign) Bulgaria – Constantine II died. 1423 -1424 , Archbishop of York. 1423 Scotland – James I returns from imprisonment in 1423 Venice – elected doge. (Election quashed) England. Wallachia – Radu II deposes Dan II, second time, Dan II regains throne. 1424 -1425 Richard Flemyng, Archbishop of 1424 Wallachia – Radu II deposes Dan II, third time. York.(Resigned before confirmation) 1425 -1452 John Kempe, Archbishop of York. 1425 Navarre – Charles III died; his daughter Blanche I became queen, ruling with her husband John II. Russia – Vasili II became grand prince of Vladimir-Moscow, aged 10, his mother acts as regent. Byzantine Empire – John VIII Palaiologos became emperor. 1426 Wallachia – Dan II returns to throne. 1427 Monaco – Jean I became sole ruler. Zeta – Despot Stefan Lazarević died; his nephew, Durad Brankovic succeeds him. Wallachia – Dan II deposed by Radu II again, but regains the throne.

1428 France – Joan of Arc leads French against England. Spain – 2 Feb – Earthquake measuring 7.0- 9.0Mw. 1429 France – Joan of Arc raises Sige of Orléans, defeats English at Battle of Patay. Charles VII finally crowned king. 1430 France – Joan of Arc taken prisoner. Lithuania – Švitrigaila became grand duke.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 148 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1431 France – Joan of Arc burnt at stake by English, aged 19. Henry VI of England crowned king of France in Paris. Rome – 20 Feb – Pope Martin V died. 3 Mar-23 Feb 1447 – Cardinal Gabriele Condulmer became Pope Eugene IV. 1432 Wallachia – Dan II died in battle; Alexandru I Aldea became prince. 1433 Portugal – João I died of plague; his son Duarte became king. Holy Roman Empire – Sigismund. King of Germany, Bohemia and Hungary became Holy Roman Emperor. Russia – Yuri of Zvenigorod claims Vladimir- Moscow throne. 1434 Italy – Cosimo de Medici became ruler of Florence. Russia – Yuri died, his son Vasili the Cross-eyed takes the throne of Vladimir-Moscow. 1435 Naples – Queen Joan II died; René became king. Russia – Vasili the Cross-eyed ousted by Grand Prince Vasili the Blind. 1436 Wallachia – Alexandru I died; Vlad Dracul succeeds him. 1437 Scotland – James I assassinated by Sir Robert 1437 Hungary,Croatia and Bohemia – Sigismund Graham etc; James II became king, aged 7. does; Albrecht I of Habsburg became king of Hungary and Bohemia. 1438 Germany – Albrecht, king of Bohemia and Hungary became king Albrecht II of Germany. Denmark – Eric VII deposed. 1439 Portugal – Queen Leanor replaced as regent by Pedro, duke of . Germany – Albrecht II died. Hungary – Wladyslaw III Jagiellon of Poland chosen as king. Zeta – The capital Smederevno captured by Ottoman Turks; Despot Durad Branković flees to Hungary.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 149 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1440 Germany – Frederick IV elected king. Denmark – Christopher III chsen as king. Lithuania – Casimer IV Jagiellon became grand duke, aged 13. 1441 Navarre – Queen Blanche died, her husband, John II remains king. Sweden – Christopher, king of Denmark, became king. 1442 Norway – Christopher, king of Denmark and Sweden, became king. Naples – Alfonso V of Aragón deposes King René. Wallachia – Whilst Vlad II Dracul is at the Ottaman court, his son, Mircea II, rules in his place. 1443 Bohemia – Ladislaus V became king. Bosnia and Serbia – Stephen Thomas Ostojich became king. 1444 Hungary – The Ottamans conquer Hungary at the . Poland, Hungary and Croatia – Wladyskaw II, king of Poland and Hungary killed at Battle of Varna. Ladislaus V, king of Bohemia, became king of Hungary and Croatia. Albania – Gjergj Kastrioti became prince. Zeta – Durad Branković restored as despot. 1445 1446 Hungary and Croatia – János Hunyadi became regent on behalf of Ladislaus V. Russia – Dmitri Shemyaka seizes Moscow. 1447 Rome – 23 Feb – POpe Eugene IV died. 6 Mar-24 Mar 1455 – Cardinal Tommaso Paretucelli became Pope Nicholas V. Poland and Lithuania – Grand Duke Casimir IV Jagiellon became king. Wallachia – Mircea II and Vlad Dracul killed; Vlad III Tepes put on throne, replaced by Vladislav II. 1448 Sweden – King Christopher died; Charles VIII elected king. Denmark – Christian I became king.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 150 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1449 Portugal – Afonso V declares his former regent, duke of Coimbra a rebel, who is killed at Battle of Alfarrobeira. Norway – Karl VIII of Sweden elected Karl I of Norway. Byzantine Empire – Constantine XI became emperor. 1450 Norway – Karl I forced to cede Norway to . 1451 Zeta – Stefan I Crnojević became ruler. 1452 -1464 , Archbishop of York. 1452 Holy Roman Empire – German King Frederick IV became Holy Roman Emperor as Frederick III. 1453 England – Henry VI became insane, Richard 1453 France – The Hundred Years’ War ends. became regent. English expelled fro France, retain . Byzantine Empire – Constantine XI died firghting Ottamans; Constantinople falls, Byzantine Empire comes to an end. 1454 Monaco – Catalan became lord. Léon-Castile-Galicia – Henry IV the Impotent became king. 1455 -1485 War of the Roses, between the Houses of 1455 Rome – 24 Mar – Pope Nicholas V died. York and Lancaster. 8 Apr-6 Aug 1458 – Cardinal Alfonso de Borgia became Pope Calixtus III (First Spanish Pope). 1456 Hungary and Croatia – Hungarians storm Belgrade driving out Turks. Wallachia – Vlad III the Impaler invades and seizes power. 1457 Monaco – Claudine became joint ruler with Pomelline . Sweden – Charles VIII deposed by Christian I. Venice – Doge Francesco Foscari forced to withdraw; Pasquale Malipiero elected doge. Aragón, Navarre – Valencia, Majorca, Sardinia, Corsica and Sicily – John II became king. Bohemia – Ladislaus V died.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 151 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1458 Aragón, Navarre and Sicily – John became king. Rome – 6 Aug – Pope Callixtus III died. 19 Aug-15 Aug 1464 – Bishop Enea Silvio became Pope Pius II. Naples – Fersinand I became king. Hungary and Croatia – the Great elected king. Bohemia – George of Podĕbrady became king George I. 1459 Serbia – Is taken by the Ottoman Turks. 1460 England – Earl of Warwick and Earl of March 1460 seize London. Battle of Northampton. Scotland – James II accidently killed during siege of Castle. James III became king . 1461 Henry VI and his queen at York, fled to 1461 England - 4 March –1470 Edward IV became 1461 France – Louis XI the Prudent became king. Scotland, after hearing defeat at Towton. king. (first reign) Bosnia and Serbia – Stephen Tomaševoc Edward entered York. 29 March Battle of Towton, War of Roses. became king. 1462 Venice – elected doge. Wallachia – Vlad III the Impaler ousted by Ottomans, they place his brother Radu cel Frumos on the throne. Russia – Ivan III the Great became grande prince of Vladimir-Moscow, declares himselfGrand Duke of all Russia. 1463 Bosnia and Serbia – King Stephen Tomašević executed by Mehmet II of Turkey who seizes control. 1464 Edward IV at York. 1464 England – 15 May Battle of Hexham, War of 1464 Rome – 15 Aug – Pope Pius II died. 10 June Edward IV gives grant to York Roses. 30 Aug-26 Jul 1471 – Cardinal Pietro Barbo for their sufferings during the wars. became Pope Paul II. Relinquished usual demands and Sweden – Christian I deposed; Charles VIII assigned for the next 12 years, an annual restored to throne. rent of £40, from customs in Hull. Zete/Montenergro – Ivan Crnojević the Black became ruler. 1465 4 May (according to W. Hargrove) 1465 England – Henry VI imprisoned by Edward IV. 1465 Sweden – Charles VIII deposed and exiled. Coronation of Edward IV at York. Byzantine Empire – Andrew Palaiologos sells his -1476 George Nevill, Archbishop of York. titles to King Ferdinand II of Aragón and Queen Isabella of Castile.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 152 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1466 1467 Sweden – Charles VIII restored to throne. 1468 Sicily – Ferdinand II of Aragón became king. 1469 Bohemia – Matthias Corvinus king of Hungary declared king, but not crowned. 1470 England – 2 October – 1471 Henry VI became 1470 Sweden – Charles VIII died; king. (second reign) became regent. 1471 England – 11 April – 1483 Edward IV became 1471 Venice – Nocolo Tron elected doge. king. (second reign) Rome – 26 July – Pope Paull II died. 14 April Battle of Barnet, War of Roses. 9 Aug-12 Aug 1484 – Cardinal Francesco della 21 May Henry VI murdered, aged 49. Rovere became Pope Sixtus IV. Bohemia – King George died; Ladislaus Jagiellon became king. 1472 1473 Venice – Nicolo Marcello elected doge. Wallachia – Basarab Laiotă the Elder elected prince, but Radu cel Frumos returns to throne. 1474 France – Louis XI declares war on , duke of Burgundy. León-Catsile-Galicia – Henry IV died. Venice – Pietro Mocenigo elected doge. Wallachia – Basarab Laiotă the Elder regains throne but Radu cel Frumos returns to throne again. 1475 England – Edward IV invades France. 1475 France – Edward IV of England invades. Peace of Piquigny agreed between England and Peace of Piquigny agreed between England and France. France. Wallachia – Basarab Laiotă the Elder regains throne. 1476 -1480 , Archbishop of 1476 Venice – Andrea Vendramin elected doge. York. Wallachia – Vlad II the Impaler returns to throne briefly but Basarab Laiotă the Elder regains throne again. 1477 France – Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy, defeated and killed by Swiss. Portugal – Afonso V retires to a monastery; João II succeeds him. Wallachia – Basarab Tepe;us the Younger seizes power.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 153 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1478 Venice – Giovanni Mocenigo elected doge. Hungary and Croatia – gain Moravia and Silesia. Albania – Captured by the Turks. 1479 Spain – United, except Navare, under Ferdinand II and Isabella. Navarre – 28 Jan-12 Feb – Eleanor crowned queen. Francis Phoebus became king, aged 10, his mother acts as regent. 1480 -1500 , Archbishop of 1480 Russia – Tsar Ivan III stops paying tribute to the York. Mongols. 1481 Portugal – Afonso V abdicates ; João II formerly became king. Denmark – Hans became king. Albania – Comes under Ottoman rule. Zeta/Montenegro – Ivan I Crnojević regains control. Wallachia – Mircea rules for less than a year; Vlad Călugărul the Monk seizes power but ousted by Basarab Tepelus the Younger. Rhodes – 3 May – Earthquake measuring 7.1Mw. 1482 Scotland – James III briefly deposed and 1482 imprisoned by , but restored to throne. 1483 Richard III at York. 1483 England – 9 April Edward IV died, aged 40. 1483 France – Louis XI died; Chales VIII became king. Requiem sung at Minster in remembrance 9 April – Edward V became king. Navarre – Francis I died; his sister Catherine of Edward IV. 25 June – Edward V died, aged c.12. became queen. Second coronation performed for Richard 26 June – 1485 Richard III became king, formerly Portugal – João II has duke of Braganza at cathedral, by archbishop Rotherham. . executed. 1484 Navarre – Queen Catherine marries John III d’Albret, duke of Gause, they rule jointly. Rome – 12 Aug – Pope Sixtus IV died. 29 Aug-25 Jul 1492 – Cardinal Giovanni Battista Cybo became Pope Innocent VIII. 1485 England – 22 August Richard III killed at Battle 1485 Venice – Marco Barbarigo elected doge. of Bosworth, aged 32. Hungary and Croatia – Captures Vienna and 22 August – 1509 Henry VII became king. Lower Austria. War of Roses ends. 1486 Germany – Maximilian I elected co-king. Venice – elected doge. 1487

