sign in sign up
<<
Home , 760s, 770s, Alexios III Angelos, Alexios I Komnenos, Anatolius (Osroene), Andronikos I Komnenos

Chronological Overview

284-305 and the 565-591 Wars with Persia 306-337 I (sole ruler from 324) 566 + begin to infiltrate across frontier; pressure 311 of toleration issued by on frontier fortresses from Avars 312 Constantine's victory at the Milvian bridge 568+ driven westward from Danube, invade 313 issued by Constantine and 572 Lombards besiege 325 Council of and condemnation of (first 577 Major invasion of led by Avars ) 584, 586 Avaro-Slav attacks on 330 Consecration of 591-602 Gradual success in pushing Avars back across Danube 337 and death of Constantine I 602 overthrown, Phokas proclaimed 361-363 the Apostate leads pagan reaction and attempts to 603 War with Persia; situation in Balkans deteriorates limit the influence of 610 Phokas overthrown by , son of of 364 dies: divided between Valentinian 1 (West) at and (East) 611- Central and northern Balkans lost 378 Defeat and death of Valens at hands of at battle 614-619 occupy , and of Adrianople 622 Mohammed leaves Mecca for (the 'Hijra') 381 First Council of Constantinople (second ecumenical 622-627 Heraclius campaigns in east against Persians council): reaffirms rejection of Arianism; asserts right of 626 Combined Avaro-Slav and Persian siege of Constantinople Constantinopolitan patriarchate to take precedence after fails 626-628 Heraclius defeats Persian forces in east 395 Death of and division of empire into eastern 629 Peace with Persia and western parts again 634+ begin raids into Palestine 410 Visigoths sack Rome 634-646 Arab conquest and occupation of Syria, Palestine, 413 Construction of Theodosian land walls of , Egypt (636 - battle of Gabitha/Yarmuk) Constantinople 638 Ekthesis of Heraclius: attempt to reconcile Monophysites 429-533 Vandal kingdom in and Chalcedonians 431 Council of , rejection of (third 644+ Beginning of long-term raids and plundering expeditions ecumenical council) against Byzantine Minor 449 ('robber council') 648 Typos of II. Imperial enforcement of 450/451 Council of , defeat of (fourth Monotheletism ecumenical council) 649 Lateran in Rome; Confessor and 450 and defeated at Chalons Martin reject imperial Monotheletism 455 by 653 Martin and Maximus arrested by exarch Theodore 476 Deposition of by Master of Soldiers, Calliopas and sent to Constantinople . End ofthe Western 655 Martin and Maximus found guilty of treason and exiled. 4X8 under Theoderic march into Italy Sea battle of Phoenix, Byzantines defeated 493-526 Theoderic rules Ostrogothic 662 Constans II leads expedition through Balkans into Italy, 507-711 Kingdom of Visigoths in takes up residence in 529 Justinian closes of ; Codex Justinianus 668 Constans assassinated; Mizizios proclaimed emperor in completed Sicily, but defeated by forces loyal to Constantine IV 532 'Nika' riot in Constantinople 674-678 Arab blockade and yearly sieges of Constantinople. First 533-534 reconquers Africa (pacification completed in recorded use of 'liquid fire', to destroy Arab fleet ); Pandects or completed 679-680 Arrival of on Danube; defeat of Byzantine forces 534 Belisarius begins reconquest of Italy (war lasts until under Constantine IV 553) 680-681 Third Council of Constantinople. Monotheletism rejected 537 Dedication ofthe new ofthe (Hagia (sixth ecumenical council) ) in Constantinople 685-692 Truce between and (Arab civil 540 Persian king Chosroes I takes in Syria war) 542+ Plague in the Byzantine world 691-692 Quinisext or Trullan council at Constantinople. Canons 550+ Avars establish hegemony over Slavs north of partly rejected by papacy and Danube 693 Byzantine defeat at Sebastoupolis 552 defeats and last Ostrogothic resistance in 698 Carthage falls to Arabs; final loss of Africa Italy 717-718 Siege of Constantinople; Leo, general of Anatolikon, 553 Second Council of Constantinople (fifth ecumenical seizes power and crowned Leo III council): Three Chapters condemned, concessions to 726 Volcanic eruption on Thera/Santorini, leading Leo to adopt Monophysites. iconoclastic ideas 553+ Reconquest of South-east Spain from Visigoths 730 Germanus resigns; probable beginning of public 558 Treaty with Avars and agreement to pay 'subsidies' policy of 562 'Fifty-year peace' signed with Persia 739/740 Leo and Constantine defeat Arab column at Akroinon

