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TIMELINE1800 18001600 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 8000BCE Sharpened stone heads used as axes, spears and arrows. 7000BCE Walls in Jericho built. 6100BCE North Atlantic Ocean – Tsunami. 6000BCE Dry farming developed in Mesopotamian hills. - 4000BCE Tigris-Euphrates planes colonized. - 3000BCE Farming communities spread from south-east to northwest Europe. 5000BCE 4000BCE 3900BCE 3800BCE 3760BCE Dynastic conflicts in Upper and Lower Egypt. The first metal tools commonly used in agriculture (rakes, digging blades and ploughs) used as weapons by slaves and peasant ‘infantry’ – first mass usage of expendable foot soldiers. 3700BCE 3600BCE © PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 1 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 3500BCE King Menes the Fighter is victorious in Nile conflicts, establishes ruling dynasties. Blast furnace used for smelting bronze used in Bohemia. Sumerian civilization developed in south-east of Tigris-Euphrates river area, Akkadian civilization developed in north-west area – continual warfare. 3400BCE 3300BCE 3200BCE 3100BCE 3000BCE Bronze Age begins in Greece and China. Egyptian military civilization developed. Composite re-curved bows being used. In Mesopotamia, helmets made of copper-arsenic bronze with padded linings. Gilgamesh, king of Uruk, first to use iron for weapons. Sage Kings in China refine use of bamboo weaponry. 2900BCE 2800BCE Sumer city-states unite for first time. 2700BCE Palestine invaded and occupied by Egyptian infantry and cavalry after Palestinian attacks on trade caravans in Sinai. 2600BCE 2500BCE Harrapan civilization developed in Indian valley. Copper, used for mace heads, found in Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine and Egypt. Sumerians make helmets, spearheads and axe blades from bronze. Socked axes designed. Sumerians use chariots, four-wheeled carts, no pivoting front axle, drawn by donkeys and wild asses. Lugazaggisi, king of Uruk, defeats Lagash Empire, with support from archers. 2400BCE © PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 2 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 2350BCE King Sargon of the Akkadians has bows and arrows mass produced in Mesopotamia. Seizes entire Semetic Empire, uses first ‘landscape diagrams’ to deploy his troops. 2250BCE Maps used in combat during Hsai dynasties. 2230BCE Guti people sweep through Babylonia, overthrow Akkadian Empire. 2130BCE The Guti are driven from Mesopotamia. 2000BCE Sumarian civilization falls. Advanced state societies develop in Crete (Minoan), Greece (Mycenaean) and Turkey. Hitite tribes become unified around the Bosphorus. Their joint forces cross Euphrates, blunder Babylon and advance into Syria. Hitites master iron production, defeat Babylonians, to east, and Egyptians, to south, in battle. Helmets and body armour made of electrum in Egypt and Mesopotamia. Assyrian Empire establishes colony in Anatolia (Turkey) to send metals to Mesopotamia. -1400BCE Crete uses ships with keels and ribs. 1900BCE Amorites conquer all of Mesopotamia. 1850BCE Babylonian civilization rises to political prominence under Amorites. 1831BCE China – Earthquake, epicentre Mount Tai. 1800BCE Warriors of the Hyksos drive Egyptians south, achieving complete control of the Nile delta. 1760BCE Greeks use bronze to make armour, swords and spears. -1520 The Chinese Shang dynasty founded. 1700BCE Harrapan civilization falls to outside attacks. 1600BCE Iranian tribes begin using warhorses and light, two- wheeled chariots in Mesopotamia. Greece – Volcanic eruption on Santorini, thought to have caused Tsunami which may have led to damage in Crete. 1575BCE Egyptian forces, led by Pharoah Amosis I, use the Nile flooding and the first troop-carrying boats to liberate Upper Egypt from the Hyksos. © PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 3 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1500BCE Armour of overlapping scales of bronze, laced together or sewn onto a backing of padded fabric, used in Mesopotamia, Syria and Egypt. The sickle sword is developed, a bronze sword with a curved concave blade and straight, thick handle. 1450BCE Mycenaeans of mainland Greece take control of Crete. 1400BCE Phoenicians develop ships with two banks of rowers on both sides, and rams. Cleaning impurities from smelted iron produces stronger metals in Syria. Improved weaponry spreads to Egypt and Greece. 1300BCE 1299BCE Battle of Kadesh between Egypt and the Hitites, over control of Syria, result indecisive. 1250BCE Moses leads the Isrealites into Canaan. c. Mycenaean raiders, under Agamemmon, sack the city of Troy. 1200BCE Iron Age begins. Effective long bladed swords developed when iron can be hammered at tensile strength. 1193BCE Destruction of Troy, soldiers infiltrated into the city inside a large wooden horse. 1100BCE Mycenaean and Minoan civilizations destroyed by invading Dorians from northern/north-western Greece. They spread throughout Greece and Anatolia. 1090BCE Civil war in Egypt during reign of Rameses XI. 1027BCE Chou dynasty replaces Shang dynasty in China © PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 4 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 1000BCE c. Athens begins to organize reoccupation oth the Ionian coasts and islands. c. Aryan peoples conquer the Indus Valley area. Perhaps first war memorial sculpted at Deir-el- Bahri, Egypt, depicts a wounded Syrian soldier, armed with iron weapons with his Egyptian wife and son. Philistines crush Saul, first king of Israel, in battle. Jewish kingdom arises under King David, following decline of Egyptian power. He unites Judah and Isreal, with Jerusalem as capital, brings water supply to the city through reinforced subterranean tunnels. 