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 154 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1488 27 November – John Chambers and 1488 Scotand – James II killed at Battle of Sauchieburn; 1488 others executed at Tyburn Gallows. James IV became king. 1489 1490 Hungary – Ladislaus Jagiellon, King of Bohemia, became Ulászló II of Hungary. Zeta/Montenegro – Ivan I Crnojević died; his son, Durad IV Crnojevć succeeds him. 1491 1492 Spain – Captures Granada from the . Rome – 25 Jul – Pope Innocent VIII died. 11 Aug-18 Aug 1503 – Cardinal Rodrigo de Lanzòl-Borgia became Pope Alexander VI. Poland – Jan I Olbracht became king. Lithuania – became grand duke. 1493 Holy Roman Empire – Emperor Frederick died whilst having leg amputated. 1494 France – Charles VIII invades Italy. Monaco – Jean II became lord. Naples – Alfonso, duke of Calabria, became king Alfonso II. 1495 France – Charles VIII defeated by . Portugal – João II died; Manuell II became king. Naples – Alfonso II abdicates in favour of hi son Ferdinand II. Wallachia – Radu the Great became prince. 1496 Naples – Captured by French; Ferdinand II flees, returns when French leave, but died; his uncle, Frederick IV became king. Zeta/Montenegro – Durad IV Crnojević forced into exile by Ottoman Turks; Stefan II Crnojević became ruler. 1497 Sweden – King Hans of Denmark and Norway conquers Sweden, became John II. 1498 France – Louis XII became king. Portugal – Isabella of Aragón died in childbirth. Zeta/Montenegro – Ivan II Crnojević became ruler. Japan – 20 Sept – Earthquake measuring 7.5Mw, followed by tsunami which hit Wakayama.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 155 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1499 1500 1501 -1507 , Archbishop of 1501 Sweden – Renounces John II as king. York. Venice – elected doge. Naples – Conquered by France; King Frederick taken prisoner; Louis, king of France became king of Naples. Zeta/Montenegro – Durad V Crnojević became ruler Poland – Jan I Olbrecht died; Alexander Jagiellon, grand duke of Lithuania, became king. 1502 1503 Margaret, Henry VII’s eldest daughter 1503 Scotland – August – James IV marries Henry 1503 Rome – 18 Aug – Pope Alexander VI died. stayed at York, on way to Scotland. Met VII’s daughter, Margaret. 22 Sept-18 Oct – Cardinal Francesco Todeschini by Lord Mayor on horseback at Piccolomini became Pope Pius III. Micklegate Bar. 31 Oct-21 Feb 1513 – Giuliano became Pope Julius II. Bohemia – Louis Jagiellon, also Louis II of Hungary, became king. 1504 León-Castile-Galicia – Joanna the Mad became queen. Naples – Ferdinand II of Aragón takes Naples from French, became king Ferdinand III. 1505 France – Treaty of Blois, France keeps Milan, gives Naples to Spain. Monanco – Jean II murdered by her brother Lucien, who became lord. Russia – Vasili III became grand prince of Vladimir-Moscow. 1506 Poland and Lithuania – Alexander Jagiellon died; Sigismund the Old became king of Poland and grand duke of Lithuania. 1507 1508 -1514 , Archbishop 1508 Holy Roman Empire – Maximilian I elected of York. Roman Emperor. Wallachia – Mihnea the Great became prince. 1509 First printing press in York set up by Hugo 1509 England – 21 April Richard VII died, aged 52. 1509 Wallachia – Mircea III Dracul became prince. Goes in the Minster , near St. 21 April – 1547 Henry VIII became king. Turkey – 10 Sept – Earthquake measuring William’s College. 7.2Mw, epicentre in Istanbul. 1510 Wallachia – Vlad cel Tânăr became prince.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 156 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1511 1512 France – French driven out of Milan. Wallachia – Neagoe Basarab became prince. 1513 500 men raised in York and Ainsty to join 1513 England – 9 September Field, 1513 Rome – 21 Feb – Pope Julius II died. army which fought against Scots at Battle War of League of . 9 Mar-1 Dec 1521 – Cardinal Giovanni di Lorenzo of Flodden Field. James IV’s body presented to Henry VIII at de’ Medici became . James IV’s body brought to York, after Richmond. Denmark, Norway and Sweden – Christain II battle and placed on public view, till crowned king. Henry VIII returned from France. 1514 -1530 , Archbishop of 1514 York. 1515 France – François I became king. 1516 Spain – Holy Roman Emperor Charles V became king Charles I. Bohemia and Hungary – Louis II became king aged 10. Zeta/Montenegro – Durad V Crnojević retires to Venice hands power to Vavila. 1517 Navarre – Queen Catherine died in exile; her son, Henry II became king. 1518 1519 Germany and Holy Roman Empire – Charles I of Spain elected king of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. 1520 England – Henry VIII and François I of France 1520 France – François I and Henry VIII of Engalnd meet on the Field of Cloth of Gold but fail to form meet on the Field of Cloth of Gold but fail to form an alliance. an alliance. Sweden – Christian II of Norway and Denmark became king. Montenegro – German II became prince-bishop. 1521 Navarre – French troops sieze Navarre but are expelled by Spanish. Portugal – João III became king. Sweden – Gustav Vasa leads revolt against Danish rule, he became regent after Christian the Tyrant is deposed. Venice – elected doge. Wallachia – Teodosie became prince. Rome – 1 Dec – Pope Leo X died.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 157 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1522 France – Charles V drives French out of Milan. Rome – 9 Jan-14 Sept 1523 – Cardinal Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens became Pope Adrian VI. 1523 Monaco – Honoré I became lord, aged 9 months; his uncle, Augustine Grimaldi, ri=ules as regent. Sweden – Gustav Vasa elected king. Norway and Denmark – Christian II deposed; replaced by his son Frederick I. Venice – elected doge. Rome – 14 Sept – Pope Adrian VI died. 26 Nov-25 Sept 1534 – Cardinal Giulio di Giuliano de’ Medici became Pope Clement VII. 1524 France – Recaptures Milan. 1525 1526 Hungary and Bohemia – Louis II killed at Battle of Mohács; Ferdinand I became king of Bohemia. John Zápolya elected king of Hungary. 1527 France – Charles de Bourbon died. Rome – Charles V’s troops sack Rome and capture Pope Clent VII. 1528 1529 England – Cardinal Wolsey dismissed, failing to 1529 France – Renounces claim to Italy in Peace of obtain divorce for Henry VIII; Sir Thoams More Cambrai. became . Wallachia – Moise became prince. 1530 Italy – Charles V crowned king. Montenegro – Pavle became prince-bishop. Wallachia – Moise killed; Vlad the drowned became prince. 1531 -1544 , Archbishop of York. 1531 Portugal – 26 Jan – Earthquake measuring 6.9Mw, epicentre in Lisbon. 1532 England – Sir resigns. 1532 Wallachia – Vlad the drowned so named after getting drunk and riding into Dâmboviţa river; Vlad Vintilă de la Slatina became prince. 1533 England – Henry VIII’s marriage to Catherine of 1533 Denmark and Norway – Christian III became Aragón annulled; he marries . king. Henry VIII excommunicated by Pope Clement VII. Montenegro – Vasilije I became prince-bishop. became Archbishopm of Canterbury.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 158 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1534 England – Henry VIII breaks with Rome; declares 1534 Rome – 25 Sept – Pope Clement VII died. himself head of English Church. 13 Oct-10 Nov 1549 – Cardinal Allessandro Farnese became Pope Paul III. 1535 England – Sir Thamas More executed. 1535 Wallachia – Radu Paisie became prince. 1536 England – Anne Boleyn executed; Henry VIII 1536 marries . 1537 13 August – Sir Robert Aske executed in 1537 England – Jane Seymour died giving birth to 1537 The Pavement. future Edward VI. 27 August – Lord Hussey executed at Tyburn Gallows. 21 September – William Wode executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1538 Venice – Pietro Lando elected doge. 1539 1540 England – Henry VIII marries , 1540 Mantenegro – Nikodim became prince-bishop, divorces her and marries Catherine Howard. died soon after; succeeded by Romil. 1541 Henry VIII at York. 1541 1541 Hungary – Conquered by Ottoman Turks. 31 March – Sir John Neville and 10 Venezuela – Earthquake followed by tsunami. assosiates executed at Tyburn Gallows.. 1542 England – Catherine Howard executed. 1542 Scotland – James V died after Battle of Solway Moss; his daughter Mary I succeeds him aged 6 years. Ireland – Crown of Ireland Act passed, proclaiming Henry VIII of England, king of Ireland. 1543 England – Henry VIII marries . 1543 1544 1545 -1554 , Archbishop of 1545 Venice – Francesco Donato elected doge. York. Wallachia – Mircea V Ciobanul became prince. 1546 1547 England – 28 January Henry VIII died, aged 55. 1547 France – Henri II became king. 28 January – 1553 Edward VI became king. Russia – crowned Tsar of all Russia. 1548 England – Some inhabitants of Seamer rebelled 1548 Holy Roman Empire – annexes the Netherlands. against the for the suppression of Poland and Lithuania – Sigismund II August the chantries, murdered Matthew White and two became king of Poland and grand duke of others. Lithuania. Scotland – Mary I sent to France to marry the dauphin, François.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 159 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1548 21 September – Leaders of the rebellion 1549 Russia – Ivan IV creates first national assembly. in Seamer in 1548, executed at York. Rome – 10 Nov – Pope Paul III died. 1549 21 September – William Ombler, Thomas 1550 Rome – 7 Feb-29 Mar 1555 – Cardinal Giovanni Dale and John Stephen executed at Maria Ciocchi del Monte became Pope Julius III. Tyburn Gallows. 1551 Sweating Sickness in York 1551 England - Fifth outbreak of the Sweating 1551 Sickness. 1552 Wallachia – Radu Ilie became prince. 1553 England – 6 July Edward VI died, aged 15. 1553 Venice – Marcantonio Trivisan elected doge. 10 -19 July became queen, title Wallachia – Mircea Ciobanul retakes throne. disputed. 19 July – 1558 Mary I became queen. 1554 England – 12 February Lady Jane Grey 1554 Venice – elected doge. Executed. Wallachia – Pătrasçu the Kind became prince. 25 July – 1558 Phillip (of Spain) became king, when marries Mary I. 1555 -1559 , Archbishop of 1555 Spain – Charles I abdicates and enters a York. monastery; his son Phillip II of Portugal became king. Navarre – Joanna III became queen, rukes with her husband Antoine de Bourbon. Rome – 29 Mar – Pope Julius III died. 9 Apr-30 Apr – Cardinal Marcello Cervini became Pope Marcellus II. 23 My-18 Aug 1559 – Cardinal Giovanni Pietro Carafa became Pope Paul IV. 1556 Spain, Germany, Naples, Holy Roman Empire – Charles V abdicates. Spain, Nehterlands and Naples – Philip II became king. Bohemia and Germany – Ferdinand I, king of Bohemia, became king of Gemany. Venice – Lorenzo Priuli elected doge. China – 23 Jan – Earthquake measuring 8.3Mw, epicentre in Shaanxi. 1557 Portugal – João died, his grandson, Sebastião I, became king, aged 3 years, his grandmother acts as regent. 1558 England – 17 November Mary I died, aged 42. 1558 Holy Roman Empire – Ferdinand I became 17 November – 1603 Elizabeth I became queen. emperor. Wallachia – Mircea V Ciobanul returns to power.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 160 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1559 France – The Dauphin François marries Mary Queen of Scots. Henri II accidently killed in jousting match; François II became king and Mary Queen of Scots became of France. Rome – 18 Aug – Pope Paul IV died. 26 Dec-9 Dec1565 – Giovanni Angelo Medici became Pope Pius IV. 1560 England and Scotland – 1560 France – François II died, aged 15; Charles IX signed, agreement to jointly expel French from became king. Scotland. Sweden – Erik XIV became king. 1561 -1568 , Archbishop of 1561 Scotland – Mary Queen of Scots returns. 1561 Montenegro – Ruvim I became prince-bishop. York. 1562 Germany – Maximillian II elected co-king with Ferdinand I. 1563 Hungary – Maximillian II crowned king. 1564 Holy Roman Empire – Maximillian II also became emperor. 1565 Scotland – Mary Queen of Scots marries her 1565 Rome – 9 Dec – Pope Pius IV died. cousin, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley. 1566 Scotland – Lord Daney murders David Rizzio, 1566 Rome – 7 Jan-1 May 1572 – Bishop Michele suspecting he and Mary are having an affair. Ghislieri became Pope Pius V. 1567 Scotland – Earl of Bothwell implicated in death of 1567 Venice – Pietro Lredan elected doge. Lord Darney; Mary Marries Bothwell. She is imprisoned and forced to abdicate. Flees to England. James VI became king. 1568 Scotland and England – Mary Queen of Scots 1568 Netherlends – Dutch campaign for independence imprisoned by Elizabeth I. from Spanish rule begins. Sweden – Erik XIV replaced by his brother John III. Wallachia – Alexandru II Mircea became prince. 1569 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – Union of Poland and Lithuania. Montenegro – Pahomije II Komanin became prince-bishop.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 161 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1570 -1576 , Archbishop of 1570 Venice – Alvise I Mocenigo elected doge. York. Italy – 16-17 Nov – Earthquake measuring 5.5Mw, 27 March – Simon Digby, John Fulthorpe, epicentre in . Robert Pennyman and Thomas Bishop executed at Tyburn Gallows. 30 July – Thomas Wilson,alias Mountain executed at St. Mary’s Abbey. 1571 30 March – Bernard Siegfred executed at 1571 St. Leonard’s Gallows. 1572 22 August Thomas Piercy, earl of 1572 Navarre – Henry III became king. Northumberland, beheaded at Pavement. Rome – 1 May – Pope Pius V died. Head placed over Micklegate Bar for 2 13 May-10 Apr 1585 – Cardinal Ugo years, body buried at St. Crux church. Boncompagni became Pope Gregory XIII. Poland and Lithuania – Sigismund II Agust died; Nenri of Valois elected King Henry III of Poland and grfand duke of Lithuania. 1573 3 April – George Rutby, Robert de 1573 Scheele, Edward de Lavoiffier, Thomas de Berthollet, William Diequemare, Robert de Rosier, Robert de Alcock, Robert Charles de Aleym, and George Richard de Allestry executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1574 Earthquake experienced in York. 1574 France – Charles IX died; Henri of Valois secretly 27 June – Robert de Fleury, George returns to France to be crowned King Henri III. Abbot and William Abbot executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1575 27 March – Frederick Gottfried and 1575 Germany – Rudolf II elected co-king. Thomas Conrat executed at St. Leonard’s Montenegro – Gerasim became prince-bishop. Gallows. Chile – 16 Dec – Earthquake measuring 8.5Mw, epicentre in Valdivia. 1576 8 August – Edward de Satre and Sarah 1576 Germany and Holy Roma Empire – Maximillian Houslay executed at Tyburn Gallows. died; Rudlof II of Bohemia and Hungary became king and emperor. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – elected queen. 1577 -1588 Edwin Sandes (Sandys), 1577 Venice – elected doge. Archbishop of York. Wallachia – Mihnea the Turned-Turk became 30 March – Robert Scheverel, John de prince. Tradescant and George Masson executed at St. Leonard’s Gallows.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 162 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1578 2 April – William Henry Boyle executed at 1578 Portugal – Sebastião died in Battle of Alcácer Tyburn Gallows. Quibir; Cardinal-King Henry became king. Venice – Sebastiano Venier died; Nicolò da Ponte elected doge. 1579 30 July – Charles de Pascal, Thomas de 1579 England – Forms an alliance with Netherlands 1579 Netherlands – Dutch northern provinces form the Warltire, George Edward de Priestley, agains Spain. Union of Utrecht. Charlotte Morrett and Hannah Foucroy executed at St. Leonard’s Gallows. 1580 Portugal – Cardinal-King Henry died; Philip II of Spain elected king. 1581 30 July – James Richardson executed at 1581 Monaco – Charles II became lord. St. Leonard’s Gallows. Netherlands – Union of Utrecht declares independence from Spain, elect Prince William of Orange, the Silent, as leader of revolt. 1582 8 April – George Foster executed at 1582 Montenegro – Venijamin became prince-bishop. Tyburn Gallows. 1583 31 March – Peter Clark and Rinion Foster 1583 Wallachia – Petru Cercel became prince - executed at St. Leonard’s Gallows. 1584 Netherlands – Prince William of the assassinated. Russia – Ivan the terrible died; Fyodor I became tsar. 1585 3 August – George de Kirwan and 1585 Venice – Pasqal Cicogna elected doge. Thomas de Alasco executed at Tyburn Rome – 10 Apr – Pope Gregory XIII died. Gallows. 24 Apr-27 Aug 1590 – Cardinal Felice Peretti became Pope Sixtus V. Wallachia – Petru Cercel flees; Mihnea the Turned-Turk returns to throne. 1586 England – Mary Queen of Scots implicated in plot 1586 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – Stephen against Elizabth I, led by Anthony Babington; she Báthhory died. is tried and sentenced to death. 1587 28 March – Frederick de Alcyonius, 1587 England – Mary Queen of Scots executed. 1587 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – Sigismund Richard de Aldrich and William de III Vasa elected king of Poland and grand duke of Malcolm executed at St. Leonard’s Lithuania. Gallows. 1588 10 August – Andrew Turner and Henry 1588 England – English fleet, led by Francis Drake, 1588 Denmark and Norway – Frederick II died; his son, Ashe executed at St. Leonard’s Gallows. defeats Spanish Armada off southern coast. Christian IV, succeeds him, aged 11 years.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 163 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1589 -1594 , Archbishop of York. 1589 France – Henri III assassinated; Henri, king of Navarre succeeds him as Henri IV. Navarre – The crown of Navarre now held by kings of France. Monaco –Charles II died; his brother, Hercule, became ruler. 1590 23 April – George Wynch and Peter de 1590 Rome – 27 Aug – Pope Sixtus V died. Ramus executed at St. Leonard’s 15 Sept-27 Sept – Cardinal Giovanni Battista Gallows. Castagna became Pope Urban VII. 5 Dec-16 Oct 1591 – Cardinal Niccolò Sfondrati became Pope Gregory XIV. 1591 1591 Rome – 16 Oct – Pope Gregory XIV died. 29 Oct-30 Dec – Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti became Pope Innocent IX. Montenegro – Nikanor and Stefan rule jointly as prince-bishop. Wallachia – Ştefan Surdul became prince. 1592 28 July – Joseph de Hamel, Richard de 1592 Rome – 30 Jan-3 Mar 1605 – Cardinal Ippolito Bourboulon and Anthony Hodson Aldobrandini became Pope Clement VIII. executed at Tyburn Gallows. Sweden – John III died; Sigismund king of Polish- Lithuanian Commonwealth became king. Wallachia – Alexander the Wrongdoer, ruler of Moldovia, became prince. 1593 1593 France – Henry IV converts to Catholicism, ending French religious wars. Montenegro – Ruvim II Boljević-Njegos became prince-bishop. Wallachia – Mihail the Brave ruler of and Moldovia became prince. 1594 30 March – Richard Craw executed at 1594 Tyburn Gallows. 1595 -1606 Matthew Hutton, Archbishop of 1595 Sweden – gains Estonia in Treaty of Teusina, with York. Russia. 24 March – William de Allestry, Richard Venice – became doge. de Hammond and Thomas de Allix executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1596 7 March – Henry de Alms executed at 1596 Tyburn Gallows. 1597 27 March – John Thomas de Neime 1597 Ireland – Rebellion against English led by Hugh 1597 executed at St. Leonard’s Gallows. O’Neill, earl of Tyrone.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 164 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1598 27 July – Thomas Henry de Alting and 1598 Spain and Portugal – Philip II died; Philip III Thomas Swedier executed at Tyburn succeeds him. Gallows. Russia – Fyodor I died; regent Boris Godunuv seizes throne. 1599 10 August – John Taylor and John 1599 Sweden – Sigismund deposed by Charles IX. Milburn executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1600 Earthquake experienced in York. 1600 Wallachia – Simion Movilă became prince. 2 April – George Wolstenholme, Esq, Thomas Wilson, Esq, Richard Thomas, James Norrison, Robert Noke, Francis Mitchel and Henry Hutchinson executed at St. Leonard’s Gallows. 1601 1601 Wallachia – Radu Mihnea became prince. 1602 28 July – Charles Beaumond, Thomas 1602 Wallachia - Simion Movilă became prince again Bennington, Mary Blakey and Emma but loses power to Radu Şerban. Brown executed at St. Leonard’s Gallows. 1603 30 March – William Penalton, Harris 1603 England – 24 March Elizabeth I died, aged 69. 1603 Rosenberg and John de Viner executed 24 March – 1625 James VI of Scotland became at Tyburn Gallows. James I of England. 16 April James I in York 1604 Plague in York 1604 Monaco – Hurcule murdered, his son Honoré II 6 April – Richard Cullingworth, Elizabeth became ruler, aged 6 years, first to be called Bradwith, Hannah Bulmer and Jane prince. Frederico Landi acts as regent. Buckle executed at Tyburn Gallows. Chile – 24 Feb – Earthquake measuring 8.5Mw, June James I, his queen, Harry and epicentre in Arica. Elizabeth in York. 1605 29 March – Elizabeth Cook executed at 1605 England – The to blow uo king 1605 Rome – 3 Mar – Pope Clement VIII died. St. Leonard’s Gallows. and parliament fails. 1 Apr-27 Apr – Cardinal Alessandro Ottaviano de’ Medici became Pope Leo XI. 16 May-28 Jan 1621 – Cardinal Camilo Borghese became Pope Paul V. Russia – Fyodor II became tsar, agaed 16 years, strangled a month later; False Dimitri became tsar. Japan – 3 Feb – Earthquake measuring 8.1, epicentre in Hiro, followed by tsunami. China – 13 July – Earthquake measuring 7.5Mw, epicentre in Qiongshan, Hainan. 1606 -1628 , Archbishop of 1606 Venice – elected doge. York. Russia – Tsar False Dimitri shot dead; Vasili IV Shuisky became tsar.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 165 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1607 River Ouse completely frozen. 1607 England – 30 Jan – poss, tsunami in 1607 3 April – Stephen Dobson, Esq executed Channel, prob. caused by earthquake off Irish at Tyburn Gallows. Coast.