CHRONOLOGICAL OVERVIEW 167 739 Earthquake hits Constantinople 963+ Major Byzantine offensives in east, creation of new 741 , Leo's son-in-, rebels against Constantine frontier regions V and seizes Constantinople 965 II captures Tarsus and 743/4 Artabasdos defeated 969 Nikephoros II captures and Antioch 746+ Plague in Constantinople 969-976 Reign of . Continuation of eastern 750 Abbasid revolution, removal of Umayyads from power, expansion; defeat of Bulgars with help of Rus' allies under of Caliphate moved to . Svyatoslav; defeat of Rus' at (971) 751/752 begins publicly preaching in favour of 975 John I invades Palestine, takes several towns and fortresses, iconoclasm but withdraws 754 Iconoclast Council of Hiereia (claims to be seventh 985+ Bulgar resistance in western Balkans leads to growth of ecumenical council) first under Samuel - Constantine launches major expeditions against Bulgars 989 Conversion of Vladimir of Kiev to Christianity and Arabs 990-1019 Basil II crushes Bulgar resistance; re-incorporated 786 Eirene attempts to hold seventh ecumenical council in into empire, Danube new frontier in North Constantinople. Council abandoned due to opposition of 1022 Armenian territories annexed to empire iconoclast soldiers 1034-1041 Michael IV takes first steps in debasement of 787 (seventh ecumenical council). currency Iconoclasm rejected and condemned 1054 with papacy 792 Byzantines under Constantine VI defeated by Bulgars at 1055 Seljuks take Baghdad; Norman power in Markellai expanding 797 Constantine VI deposed by mother Irene; blinded and 1070+ Major Pecheneg advances into Balkans; civil war within dies empire 800 of by pope in St 's, 1071 Romanos IV defeated and captured at Mantzikert by Rome Seljuks; beginning of Turk occupation of central ; 802 Irene deposed by chief finance minister Nikephoros take (Nikephoros 1) 1081 Alexios rebels and defeats Nikephoros III and 811 Nikephoros defeated and killed by forces under is crowned emperor after initially successful campaign in Bulgaria 1081-1085 Norman invasion of western Balkan provinces 813 Bulgar victories over Byzantine forces 1082-1084 Commercial privileges granted to 815 Leo V convenes synod at Constantinople; iconoclasm 1091 -Pecheneg siege of Constantinople; defeat of reintroduced as policy 821-823 Rebellion of Thomas 'the Slav' 1092 Coinage reform carried out by Alexios I 824+ Beginning of Arab conquest of Sicily and of 1094 Synod held at to decide the issue of Leo of 826 Theodore of Stoudion dies Chalcedon, a hard line opponent ofthe church's decision 838 Arab invasion of Asia Minor; siege and sack of to melt down ecclesiastical treasures to aid the imperial Amorion treasury. Deposed by the permanent synod in 1086, this 843 Council held in Constantinople to reaffirm acts of seventh council reinstated him after he was reconciled to the ecumenical council. Empress regent Theodora and chief official church position. restore images; end of official iconoclasm 1097+ ; Seljuks defeated activity in Bulgaria 1098/1099 captured; principalities and Kingdom of 860 Rus' (Viking) attack on Constantinople; mission to Jerusalem established in Palestine and Syria of St Cyril 1108 Alexios defeats Normans under Bohemund 863 Major Byzantine victory over Arabs at Poson in 1111 Commercial privileges granted to Anatolia Alliance with against Normans of south 864 Conversion of Bulgar Khan and leaders Italy 869-870 Council convoked by at Constantinople to settle 1138-1142 Byzantine confrontation with Crusader principality of Photian schism: Photios deposed, Ignatios, his predecessor, Antioch reinstated. Bulgaria placed under Constantinopolitan 1143-1180 : pro-western politics become major ecclesiastical jurisdiction (contrary to papal demands) factor in Byzantine foreign policy 879-880 Acts of council of 869-870 annulled, Photios reinstated. 1146-1148 Recognised in Rome, schism ended 1153 Treaty of Constanz between Frederick I (Barbarossa) and 900+ Final loss of Sicily; Bulgar expansionism under Tsar papacy against Byzantium Symeon; war with Byzantines 1155-1157 Successful imperial campaign in Italy; commercial and 917 Bulgar victory at river Achelo political negotiations with 920 Local council of Constantinopolitan church held in 1156-1157 Council of Constantinople: teachings ofthe Patriarch elect, Constantinople to settle schism caused by the fourth Panteugenos, condemned of Leo VI ('Tetragamy'), reconciling 1158-1159 Imperial forces march against Antioch I and his supporters, who condemned the marriage, with 1160+ Successful imperial political involvement in Italy against the Patriarch Euthymios, who had condoned it. German imperial interests; Manuel defeats and 922 Peace with Bulgars in Balkans and reaffirms imperial pre-eminence 923-944 Byzantine conquests and eastward expansion led by 1166-1167 Local Constantinopolitan council meets to discuss general John Christological issues arising from discussions with 960-961 Recovery of Crete under general Nikephoros Phokas western theologians

168 THE PALGRAVE ATLAS OF BYZANTINE HISTORY 1169-1170 Commercial treaties with Pisa and Genoa Palamas). The hesychast faction won a clear victory and 1171+ Byzantine-Venetian hostilities increase Barlaam left Constantinople 1175-1176 Manuel plans crusade in east 1341-1347 Civil war between John V (supported by Serbs) and John 1176 Defeat of imperial forces under Manuel by Seljuk Sultan VI (with Turkish help) Kilidj Asian at Myriokephalon 1341-1350 Commune hostile to aristocracy rules Thessalonica 1180 Manuel dies; strong anti-western sentiments in 1346 Stefan Dusan crowned emperor ofthe Serbs and Constantinople 1347 reaches Constantinople; local council at 1182 Massacre of westerners, especially Italian merchants and Constantinople confirms decisions of council held in their dependants, in Constantinople 1341 1185 Normans sack Thessalonica; Andronikos Komnenos 1351 Synod in Constantinople approves () deposed in detailed discussion of its theological arguments 1186+ Rebellion in Bulgaria, defeat of local Byzantine troops, 1354-5 Civil war between John VI and John V (backed by Genoa). establishment of Ottomans employed as allies establish themselves in 1187 Defeat of Crusader forces at battle of Horns of Hattin; and Jerusalem retaken by 1355 John VI abdicates and enters a . John V proposes 1192 Treaties with Genoa and Pisa union of churches to pope 1203-1204 , with Venetian financial and naval support, 1365 Ottomans take Adrianople, which becomes their capital against Constantinople. After the capture and 1366 John V visits seeking support against Ottoman sack ofthe city in 1204, the is established, threat along with several principalities and other territories under 1371 Ottomans defeat Serbs in battle Latin or Venetian rule 1373 John V forced to submit to Ottoman Sultan Murat I; John's 1204-1205 Successor states in Nicaea, and Trebizond son Andronikos IV rebels but is defeated established 1376-1379 Civil war in Byzantium: Andronikos IV rebels against 1205 Latin emperor Baldwin I defeated by Bulgars John V, who is supported by his younger son Manuel 1259 Michael VIII succeeds to in empire of Nicaea; 1379 John V restored with Turkish and Venetian support Nicaean army defeats combined Latin and Epirot army 1388 defeated by Ottomans at battle of Pelagonia. Fortress-town of Mistra handed 1389 Battle of : Serbs forced to withdraw by Ottomans, over to Byzantines (Nicaea) Serb empire ends. Accession of Bayezit I 1261 During absence of main Latin army Nicaean forces enter 1393 Turks capture . Battle of Trnovo, Bulgarian and seize Constantinople empire destroyed 1265 Pope invites Charles of Anjou, brother of Louis IX of 1396 Sigismund of Hungary organises crusade against Ottoman , to support him militarily against Manfred of Sicily threat, but is utterly defeated at and the power in Italy 1397-1402 Bayezit I besieges Constantinople, but army withdrawn 1266 Manfred of Sicily defeated at battle of by when Turks defeated by at battle of Ankyra Charles of Anjou; Angevin plans, supported by papacy, (1402) evolve to invade and conquer the 1399—1402 Manuel II tours to elicit military and financial 1274 X summons second Council of Lyons; support (December 1400, guest of Henry IV in ) representatives of Byzantine Church present; union of 1422 Murat II lays siege to Constantinople the churches agreed, under threat of papally-approved 1423 Governor of Thessalonica (a brother of John VIII) hands invasion led by Charles of Anjou. Union not accepted in the city over to the Venetians the Byzantine empire 1430 Thessalonica retaken by Ottomans; populace and Venetian 1280-1337 Ottomans take nearly all remaining Byzantine possessions garrison massacred in Asia Minor (Ephesus 1328, Brusa 1326) 1439 Council of Ferrara moves to ; union of churches 1282 'Sicilian vespers'; Death of Charles of Anjou and end of formally agreed by emperor John VIII, present at his plans to invade Byzantium Council 1285 Council of Constantinople ('second synod of Blachernae'): 1444 Hungarians and western Crusaders, led by Vladislav of discussed and rejected pro-western interpretation of the Hungary and Poland, defeated at battle of Varna. Vladislav as enunciated by the Patriarch John XI Bekkos. killed in battle Also rejected decisions of Council of Lyons (1274) 1448 John VIII dies; his brother Constantine, ofthe 1303 Andronikos II hires Catalan company as , succeeds as Constantine XI, with coronation at troop Mistra in 1449 1321-1328 Civil war between Andronikos II and Andronikos III 1451 Mehmet II becomes Sultan 1329 Turks take Nicaea 1452 Union of churches proclaimed at Constantinople 1331-1355 Stefan Dusan Krai (King) of 1453 Mehmet II lays siege to Constantinople. May 29: Janissaries 1337 Turks take break through defences and permit main Ottoman army 1340+ Height of under Stefan Dusan to enter city. Constantine XI, the last emperor, died in the 1341 Synod in Constantinople to discuss the issues raised by fighting, and his body was never identified. the traditionalist orthodox views (defended by Barlaam of 1460 Mistra falls to the Turks ) and those who supported Hesychasm (Gregory 1461 Trebizond falls to the Turks