933BCE Solomon died. His kingdom divided between Rehoboam I, as king of Judah, and Jeroboam I as king of Isreal. Sheshonk I of Egypt seizes Jerusalem. 900BCE 890BCE 880BCE Assyrian Empire controls the trade routes between the Mesopotamia world and the Mediterranean world. 870BCE 860BCE 850BCE Hellenistic epics: Iliad and Odyssey, by Homer. 840BCE 830BCE 820BCE 813BCE Carthage founded as trading centre with Tyre. 810BCE 800BCE c. Tyre falls to the Assyrians, Carthage became the leader of the western Phoenicians. 790BCE Civil war in David’s kingdom. Amaziah, king of Judah, defeated by Israel, later killed by Judean rebels opposing his rule. 785BCE Homer describes advanced battlefield surgery. © PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 5 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 780BCE 6 September – first authenticated date in Chinese history – solar eclipse. 776BCE First Olympic games held in Olympia. 770BCE Etruscans introduce horse-drawn chariots to Italy. Spoked wheels and horseshoes used by the Halstatt culture. 760BCE Celts move into England. 760BCE Spartans colonize Taranto, southern Italy 750BCE First Messenian war – Sparta gains hegemony in Greece. 740BCE 730BCE 720BCE Romulus, first king of Rome, divides a year into 10 months, about 5,000 years after Egyptian solar observations showed there to be 12 lunar rotations annually. 710BCE 700BCE Achaemenids begin ruling Persia. 690BCE 680BCE -669BCE Assyrians conquer Egypt. 670BCE 665BCE King Sennacherib of Nineveh, one of the first tyrants to use his army against his own people 660BCE Assyrians destroy city of Babylon, army engineers divert Euphrates to cover site of city. 650BCE Second Messenian war, Spartan rule challenged in Greece. 640BCE Judah submits to Assyrians, whose army moves to Egypt, destroys Memphis and Thebes. 630BCE Scythian raiders pillage Palestine and Syria. 625BCE Nabopolassar, a Chaldean general, seizes Babylonian throne, declares independence from Assyria. 620BCE Mayan civil wars in Mexico resolved. Phoenicians settle in Corsica. 612BCE -609BCE Medes of Persia and Chaldeans overthrow Assyrians, destroy Nineveh. 610BCE 600BCE The use of iron starts to replace bronze in China. © PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 6 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 590BCE 587BCE Nebuchadnezzar destroys Jerusalem, Jewish communities dispersed. 580BCE 570BCE 560BCE 550BCE Cyrus I rebels against the Medes, captures Ecbatana. 540BCE Etruscans and Carthaginians unite at battle of Alalia. 539BCE Persians, under Cyrus the Great, capture Babylonia. 530BCE 520BCE 510BCE 505BCE Etruscans defeat Romans. 500BCE 499BCE -494BCE Persia suppresses revolts of Ionian cities. 490BCE -449BCE Greco-Persian wars. Persians use elephants when defeated by Miltiades at Marathon. 481BCE An age of warring states begins in China. 480BCE Battle of Thermopylae. Athens burned, Acropolis destroyed. Themistocle, creator of the Greek navy, agrees to lead the Athenian squadron against the Persians. The Carthaginians, led by Hamilcar Barca, defeated at Himera, Sicily, by Gelo of Syracuse. 479BCE The Greeks, led by Spartan general Pausanias, defeat Persians, at Plataea. 478BCE Walls of Athens rebuilt, harbour of Piraeus fortified. 477BCE 306 Roman Fabii and their armed supporters, slaves etc are slaughtered at Cremera by invading Etruscan forces. 470BCE Cimon, son of Miltiades leads campaigns against Persian army. © PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 7 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 466BCE Cimon destroys Persian army at Eurymedon. 200 Persian ships are sunk or captured. 465BCE Gelo forms one of the first all volunteer armies, when democracy established in Syracuse. 464BCE Greece – Earthquake measuring 7.2Mw, epicentre in Sparta. 460BCE Persians collapse in battle on Cyprus. 450BCE 449BCE Artaxerxes recognizes independence of all Greek city-states at the Peace of Callias. 448BCE Aspasia, mistress of Pericles, rules Athenian society, one of the first women
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  • Theocracy Metin M. Coşgel Thomas J. Miceli

    Theocracy Metin M. Coşgel Thomas J. Miceli

    Theocracy Metin M. Coşgel University of Connecticut Thomas J. Miceli University of Connecticut Working Paper 2013-29 November 2013 365 Fairfield Way, Unit 1063 Storrs, CT 06269-1063 Phone: (860) 486-3022 Fax: (860) 486-4463 http://www.econ.uconn.edu/ This working paper is indexed on RePEc, http://repec.org THEOCRACY by Metin Coşgel* and Thomas J. Miceli** Abstract: Throughout history, religious and political authorities have had a mysterious attraction to each other. Rulers have established state religions and adopted laws with religious origins, sometimes even claiming to have divine powers. We propose a political economy approach to theocracy, centered on the legitimizing relationship between religious and political authorities. Making standard assumptions about the motivations of these authorities, we identify the factors favoring the emergence of theocracy, such as the organization of the religion market, monotheism vs. polytheism, and strength of the ruler. We use two sets of data to test the implications of the model. We first use a unique data set that includes information on over three hundred polities that have been observed throughout history. We also use recently available cross-country data on the relationship between religious and political authorities to examine these issues in current societies. The results provide strong empirical support for our arguments about why in some states religious and political authorities have maintained independence, while in others they have integrated into a single entity. JEL codes: H10,