1608 29 July – Frederick Wrightson executed 1608 Germany – The Protestant Union formed by at York. Frederick IV. 1609 Netherlands – Twelve Years’ Truce, virtually ensures independence for Netherlands. Germany and Holy Roman Empire – Rudolf II imprisoned and stripped of effective power by his brother Matthias. 1610 28 July – Robert Blackley executed at 1610 France – Henri IV stabbed to death; Louis XIII Tyburn Gallows. became king, aged 13 years; his mother Marie de’ Medici acts as regent. Sweden – Gustav Adolf II became king. Wallachia – Hungarian Gabriel Báthory, prince of Tranylvania, seizes power. Russia – Vasili IV Shuisky deposed, became monk; Wladyslaw IV Vasa elected king but doesn’t take throne. 1611 Germany and Holy Roman Empire – Rudolf II forced to cede crown by Matthias. Wallachia – Radu Mihnea returns to power, ousted by Radu Şerban but returns again. 1612 5 September – Richard Carson and 1612 Venice – Marcantonio Memmo elected doge. Thomas Armstrong executed at Tyburn Holy Roman Empire – Matthias, also king of Gallows. Hungary and Bohemia became Holy Roman Emperor. 1613 27 March – William Grame executed at 1613 Russia – Mikhail I Fyodorovich Romanov elected Tyburn Gallows. tsar, aged 17.

1614 York flooded after heavy snow fall and 1614 Hungary – Transylvanian Prince Bethlen Gabor thaw. Followed by drought till August, comes to power. scarcity of hay, beans and barley. Prices rose considerably. 6 February – Mark Barnard, Mary Robinson, Thomas Barker, Philip Darling, Thomas Easingwold, Rose Dutton, Emma Fountain and Maria Fowler executed at Tyburn Gallows.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 166 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1615 29 March – Mark Trumble and Robert 1615 Venice – Giovanni Bembo elected doge. Martinson executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1616 23 March – Thomas Pindham executed 1616 Wallachia – Gabriel Movilă became prince, soon at Tyburn Gallows. replaced by Alexandru Iliaş. 23 September – Henry Musgrave and George Ridley executed at St. Leonard’s Gallows. 1617 James I at York. 1617 Bohemia – Catholic Archduke Ferdinand became 27 July – Simon Routledge executed at king. Tyburn Gallows. 1618 25 March – Mark Addison executed at St. 1618 Venice – Nicolò Donato elected doge; Antonio Leonard’s Gallows. Priuli elected doge. Hungary – Ferdinand II became II. Wallachia – Gabriel Movilă returns to throne. 1619 Holy Roman Empire – Ferdinand II became emperor. 1620 20 April – executed at Tyburn 1620 Navarre – Kingdom merged into France. Gallows. Wallachia – Radu Mihnea returns to power for fourth time. 1621 Spain and Portugal – Philip IV became king of Spain and Philip III of Portugal. Rome – 28 Jan – Pope Paul V died. 9 Feb-8 Jul 1623 – Cardinal Alessandro Ludovisi became Pope Gregory XV. 1622 31 March – George Bell, Esq executed at 1622 England – James I dissolves Parliament. 1622 Tyburn Gallows. 1623 28 July – Ralph Raynard, Mark Dunn and 1623 Venice – Francesco Contarini elected doge. Mrs. Fletcher executed at Tyburn Rome – 8 Jul – Pope Gregory XV died. Gallows. 6 Aug-29 Jul 1644 – Cardinal Maffeo Barberini 2 August – Joseph Hetherington became Pope Urban VIII. executed at Tyburn Gallows. Wallachia – Alexandru Coconul became prince. 1624 23 April – Richard Bell executed at 1624 Venice – Giovanni Corner elected doge. Tyburn Gallows. 1625 25 August – Richard Ridley and Amos 1625 England – 27 March James I died, aged 58. 1625 Denmark – Christian IV enters the war against Armstrong executed at St. Leonard’s 27 March – 1649 Charles I became king. Holy Roman Empoeror Ferdinand II. Gallows. Charles I dissolves Parliament. Hungary – Ferdinand III became king.

1626 Denmark – Christian IV loses Battle of Lutter 1627 30 March – William Cawan and William 1627 Liechtenstein – Karl Eusebius became prince, Hall executed at Tyburn Gallows. aged 16. Wallachia – Alexandru Iliaş returns to power.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 167 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1628 George Montaigne (Mountain), 1628 England - Petition of Right created; Parliament Archbishop of York. curtails King’s powers. 2 April – Robert Storie executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1629 -1631 Samuel Harnett, Archbishop of 1629 England – Charles I dissolves Parliament. 1629 Wallachia – Leon Tomşa became prince. York. 1630 31 March – Charles Rochester, George 1630 Sweden – Gustav Adolphus enters war against Rocliffe and Christopher Singleton Ferdinand II. executed at Tyburn Gallows. Venice – Nocolò Contarini elected doge. 1631 1631 Venice – Francesco Erizzo elected doge. 1632 -1640 , Archbishop of York. 1632 Sweden - Gustav Adolphus died at Battle of 2 May – Robert Nixon and John Newton Lützen, aged 6 years; Queen Christina takes executed at Tyburn Gallows. throne, known as the ‘Girl King’; Axel Oxenstierna became regent. Polosh-Lithuanian Commonwealth – Wladyslaw IV Vasa elected king. Wallachia – Matei Basarab became prince. 1633 Charles I visited York for 3 days on 1633 Monaco – Philip IV of Spain recognizes Monaco journey to Scotland as a principality. 1634 4 February – Thomas Wardle, William Hornby, Benjamin Hornsey, Charles Hopkinson, Thomas Jefferson, Peter Kibblewhite, George Henry Kilvington, William Kitching, Thomas Lazenb and Thomas Langdale executed at St. Leonard’s Gallows. 27 March – John Bartendale executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1635 1636 29 March – Owen Thompson and 1636 Germany – Ferdinand III elected king. Elizabeth Mary Harrison executed at St. Montenegro – Ruvim II Boljević-Njegos died. Leonard’s Gallows. 1637 1637 Holy Roman Empire – Ferdinand III, king of Germany, Hungary and Bohemia became emperor. 1638 Small Roman altar found whilst digging 1638 Scotland – Solemn League and Covenant signed. foundations of a house in Bishophill Senior. 8 May – Henry Aske executed at Tyburn Gallows.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 168 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1639 Charles I visited York. Held council at 1639 Scotland – First Bishops’ War between Charles I 1639 Montenegro – Mardarije I Kornečanin became King’s Manor, knighted lord mayor and and Scottish church. prince-bishop. recorder. 1 August – Robert Skelton executed at St. Leonard’s Gallows. 1640 Charles I in York. 1640 England –1660 Long Parliament. 1640 Monano – Reverts from Spanish to French 24 September Council of peers held at Scotland and England – Second Bishops’ War protection with Treaty of Péronne. Deanery. ends with Treaty of . Portugal – João IV became king. 1641 -1650 John Williams, Archbishop of York. 23 April John Taylor executed at St. Leonard’s Gallows. 20 November Charles I in York with his son Charles. 21 November Lord Mayor and Robert Berwick, recorder, knighted.

1642 March Charles I at York. 1642 England - April Charles I travelled from York to Royal Printing Press established in Hull, gates and bridges closed to him. Sir John Minster Yard, near St. William’s College. Hotham, governor, refused to let him in to Hull, he 12 May 4000 gentlemen returned to York, staying over one night at assembled to hear address by Charles I. Beverley. 2 September Charles I left York, city -1647 Civil War between Royalists (Cavaliers) and placed in posture of defence, guns Parliamentarians (Roundheads). mounted on gates. September Earl of Newcastle came to York with 6,000 horse and foot, and 10 pieces of ordnance. 1643 8 March Queen arrived in York, met at 1643 England – 22 February Queen lands at 1643 France – Louis XIV became king, aged 5. Heworth Moor by Lord Mayor, aldermen Quay. and citizens. Solemn League and Covenent signed by English 9 March Ammunition brought to York in Parliament. 500 cart, deposited in Guildhall. March Earl of Montrose and lord Ogilvy visited York to present themselves to the queen. Sir Chomley, governor of Scarborough castle, also in York. 6 June Queen left York.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 169 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1644 Sir Thomas Glemham, governor of York 1644 England – wins Battle of Marston 1644 Rome – 29 Jul – Pope Urban VIII died. 22 April – 1 July Siege of York. Moor 15 Sept-7 Jan 1655 – Cardinal Giovanni Battista 15 June Pretended treaty rejected. Pamphiji became Pope innocent X. 16 June (Trinity Sunday) St. Mary’s Tower was damaged by a mine. 16 July York surrenders to the parliamentary forces. July Lord Fairfax appointed governor. 30 July Amos Lawson executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1645 1645 England – Cromwell forms . 1645 Russia – Alexis I became tsar, aged 16. Parliamentarians win Battle of Naseby. 1646 1 January Convoy, commanded by Major 1646 Scotland and Englsnd – Charles I surrenders to 1646 Venice – Francesco Molin elected doge. General Skippon, arrive in York. the Scots. Bohemia – Ferdinand became king. 31 March Thomas Empson, John Dove, Joseph Dunning, Thomas Robinson and John Robinson executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1647 10 April Elizabeth and Helen Dryson 1647 Scotland and England – Charles I habeded over 1647 Hungary – Ferdinand, king of Bohemia, became executed at St. Leonard’s Gallows. to Englaish Parliament, he escapes and makes king. secret treaty with Scots. 1648 5 August Ebenezer Moor executed at St. 1648 Scotland and England – Scots invade England, 1648 Denmark and Norway – Frederick III became Leonard’s Gallows. defeated by Cromwell at Battle of Preston. king. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – John II Casimir elected king of Poland and grand duke of Lithuania. 1649 13 April George Frederick and Maria 1649 England – 30 January Charles I beheaded, aged 1649 Montenegro – Visarion I became prince-bishop. Merrington executed at St. Leonard’s 48. Gallows. -1685 Charles II became king ( not recognized by 30 April John Hollins, William Askwith, parliament till 1660) Joseph Baines, Thomas Barker, Edward Calvert, Thomas Darley, Henry Cave, William Cropper, James Dallin, John Danby, James Eastwood, William Ellison, Thomas Exley, George Frankish, Elizabeth Thomlinson , Bland, Emma Ribinson, Jane Lickiss, Hannah Meynell, Ellen Nicholson, Isabella Billington and Mr. Billington executed at Knavesmire Gallows. 22 August John Morrice and Cornet Blackburn executed at Tyburn Gallows.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 170 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1650 22 April Richard Thomas, George 1650 Scotland and England – Charles II lands in 1650 Harrison and Mary Pope executed at Scotland, proclaimed king. Tyburn Gallows. July General Oliver Cromwell visited York. 1651 England – Charles II invades England, loses 1651 Battle of Worcester and flees to France. 1652 2 April George Johnson, Luke Hinderson, 1652 Elizabeth Anderson and Mary Ellison executed at St. Leonard’s Gallows. 1653 England – 16 December – 1658 Oliver Cromwell, 1653 Germany – Ferdinand IV elected co-king with Lord Protector. Ferdinand III; died shortly after; Leopold became Cromwell dismisses the Rump Parliament heir. 1654 27 July Marmaduke Holmes executed at 1654 Sweden – Queen Christina abdices, moves to Tyburn Gallows. Rome; Gustav became king. Wallachia – Constantin Şerban became prince. 1655 Venice – Carlo Contarini elected doge. Rome – 7 Jan – Pope Innocent X died. 7 Apr-22 May 1667 – Cardinal Fabio Chigi became Pope Alexander VII. Hungary – Leopold became king. 1656 21 April Jonathan Brammall executed at 1656 Portugal – Afonso VI became king, aged 13; his Tyburn Gallows. mother Luisa of Medina-Sidonia acts as regent. Venice – Bertucci Valiero elected doge. Russia, Denmark and Holy Roman Empire – Declare war on Sweden. 1657 1658 England – 3 September Oliver Cromwell died, 1658 Venice – Giovanni Pesaro elected doge. aged 59. Holy Roman Empire – Leopold I, king of Hungary 3 September – 1659 , Lord and Croatia became emperor-elect. Protector. Wallachia – Mihnea III, prince of comes to the throne. 1659 29 March Charles Spooner executed at 1659 England – Richard Cromwell forced to resign; 1659 Venice – Domenico II Contarini elected doge. St. Leonard’s Gallows. Rump Parliment restored. Montenegro – Mardarije II Kornečanin became 8 December High winds damaged prince-bishop. minster and many houses. Bohemia – Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor-elect and king of Hungary, became king. Wallachia – Gheorghe

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 171 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1660 11 January General Monk in York for five 1660 England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland – Charles 1660 Sweden – Charles XI became king, aged 5. days. II recognised as king by parliament. Denmark – Frederick III changes Danish 2 April Michael R Linop, O. Williams and monarchy from elective to absolute. T.P. Reynolds executed at St. Leonard’s Gallows. 11 May Charles II proclaimed king in York. 29 May Effigys of Cromwell and Judge Bradshaw hung on gallows in Pavement. -1664 , Archbishop of York. 1661 30 March Peter Hall and R. Gardener 1661 France – Louis XIV became absolute monarch. executed at Tyburn Gallows. Wallachia – Grigore I Ghica became prince. 19 August Jeremiah Balderson and Richard Souly executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1662 25 March Anthony Beedam executed at 1662 Monaco – Louis I became sovereign prince. Tyburn Gallows. 1663 25 January Robert Archbell, William Amber, Matthew Champney, George Campion, Thomas Carbutt, Christopher Simpson, George Slater, George Mouncer, Joseph Morley, Timothy Mosley, John Hutchinson, David Jackson, Henry Richardson, Cornelius Thompson, Thomas Fox, Benjamin Hornby, Francis Holmes Sr, and William Holmes Jr executed at York. 1664 -1683 , Archbishop of 1664 Wallachia – Grigore I Ghica deposed;Radu Leon York. became prince. 30 July Ruben Beverage executed at St. Leonard’s Gallows. 1665 24 April George Dagnell and Robert 1665 Spain – Charles II became king. Snowdon executed at St. Leonard’s Gallows. 1666 5th August James, duke of York, and his duchess, in York for almost 2 months, whilst plague in the south of England.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 172 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1667 Portugal – Afonso VI forced to exile himself; Pedro became prince-regent. Rome – 22 May – Pope Alexander VII died. 20 Jun-9 Dec 1669 – Cardinal Giulio Rospigliosi became Pope Clement IX. Croatia – 6 Apr – Earthquake measuring 7.2Mw, epicentre in Azerbaijan – 25 Nov – Earthquake measuring 6.9Mw, epicentre in Shamakhi. 1668 13 May George Habbishaw and Benjamin 1668 Portugal – Spain recognizes Portugal’s executed at Tyburn Gallows. independence. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – John II Casimir abdicates to become a Jesuit. Turkey – 17 Aug – Earthquake measuring 8.0Mw, epicentre in Anatolia. 1669 Lichtenstein – Hans-Adam became prince. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – Michal Korybut Wiśiowiecki elected king. Wallachia – Antonie din Popeşti became prince. Rome – 9 Dec – Pope Clement IX died. 1670 29 March Edward Rocliffe, Peter B Sharp 1670 Rome – 29 Apr-22 Jul 1676 – Cardinal Emilio and Richard Wadkins executed at St. Altieri became Pope Clement X. Leonard’s Gallows. Denmark and Norway – Christian V became king. 18 August William Vasey executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1671 1672 2 August Robert Driffield and Mark 1672 England – The Test Act deprives Catholics and 1672 Wallachia – Antonie din Popeşti deposed; Grigore Edmund executed at Tyburn Gallows. Nonconformists of the right to hold public office. I Ghica restored to power. 1673 23 July Miles Beckett, Jane Thompson 1673 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – John III and Thomas Thomlinson executed at Sobieski elected king of Poland and grand duke of Tyburn Gallows. Lithuania. Montenegro – Ruvim III Boljević became prince- bishop. Wallachia – George Ducas became prince. 1674 January A duel was fought in Penley 1674 Venice – Nicolò Sagredo elected doge. Groves, between Sir Jonathan Jennings, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – Jan III of Ripon, and George Aylsalby, esq. became king. principal register of ecclesiastical court, at York. Ayslaby was killed. 3 April Amos Cropper executed at Tyburn Gallows.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 173 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1675 1676 1 May Leonard Gaskill and Peter Rook 1676 Venice – Luigi Contarini elected doge. executed at St. Leonard’s Gallows. Rome – 22 Jul – Pope Clement X died. 21 Sept-12 Aug 1689 – Cardinal Benedetto Odescalchi became Pope Innocent XI. Russia – Fyodor III became tsar. 1677 1678 20 March Mark Dovenor executed at 1678 Wallachia – Şerban Cantacuzino became prince. Tyburn Gallows. 1679 The duke of York visited York, but was not met by the lord mayor and aldermen. A reprimand from the king was sent. 1680 28 July Andrew Tucker executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1681 1682 31 March Eli Hydes executed at Tyburn 1682 Russia – Fyodor III died; became Gallows. tsar, aged 10, with Ivan V, Sophia Aleksyevna acts May Sir John Reresby, bart. appointed as regent until 1689. governor. 1683 -1686 , Archbishop of York. 1683 Portugal – Pedro II became king. Venice – Leonardo Donato elected doge; Marcantonio Guisinian elected doge. 1684 4 May William Nevison executed at Tyburn Gallows. 30 July Nathaniel Pickett executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1685 8 February James II proclaimed king, at 1685 England – 6 February Charles II died, aged 54. 1685 Montenegro – Vasilije II Velikrasić became prince- York. 6 February – 1688 James II became king. bishop; Visarion II Bajica became prince-bishop. 10 April John Mortimer executed at Tyburn Gallows. 6 August A large porpoise found in River Ouse at Clifton Ings.