CHRONOLOGICAL OVERVIEW 169 Glossary of Byzantine and Technical Terms

Annona Military rations issued from taxation collected the episcopal administrative unit of in kind; Gk. synone the church Apotheke A state depository for various goods and materials; Dioiketes Fiscal administrator responsible for the land- in the 7th-9th centuries the warehouse, and the tax, usually in a single , from the 7th district to which it pertained, under the control century of a Diophysitism Belief in two natures (physeis) in the person Archontes Holders of imperial or offices; provincial of Christ, the creed adopted and defined at the landholding elite dominating towns Council of Chelcedon in 451, and after this time Arianism Christian tendency which viewed Christ as the official doctrine ofthe orthodox church man alone. Condemned as heretical at council Senior official in army, state and church, although of Nicaea, 325 junior domestikoi also existed. Senior emperor of a group, either a college Rigorist Christian chiefly in North Africa, of rulers (e.g. the tetrarchy) or within a single which challenged the validity of family issued by those who compromised with the pre- Greek equivalent of the Latin , Christian imperial administration. Condemned emperor, used especially after the on several occasions from the 4th century, it to emphasise the emperor's autonomous and appears to have survived into the 7th century. -granted rule Dromos Greek term for cursus publicus Formal ofthe Byzantine emperor from the /doux In later Roman period, commander of a 7th century military unit; commander of a unit of , Dualist neo-Paulician/neo-Manichaean or garrison troops; in the middle and later movement which developed in Bulgaria under Byzantine period the title doux rcintroduccd as a certain priest Bogomil in the mid-1 Oth century, a high military rank probably deriving from eastern Anatolian roots. Eremetic Solitary lifestyle ofthe By late 1 lth century had spread across Balkans Exarch The military governors at Ravenna and and into Asia Minor, and was an important Carthage influence on later Cathar beliefs in the west. Excubitores Small palace recruited from Isaurian During the tetrarchy, a subordinate ruler under mountain people by the emperor . During the authority ofthe Augustus; thereafter used of the 7th century they became a show troop, but a junior emperor, and from the 7th century also the unit was revived as a larger active elite the highest court dignity, normally limited to regiment under Constantine V in the , as the emperor's sons, but exceptionally granted the exkoubita. It disappears during the later 1 lth to another. century Capitatio-iugatio A formula relating land to labour power for the Low value copper coin worth 40 nummi: there assessment of taxation, 4th-7th centuries were 288 to the gold or nomisma Cenobitic From Greek words koinos bios, 'communal/ Genikon (sekreton) The general treasury and main fiscal department common life', used to describe monastic of government after the 7th century communities in which and meals are Hesychasm Late Byzantine mystical approach to prayer shared and meditation, especially popular in monastic Civitas Gk. Polis, 'city', understood as a self-governing circles unit with its own territory and administration; coin introduced by Heraclius, lit. 'six the basic fiscal administrative district into the grams', twelve to a nomisma. Although issued 7th century in large quanities under Heraclius and Constans Codex Justinianus Codification of produced at the II, its use dwindled until production ceased in beginning of the reign of , and the the early basis for all later Modified Arian belief which placed less Comitatenses Soldiers/units of the field armies under their emphasis on Christ as man alone and stated magistri militum, 4th-7th centuries (cf. Homoian that, while Father and Son were alike, they were limitanei) not of the same substance (to be differentiated /curiales Town council and councillors, governing body therefore from the homoiousians who claimed of a city that they were of like substance, and from the Cursus publicus The public postal, transport and relay system homoousians who argued that they were ofthe Despotes High imperial title in the later Byzantine period, same substance) generally preserved for members of the ruling ; or designation for the ruler of a semi- The highest value gold coin from the reform of independent imperial territory Diocese Lat. dioecesa, Gk. Dioikesis, an administrative Iconoclasm Rejection ofthe honouring of sacred images, as unit consisting of several provinces; from the a form of idolatry. Condemned as a at the council of Nicaea in 787, re-established by Leo

170 THE PALGRAVE ATLAS OF BYZANTINE HISTORY V as imperial policy in 815; condemned again Monotheletism A second attempt at compromise proposed by in 843 Sergios and supported by the emperor Heraclius, Kastron 'Fortress', but after the 7th century also used to by which the key issue was acceptance of the mean 'town' or 'city' notion of a single divine will, within which Kastrophylax ' guardian', governor of a fortress natures and energy were subsumed. Imposed Military officer in command of independent unit during the reign of Constans II, but condemned and/or district (8th-12th centuries); imperial and rejected at the council of 681. provincial/regional governor (after the 13th Nestorianism 5th-century Christian heresy in which the century) divine and human aspects of Christ were seen Kephale Provincial military and civil governor, in charge not as unified in a single person, but operating of a katepanikion, a military-administrative in conjunction. Nestorians were accused of district, in the 14th— 15th centuries teaching two persons in Christ, God and man, Kleisoura Small frontier command; district along/behind and thus two distinct sons, human and divine. the frontier (esp. later 8th-10th centuries) Condemned in 431 at the Council of Ephesus, Kommerkiarioi Fiscal responsible for state-supervised the Nestorians left the empire and established commerce and the taxes thereon. During the their own church in Persia in 486. Nestorianism 7th and 8th centuries had a much expanded established a firm foothold in Persia and spread across northern and as far as role in the fiscal system and the supplying of . It survives today, especially in northern the armies; from the middle ofthe 8th century , as the Assyrian orthodox church. reverted to chiefly commercial functions. Lat. solidus, the gold coin introduced by Limitanei Provincial garrison troops in the later Roman Nomisma Constantine I which remained the basis for period the Byzantine precious metal coinage until the Logariastes Chief fiscal officer following the reforms of Latin conquest in 1204. Weighing 4.5g, it was Alexius 1 reckoned at 24 keratia, a unit of account (carat), Fiscal official, lit. 'accountant'; from the 7th and its fractions were 12 silver hexagrams century all the main fiscal bureaux were placed or milliaresia and 288 copper folleis. From under such officials, who were often very high- the middle ofthe increasingly ranking depreciated, it was reformed by Alexios I, Logothetes ton ' ofthe herds', in charge of imperial and more commonly known thereafter as the agelon stud ranches in the provinces of Asia and , nomisma hyperpyron or simply hyperpyron. and successor ofthe older praepositus gregum Agreement to partition the Byzantine empire Partitio Romaniae Divisional military commander, replaced by the between Venice and Crusaders, agreed before ofthe period after c. 660 the sack of 1204 'Master of offices', leading civil minister and Patriarch/ate The five major sees ofthe Christian Church and close associate of the in the later their , at Rome, Constantinople, Antioch, Roman period Jerusalem and . Constantinople Metochion A subordinate or daughter monastery under the was a 4th-century addition following the authority of a larger or more powerful monastic establishment there of a new imperial capital house under Constantine I. Miliaresion Lat. milliarensis, a silver coin worth one twelfth Paulicians A dualist sect ofthe 7th-9th centuries. During of a solidus/nomisma. Originally struck at 72 the mid- they took over much of to the pound, from the 7th—1 lth centuries used eastern Anatolia and fought the empire with the ofthe basic silver coin, struck at varying rates support ofthe Caliphate. They were crushed by from 144 to 108 to the pound, especially ofthe Basil I reformed silver coin introduced under Leo III. Polis See Civitas Production ceased under Alexius I, but the term Praetorian The largest administrative unit ofthe empire continues in use as a money of account. from the time of Constantine I, under a A compromise formula developed by the praetorian (originally a commander patriarch Sergios, by which the issue of the of the ). Each prefecture was two natures was made secondary to the notion divided into , then provinces, and that they were united in a single divine energy. had its own fiscal administrative and judicial Rejected by all parties within a few years of its structure. being proposed, and condemned as heretical at Praktikon Document drawn up by fiscal officials listing the sixth ecumenical council in 681. obligations of tenants on an estate or estates Monophysitism Doctrine of the 'single nature': Christian Prokathemenos Town/fortress governor of the Komnenian tendency rejecting the two natures, both human period and divine, of Christ, believing instead that the Attribution of fiscal revenues, usually to a soldier divine subsumed the human nature after the in return for military service. Appears first on incarnation. Condemned as heretical at council a limited basis in the ; eventually of Chalcedon in 451, but remained the majority included lifelong and heritable grants creed in large parts of Syria and Egypt, and of Protonotarios Chief fiscal administrator of a theme from c. the Syrian and Coptic churches today. 820 to mid-1 lth century

GLOSSARY 171 Res privata Imperial treasury, originating in emperor's Stylite An ascetic hermit living on top of a column, private finances. Subsumed during the 7th such as Sts Symeon and Daniel century into the department of imperial estates Tagmata (1) Elite field units recruited by Constantine Sacred largesses Government fiscal department originating in the V. They formed the core of imperial field imperial household, responsible for bullion and armies until the 1 lth century; (2) any full-time coinage until the 7th century mercenary unit - used especially of foreign Senior fiscal officer with oversight over mercenary troops in the 1 Oth-12th centuries other fiscal departments after the 7th century. Territory Lat. territorium, the region pertaining to and Originally in charge of emperor's personal administered from a city treasury or 'purse' {sacellum) Tetrarchy Lit., 'rule of four', the system invented by Scholae In the period from Constantine I until the later Diocletian to provide for better administrative 5th century a crack unit; by the later and military governance ofthe empire. It broke 5th a show force. The units were reformed down, however, over the period from 305-310 and became once more elite regiments under Thema A 'theme', from the middle ofthe 7th century the Constantine V, forming until the 1 lth century district across which soldiers were quartered, the core ofthe imperial field armies. and from which they were recruited; an Spectabilis Second-rank senatorial grade administrative unit; the army based in such a Strategos A general; in Byzantine times usually the region governor of a military district or thema, and Mercenary unit firstrecruite d during the reign of commander of its soldiers Basil II, consisting of Russian and Scandinavian Stratiotikon Fiscal department which dealt with recruitment, adventurers and Logothesion Muster-rolls and military pay from the 7th century