1686 2 August Mary Cotnam executed at 1686 England – James II ignores Test Act; Catholics Tyburn Gallows. appointed to public office.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 174 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1687 Lamps hung in main streets eg: Minster 1687 England – James II extends tolerance to all 1687 Hungary – Joseph I crowned king. Gates, Pavement and the west end of religions in the Declaration of Indulgence. Ouse Bridge. 12 February Earthquake felt in York, Gate-Fulford and Naburn. 7 December Father Lawson was granted possession of King’s Manor. 1688 -1691 , Archbishop of 1688 England – James II deposed. 1688 Venice – elelcted doge. York. Wallachia – Constantin Brâncoveanu became 28 March Quinton Hurworth, William prince. Pashley and Robert Myers executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1689 October Flooding in York 1689 England – 13 February – 1694 Mary II became 1689 Rome – 12 Aug – Pope Innocent XI died. queen. 6 Oct-1 Feb 1691 – Cardinal Pietro Vito Ottoboni 13 February – 1702 William III (of Orange) became Pope Alexander VIII. became king. 1690 31 March Henry Kilvington executed at 1690 Ireland – William III wins Battle of Boyne. 1690 Germany – Joseph I became co-king. Tyburn Gallows. 19 September Henry Borwick and Edward Mangall executed at White Cross Hill Gallows. 1691 -1714 , Archbishop of York. 1691 Rome – 1 Feb – Pope Alexander VIII died. 5 August Mark Grayston and Thomas 12 Jul-27 Sept 1700 – Cardinal Antonio Pignatelli Dambrough executed at Tyburn Gallows. became Pope Innocent XII. 1692 29 July Charles Dimmey and Hannah 1692 Jamaica – 7 Jun – Earthquake measuring 7.0Mw, Wilkinson executed at Tyburn Gallows. epicentre in Port Royal. 1693 1693 Sicily – 11 Jan – Earthquake measuring 7.5Mw, epicentre in Province. 1694 30 March John Collens executed at 1694 England – 29 December Mary II died, aged 32; 1694 Venice – Silvestro Valiero elected doge. Tyburn Gallows. William III sole ruler. Montenegro – Sava I Kaluderović became prince- 2 April Fire in High Ousegate destroyed bishop. nearly 30 houses, damages amounting to Italy – 5 Sept – Earthquake measuring 6.9Mw, £20,000. epicentre in Irpinia. 1695 5 August Nelson Campion executed at 1695 Tyburn Gallows. 1696 30 March Arthur Mangey executed at 1696 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – Frederick Tyburn Gallows. Augustus I elected king of Poland and grand duke Augustus II the Strong of Lithuania. Montenegro – Danilo I became prince-bishop. Russia – Ivan V died; Peter the Great became sole ruler.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 175 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1697 25 March Martin Burrell executed at 1697 Sweden – Charles XII became king. Tyburn Gallows. 1698 10 August John Blackburn executed at 1698 Japan – 22 Dec – Tsunami struck Seikaido- Tyburn Gallows. Nankaido. 1699 Henry Thompson, Lord Mayor. Ordered 1699 Hungary – ends the Austro- Castlegate Postern to be taken down and Ottoman War. rebuilt wider for his coach, he covered the Denmark and Norway – Christian V died in a expense. hunting accident; Frederick IV succeeds him. 30 July Peter Arundel executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1700 Spain – Charles II died. Monaco – Antonio I became sovereign prince. Venice – Alvise II Mocenigo elected doge. Rome – 27 Sept – Pope Innocent XII died. 23 Nov-19 Mar 1721 – Giovanni Francesco Albani became Pope Clement XI. Canada – 26 Jan – Earthquake measuring 9.00Mw offshore from Vancouver Island followed by tsunami. 1701 England – 16 September exiled James II died, 1701 – Became a kingdom; Frederick I became aged 67. ruler. 1702 England – 8 March William III died, aged 51. 1702 8 March – 1714 Anne became queen. 1703 Russia – Peter the Great founds St. Petersburg. Italy – 14 Jan – Earthquake measuring 6.7Mw, epicentre in Norcia. Italy – 2 Feb – Earthquake measuring 6.7Mw, epicentre in L’quila. Japan – 31 Dec – Earthquake measuring 8.2Mw, epicentre in Kanto region. 1704 1705 Holy Roman Empire – Joseph I, archduke of Austria, king of Hungary and Bohemia, became emperor. 1706 Portugal – João V became king, aged 17. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – Stanislawe Leszcyński became king. 1707 – The Act of Union unites 1707 Japan – 28 Oct – Earthquake measuring 8.6Mw, from England and Scotland. epicentre in Hōei, followed by tsunami.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 176 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1708 1709 Sweden – Charles XII loses to Russia in Battle of Poltova. Venice – Giovanni Corner elected doge. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – Augustus II restored to throne. 1710 1711 Holy Roman Empire – Emperor Joseph I died of smallpox; Charles VI became king of Hungary and Bohemia and Holy Roman Emperor. 1712 England – Richard Cromwell died, aged 85. 1712 Liechtenstein – Josef Wenzel became prince. 1713 Spain – Treaty of Utrecht ends. Philip V became king. Prussia – Frederick William I became king. Scicily – Victor Amadeus became king. 1714 -1724 William Dawes (2nd ), 1714 Britain – 1 August Anne died, aged 49. 1714 Wallachia – Ştefan Cantacuzino became prince. Archbishop of York. 1 August – 1727 George I became king. 1715 Britain – First Jacobite uprising. 1715 France – Louis XIV died; Luois XV became king. 1716 1717 1718 Sicily – Philip V of Spain invades; Alliance formed between Great Britain, France, Austria and Dutch Republic agains Spain. 1719 1720 Spain and Sicily – Treaty of Hague signed. Sweden – Charles XII killed while invading Norway; his sister Ulrika Eleonora elected queen; she abdicates in favour of her husband Frederick I. 1721 Britain – 4 Apr-15 May 1730 – Sir Robert 1721 Rome – 19 Mar – Pope Clement XI died. 8 May-7 Mar 1724 – Cardinal Michelangelo Conti Walpole became Prime Minster (Whig). became Pope Innocent XIII. Liechtenstein – Josef Johann Adam became prince. Rusia – Peter the Great acclaimed ‘Emperor of all Russia’. 1722 Venice – Sebastiano Mocenigo elected doge. 1723 Summer Drought in York. 1723

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 177 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1724 -1743 Lancelot Blackburn, Archbishop of 1724 Rome – 7 Mar – Pope Innocent XIII died, York. 29 May-21 Feb 1730 – Cardinal Pierfrancesco Orsini became Pope Benedict XIII. 1725 Russia – Peter the Great died; Empress Catherine I succeeds him. 1726 1727 Britain and Ireland – 11 June George I died, 1727 Russia – Peter II became emperor. aged 67. Iran – 18 November – Earthquake measuring 11 June – 1760 George II became king. 7.0Mw, epicentre in Tabriz. 1728 1729 7 April William Bryant and Robert Wheat 1729 executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1730 25 July John Chapello executed at 1730 Britain – 15 May-11 Feb 1742 - Sir Robert 1730 Rome – 21 Feb – Pope Benedict XIII died. Tyburn Gallows. Walpole became Prime Minster (Whig). 12 Jul-6 Feb 1740 – Cardinal Lorenzo Corsini 21 August James Lambert executed at became Pope Clement XII. Tyburn Gallows. Denmark and Norway – Christian VI became 19 December Joseph Askwith alias king. Sherling, Richard and John Freeman Russia – Peter II died of smallpox; Anna executed at Tyburn Gallows. Ioannovna became empress. Chile – 8 July – Earthquake measuring 8.7Mw, epicentre in Valparaiso. China – 30 Sept – Earthquake measuring 6.5Mw, epicentre in Beijing. 1731 29 March Benjamin Armitt, John Ward 1731 Monaco – Antonio I died; his daughter Louise and James Wood executed at Tyburn Hyppolyte became sovereign princess. Gallows. 1732 Liechtenstein – Johann Nepomuk Karl became prince, aged 8; Joseph Wenzel acts as regent. Venice – Carlo Ruzzini elected doge. 1733 Monaco – Honoré III became sovereign prince. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – Augustus II died. 1734 1735 Venice – Alvise Pisani elected Doge. Naples and Sicily – Retaken by Spain during War of Polish Succession. Charls V named king. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – Treaty of Vienna confirms Augustus as king. Montenegro – Sava II Petrović Njegoš became prince-bishop.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 178 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1736 1737 Russia – 16 Oct – Earthquake measuring 8.3Mw, epicentre in Kamchatka. 1738 1739 7 April John Stead executed at Tyburn 1739 Gallows. 17 April Richard Turpin executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1740 27 March William Spink Jr executed at 1740 Prussia – Frederick II became king. Tyburn Gallows. Holy Roman Empire – Cardinal Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini elected Pope Benedict XIV. Russia – Emperess Anna Ioannovna died; Ivan VI succeeds her, aged 18 months. Rome – 6 Feb – Pope Clement XII died. 17 Aug-3 May 1758 – Pròspero Lorenzo Lambertini became Pope Benedict XIV. 1741 11 April George Bainton, John Wright, 1741 Venice – Pietro Grimani elected doge. Joseph Tyson and John Barker executed Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia – at Tyburn Gallows. became queen. Russia – Ivan VI and his family imprisoned; Tsarevna Elizabeth replaces him. Japan – 29 Aug – Volcano eruption on Oshima Island caused tsunami which hit western side of Hokkaido. 1742 Britain – 16 Feb-2Jul 1743 – Spencer Compton, 1742 Germany and Holy Roman Empire – Charles VII Ist Earl of Wilmington became Prime Minister became king and emperor. (Whig). 1743 -1747 , Archbishop of 1743 Britain – 27 Aug-6 Mar 1754 – Henry Pelham 1743 York. became Prime Minister (Whig). 1744 1745 Great Britain – The ‘Forty-Five’ Jacobite 1745 Austria – Battle of Fontenoy. rebellion; government forces defeated at Battle of Holy Roman Empire – Grand duke of , Prestonpans. Franz I, became emperor.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 179 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1746 28 May Prince of Hesse at York. 1746 Great Britain – Jacobites defeated at Battle of 1746 Spain – Ferdinand VI the Wise became king. 1 November George Hamilton, Edward Culloden. Denmark and Norway – Frederick V became Clevering, James Spark, Charles Gordon, king. Angus McDonald, James Mayne, Benjamin Mason, William Dempsey, ? Frazier and ? Conolly executed at Tyburn Gallows. 8 November David Row, William Hunter, John Endsworth, John McClean, John McGreggor, Simon McKensie, Alexander Parker, Thomas McGennis, Archibald Kennedy, James Thompson and Michael Brady executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1747 -1757 Matthew Hutton, Archbishop of York. 1748 1748 Liechtentein – Johann Nepomuk Karl died; Josef Wenzel returns as prince. 1749 26 March Josiah Feam, Thomas Brown alias Clark and Sanderson, and Robert Fawthorp executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1750 31 March Joseph Garbutt, Abraham Scott 1750 Portugal – José I became king. and John Tiplady executed at Tyburn Montenegro – Vasilije III rules jointly as prince- Gallows. bishop. 1751 1751 Sweden – Adolf Frederick elected king. Chile – 25 May – Earthquake measuring 8.5Mw, epicentre in Concepción.

1752 11 April Robert Loveday and Benjamin Farney executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1753 7 April David Harkness executed at Tyburn Gallows. 28 April Edward Wells and Bezelial Knowles executed at Tyburn Gallows. 2 August Thomas Downing and John Wentworth alias Thomlinson executed at Tyburn Gallows. 22 August William Smith executed at Tyburn Gallows.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 180 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1754 28 January Two head stolen from 1754 Britain – 16 Mar-16 Nov 1756 – Thomas Pelham- Micklegate-Bar by William Arundell, he Holles, Ist Duke of Newcastle became Prime was imprisoned for 5 years. Minister (Whig). 17 August Joseph Riddell and Francis Jefferson executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1755 1755 England and Ireland – The Portugal tsunami also 1755 Persia – 7 June – Earthquake measuring 5.9Mw. hit Cornwall and Galway. Portugal – 1 Nov – Earthquake measuring 8.7Mw, epicentre in Lisbon, followed by tsunami. America – 18 Nov – Earthquake measuring 5.0Mw, epicentre in Boston, Massachusetts. 1756 28 August David Evans, Richard Varley, 1756 Britain – 16 Nov-25 Jun 1757 – William John Holdsworth and Elijah Oaks Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire became Prime executed at Tyburn Gallows. Minister (Whig). 1757 30 March Mary Ellah executed at Tyburn 1757 Britain – 2 Jul-26 May 1762 – Thomas Pelham- 1757 Venice – Francesco Loredan elected doge. Gallows. Holles, Ist Duke of Newcastle became Prime Prussia – Battle of Rossbach. 3 April George Trotter executed at Minister (Whig). Tyburn Gallows. 30 July and Stephen Tudear executed at Tyburn Gallows. 15 September Mob objected to new laws, Cockpit-House and Mr. Bowes house destroyed, outside Bootham Bar. -1761 John Gilbert, Archbishop of York. 1758 1 May Matthew Bilton, William Watson, 1758 Rome – 3 May – Pope Benedict XIV died. Richard Ford, Robert Cole and George 6 Jul-2 Feb 1769 – Cardinal Carlo Berry executed at Tyburn Gallows. Rezzonico became Pope Clement XIII. 1759 24 March Benjamin Windle and Henry 1759 Spain – Ferdinand VI died; his brother Charles III Nelson executed at Tyburn Gallows. became king. 9 April Benjamin Hoult executed at Naples, Sicily and Spain – Charles V abdicates Tyburn Gallows. in favour of his son Ferdinand III, Charles takes 6 August Eugene Aram executed at the Spanish throne as Charles III. Tyburn Gallows. Eastern Mediterranean – 25 Nov – Earthquake 18 August William and John Cockburn measuring 7.4Mw. executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1760 1760 Britain and Ireland – 25 October George II died, aged 76. - 25 October – 1820 George III became king.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 181 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1761 6 March Ann Richmond executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1 August Robert King executed at Tyburn Gallows. 19 August Edward, Duke of York, at York, stayed at Mansion House. -1776 , Archbishop of York. 1762 8 January War formally declared in York 1762 Britain – 26 May-8 Apr 1763 – John Stuart, 3rd 1762 Venice – Marco Foscarini elected doge. against king of Spain. Earl of Bute became Prime Minister () Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – Augustus III 18 March George Harger executed at died. Tyburn Gallows. Russia – Empress Elizabeth died; Peter III succeeds him but soon abdicates, succeeded by Catherine II. 1763 14 March executed at Tyburn 1763 Britain – 16 Apr-13 Jul 1765 – George Grenville 1763 Venice – Alvise Giovanni Mocenigo elected doge. Gallows. became Prime Minister (Whig). 30 July John Hall alias Bloom executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1 December A hurricane was experienced in York, weather vane and part of minster’s battlement blown down, several houses damaged. 1764 31 March Charles Singleton Dorrington 1764 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – Stanislaw II executed at Tyburn Gallows. August Poniatoxski elected king and grand duke. 15 August Abraham Clayton executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1765 31 March Joseph Hairee executed at 1765 Britain – 13 Jul-30Jul 1766 – Charles Watson 1765 Germany and Holy Roman Empire – Joseph II Tyburn Gallows. Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham became became king and emperor. Prime Minister (Whig). 1766 6 March Thomas Taylor alias John Scott 1766 Britain – 30 Jul-14 Oct 1768 – William Pitt the 1766 Denmark and Norway – Christian VII became Abel Hobson and Isaac Turner executed Elder, Ist Earl of Chatham became Prime Minister king. at Tyburn Gallows. (Whig). Trinidad and Tobago – 21 Oct – Earthquake 18 August Edward, Duke of York, at measuring 7.9Mw, epicentre in Saint Joseph. York. 1767 18 April Matthew Young and Richard 1767 Russia – commissions a new Clark executed at Tyburn Gallows. code of law. 10 August Ann Sowerby executed at Montenegro – Šćepan Mali claims to be Peter III Tyburn Gallows. and allowed to rule. 17 October Thomas and Richard Boys executed at Tyburn Gallows.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 182 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1768 19 March Leonard Howson executed at 1768 Britain – 14 Oct-28 Jan 1770 – Augustus Tyburn Gallows. FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton became Prime 25 July Joseph Hall and Thomas Lee Minister (Whig). executed at Tyburn Gallows. 6 August Joseph Stell executed at Tyburn Gallows. 31 August King of Denmark visited York, stayed at Mr. Bluitt’s inn, Lendal. 1769 3 April Valentine Bailey executed at 1769 Rome – 2 Feb – Pope Clement XIII died. Tyburn Gallows. 19 May-22 Sept 1774 – Cardinal Giovanni Vincenzo Antonio Ganganelli became Pope Clement XIV. 1770 28 April David Hartley and James 1770 Britain – 28 Jan-22 Mar 1782 – Frederick North, 1770 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – Stanislaw II Oldfield executed at Tyburn Gallows. Lord North became Prime Minister (Tory). August briefly dethroned and 23 August Michael Naylor executed at imprisoned by the Council of the Bar Tyburn Gallows. . Haiti – 3 June – Earthquake measuring 7.5Mw, epicentre in Port-au-Prince. 1771 18 March Luke Atkinson and John Wright 1771 Sweden – Gustav III became king. executed at Tyburn Gallows. Japan – 4 April – Earthquake measuring 7.4Mw, epicentre near Yaeyama Islands, followed by tsunami. 1772 21 March Thomas Lawrence and John 1772 Liechtenstein – Josef Wenzel died; his nephew, Lazenby executed at Tyburn Gallows. Franz Josef I, became prince. 22 October French ambassador, Count de Guiges at York. 1773 15 March William Fisher, John Early and 1773 Montenegro – Šćepan Mali killed. John Homer executed at Tyburn Gallows. Guatemala – 29 July – Earthquake measuring November Mr. Powell in York, for his 7.5Mw. wager of walking London to York and back in 6 days. 1774 2 April George Belt executed at Tyburn 1774 France – Louis XV died; his grandson, Louis XVI, Gallows. became king. 25 July John Scott executed at Tyburn Rome – 22 Sept – Pope Clement XIV died. Gallows. 6 August Robert Thomas alias Thomis executed at Tyburn Gallows.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 183 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1775 30 March John Bolton, William 1775 Rome – 15 Feb-29 Aug 1799 – Cardinal Count Bean, John Vickers and Matthew Giovanni Angelo Braschi became Pope Pius VI. Normington executed at Tyburn Gallows. 29 July George Bulmer and John Williamson executed at Tyburn Gallows. 19 August John Smith, Joseph Riddle and Francis Jefferson executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1776 29 March Eliza Bordington and Thomas 1776 America – 4 July – Declaration of Independence Akeman executed at Tyburn Gallows. approved by Congress. 2 Aug – Declaration of Independence signed by 56 delegates of the Continental Congress. 1777 January A Press Gang was operating in 1777 England - September The earthquake felt in 1777 Portugal – Maria I became queen. York. York, was more seriously experienced in Leeds 28 July James Rice alias Michael Rice and Manchester. executed at Tyburn Gallows. September Earthquake felt in York. -1807 , Archbishop of York. 1778 1779 30 July Thomas Green alias England 1779 Venice – elected doge. executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1780 Holy Roman Empire – Joseph II became sole ruler. Iran – 28 Feb – Earthquake measuring 7.4Mw. 1781 20 March William Meyers Esq executed 1781 Liechtenstein – Alois I became prince. at Tyburn Gallows. 7 April Joseph Linwood executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1782 Street names placed at respective street 1782 England - Rumours of invasion by France and 1782 Montenegro – Peter I became prince-bishop. corners, for the first time in York. Spain, assisted by Dutch, orders issued by May York prepares for possible French, government for a general association, to enable Spanish, Dutch invasion. inhabitants to resist this invasion. 20 July Funeral and interment of the Britain – 27 Mar-1 Jul – Charles Watson- Marquis of Rockingham at Minster. Wentworth, 2nd Marques of Rockingham became 23 July Francis Feam, John Cockroft, Prime Minister (Whig). John Wood and Thomas Greenwood 4 Jul-2 Apr 1783 – William Petty FitzMaurice, 2nd executed at Tyburn Gallows. Earl of Shelburne became Prime Minister (Whig).