172 THE PALGRAVE ATLAS OF BYZANTINE HISTORY Bibliography

Atlases and Historical Geography K. Belke, N. Mersich, Tabula lmperii Byzantini 7: Phrygien und Pisidien (Denkschr. d. Osterr. Akad. d Wiss., phil.-hist. Kl. 211. Historical A tlases Vienna 1990) C.F. Beckingham, ed., Atlas ofthe Arab World and the H. Hellenkemper, F. Hild, Tabula lmperii Byzantini 8: Lykien und (London/NY 1960) Pamphylien (Denkschr. d. Osterr. Akad. d Wiss., phil.-hist. Kl. F.W. Carter, ed., An Historical Geography ofthe Balkans (London- 320. Vienna 2004) NY-San Francisco 1977) K. Belke, Tabula lmperii Byzantini 9: Paphlagonien und H.L. Cooke, H.W. Hazard, Atlas of Islamic History (Princeton 1954) (Denkschr. d. Osterr. Akad. d Wiss., phil.-hist. Kl. 249. Vienna H. Kennedy, An Historical Atlas of , 2nd revised edn. (Leiden 1996) 2002) A. Mackay et af, Atlas of Medieval Europe (London 1997) Other Literature C. McEvedy, The New Penguin Atlas of Medieval History (Harmondsworth 1992) M. Cary, The Geographic Background of Greek and Roman History N.J.G. Pounds, An Historical Geography of Europe, 450 BC-AD 1330 ( 1949) ( 1973) M. F. Hendy, Studies in the Byzantine Monetary Economy c. 300-1450 W.M. Ramsay, The Historical Geography of Asia Minor, Royal (Cambridge 1985) Geographical Society, Supplementary Papers IV (London 1890/ J. Koder, Der Lebensraum der Byzantiner. Historisch-geographischer Amsterdam 1962) Abrifi ihres mittelalterlichen Staales im ostlichen Mittelmeerraum R. Roolvink et al., Historical Atlas ofthe Muslim Peoples (Amsterdam (Graz-Wien-Koln 1984) 1957) E. Malamut, Sur la route des byzantins ( 1993) A. Philippson, Das byzantinische Reich als geographische Erscheinung (Leiden 1939) British Admiralty, Geographical Handbook Series J.C. Russell, Late Ancient and Medieval Population (Philadelphia 1958) , I: Physical Geography, History, Administration and Peoples, J.L. Teall, 'The grain supply of the Byzantine empire, 330-1025 \DOP Naval Intelligence Division, Geographical Handbook Series, B.R. 13(1959)87-139 516 (London 1944) J.M. Wagstaff, The Evolution ofthe Middle Eastern Landscapes Greece, II: Economic Geography, Ports and Communications, Naval (Canterbury 1984) Intelligence Division, Geographical Handbook Series, B.R. 516A M. Whittow, 'The strategic geography ofthe ', in idem. The (London 1944) Making of Orthodox Byzantium, 600-1025 (London 1996) 15-37 Greece, III: Regional Geography, Naval Intelligence Division, Geographical Handbook Series, B.R. 516B (London 1945) , I, Naval Intelligence Division, Geographical Handbook Series, General Surveys B.R. 507 (London 1942) Turkey, II, Naval Intelligence Division, Geographical Handbook Series, B.R. 507A (London 1943) Norman H. Baynes and H. St.L.B. Moss, eds., Byzantium: an introduction to east Roman civilization (Oxford 1969) G. Bowersock, P. Brown and O. Grabar, : a guide to the Tabula Imperil Byzantini postclassical world (Cambridge, Mass.- London 1999) Robert Browning, The Byzantine Empire (Washington D.C. J. Koder, F. Hild, Tabula lmperii Byzantini 1: und Thessalia 1980/1992) (Denkschr. d. Osterr. Akad. d Wiss., phil.-hist. Kl. 125. Vienna Guglielmo Cavallo, ed., The Byzantines (Chicago 1997) 1976) Deno J. Geanakoplos, Byzantium. Church, Society, and Civilization F.Hild, M. Restle, Tabula lmperii Byzantini 2: Kappadokien Seen through Contemporary Eyes (Chicago 1984) (a useful (Kappadokia, Charsianon, undLykandos) (Denkschr. d. collection of sources in ) Osterr. Akad. d Wiss., phil.-hist. Kl. 149. Vienna 1981) T. Gregory, A History of Byzantium (Maiden, MA.-Oxford 2005) P. Soustal, with J. Koder, Tabula lmperii Byzantini 3: Nikopolis und J.F. Haldon, Byzantium: a history (Stroud 2000) Kephallenia (Denkschr. d. Osterr. Akad. d Wiss., phil.-hist. Kl. 150. J.F. Haldon, The Byzantine Wars (Stroud 2001) Vienna 1981) Kazhdan with Giles Constable, People and Power K. Belke (with M. Restle), Tabula lmperii Byzantini 4: Galatien und in Byzantium: an Introduction to Modern Lykaonien (Denkschr. d. Osterr. Akad. d Wiss., phil.-hist. Kl. 172. (Washington D.C. 1982) Vienna 1984) , Byzantium: the empire of (London F. Hild, H. Hellenkamper, Tabula lmperii Byzantini 5, 1/2: Kilikien 1980/1994) und Isaurien (Denkschr. d. Osterr. Akad. d Wiss., phil.-hist. Kl. Cyril Mango, ed., The Oxford History of Byzantium (Oxford 2002) 215. Vienna 1990) , A History ofthe Byzantine State, trans. J. Hussey P. Soustal, Tabula lmperii Byzantini 6: Thrakien (Thrake, Rodopeund (Oxford 1968) Haimimontos) (Denkschr. d. Osterr. Akad. d Wiss., phil.-hist. Kl. Warren Treadgold, A History of the Byzantine State and Society 221. Vienna 1991) (Stanford 1997)