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 184 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1783 30 April Charles Colwell executed at 1783 Britain – 2 Apr-19 Dec – William Cavendish- 1783 Italy – 4-5 Mar – Earthquake measuring 6.9Mw, Tyburn Gallows. Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland became Prime epicentre in Calabria. June Mr. Powell in York, for another Minister (Whig). wager of walking London to York and 19 Dec-14 Mar 1801 – William Pitt the Younger back in 6 days. became Prime Minister (Tory). 23 August William Emmerson, William Field and John Riley executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1784 22 March Lydia Dickinson executed at Tyburn Gallows. 29 March John Stewart and Benjamin Wood executed at Tyburn Gallows. 3 August William Asquith alias Sparling and Thomas Knapton executed at Tyburn Gallows. Winter River Ouse frozen for 8 weeks, coal cost 26s – 30s per Chauldron due to land carriage. 1785 2 April Joseph Clough and William Riley 1785 Germany – League of German Princes formed by executed at Tyburn Gallows. against Austria. 6 August John Beck, Charles Spencer, Robert Smithson and Matthew Mason executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1786 8 April Robert Watson Jr and Joseph Hartley executed at Tyburn Gallows. 29 April James Proctor alias William Smith executed at Tyburn Gallows. 19 August William Nicholson, John Charlesworth, James Braithwaite, William Sharp and William Bamford executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1787 7 April Daniel Goldthorpe, William Bryan, Thomas West, John Thompson, John Morritt and Timothy O’Brien executed at Tyburn Gallows.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 185 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1788 February Meeting and petition drawn up, 1788 Spain – Charles IV became king. signed by 1800 citizens, for abolition of slavery. 5 April Eilijah and Joseph Pulleyn, Catherine Savage, Thomas Greenwood, David Lord, James Ashforth, John Easlewood and Joseph King executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1789 23 March George Lockey executed at 1789 France – starts. Tyburn Gallows. Venice – elected doge. 11 April Robert Wilkinson executed at America – 30 Apr-4 Mar 1797 – George Tyburn Gallows. Washington became President. 3 August John Barker and Hannah Whiteley executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1790 17 April John Stevens, Thomas Lastley, 1790 Holy Roman Empire – Leopold II became George Moore, Edward Williams, John emperor. Gill alias Best and James Hartley executed at Tyburn Gallows. 14 August John Brigg, Robert Crammam, William Howson, James Ferguson and Henry Bell executed at Tyburn Gallows. August Mr. Powell in York, for another wager of walking London to York and back in 6 days. 1791 9 April James Gould executed at Tyburn 1791 France – Louis XVI and his family flee but are Gallows. captures; he accepts new . 6 September John Monitor, John Bennet Japan – Earthquake and eruption of Fugen-dake and Abraham Robertshaw executed at volcano caused tsunami which hit Higo Province. Tyburn Gallows. 1792 26 March Elizabeth Elliot executed at 1792 France – Declared a republic; Louis XVI and Marie Tyburn Gallows. Antoinette beheaded. 12 April Spence Boughton, John Lucas, Sweden – Gustav III assassinated; Gustav IV Thomas Stearman, Thomas Crawshaw Adolf became king. and Joseph Brierly executed at Tyburn Holy Roman Emperor – Franz II became Holy Gallows. Roman Emperor, archduke of Austria and king of July Mr. Powell in York, for another Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia. wager of walking London to York and back in 6 days.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 186 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1793 12 April William Atkinson, Richard 1793 France – Exiled French Royalists declare Louis Watson and Thomas Jewet executed at XVII king. Tyburn Gallows. Monaco – Comes under French control. 9 August John Hoyland executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1794 12 April William Waddington executed at Tyburn Gallows. 30 August Ann Scalbert and Thomas Kirk executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1795 Wheat shortage, York bought large 1795 France – Louis XVII died uncrowned and a quantity in Scotland. prisoner in the Temple prison; the Directoire rules 30 March Charles Elliott executed at France. Tyburn Gallows. Russia – Catherine the Great died; Paul I became 25 April George Fawcett, William Brittain, emperor Thomas Mann, William Brammam and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – The William Jackson executed at Tyburn commonwealth ceases to exist. Gallows. 1796 25 April Thomas Maclean, James Smith 1796 France and Italy – Bonaparte conquers alias Freeman Sutcliffe and Thomas most of Italy. Burch executed at Tyburn Gallows. 18 July James Beaumont executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1797 8 April Owen Pendegrass executed at 1797 Venice – Napoleon invades; the doge is forced to Tyburn Gallows. abdicate. Venice incorporated into Kingdom of 29 August Robert Dyson executed at Italy, under French rule. Tyburn Gallows. Peru – 4 Feb – Earthquake measuring 7.3Mw, epicentre in Quito, Ecuadoe & Cuzco. Indonesia – 10 Feb – Earthquake measuring 8.4Mw, epicentre in Sumatra. America – 4 Mar-4 Mar 1801 – John Adams became President (Federalist). 1798 7 April Peter Buck, Robert Hollingworth 1798 Rome – French occupy Rome, creating a Roman and George Ledger executed at Tyburn Republic. Pope imprisoned after refusing to Gallows. renounce his temporal authority. 18 August William Larkin executed at Tyburn Gallows.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 187 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1799 15 July Richard Clegg executed at 1799 France and Italy – Coalition formed of Britain, Tyburn Gallows. Austria, Russia, Portugal and against French. Napoleon became First Consul. French driven out of Italy. Rome – 29 Aug – Pope Pius VI died in captivity in Valance, France. Naples and Sicily – Kingdom abolished, replaced for 6 months by Parthenopaean Republic; Ferdinand restored to throne. 1800 17 March Mary Thorp and Michael 1800 United Kingdom – Act of Union formally unites 1800 Etruria – Napoleon dispossesses Ferdinand, Simpson executed at Tyburn Gallows. Great Britain and Ireland as the United Kingdom. grand duke of Tuscany, creates kingdom of 12 April John McWilliam, Sarah Bayley Etruria; crown prince of Parma crowned Louis I. and William Dalrymple executed at Rome – 14 Mar-20 Aug 1823 – Cardinal Count Tyburn Gallows. Barnaba Niccolò Maria Luigi Chiaramonti became 23 August Elizabeth Johnson executed Pope Pius VII. at Tyburn Gallows. Holy Roman Empire – collapses with Treaty of Lunéville between France and Austria. America – 22 Nov – Earthquake measuring 6.5Mw, epicentre in San Diego, California. 1801 11 April Samuel Lundy executed at 1801 United Kingdom – 17 Mar-10 May 1804 – Henry 1801 Russia – Emperor Paul I assassinated; Alexander Tyburn Gallows. Addington became Prime Minister (Tory). I became emperor. 2 May James Doughty, Richard Holliday, America – 4 Mar-4 Mar 1809 – Thomas Jefferson Edward Tattersall, George Sedgwick and became President (Democratic-Republican). Thomas Hodgson executed at Tyburn Gallows. 29 August Edward Hughes executed at Tyburn Gallows. 1802 26 August James Roberts, Wiliam Barker 1802 France – Napoleon Bonaprte created ‘First Consul and William Jackson executed at gallows for Life’. behind Castle Walls. Romania – 26 Oct – Earthquake measuring 7.9Mw, epicentre in Vrancea region. 1803 14 March John Terry and Joseph Heald 1803 Etruria – Louis II became king. executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 2 April Robert Burgess executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 1 August Martha Chapel executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 20 August John executed at gallows behind Castle Walls.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 188 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1804 14 April Joseph Waller executed at 1804 United Kingdom – 10 May-23 Jan 1806 – 1804 France – Napoleon crowned emperor. gallows behind Castle Walls. William Pitt the Younger became Prime Minister – Founded by Archduke Franz, 9 August Jonathan Ellis executed at (Tory). he became Emperor Franz I. gallows behind Castle Walls. 1805 18 March John Wilkinson and Ann 1805 Bavaria – Became a kingdom with Treaty of Heywood executed at gallows behind Pressburg, Maximillian I became king. Castle Walls. Liechenstein – Prince Alois I died; his brother 29 May Benjamin Aldroyd executed at Johann I Josef became prince. gallows behind Castle Walls. Italy – Napoleon takes control of most of the north of the country; became king. 1806 5 April George Ormond executed at 1806 United Kingdom – 11 Feb-31 Mar 1807 – William 1806 Netherlands – named king of gallows behind Castle Walls. Wyndham Grenville, Ist Lord Grenville became Holland. 6 May Peter Atkinson executed at gallows Prime Minister (Whig)’ Liechtenstein – Napoleon incorporates into behind Castle Walls. Confederation of the Rhine, makes it a sovereign 16 August Thomas Richardson executed state. at gallows behind Castle Walls. Württemberg – Became a kingdom; Duke Frederick II assumes title of King Frederick I. Austrian Empire and Holy Roman Empire – Emperor Franz II dissolves Holy Roman Empire. Naples and Sicily – Napoleon deposes Ferdinand, replacing him with Joseph Boneparte. 1807 -1847 Edward Venables Vernon 1807 United Kingdom – 31 Mar-4 Oct 1809 – William 1807 Westphalia – Kingdom created by (Harcourt), Archbishop of York. Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland became Napoleon;Jérȏme Bonaparte named king. 5 April Thomas Jewett executed at Prime Minister (Tory). gallows behind Castle Walls. 8 August Samuel Paramar and John Robinson executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 1808 28 March Thomas Allington executed at 1808 Spain and Portugal – Charles abdicates in favour gallows behind Castle Walls. of his son Ferdinand VII. 20 April Thomas Wilbe, William Barber, Rome – Pope Pius VII taken prisoner by French. James Winterbotham and Edward Denmark and Norway – Christian VII died; Strahan executed at gallows behind Frederick VI succeeds him. Castle Walls. Etruria – Kingdom revoked by Napoleon; restores Grand Duchy of Tuscany ehich he gives to his sister Elizabeth. Naples and Sicily – Joachim I became king.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 189 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1809 20 March James Brown and Mary 1809 United Kingdom – 4 Oct-11 May 1812 - became 1809 Sweden – Military coup ousts Gustav IV Adolf; Bateman executed at gallows behind Prime MinisterSpencer Perceval became Prime Charles XIII became king. Castle Walls. Minister (Tory). America – 4 Mar-4 Mar 1817 – James Madison 9 April Jonathan Graham executed at became President (Democratic-Republican). gallows behind Castle Walls. 20 August David Anderson executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 1810 7 April Edward Francis Spence, Robert 1810 United Kingdom – George III declared insane; 1810 Netherlands – Louis Napoleon forced to King, Robert Vessey and Frances George, Prince of Wales became regent. abdicateto hs son Louis II, aged 5; Napoleon Thompson executed at gallows behind invades and dissolves kingdom; became part of Castle Walls. French Empire. 14 July Joshua Beaumont executed at Sweden – Jean-Baptiste Bernadote became king gallows behind Castle Walls. Charles XIV John. Crete – 16 Feb – Earthquake measuring 7.5Mw, epicentre in Heraklion. 1811 Portugal – French driven out. America – 16 Dec – Earthquake measuring 8.1Mw, epicentre in New Madrid, Missouri. 1812 6 April William Chester executed at 1812 United Kingdom – 8 Jun-9 Apr 1827 – Robert 1812 America – 23 Jan – Earthquake measuring gallows behind Castle Walls. Banks Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool (Whig). 7.8Mw, epicentre in New Madrid, Missouri. 7 Feb – Earthquake measuring 8.0Mw, epicentre in New Madrid, Missouri. 8 Dec – Earthquake measuring 7.0Mw, epicentre in Wrightwood, California. 21 Dec – Earthquake measuring 7.0Mw, epicentre in Santa Barbara Channel, California. 1813 8 January Luddites George Mellor, 1813 France – Napoleon defeated in Battle of the Thomas Smith and William Thorpe Nations at Leipzig; allied forces enter Paris. executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. Spain – French driven out by Wellington; 16 January Luddites John Swallow, John Ferdinand II became king. Balley, Joseph Fisher, Job Hey, , Westphalia – Ceases to exist after Battle of the William Hartley, James Hey, Joseph Nations. Crowther, Matthew Boyle, James Haigh, Jonathan , John Ogden, John Walker and Thomas Brook executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 3 April John Senior, Henry Sutcliffe, John Robinson, John James and Robert Turner executed at gallows behind Castle Walls.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 190 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1814 France – Napoleon abdicates, exiled to Elba; Louis CVIII became king. Lombardy – Kingdom formed; Franz I became king. Tuscany – Grand Duke Ferdinand restored. Rome – Pope Pius VI freed by allied forces and returns to Rome. Norway and Sweden – Christian VIII of Denmark elected regent, he abdicates; Norway forms union with Sweden; Charles III of Sweden elected Karl II. Hanover – Became kingdom following Treaty of Vienna; GeorgeIII of UK became king. Liechtenstein – Johann I Josef restored as prince. 1815 8 April Joseph Blackburn executed at 1815 France – Hundres Days War – Napoleon escapes gallows behind Castle Walls. from Elba, marches to Paris; defeated at Battle of 5 August George White and Mark Waterloo, exiled to St. Helena. Bramah executed at gallows behind 22 June-7 July – Napoleon II became emperor, Castle Walls. aged 4. 8 July – Louis XVIII restored as king. United Kingdom of the Netherlands – formerly unites Belgium and Holland. Monaco – Became protectorate o ; Honoré V became sovereign prince. Portugal, Brazil and Algarve – Exiled in Brazil, Queen Maria I elevates Brazil to status of kingdom; she is proclaimed queen of United , Brazil and the Algarve. Prussia – Frederick William II restored as king. Württemberg – Joins German Confederation. Netherlands – Prince William of Orange became William I. Luxembourg – William I of Netherland became grand duke. Austria – Franz I restored as emperor. Naples and Sicily – Ferdinand III restored to throne. Serbia – Serbs revolt agains Turkish rule; Milosh Obrenovich became prince. Grand Duchy of Posen – Frederick William III became grand duke.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 191 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1816 A Provident Institution (Savings Bank) 1816 Portugal – João VI became king. established in York by John Dales and Württemberg – William I became king. S.W. Nicoll, at corner of New Street. Naples and Sicily – merged into the Kingdom of 6 April James Ord executed at gallows the two Sicilies; Ferdinand I became king. behind Castle Walls. 1817 17 March Michael Pickles executed at 1817 America – 4 Mar-4 Mar 1825 – James Monroe gallows behind Castle Walls. became President (Democratic-Republican). 12 April Dr. Diering and Benjamin Gartside executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 7 July William King executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 13 August Isaac Bradshaw executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 1818 4 April Samuel executed at 1818 Sweden and Norway – Charles XIII died; Jean- gallows behind Castle Walls. Baptiste Bernadotte, king of Sweden became King Karl III Johann of Norway. 1819 1820 15 May Joseph Clayton, Samuel King 1820 United Kingdom – 29 January George III died, 1820 Hanover – George IV of UK became king. and Samuel Booth executed at gallows aged 81. behind Castle Walls. 29 January – 1830 George IV became king. 12 August Joseph Pickersgill, Charles Puncheon, William Kettlewell and Thomas Smith executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 1821 19 March William Thompson executed at 1821 France – Napoleon Bonaparte died on St. Helena. gallows behind Castle Walls. Greece – Start of The Greek War of Independence 14 April Michael Shaw executed at against Turkish rule. gallows behind Castle Walls. 30 August Ann Barber executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 1 September George Smith, James Butterworth, James Bennet, William Buck and James Law executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 1822 6 April James Moseley and William Roberts executed at gallows behind Castle Walls.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 192 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1823 24 March William Johnson executed at 1823 Spain – Revolution fails. gallows behind Castle Walls. Rome – 20 Aug – Pope Pius VII died. 12 April James Ramsden and Robert 28 Sept-10 Feb 1829 – Cardinal Count Annibale Gell executed at gallows behind Castle Sermattei della Genga became Pope Leo XII. Walls. America – 2 June – Earthquake measuring 7.0Mw, epicentre in Kilauea, Hawaii. 1824 30 November Morsire Camfield and 1824 France – Charles X became king. Michael White executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 1825 23 April Richard Holderness executed at 1825 Bavaria – Ludwig I became king. gallows behind Castle Walls. Russia – Alexander I died; Nicholas I became 13 August Isaac Charlesworth executed emperor. at gallows behind Castle Walls. Kingdom of the Two Sicilies – Francis I The Bourbon became king. America – 4 Mar-4 Mar 1829 – John Quincy Adams became President (Democratic- Republican). 1826 22 April Peter Little and Joseph Lee alias 1826 Portugal – João VI died; Pedro IV became king Lees executed at gallows behind Castle who si forced to abdicate; his daughter Maria II Walls. became queen, aged 7, her uncle, Miguel, acts as 17 July Leonard Wilkinson executed at regent. gallows behind Castle Walls. 1827 1827 United Kingdom – 10 Apr-8 Aug – George 1827 Canning became Prime Minister (Tory). 31 Aug-21 Jan 1828 – Frederick John Robinson, Ist Viscount Goderich became Prime Minister (Tory). 1828 2 April William and John Dyon executed 1828 United Kingdom – 22 Jan-16 Nov 1830 – Arthur 1828 Portugal – Miguel deposes Maria II and proclaims at gallows behind Castle Walls. Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington became Prime himself king. 26 April John Merton, Matthew Harrison Minister (Tory). and John Coates alias Wilkinson executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 1829 30 March Martin Slack executed at 1829 Rome – 10 Feb – Pope XII died. gallows behind Castle Walls. 31 Mar-1 Dec 1830 – Cardinal Francesco Saverio Castiglioni became Pope Pius VIII. America – 4 Mar-4 Mar 1837 – Andrew Jackson became President (Democratic).

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 193 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1830 5 April William Shaw executed at gallows 1830 United Kingdom – 26 June George IV died, aged 1830 Hanover – William IV of UK became king. behind Castle Walls. 67. France – Charles X abdicates in favour of his 2 August Joseph Slater executed at 26 June-1837 William IV became king. grandson, Henri V for 7 days; Louis-Philippe Duc gallows behind Castle Walls. 22 Nov-9 Jul 1834 – Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey d’Orleans became king. became Prime Minister (Whig). Belgium, Poland, Italy and Germany – Experience Revolutions. Kingdoms of the Two Sicilies – Ferdinand II became king. Greece – Gain independence from Ottomans. Montenegro – Petar II became prince-bishop. Rome – 1 Dec – Pope Pius VIII died. 1831 5 October Charles Turner and James 1831 Belgium – Leopold I became king. Twibell executed at gallows behind Castle Portugal – Pedro forces Miguel to abdicate; Maria Walls. II restored to throne. Rome – 2 Feb-1 Jun 1846 – Cardinal Bartolomeo Alberto Cappelari became Pope Gregory XVI. 1832 18 October William Hodkin executed at 1832 Greece – Otto I became king of the Hellenes. gallows behind Castle Walls. 1833 30 March Mary Hunter, Ebenezer Wright 1833 Spain – Isabella II became queen, aged 3. and Thomas Law executed at gallows Indonesia – 25 Nov – Earthquake measuring 8.8 behind Castle Walls. – 9.0Mw, epicentre in Sumatra, followed by tsunami. 1834 26 April Charles Cooke, Thomas Rogers 1834 United Kingdom – 16 Jul-14 Nov – William 1834 -1839 Spain – Civil War (Carlist Wars) and Thomas Morris executed at gallows Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne became Prime behind Castle Walls. Minister (Whig). 14 Nov-10 Dec – Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington became Prime Minister (Tory). 10 Dec-8 Apr 1835 – Sir Robert Peel became Prime Minister (Conservative). 1835 6 April Ursula Lofthouse, Joseph Heeley 1835 United Kingdom – 18 Apr-30 Aug 1841 – 1835 Austrian Empire – Ferdinand became emperor. and William Allot executed at gallows William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne became Lomabardy – Emperor Ferdinand became king. behind Castle Walls. Prime Minister (Whig). Greece – Otto I takes personal control of the government. 1836 2 April Charles Batty executed at gallows 1836 Portugal – Maria II marries Prince Ferdinand of behind Castle Walls. Saxe-Coburg. Liechtenstein – Alois II became prince. America – 10 June – Earthquake measuring 6.5Mw, epicentre in San Francisco Bay, California.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 194 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1837 12 August Thomas Williams executed at 1837 United Kingdom – 20 June William IV died, 1837 Hanover – Separated from UK; Ernest-Augustus gallows behind Castle Walls. aged 71. became king. 20 June – 1901 Victoria became queen, aged 18. Israel – 1 Jan – Earthquake measuring >7.0Mw, epicentre in Galilee. America – 4 Mar-4 Mar 1841 – Martin Van Buren became President (Democratic). 1838 America – June – Earthquake measuring 6.8Mw, epicentre in San Francisco Peninsula, California. 1839 6 April executed at 1839 Denmark – Christian VIII became king. gallows behind Castle Walls. 1840 11 April James Bradley executed at 1840 United Kingdom – marries Prince 1840 Luxembourg – Grand Duke William abdicates; gallows behind Castle Walls. Alber of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. William II of the Netherlands succeeds him. Grand Duchy of Posen – Frederick William IV, king of Prussia, became grand duke. 1841 7 August John Burlinson, Charles Gill 1841 United Kingdom – 30 Aug-29 Jun 1846 - Sir 1841 Monaco – Florestan I became sovereign prince. and Henry Nuttall executed at gallows Robert Peel became Prime Minister America – 4 Mar-4 Apr – William Henry Harrison behind Castle Walls. (Conservative). became President (Whig). 4 Apr-4 Mar 1845 – John Tyler became President (Whig). 1842 9 April Jonathan Taylor and Robert Nall 1842 executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 1843 America – 5 Jan – Earthquake measuring 6.3Mw, epicentre in Marked Tree, Arkansas. New Zealand – 8 Jul – Earthquake measuring 7.0Mw, epicentre in Wanganui. 1844 20 January Joseph Dobson executed at 1844 Sweden and Norway – Oscar I became king. gallows behind Castle Walls. 28 December William Kendrew executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 1845 America – 4 Mar-4 Mar 1849 – James K Polk became President (Democratic). 1846 8 August John Rodda executed at 1846 United Kingdom – 30 Jun-21 Feb 1852 – Lord 1846 Rome – 1 Jun – Pope Gregory XVI died. gallows behind Castle Walls. became Prime Minister (Whig) 16 Jun-7 Feb 1878 – Cardinal Count Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti became Pope Pius IX. 1847 -1860 Thomas Musgrave, Archbishop of 1847 Japan – 8 May – Earthquake measuring 8.4Mw, York. epicentre in Chūbu region.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 195 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1848 8 January Patrick Reid executed at 1848 Europe – Revolutions in Milan, Naples, Venice gallows behind Castle Walls. and Rome, Berlin, Vienna, and Budapest. 13 May Michael Stokes executed at France – Louis Pillipe abdicates; Louis Napoleon gallows behind Castle Walls. became president. Germany – Frankfurt National Assembly meets gto discuss unification of Germany. Bavaria – Ludwig I abdicates; Maximilliam II became king. Austrian Empire – Emperor Ferdinand abdicates in favour of his nephew Franz-Joseph. Lombardy – Franz-Joseph became king. Rome – Pope Pius IX flees during rebellion and rioting. Denmark – Frederick VII became king. Kingdom of the Sicilies – Franz-Jposeph became king. New Zealand – 16 Oct – Earthquake measuring 7.5Mw, epicentre in Marlborough. 1849 6 January Thomas Malkin executed at 1849 Italy and Hungary – Revolutions crushed. gallows behind Castle Walls. Grand Duchy of Posen – Territory reduced to a 31 March George Howe executed at province. gallows behind Castle Walls. Russia – William III became grand duke. America – 4 Mar-9 Jul 1850 – Zachary Taylor became President (Whig). 1850 17 August William Ross executed at 1850 America – 9 Jul-4 Mar 1853 – Millard Fillmore gallows behind Castle Walls. became President (Whig). 1851 Hanover – became king. Montenegro – Became a lay-principality; Danilo II became prince. 1852 United Kingdom – 23 Feb-17 Dec – Edward 1852 France – Napoleon III stages a coup, declares the Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby became Prime Second Empire, with him as emperor. Minister (Conservative). 19 Dec-30 Jan 1855 – George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of became Prime Minister (Whig). 1853 15 January Alfred Waddington and 1853 Portugal – Maria II died; Pedro V became king, James Barber executed at gallows behind aged 15, Ferdinand II acts as regent. Castle Walls. America – 4 Mar-4 Mar 1857 – Franklin Pierce 9 April Henry Dobson executed at became President (Democratic). gallows behind Castle Walls.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 196 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1854 Spain – Liberal revolution overthrows government. Japan – 23 Dec – Earthquake measuring 8.4Mw, epicentre in Honshu. Japan – 24 Dec – Earthquake measuring 8.4Mw, epicentre in Honshu. 1855 United Kingdom – 6 Feb-19Feb 1858 – Henry 1855 Russia – Emperor Nicholas I died; Alexander II John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston became succeeds him. Prime Minister (Whig). New Zealand – 23 Jan – Earthquake measuring 8.2Mw, epicentre in Wairarapa Japan – 11 Nov – Earthquake measuring 7.0Mw, epicentre in Tokyo, followed by tsunami. 1856 9 August William Dove executed at 1856 Monaco – Florestan I died; Charles III became gallows behind Castle Walls. sovereign prince. 27 December John Hannah executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. 1857 America – 9 Jan – Earthquake measuring 7.9Mw, epicentre in Fort Tejon, California. Italy – 16 Dec – Earthquake measuring 6.9Mw, epicentre in Naples. America – 4 Mar-4 Mar 1861 – James Buchanan became President (Democratic). 1858 3 April Joseph Shepherd executed at 1858 United Kingdom – 20 Feb-11 Jun 1859 – 1858 Liechtenstein – Johann II the God became prince gallows behind Castle Walls. Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby became Prime Minister (Conservative). 1859 6 August John Riley executed at gallows 1859 United Kingdom – 12 Jun-18 Oct 1865 – Henry 1859 Sweden and Norway – Charles XV became king behind Castle Walls. John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston became of Sweden and Karl IV of Norway. 31 December Charles Normington Prime Minister (Liberal). Kingdom of the Two Sicilies – Ferdinand II died; executed at gallows behind Castle Walls. Francis II became king. 1860 -1862 Charles Thomas Longley, 1860 Montenegro – Danilo II assassinated; Nikola I Archbishop of York. Mirkov Petrović Njegoš became prince.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 197 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1861 United Kingdom – Prince Albert died. 1861 Monaco – Independent principality status recognized by France in Franco-Monegasque Treaty. Portugal – Pedro V died in cholera epidemic; his brother Luis I became king. Kingdom of the Two Sicilies – Merged into the Kingdom of Italy. Italy – Vittorio-Emanuele II become king. Russia – Tsar Alexander II abolishes serfdom. Indonesia – 16 Feb – Earthquake measuring 8.5Mw, epicentre in Sumatra. America – 4 Mar-15 Apr – Abraham Lincoln became President (Republican). 1862 -1890 , Archbishop of 1862 Württemberg – William I died, aged 83; Charles York. became king. 4 January James Waller executed at Greece – Otto I flees, faced with revolution; gallows behind Castle Walls. George I elected king, aged 17. 1863 Denmark – Christian IX became king. Poland – Rebels unsuccessfully against Russian rule. New Zealand – 23 Feb – Earthquake measuring 7.5Mw, epicentre in Hawke’s Bay 1864 Bavaria – Ludwuig II became king. 1865 United Kingdom – 29 Oct-26 Jun 1866 – John 1865 Belgium – Leopold II became king. Russell, Ist Earl Russell became Prime Minister America – 8 Oct – Earthquake measuring 6.5Mw, (Liberal). epicentre in San Jose, California. America – 15 Apr-4 Mar 1869 – Andrew Johnson became President (Democratic). 1866 United Kingdom – 28 Jun-25 Feb 1868 – 1866 Germany – George V goes into exile in Paris. Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby became Romania – Alexander Ioan Cuza forced to Prime Minister (Conservative). abdicate; Prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen elected dominator as Carol I. 1867 Austria and Hungary – Austro-Hungarian Compromise formed following Hungary’s dissatifaction with Austrian rule.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 198 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1868 4 April Frederick Parker executed at 1868 United Kingdom – 27 Feb-1 Dec – Benjamin 1868 Spain – Queen Isabella deposed by revolution. gallows behind Castle Walls. Disraeli became Prime Minister (Conservative). America – 3 Apr – Earthquake measuring 7.9Mw, 3 Dec-17 Feb 1874 – William Ewart Gladstone epicentre in Kau, Hawaii, followed by tsunami. became Prime Minister (Liberal). Chile – 19 Aug – Earthquake measuring 9.0Mw, epicentre in Arica, followed by tsunami. New Zealand – 19 Oct – Earthquake measuring 7.5Mw, epicentre in Cape Farewell. America – 21 Oct – Earthquake measuring 6.8Mw, epicentre in Hayward, California. 1869 Württenberg – Absorbed by . America – 4 Mar-4 Mar 1877 – Ulysses S Grant became President (Republican). 1870 France and Prussia – Franco-Prussian War; Prussians besiege Paris; Napoleon III deposed. Spain – Amadeo elaected king. Rome – annexed by Kingdom of Italy 1871 Germany – Prussian King William I became emperor. America – 20 Feb – Earthquake measuring 6.8Mw, epicentre in Molokai, Hawaii. 1872 Sweden and Norway – Oscar II became king. America – 26 Mar– Earthquake measuring 7.6Mw, epicentre in Owens Valley, California. America – 15 Dec – Earthquake measuring 7.3Mw, epicentre in North Cascades, Washington. 1873 Spain – King Amadeo abdicates; a republic is declared. America – 23 Nov – Earthquake measuring 7.3Mw, epicentre in California - Oregon. 1874 United Kingdom – 20 Feb-21 Apr 1880 – 1874 Spain – Monarchy restored; Alfonso XII became Benjamin Disraeli became Prime Minister king. (Conservative). 1875 1876 United Kingdom – Queen Victoria proclaimed 1876 India - Queen Victoria of UK, proclaimed Empress of India Empress. Romania – Carol I leads troops in Russo-Turkish War 1877 Chile – 10 May – Earthquake measuring 8.8Mw, epicentre in Iquique. America – 4 Mar-4 Mar 1881 – Rutherford B Hayes became President (Republican).