BIBLIOGRAPHY 173 Political and General History A. Toynbee, Constantine Porphyrogenitus and his World (London 1973) M. Angold, A Byzantine Government in Exile: government and society J. Vogt, The Decline of Rome: the metamorphosis of Ancient Civilization under the Laskarids of Nicaea (1204-1261) (Oxford 1975) (London 1967) M. Angold, The Byzantine Empire 1025-1204. A political history Sp. Vryonis, jr., The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and (London 1984/1997) the Process of Islamizalion from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth P.S. Bamwell, Emperors, and Kings. The Roman West 395-565 Century (Berkeley--London 1971) (London 1992) M. Whittow, The Making of orthodox Byzantium, 600-1025 (London P.R.L. Brown, The World of Late Antiquity (London 1971) 1996) J.B. Bury, A History ofthe Later Roman Empire from to Irene C.J. Wickham, Early Medieval Italy (London 1981) (395 A.D. to800A.D.) (London 1889/Amsterdam 1966) The Cambridge , vol. 1: The Central Islamic Lands; vol. 2: The Further Islamic Lands, Islamic Society and Civilisation, State Structures and Administration P.M. Holt, A.K.S. Lambton, B. Lewis, eds. (Cambridge 1970) The Cambridge Medieval History, IV: The Byzantine Empire, 2 parts, M. Angold, A Byzantine Government in Exile: government and society revised edn. J.M. Hussey (Cambridge 1966) under the Laskarids of Nicaea (1204-1261) (Oxford 1975) , The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity A.D. M.C. Bartusis, The Late . Arms and society, 1204-1453 395-600 (London 1993) (Philadelphia 1992) Averil Cameron, Peter Garnsey, eds., The Cambridge , J.W. Birkenmeier, The Development of the Komnenian Army: XIII: The late empire, A.D. 337-425 (Cambridge 1998) 1081-1180 (Leiden--Koln 2002) R. Collins, Early Medieval Europe 300-1000 (London 1991) Averil Cameron, ed., Stales, Resources and Armies: papers ofthe third T. Cornell, J. Matthews, Atlas ofthe Roman World (Oxford 1982) workshop on late Antiquity and early Islam (Princeton 1995) Fred. M. Donner, The Early Conquests (Princeton 1981) Karen R. Dixon, Pat Southern, The Late (London S. Franklin, J. Shepard, The Emergence of Rus, 750-1200 (London 1996) 1996) J.F. Haldon, Byzantium in the Seventh Centuiy: the transformation of J.F. Haldon, Byzantium in the Seventh Century: the transformation of a culture (Cambridge 1997) a culture (Cambridge 1997) J.F. Haldon, Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World, J.F. Haldon, Warfare, Stale and Society in the Byzantine World, 565-1204 (London 1999) 565-1204 (London 1999) A. Harvey, Economic Expansion in the Byzantine Empire 900-1200 J. Harris, Byzantium and the (London 2003) (Cambridge 1989) A. Harvey, Economic Expansion in the Byzantine Empire 900-1200 M.F Hendy, Studies in the Byzantine Monetary Economy, c.300-1450 (Cambridge 1989) (Cambridge 1985) J. Herrin, The Formation of (Princeton 1987) A.H.M. Jones, The Later Roman empire, 284-602: asocial, economic A.H.M. Jones, The Later Roman Empire: a social, economic and and administrative survey, 3 vols. and maps (Oxford 1964) 2 administrative survey, 3 vols. and maps (Oxford 1964) M. Kaplan, Les hommes et la lerre a Byzance du VT au Xf siecle. W.E. Kaegi, Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests (Cambridge Propriete et exploitation du sol (Paris 1992) 1992) A. Toynbee, Constantine Porphyrogenitus and his World (London H. Kennedy, The Early : a political history (London 1973) 1981) H. Kennedy, The and the Age ofthe : the Islamic Near east from the sixth to the eleventh century (London 1986) Urban and Rural History, Economy and Society R.-J. Lilie, Byzantium and the 1096-1204, trans. J.C. Morris, J.E. Ridings (Oxford 1993) M. Angold, The Byzantine Empire 1025-1204: a political history P. Magdalino, The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, 1143-1180 (London 1984) (Cambridge 1993) M. Angold, 'The Shaping ofthe Medieval Byzantine "City"', C. Mango, Byzantium: the empire of New Rome (London 1980/1994) Byzantinische Forschungen 10(1985) 1-37 D.M. Nicol, The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261-1453 (London M. Balard, 'The Genoese in the Aegean', in B. Arbel, B. Hamilton, 1972) D. Jacoby, eds., and Greeks in the eastern Mediterranean D.M. Nicol, The Despotate of Epiros, 1267-1479 (Cambridge 1984) after 1204 (London 1989) 158-74 D.M. Nicol, Byzantium and Venice (Cambridge 1988) G.P. Brogiolo, B. Ward-Perkins, eds., The Idea and Ideal ofthe Town D. Obolensky, The . between Late Antiquity and the Early (Leiden 1999) 500-1453 (London 1971) T.S. Brown, Gentlemen and Officers. Imperial administration and G. Ostrogorsky, A History ofthe Byzantine Stale, Eng. trans. J. Hussey aristocratic power in , A.D. 554-80 (Rome 1984) (Oxford 1968) G. Duby, The Early Growth ofthe European Economy. Warriors and S. Runciman. A History of the (London peasants from the seventh to the twelfth century (London 1974) 1930) A. Dunn, 'The transformation from polis to kastron in the Balkans M.A. Shaban, Islamic History, AD 600-750 (AH 132). A New (III-V1I cc): general and regional perspectives', Byzantine and Interpretation (Cambridge 1971) Studies 18 (1994) 60-80 B. Spuler, The Muslim world, I: the age ofthe Caliphs: II: the Mongol C. Foss, Byzantine and Turkish (Cambridge, Mass.-London period, trans. F.R.C. Bagley (Leiden 1960) 1976) E.A. Thompson, Romans and : the decline ofthe western C. Foss, 'Archaeology and the "Twenty Cities" of Byzantine Asia', empire (Madison, Wisconsin 1982) American Journal of Archaeology 81(1977) 469-86

174 THE PALGRAVE ATLAS OF BYZANTINE HISTORY C. Foss, 'Late Antique and Byzantine ', Ecclesiastical Structures and Papers 31 (1977)29-87 C. Foss, Ephesus After Antiquity: a Late A ntique, Byzantine and Turkish A.S. Atiya, A History of (London 1968) city (Cambridge 1979) M. Angold, Church and Society in Byzantium under the Comneni, C. Foss, D. Winfield, Byzantine Fortifications. An introduction (Pretoria 1081-1261 (Cambridge 1995) 1986) P.R.L. Brown, The World of Late Antiquity (London 1971) J.F. Haldon, Byzantium in the Seventh Century: the transformation of P.R.L. Brown, The Cult ofthe Saints (London 1981) a culture (Cambridge 1997) Cambridge Medieval History, vol. iv, parts 1 and 2, revised edn. J.M. J.F. Haldon, W. Brandes, 'Towns, tax and transformation: state, cities Hussey (Cambridge 1966) and their hinterlands in the east Roman world, c. 500-800', in N. H. Chadwick, The Early church (Harmondsworth 1967) Gauthier, ed., Towns and their Hinterlands between Late Antiquity P. Charanis, 'The monastic properties and the state in the Byzantine and the (Leiden, 1999) empire', Dumbarton Oaks Papers 4 (1948) 53-118 (reprinted in A. Harvey, Economic Expansion in the Byzantine Empire 900—1200 his Social, Economic and Political Life, essay I) (Cambridge 1989) P. Charanis, 'The as an element of Byzantine society', Dumbarton R. Hohlfelder, ed., City, Town and Countryside in the Early Byzantine Oaks Papers 25 (1971) 61 -84 Era (New 1982) G. Every, The Byzantine Patriarchate (451-1204) (London 1947) A.H.M. Jones, The Later Roman Empire 284-602: a social economic W.H.C. Frend, The Rise ofthe Monophysite Movement (Cambridge and administrative survey (Oxford 1964) 716—19 1972) A.H.M. Jones, The Greek City from Alexander to Justinian (Oxford N. Garsoi'an, The Paulician Heresy (The Hague-Paris 1967) 1967) J. Herrin, The formation of Christendom (Princeton 1987) A. Laiou, 'The Byzantine aristocracy in the Palaeologan period', Viator J.M. Hussey, The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire (Oxford 4(1973) 131-151 1986) A. Laiou, 'The in the Mediterranean M. Loos, Dualist Heresy in the Middle Ages (Prague 1974) System: Thirteenth-Fifteenth Centuries', DOP 34-35 (1980-1981) J. Meyendorff, Byzantine : historical trends and doctrinal 177-222 themes (New York 1974) A. Laiou et al., eds., The Economic History of Byzantium from the R. Morris, ed., Church and People in Byzantium (Birmingham 1990) Seventh through the Fifteenth Century (Washington D.C. 2002) R. Morris, and Laymen in Byzantium, 843-1118 (Cambridge P. Magdalino, The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, 1143—1180 1995) (Cambridge 1993) D. Obolensky, The Bogomils (Cambridge 1948) C. Mango, 'The development of Constantinople as an urban centre', D. Obolensky, The Byzantine Commonwealth. Eastern Europe in Seventeenth International Byzantine Congress. Major Papers 500-1453 (London 1971) (New York 1986) 118-36 J. Pelikan, The Christian Tradition, 4 vols. (Chicago 1971-83) C. Mango, G. Dagron, eds., Constantinople and its Hinterland S. Runciman, The Medieval Manichee. a study ofthe Christian dualist (Aldershot 1995) heresy (Cambridge 1947) D.M. Nicol, Byzantium and Venice (Cambridge 1988). A. Sharf, Byzantine Jewry from Justinian to the Fourth Crusade J. Sauvaget, 'Le plan antique de Damas', Syria 26 (1949) 314-58. (London 1971) A. Walmsley, 'Production, exchange and regional trade in the Islamic J. Starr, The in the Byzantine Empire, 641-1204 (Athens 1939) Near East: old structures, new systems?', in I.L. Hansen, C.J. Sp. Vryonis, jr., The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and Wickham, eds., The Long Eighth Century. Production, distribution the Process of lslamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth and demand (Leiden 2000) 264-343 Century (Berkeley-Los Angeles-London 1971) C. Walter, Art and Ritual in the Byzantine Church (London 1982)