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 199 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1878 Rome – 7 Feb – Pope Pius IX died. 20 Frb-20 Jul 1903 – Cardinal Gioacchino Vincenzo Raffaele Luigi Pecci became Pope Leo XIII. Italy – Umberto I became king. Bulgaria – Pricipality created in Treaty of Berlin. Romania – Gains independence form Ottoman Empire. 1879 1880 United Kingdom – 23 Apr-9 Jun 1885 – William 1880 Croatia – 9 Sept – Earthquake measuring 6.2Mw, Ewart Gladstone became Prime Minister (Liberal). epicentre in Zagreb. 1881 Romania – Principality became a sovereign kingdom; Carol I crowned king. Bulgaria – Prince Alexander assumes absolute power. Russia – Tsar Alexander II assassinated; Alexander III succeeds him. Turkey – 3 Apr – Earthquake measuring 6.5Mw, epicentre in Island. India – 31 Dec – Earthquake measuring 7.9Mw, epicentre in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. America – 4 Mar-19 Sept – James A Garfield became President (Republican). 19 Sept-4 Mar 1885 – Chester A Arthur became President (Republican). 1882 1883 Indonesia – 26-27 Aug – Volcano eruption of Krakatoa followed by tsunami, hitting Java and Sumatra. 1884 1885 United Kingdom – 23 Jun-28 Jan 1886 – Robert 1885 Spain – Alfonso XII died; his pregnant wife, Maria Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Christina, became a ‘child bearing regent’. became Prime Minister (Conservative). America – 4 Mar-4 Mar 1889 – Grover Cleveland became President (Democratic).

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 200 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1886 United Kingdom – 1 Feb-20 Jul 1886 – William 1886 Spain – Alfonso XIII born as king. Ewart Gladstone became Prime Minister (Liberal). Bavaria – Ludwig II abdicates and drowns himself; 25 Jul-11 Aug 1892 - Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd his brother, Otto, became king with his uncle, Marquess of Salisbury became Prime Minister Prince Luitpold, acting as regent. (Conservative). Austria-Hungary – Crown Prince Rudolf and his mistress, Baroness Mary Vetsara, die in an apparent suicide pact. Bulgaria – Prince Alexander abdicates. America – 31 Aug – Earthquake measuring 7.3Mw, epicentre in Charleston, South Carolina. 1887 Bulgaria – Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg elected prince. 1888 Germany – William II became Kaiser (emperor). New Zealand – 1 Sept – Earthquake measuring 7.1Mw, epicentre in North Canterbury 1889 Monaco – Albert I became sovereign prince. Portugal – Carlos I became king. America – 4 Mar-4 Mar 1893 – Benjamin Harrison became President (Republican). 1890 Luxembourg – Grand Duke William III died; Adolphe succeeds him, aged 73. America – 24 Apr – Earthquake measuring 6.3Mw, epicentre in Corralitos, California. 1891 William Connor Magee, Archbishop of 1891 Portugal – Portuguese Republican Revolution. York. Württemberg – William II became king. -1908 William Dalrymple Maclagan, Japan – 27 Oct – Earthquake measuring 8.0Mw, Archbishop of York. epicentre in Tōkai region. 1892 United Kingdom – 15 Aug-2 Mar 1894 – William 1892 America – 19 Apr – Earthquake measuring Ewart Gladstone became Prime Minister (Liberal). 6.4Mw, epicentre in Vacaville, California. America – 21 Apr – Earthquake measuring 6.4Mw, epicentre in Winters, California. 1893 New Zealand – 12 Feb – Earthquake measuring 6.9Mw, epicentre in Nelson. America – 4 Mar-4 Mar 1897 – Grover Cleveland became President (Democratic). 1894 United Kingdom – 5 Mar-22 Jun 1895 – 1894 Russia – Alexander III died; Nicholas II became Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery became tsar. Prime Minister (Liberal). 1895 United Kingdom – 25 Jun-11 Jul 1902 – Robert 1895 America – 31 Oct – Earthquake measuring Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury 6.6Mw, epicentre in Charleston, Missouri. became Prime Minister (Conservative).

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 201 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1896 Greece – 6 Apr-15 Apr – Olympic Games held in Athens (I Summer). Japan – 15 June – Earthquake measuring 8.0Mw, epicentre off Pacific Coast of Sanriku, followed by tsunami. 1897 United Kingdom – Queen Victoria celebrates her 1897 India – 15 April – Earthquake measuring 8.3Mw, Diamond Jubilee. epicentre in Assam. America – 4 Mar-14 Sept 1901 – William McKinley became President (Republican) 20 June – Earthquake measuring 6.3Mw, epicentre in Calaveras Fault, California. 1898 Austria-Hungary – Emporess Elisabeth assassinated. America – 31 March – Earthquake measuring 6.3Mw, epicentre in Mare Island, California. America – 15 April – Earthquake measuring 6.8Mw, epicentre in Menocino County, California. 1899 America – 4 Sept – Earthquake measuring 7.9Mw, epicentre in Cape Yakataga, Alaska. America – 10 Sept – Earthquake measuring 8.0Mw, epicentre in Yakutat Bay, Alaska. 1900 Italy –Umerto I assassinated; Vittorio Emanuele III became king. France – 14 May-28 Oct – Olympic Games held in Paris (II Summer). America – 9 Oct – Earthquake measuring 7.7Mw, epicentre in Kodiac Island, Alaska. 1901 United Kingdom – 22 January Victoria died, 1901 France – Church and State begin to separate. aged 81. Russia – Russian Social Revolutionary Party 22 January – 1910 Edward VII became king. (Bolsheviks) formed. New Zealand – 16 Nov – Earthquake measuring 6.9Mw, epicentre in Cheviot. America – 14 Sept- 4 Mar 1909 – Theodore Roosevelt became President (Republican). 1902 United Kingdom – 11 Jul-5 Dec 1905 – Arthur 1902 Balfour became Prime Minister (Conservative). 1903 Serbia – King Alexander assassinated; Peter I succeeds him. Rome – 20 Jul – Pope Leo XIII died. 4 Aug-20 Aug 1914 – Cardinal Giuseppe Melchoirre Sarto became Pope Pius X.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 202 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1904 America – 1 Jul-23 Nov – Olympic Games held in St. Louis (III Summer). 1905 United Kingdom – 5 Dec-7 Apr 1908 – Sir Henry 1905 Luxembourg – William IV became grand duke. Campbell-Bannerman became Prime Minister Sweden and Norway – Sweden recognizes (Liberal). Norway as independent ; Haakon VII became king of Norway. 1906 Denmark – Frederick VIII became king. Greece – 22 Apr-2 May – International Games held in Athens. 1907 Sweden – Gustav V became king. 1908 United Kingdom – 7 Apr-25 May 1915 – Herbert 1908 Portugal – Carlos I assassinated; Manuel II Henry Asquith became Prime Minister (Liberal). became king. 27 Apr-31 Oct – Olympic Games held in London Austria-Hungary – Annexes Bosnia and (IV Summer). . Bulgaria – Declares independence from Turkey; Prince Ferdinand I became tsar. Greece – Crete unifies with Greece. Italy – 28 Oct – Earthquake, epicentre in Messina, followed by tsunami. 1909 -1928 , Archbishop 1909 Belgium – Albert I became king. of York. American – 4 Mar-4 Mar 1913 – William Howard Taft became President (Republican). 1910 United Kingdom – 6 May Edward VII died, aged 1910 Portugal – Revolution breaks out; Manuel II flees. 68 Montenegro – Prince Nikola I assumes title of 6 May – 1936 George V became king. king. 1911 Portugal – Monarchy abolished a republic declared. 1912 Luxembourg – Marie-Adélaïde became grand duchess. Denmark – Christian X became king. Sweden – 5 May-22 Jul – Olympic Games held in Stockholm. (V Summer). 1913 Bavaria – Ludwig III became king, having deposed Otto. Greece – George I assassinated; Constantine I became king. Albania – William of Wied became sovereign. America – 4 Mar-4 Mar 1921 – Woodrow Wilson became President (Democratic).

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 203 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1914 -1918 United Kingdom – First 1914 -1918 – First World War. Austria-Hungary – Archduke Franz Ferdinand assinated. Rome – 20 Aug – Pope Pius X died. 3 Sept-22 Jan 1922 – Cardinal Giacomo Della Chiesa became Pope Benedict XV. Albania – Prince William goes into exile. 1915 United Kingdom – 25 May-7 Dec 1916 - Herbert 1915 Henry Asquith became Prime Minister (Liberal). 1916 United Kingdom – 7 Dec-19 Oct 1922 – David 1916 Romania – King Carol I died; Ferdinand I Lloyd George became Prime Minister (Liberal). succeeded him. Germany – Olympic Games scheduled to be held in Berlin, cancelled due to WWI (VI Summer). 1917 United Kingdom – George V changes the royal 1917 Montenegro – flees to Italy. name from Saxe-Coburg to Windsor. Greece – Constantine I forced to abdicate in favour of his son Alexander I. Russia – Tsar Nicholas III forced to abdicate and imprisoned by Bolsheviks. 1918 Germany – Revolution breaks out; William II abdicates; a republic is declared. Bavaria – Ludwig III deposed. Württemberg – William II deposed by revolution. Austria-Hungary – Archduke Karl I steps down but does not abdicate. Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia – Peter I returns from exile to be elected king; Crown Prince Alexander acts as regent. Montenegro – King Nikola I goes into exile in France. Bulgaria – Tsar Ferdinand I abdicates; his son, Boris III succeeds him Russia – 17 July – Tsar Nicholas and his family executed by Bolsheviks. 1919 Luxembourg – Grand Duchess Marie-Adélaïde abdicates and enters a convent; her sister Charlotte succeeds her. Germany – Adopts the Weimar Constitution. Austria-Hungary – Treaty of St. Germain ends ; Czechoslovakia, Poland, Yugoslavia and Hungary gain independence.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 204 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1920 Greece – Alexander I died; Constantine I reinstated as king. Belgium – 20 Apr-12 Sept – Olympic Games held in (VII Summer). 1921 Bavaria – Former King Ludwig died in exile. Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia – Alexander II became king. Montenegro – Former King Nikola I died in exile. America – 4 Mar-2 Aug 1923 – Warren G Harding became President (Republican). 1922 United Kingdom – 23 Oct-20 May 1923 – 1922 Monaco – Louis II became sovereign prince. Andrew Bonar Law became Prime Minister Rome – 22 Jan – Pope Benedict XV died. (Conservative). 6 Feb-10 Jan 1939 – Cardinal Achille Ambrogio Damiano Ratti became Pope Pius XI. Romania - Ferdinand I crowned king. Greece – Constantine I abdicates again, hies eldest son became George II. 1923 United Kingdom – 23 May-16 Jan 1924 – 1923 Spain – General Primo de Rivera became dictator. became Prime Minister Greece – George II goes into exile in Romania, (Conservative). following a coup. Japan – 1 Sept – Earthquake, epicentre in Tokyo and Yokohama, followed by tsunami. America – 2 Aug-4 Mar 1829 – Calvin Coolridge became President (Republican). 1924 United Kingdom – 22 Jan-4 Nov – Ramsey 1924 Greece – George II officially deposed and stripped MacDonald became Prime Minister (Labour). of his Greek nationality. 4 Nov-5 Jun 1929 – Stanley Baldwin became Russia – Grand Duke Cyril Vladimirovich became Prime Minister (Conservative). head of the imperial family; he spends his exile in France. France – 25 Jan-4 Feb – Olympic Games held in Chamonix (I Winter). 4 May-27 Jul – Olympic Games held in Paris (VIII Summer). 1925 1926 1927 Romania – Michael I became king, aged 6; a regent acts on his behalf.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 205 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1928 -1942 , Archbishop of 1928 Albania – Ahmed Bey Zogu became king. York. Switzerland – 11 Feb-19 Feb – Olympic Games held in St. Moritz (II Winter). Netherlands – 17 May-12 Aug – Olympic Games held in Amsterdam (IX Summer). 1929 United Kingdom – 5 Jun-24 Aug 1931 – Ramsey 1929 Rome – The State of the Vatican City is created. MacDonald became Prime Minister (Labour). Liechtenstein – Johann II the Good died; his brother Franz I became prince. Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia – King Alexander introduces a personal dictatorship, changes name of country to . New Zealand – 9 Mar – Earthquake measuring 7.1Mw, epicentre in Arthur’s Pass 17 Jun – Earthquake measuring 7.8Mw, epicentre in Murchison. Newfoundland – 18 Nov – Earthquake measuring 7.2Mw, followed by tsunami. America – 4 Mar-4 Mar 1933 – Herbert Hoover became President (Republican).

1930 Romania – Carol II became king. 1931 United Kingdom – Statute of Westminster makes 1931 Spain – Second Spanish Republic declared; King dominions of the self-governing. Alfonso XIII leaves country but refuses to abdicate. 24 Aug-7 Jun 1935 – Ramsey MacDonald New Zealand – 3 Feb – Earthquake measuring became Prime Minister (Labour) 7.9Mw, epicentre in Hawke’s Bay New Zealand – 13 Feb – Earthquake measuring 7.3Mw, epicentre in Hawke’s Bay 1932 Portugal – Former King Manuel II died in exile. America – 4 Feb-15 Feb - Olympic Games held in Lake Placid (III Winter). 30 Jul-14 Aug - Olympic Games held in Los Angeles (X Summer). 1933 Japan – 3 Mar – Earthquake measuring 8.1Mw, followed by tsunami. America – 4 Mar-12 Apr 1945 – Franklin D Roosevelt became President (Democratic).

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 206 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1934 Belgium – King Albert I died; Leopold III succeeds him. Yogoslavia – Alexander I assassinated; Peter II became king, aged 11. Bulgaria – A coup establishes a dictatorship. New Zealand – 5 Mar – Earthquake measuring 7.6Mw, epicentre in Pahiatua 1935 United Kingdom – 7 Jun-28 – Stanley 1935 Greece – George II restored to throne Baldwin became Prime Minister (Conservative). Bulgaria – Boris II stages a counter-coup and regains control, introducing a form of parliamentary rule. 1936 United Kingdom – 20 January George V died, 1936 -1939 Spain – Spanish Civil War. aged 70 Germany – 6 Feb-16 Feb - Olympic Games held 20 Jan – Edward VIII became king. in Garmisch-Partenkirchen (IV Winter). 11 Dec – Edward VIII abdicated. 1 Aug-16 Aug - Olympic Games held in Berlin (XI 11 Dec-1952 – George VI became king. Summer). 1937 United Kingdom – 28 May-3 Sept 1939 – Neville 1937 Chamberlain became Prime Minister (Conservative). 1938 Liechtenstein – Franz I abdicates; Franz Josef II became prince. Russia – Grand Duke Cyril Vladimirovich claims role of head of imperial family. 1939 -1945 United Kingdom – World War II 1939 -1945 – World War II 3 Sept-10 May 1940 – Neville Chamberlain Rome – 10 Feb – Pope Pius XI died. became Prime Minister (Conservative). 2 Mar-9 Oct 1958 – Cardinal Eugenio Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli became Pope Pius XIII. Albania – King Zog goes into exile; Vitorio Emanuele III became king. 1940 United Kingdom – 10 May-23 May 1945 – 1940 Romania – King Carol II forced to abdicate and became Prime Minister goes into exile; his son Michael restored to throne, (Conservative). aged 18. Japan – Olympic Games scheduled to be held in Sapporo, cancelled due to WWII (V Winter). Olympic Games scheduled to be held in Tokyo, cancelled due to WWII (XII Summer). 1941 Spain – Former King, Alfonso died, in Rome. Greece – Germans invade; George II flees to Egypt.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 207 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1942 -1955 Cyril Forster Garbett, Archbishop of 1942 New Zealand – 24 Jun – Earthquake measuring York. 7.2Mw, epicentre in Wairarapa New Zealand – 2 Aug – Earthquake measuring 7.0Mw, epicentre in Wairarapa 1943 Bulgaria – Tsar Boris II died; his son, Simeon, succeeds him aged 6, under a council of regents. 1944 United Kingdom - Olympic Games scheduled to 1944 Japan – 7 Dec – Earthquake measuring 8.0Mw, be held in London, cancelled due to WWII (XIII epicentre of Shima Peninsula, followed by Summer). tsunami. Italy - Olympic Games scheduled to be held in Cortina d’Ampexzzo, cancelled due to WWII (V Winter). 1945 United Kingdom – 10 May-26 Jul – Winston 1945 Yogoslavia – Peter II exiled to . Churchill became Prime Minister (Conservative). when Marshal Tito comes to power and abolishes 25 Jul-26 Oct 1951 – became monarchy. Prime Minister (Labour). America – 12 Apr-20 Jan 1953 – Harry S Truman became President (Democratic). 1946 Belgium – King Leopold III exonerated of treason. Italy – Vittorio Emanuelle III retires; Umberto II replaces him but Italian pubil favour a republic. Hungary – Republic of Hungary founded. Bulgaria – Communists seize control; send King Simeon into exile in Egypt. Greece – George II restored to throne again. Aleutian Islands – 1 Apr – Earthquake, followed by tsunami. New Zealand – 24 Jun – Earthquake measuring 6.2Mw, epicentre in Lake Coleridge. Japan – 21 Dec – Earthquake measuring 8.4Mw, epicentre in Nankai, followed by tsunami. 1947 Denmark – Frederick IX became king. Romania – King Michael I forced to abdicate; Communist government announces abolition of monarchy and replacement by a People’s Republic. Greece – George II died; his brother, Paul, became king. 1948 United Kingdom – Prince Charles born. 1948 Switzerland – 30 Jan-8 Feb – Olympic Games 29 Jul-14 Aug – Olympic Games held in London held in St. Moritz (V Winter) (XIV Summer)

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 208 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1949 Monaco – Prince Rainier became sovereign prince. 1950 United Kingdom – Princess Anne born. 1950 Belgium – Leopold III returns to throne, having been a prisoner during WWII. Sweden – Gustav VI Adolf became king, aged 67. 1951 United Kingdom – 26 Oct-7 Apr 1955 – Sir 1951 Belgium – Leopold abdicates after riots; his son, Winston Churchill became Prime Minister Baudouin, became king. (Conservative). 1952 United Kingdom – 6 February George VI died, 1952 Russia – 5 Nov – Tsunami on Kuril Island. aged 56. Norway – 14 Feb-25 Feb – Olympic Games held 6 February Elizabeth II became queen. in Oslo (VI Winter). – 19 Jul-3 Aug – Olympic Games held in Helsinki (XV Summer).