BIBLIOGRAPHY 175 Appendix 1: Rulers and Princes

Eastern Roman rulers (324-1453) John I Tzimiskes 969-976 Basil II (+ Constantine VIII) 976-1025 Constantine I + Licinius 311-324 Constantine VIII 1025-1028 Constantine I 324-337 Romanos III Argyros 1028-1034 Constantine II, Constantius II + Constans 337-340 Michael IV the Paphlagonian 1034-1041 Constantius II 337-361 1041-1042 Julian 361-363 Zoe and Theodora 1042 Jovian 363-364 Constantine IX Monomachos 1042-1055 (+ Valens 367-375) 364-375 Theodora (again) 1055-1056 Valens + , Valentinian II 375-378 Michael VI Stratiotikos 1056-1057 Theodosius I 378-395 1057-1059 (+ Gratian, Valentinian II 378-383) Constantine X 1059-1067 (+Valentinian II, Arcadius 383-392) Eudokia 1067 (+ Arcadius, 392-395) Romanos IV Diogenes 1068-1071 Arcadius 395^108 Eudokia (again) 1071 Theodosius II 408^150 Michael VII Doukas 1071-1078 450^157 Nikephoros III Botaneiates 1078-1081 Leo I 457-474 Alexios I Komnenos 1081-1118 Leo II 474 John II Komnenos 1118-1143 474^175 Manuel 1 Komnenos 1143-1180 475^176 Alexios II Komnenos 1180-1183 Zeno (restored) 476^191 1183-1185 I 491-518 Isaac II 1185-1195 I 518-527 Alexios III Angelos 1195-1203 Justinian I 527-565 Isaac II (restored) + Alexios IV Angelos 1203-1204 II Constantine 578-582 Alexios V Mourtzouphlos 1204 Maurice 582-602 Constantine (XI) 1204 (Nicaea) Phokas 602-610 1204-1222 (Nicaea) Heraclius 610-641 John III Doukas 1222-1254 (Nicaea) Constantine III and Heraclonas 641 Theodore II Laskaris 1254-1258 (Nicaea) Constans II 641-668 John IV Laskaris 1258-1261 (Nicaea) Constantine IV 668-685 Michael VIII 1259-1282 Justinian II 685-695 Andronikos II Palaiologos 1282-1328 695-698 Michael IX Palaiologos 1294-1320 Tiberios III 698-705 Andronikus III Palaiologos 1328-1341 Justinian II (restored) 705-711 1341-1391 Philippikos Bardanes 711-713 John VI Kantakouzenos 1341-1354 Anastasios II 713-715 Andronikos IV Palaiologos 1376-1379 Theodosios III 715-717 John VII Palaiologos 1390 Leo III 717-741 Manuel II Palaiologos 1391-1425 Constantine V 741-775 John VIII Palaiologos 1425-1448 Artabasdos 741-742 Constantine XI (XII) Palaiologos 1448-1453 Leo IV 775-780 Constantine VI 780-797 Empire of Nicaea Eirene 797-802 802-811 Constantine (XI) Laskaris 1204 811 Theodore I Laskaris 1204-1222 Michael I 811-813 John III Doukas Vatatzes 1222-1254 LeoV 813-820 Theodore II Laskaris 1254-1258 Michael II 820-829 John IV Laskaris 1258-1261 829-842 Michael VIII Palaiologos 1259-1282 Michael III 842-867 (from 1261 at Basil 1 867-886 Constantinople) Leo VI 886-912 Principality (Despotate) of Epiros Alexander 912-913 Constantine VII 913-959 Michael I 1204-1215 Romanos I Lakapenos 920-944 Theodore 1215-1230 Romanos II 959-963 (emperor from 1224 Nikephoros II Phokas 963-969 in Thessalonica)

176 THE PALGRAVE ATLAS OF BYZANTINE HISTORY Thessalonica 1219-1219 Yolande 1228-1228 Robert of Courtenay Manuel 1230-1237 1228-1261 Baldwin II John 1237-1244 (1231-1237 John of Brienne) Demetrios 1244-1246 (defeated by John Vatatzes in 1246) The Bulgars