1953 Romania – Former King Carol II died, in Portugal. America – 20 Jan-20 Jan 1961 – Dwight D Eisenhower became President (Republican). 1954 1955 United Kingdom – 7 Apr-10 Jan 1957 –Sir 1955 Bavaria – Crown Prince Rupprecht died; Duke became Prime Minister Albrecht became titular king. (Conservative). 1956 -1961 Arthur , 1956 Monaco – Prince Ranier III marries American Archbishop of York. actress . Italy – 26 Jan-5 Feb – Olympic Games held in Cortina d’Ampezzo (VII Winter). Australia – 22 Nov-8 Dec - Olympic Games held in Melbourne (XVI Summer) Sweden – 10 Jun-17 Jun – Olympic Games held in Stockholm (Equestrian – XVI Summer). 1957 United Kingdom – 10 Jan-19 Oct 1963 – Harold 1957 Norway – Haakon VII died; Olav V became king. Macmillan became Prime Minister (Conservative). 1958 United Kingdom – Prince Charles given title of 1958 Rome – 9 Oct – Pope Pius XII died. Prince of Wales. 28 Oct-3 Jun 1963 – Cardinal Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli became Pope John XXIII. America – 9 Jul – Earthquake followed by tsunami which hit Lituya Bay, Alaska. 1959

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 209 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1960 United Kingdom – Prince Andrew born. 1960 America – 18 Feb-28 Feb – Olympic Games held in Squaw Valley (VIII Winter). Chile – 22 May – Earthquake measuring 9.5Mw, epicentre off coast of South Central Chile and volcanic eruption, followed by tsunami. Italy – 25 Aug-11 Sept – Olympic Games held in Rome (XVII Summer). 18Sept-25 Sept – Paralympic Games held in Rome (I Summer).

1961 -1974 Frederick , 1961 Albania – King Zog died in exile in France. Archbishop of York. America – 20 Jan-22 Nov 1963 – John F Kennedy became President (Democratic). 1962 1963 United Kingdom – 19 Oct-16 Oct 1964 – Sir Alec 1963 Rome – 3 Jun – Pope John XXIII died. Douglas-Home, 14th Earl of Home became Prime 21 Jun-6 Aug 1978 – Cardinal Giovanni Battista Minister (Conservative). Enrico Antonio Maria Montini became Pope Paul VI. Italy – 9 Oct – Landslide at Vajont Dam caused ‘tsunami’ destroying villages of Longarone, Pirago, Rivalta, Villanova and Faè. America – 22 Nov-20 Jan 1969 – Lyndon B Johnson became President (Democratic). 1964 United Kingdom – Prince Edward born. 1964 Luxembourg – Grand Duchess Charlotte 16 Oct-19 Jun 1970 – Harold Wilson became abdicates in favour of her son; Prince Jean. Prime Minister (Labour). Greece – Constantine II became king. Austria – 29 Jan-9 Feb – Olympic Games held in Innsbruck (IX Winter). America – 27 Mar – Earthquake measuring 9.2Mw, followed by tsunami which hit Alaska, British Columbia and California. Japan – Earthquake, epicentre in Niigata, followed by tsunami. 10 Oct-24 Oct – Olympic Games held in Tokyo (XVIII Summer). 3 Nov-12 Nov – Paralympic Games held in Tokyo (II Summer). 1965 1966

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 210 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1967 Greece – A military junta abolishes monarchy; Constantine II goes into exile. 1968 France – 6 Feb-18 Feb – Olympic Games held in Grenoble (X Winter). New Zealand – 24 May– Earthquake measuring 7.1Mw, epicentre in Inangahua Junction. Mexico – 12 Oct-27 Oct – Olympic Games held in Mexico City (XIX Summer). Israel- 4 Nov-13 Nov – – Paralympic Games held in Tel Aviv (III Summer). 1969 America – 20 Jan-9 Aug 1974 – became President (Republican). 1970 United Kingdom – 19 Jun-4 Mar 1974 – Edward 1970 Yugoslavia – Titular King Peter II died; his son, Heath became Prime Minister (Conservative). Aleksander Karađorđević, became crown prince. 1971 1972 Denmark – Margarethe II became queen. Japan – 3 Feb-13 Feb – Olympic Games held in Sapporo (XI Winter). West Germany – 2 Aug-1 Aug – – Paralympic Games held in Heidelberg (IV Summer). 26 Aug-11 Sept – Olympic Games held in Munich (XX Summer). 1973 Sweden – Carl XVI Gustav became king. Greece – Declared a republic. 1974 -1983 Stuart Yarworth Blanch, 1974 United Kingdom – 4 Mar-5 Apr 1976 – Harold 1974 America – 9 Aug-20 Jan 1977 – Gerald Ford Archbishop of York. Wilson became Prime Minister (Labour). became President (Republican). 1975 Spain – Dictator General Francisco Franco died; monarchy restored; Juan Carlos I became king. 1976 United Kingdom- 5 Apr-4 May 1979 – James 1976 Austria – 4 Feb-15 Feb – Olympic Games held in Callaghan became Prime Minister (Labour). Innsbruck (XII Winter). Sweden – 21 Feb-28 Feb – Paralympic Games held in Örnsköldsvik (I Winter). Canada – 17 Jul-1 Aug – Olympic Games held in Montreal (XXI Summer). 3 Aug-11 Aug – – Paralympic Games held in Toronto (V Summer). Philippines – 16 Aug – Earthquake measuring 7.9Mw, epicentre in Mindanao Island, followed by tsunami. 1977 United Kingdom – Queen Elizabeth II’s Silver 1977 America – 20 Jan-20 Jan 1981 – Jimmy Carter Jubilee. became President (Democratic).

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 211 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1978 Rome – 6 Aug – Pope Paul VI died. 26 Aug-28 Sept – Cardinal Albino Luciano became Pope John Paul I. 16 Oct-2 Apr 2005 – Cardinal Karol Józef Wojtyla became Pope John Paul II (First Polish Pope). 1979 United Kingdom – Lord Mountbatten killed by 1979 Columbia – 12 Dec – Earthquake measuring IRA bomb. 7.9Mw, followed by tsunami. 4 May-28 Nov 1990 – Margaret Thatcher became Prime Minister (Conservative). 1980 America – 14 Feb-23 Feb – Olympic Games held in Lake Placid (XIII Winter). 18 May – Eruption of Mount St. Helens caused tsunami in Spirit Lake. Norway – 1 Feb-7 Feb – Paralympic Games held in Geilo (II Winter). Netherlands – 21 Jun-30 Jun – Paralympic Games held in Arnhem (VI Summer). – 19 Jul-3 Aug – Olympic Games held in Moscow (XXII Summer). 1981 United Kingdom - 29 July - Prince Charles and 1981 Rome – Pope John Paul II survives being shot. Lady Diana Spencer marry at St. Paul’s Cathedral, America – 20 Jan-20 Jan 1989 – Ronald Reagan London became President (Republican). 1982 United Kingdom – Prince William born. 1982 Monaco – Princess Grace killed in car crash. 1983 -1995 John Stapylton Habgood, 1983 Japan – 26 May – Earthquake measuring 7.7Mw, Archbishop of York. epicentre in Sea of Japan, followed by tsunami. 1984 United Kingdom – Prince Henry (Harry) born. 1984 Austria – 14 Jan-20 Jan – Paralympic Games 22 Jul-1 Aug – Paralympic Games held in Stoke held in Innsbruck (III Winter). Mandeville (VII Summer/ second part). Yogoslavia – 7 Feb-19 Feb – Olympic Games held in Sarajevo (XIV Winter). America – 17 Jun-30 Jun – Paralympic Games held in New York (VII Summer/first part). 28 Jul-12 Aug – Olympic Games held in Los Angeles (XXIII Summer). 1985 Luxembourg – Former Grand Duchess died of Cancer. 1986 Montenegro – Prince Michael died in Paris. 1987 United Kingdom – Princess Anne made Princess 1987 New Zealand – 2 Mar – Earthquake measuring Royal. 6.3Mw, epicentre in Edgecumbe

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 212 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1988 Austria – 17 Jan-25 Jan – Paralympic Games held in Innsbruck (IV Winter). Canada – 13 Feb-28 Feb – Olympic Games held in Calgary (XV Winter). Souht Korea – 17 Sept-2 Oct – Olympic Games held in Seoul (XXIV Summer). 15 Oct-24 Oct – Paralympic Games held in Seoul (VIII Summer). 1989 Liechtentein – Franz Josef II died; Hans-Adam succeeds him. America – 20 Jan-20 Jan 1993 – George H W Bush became President (Republican). 1990 United Kingdom – 28 Nov-2 May 1997 – John 1990 New Zealand – 13 May – Earthquake measuring Major became Prime Minister (Conservative). 6.4Mw, epicentre in Weber 1991 Norway – Olav V died; his son Harald V became king. 1992 United Kingdom – Prince Charles and Princess 1992 France – 8 Feb-23 Feb – Olympic Games held in Diana separate. Albertville (XVI Winter). 25 Mar-1 Apr – Paralympic Games held in Tignes- Albertville (V Winter). Spain – 25 Jul-9 Aug – Olympic Games held in Barcelona (XXV Summer). 3 Sept-14 Sept – Paralympic Games held in Barcelona (IX Summer). 1993 Belgium – Baudouin I died; his brother Albert II became king. Japan – 12 Jul – Earthquake measuring 7.8Mw, followed by tsunami along coast of Hokkaidō. America – 20 Jan-20 Jan 2001 – Bill Clinton became President (Democratic).

1994 Norway – 12 Feb-27 Feb – Olympic Games held in Lillehammer (XVII Winter). 10 Mar-19 Mar – Paralympic Games held in Lillehammer (VI Winter). New Zealand – 18 Jun – Earthquake measuring 6.7Mw, epicentre in Arthur’s Pass 1995 -2005 David Michael Hope, Archbishop of 1995 New Zealand – 6 Feb – Earthquake measuring York. 7.0Mw, epicentre in East Cape

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 213 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1996 United Kingdom – Prince Charles and Princess 1996 Bavaria – Franz, duke of Bavaria, became titular Diana divorce. king. America – 19 Jul-4 Aug – Olympic Games held in Atlanta (XXVI Summer). 16 Aug-25 Aug – Paralympic Games held in Atlanta (X Summer). 1997 United Kingdom – Princess Diana died in a car 1997 France - Princess Diana (UK) died in a car crash crash in Paris, France. in Paris. 2 May-27 Jun 2007 – Tony Blair became Prime Minister (Labour). 1998 Japan – 7 Feb-22 Feb – Olympic Games held in Nagano (XVIII Winter). 5 Mar-14 Mar – Paralympic Games held in Nagano (VII Winter). Papua New Guinea – 17 Jul – Earthquake measuring 7.1Mw, followed by tsunami.

1999 2000 Luxemobourg – Grand Duke Jean abdicates in Fvour of his son, Henri. Australia – 15 Sept-1 Oct - Olympic Games held in Sydney (XXVII Summer). 18 Oct-29 Oct – Paralympic Games held in Sydney (XI Summer). 2001 America – 20 Jan-20 Jan 2009 – George W Bush became President (Republican). 2002 United Kingdom – Queen Elizabeth II’s Golden 2002 America – 8 Feb-24 Feb – Olympic Games held Jubilee. in Salt Lake City (XIX Winter). 7 Mar-16 Mar – Paralympic Games held in Salt Lake City (VIII Winter). 2003 New Zealand – 22 Aug – Earthquake measuring 7.1Mw, epicentre in Fiordland 2004 Greece – 13 Aug-29 Aug – Olympic Games held in Athens (XXVIII Summer). 17 Sept-28 Sept – Paralympic Games held in Athens (XII Summer). New Zealand – 22 Nov – Earthquake measuring 7.2Mw, epicentre in Puysegur Trench. Indian Ocean – 26 Dec – Earthquake measuring 9.3Mw, followed by tsunami which hit Ao Nang, Thailand.

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 214 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 2005 , Archbishop of York. 2005 United Kingdom – Prince Charles marries 2005 Monaco – Prince Renier died; Prince Albert II Camilla Parker-Bowles, she became duchess of became sobereign prince. Cornwall. Rome – 2 Apr – Pope John Paul II died. 19 Apr – Cardinal Joseph Alois Ratzinger became Pope Benedict XVI. 2006 Italy – 10 Feb-26 Feb – Olympic Games held in Turin (XX Winter). 10 Mar-19 Mar – Paralympic Games held in Torino (IX Winter). Indean Ocean – 17 July – Earthquake measuring 7.7Mw, followed by tsunami, which hit Cilacap. Kuril Island – 15 Nov – Earthquake measuring 8.3Mw, followed by tsunami. 2007 United Kingdom – 27 Jun-11 May 2010 – 2007 Solomon Islands – 24 April – Earthquake Gordon Brown became Prime Minister (Labour). measuring 8.1Mw, followed by tsunami. Japan – 16 July – Earthquake measuring 6.8Mw, epicentre in Niigata, followed by tsunami. New Zealand – 20 Dec – Earthquake measuring 6.8Mw, epicentre in Gisborne 2008 China – 8 Aug-24 Aug – Olympic Games held in Beijung (XXIX Summer). 6 Sept-17 Sept – Paralympic Games held in Beijing (XIII Summer). 2009 New Zealand – 15 Jul – Earthquake measuring 7.8Mw, epicentre in Fiordland. America – 20 Jan – Barack Obama became President (Democratic). 2010 United Kingdom – 11 May – David Cameron 2010 Canada – 12 Feb-28 Feb – Olympic Games held became Prime Minister (Conservative). in Vancouver (XXI Winter). 12 Mar-21 Mar – Paralympic Games held in Vancouver (X Winter). Chile – 27 Feb – Earthquake measuring 8.8Mw, followed by tsunami. New Zealand – 4 Sept – Earthquake measuring 7.1Mw, epicentre in Darfield, Canterbury New Zealand – 29 Sept – Earthquake measuring 6.4Mw, epicentre in White Island

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 215 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 2011 United Kingdom – 29 April – Prince William 2011 New Zealand – 2 Feb – Earthquake measuring marries Catherine Middleton at Westminster 6.3Mw, epicentre in Christchurch, causing ice tuble Abbey. off Tasman Glacier, producing ‘tsunami in Tasman Lake. Japan – 11 Mar – Earthquake measuring 9.0Mw off Pacific caoast, followed by Tsunami. 2012 5 April Queen Elizabeth II distributes 2012 United Kingdom – Queen Elizabeth II’s Diamond 2012 Maundy Money at a service in the Jubilee. Minster. 27 Jul- 12 Aug – Olympic Games held in London (XXX Summer). 29 Aug-9 Sept – Paralympic Games held in London (XIV Summer). 2013 2014 Russia – 7 Mar-16 Mar – Paralympic Games to be held in Sochi (XI Winter). 2015 2016 Brazil – 7 Sept-18 Sept – Paralympic Games to be held in Rio De Janeiro (XV Summer). 2017 2018 Korea Republic – 9 Mar-18 Mar – Paralympic Games to be held in PyeongChang (XII Winter).

Bibliography Hargrove, W; History and Description of the Ancient City of York, 1818. Kerr, G; Timeline of Kings and Queens, from Charlemagne to Elizabeth II, 2008. Nicholls, R. A; Timeline of War, from Early Weaponry to Weapons of Mass Destruction and Beyond, 2008. Dyer, A; The English Sweating Sickness of 1551: An Epidemic Anatomized, Medical History, 1997. www.wikipedia.com www.yorkminster.org

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 216

© PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 217