Thessaly First Bulgarian empire 681-971 Asparuch 681-702 John I 1271-1296 Tervel 702-718 Constantine 1296-1303 Anonymous 718-725 John II 1303-1318 Sevar 725-739 Kormisos 739-756 Vinech 756-762 Epiros Teletz 762-765 Sabin 765-767 Michael II c. 1231-1271 Umar 767 NikephorosI 1271-1296 Toktu 767-772 Thomas 1296-1318 Pagan 772 Nicholas Orsini 1318-1325 772 (c.y-111 John Orsini 1325-1335 Kardam 777-c. 803 Nikephoros II 1335-1340 Krum c. 803-814 Dukum, Dicevg 814 Grand Komnenoi of Trebizond 814-831 Malamir 831-836 Alexios I 1204-1222 Presiam 836-852 Andronikos I 1222-1235 Boris I Michael 852-889 John I 1235-1238 Vladimir 889-893 Manuel I 1238-1263 Symeon 893-927 Andronikos II 1263-1266 Peter 927-969 George 1266-1280 Boris II 969-971 John II 1280-1297 Alexios II 1297-1330 The Bulgars' 'Macedonian' empire 976-1018 Andronikos III 1330-1332 Samuel 976-1014 Manuel II 1332 Radomir 1014-1015 Basil 1332-1340 John Vladislav 1015-1018 Eirene 1340-1341 Anna 1341 The second Bulgarian empire 1186-1396 Michael 1341 Asen I 1186-1196 Anna (again) 1341-1342 Peter 1196-1197 John III 1342-1344 Kaloyan 1197-1207 Michael (again) 1344-1349 Boril 1207-1218 Alexios III 1349-1390 Ivan Asen II 1218-1241 Manuel III 1390-1416 Kaloman Asen 1241-1246 Alexios IV 1416-1429 Michael Asen 1246-1256 John IV 1429-1459 Constantine Tikh 1257-1277 1459-1461 Ivailo 1278-1279 Ivan Asen III 1279-1280 Despotate of the Morea George I Terter 1280-1292 Smiletz 1292-1298 Manuel Kantakouzenos 1348-1380 Caka 1299 Matthew Kantakouzenos 1380-1383 Theodore Svetoslav 1300-1322 Demetrios Kantakouzenos 1383 George II Terter 1322-1323 Theodore I Palaiologos 1383-1407 Michael Sisman 1323-1330 Theodore II Palaiologos 1407-1443 Ivan Stephen 1330-1331 Constantine and Thomas Palaiologos 1443-1449 Ivan Alexander 1331-1371 Thomas and Demetrios Palaiologos 1449-1460 Ivan Sisman 1371-1393 (at Trnovo) Ivan Stracimir 1360-1396 (at ) Latin emperors at Constantinople Grand Zupans/Kings of Serbia (from 1168) 1205-1205 Baldwin I of Flanders 1216-1216 Henry of Flanders c. 1168-1196 1217 Peter of Courtenay Stefan I 1196-1217

APPENDIX 1 177 Stefan Radoslav 1217-1227/28 al-Muqtadl 1075-1094 Stefan Vladislav 1227/28-1234 al-Mustazhir 1094-1118 Stefan Uros I 1234-1276 (emperor al-Mustarshid 1118-1135 from 1345) ar-Rashid 1135-1136 Stefan Dragutin 1276-1282 al-Muqtafu 1136-1160 Stefan Uros II 1282-1321 al-Mustanjid 1160-1170 Stefan Uros III 1321-1331 al-Mustadl 1170-1180 Stefan Uros IV Dusan 1331-1355 an-Nasir 1180-1225 Stefan Uros V 1355-1371 az-Zahir 1225-1226 al-MustansIr 1226-1258 Islamic rulers al-Musta'sim 1258

Caliphs Seljuk Sultans of Rum The four 'rightly-guided' Caliphs, direct descendants ofthe Suleiman 1 1077-1086 1092-1107 Prophet 1107-1116 Abu Bakr 632-634 Masud I 1116-1156 'Umar I 634-644 Kilij Arslan II 1156-1192 ' 644-656 Kaikhusraw I 1192-1996 'AIT 656-661 Suleiman II 1196-1204 Kilij Arslan III 1204 Kaikhusraw I (again) 1204-1210 Mu 'awiyya I 661-680 Kaikawus I 1210-1220 Yazid I 680-683 Kaikubad I 1220-1237 Mu 'awiyya II 683-684 Kaikhusraw II 1237-1245 684-685 Kaikawus II 1246-1257 'Abd al-Malik 685-705 Kilij Arslan IV 1248-1265 Walld I 705-715 Kaikubad II 1249-1257 Suleiman 715-717 Kaikhusraw III 1265-1282 'Umar II 715-720 Masud II 1282-1304 Yazid II 720-724 Kaikubad III 1284-1307 Hisham 724-743 Masud III 1307-1308 Walld II 743-744 Yazid III 744 Ottoman Sultans (to 1453) Marwan II 744-750 Osman 1288-1326 Ibrahim 744 1326-1362 1362-1389 Abbasid dynasty Bayezit I 1389-1402 as-Saffah 750-754 Mehmet I 1402-1421 al-Mansur 754-775 (sole ruler from 1413) al-Mahdl 775-785 Suleiman 1402-1410 al-Hadl 785-786 Musa 1411-1413 Harun ar-Rashld 786-809 Murad II 1421-1451 al-Amln 809-813 Mehmet II Fatih 'the Conqueror' 1451-1481 al-Ma'mun 813-833 al-Mu'tasim 833-842 from 885 al-Wathiq 842-847 (until its incorporation into the Byzantine empire in al-Mutawwakil 847-861 1042-1045) al-Muntasir 861-862 al-MustaTn 862 Asot I the Great 885-890 al-Mu'tazz 862-866 Smbat I the 890-914 al-Muhtadl 866-869 Asot II the Iron 914-928 al-Mu'tamid 869-892 Abas I 928-952 al-Mu'tadid 892-902 Asot III the Merciful 952-977 902-908 al-Muqtafi Smbat II the Conqueror 977-989 908-932 al-Muqtadir Gagik I 989-1020 932-934 al-Qahir John-Smbat III 1020-1040 934-940 al-Radl Asot IV the Valiant 1021-1039 al-Muttaql 940-943 Gagik II 1042-1045 al-MustakfT 943-946 al-Mutl' 946-974 NB: The Armenian princes who ruled or governed Armenia or parts at-Ta'i' 974-991 thereof nominally for the eastern Roman emperors and for the Persian al-Qadir 991-1031 kings in the 5th to 7th centuries, or for the Byzantine emperors and al-Qa'im 1031-1075 Caliphs from the 7th to 9th centuries, are not included.

178 THE PALGRAVE ATLAS OF BYZANTINE HISTORY George II 1072-1089 David III 1089-1125 Demetrios I 1125-1156 Adarnase IV 888-923 David IV 1155 David II 923-937 George III 1156-1184 Smbat I 937-958 Thamar 'the Great' 1184-1212 Bagrat 11 958-994 George IV 1212-1223 Gurgen 1 994-1008 Rusudan 1223-1245 Bagrat III 1008-1014 1245-1250 David V 1250-1258 (secedes in Abasgia Imeretia/Abasgia) Leo II 767-812 David VI 1250-1269 Interregnum Theodosios II 812-838 1269-1273 Demetrios II 1273-1289 Demetrios II 838-873 Vakhtang II of Imeretia George 1 872-879 1289-1292 David VII John Savliani 878-880 1292-1301 Vakhtang III 1301-1307 Adarnase Savliani 880-888 George V Bagrat I 888-899 1307-1314 George VI 1314-1346 Constantine III 899-917 David VIII 1346-1360 George II 916-961 Bagrat V 'the Great' Leo III 961-970 1360-1395 George VII Demetrios III 970-977 1395-1405 Constantine I 1405-1412 Theodosios III 977-979 Alexander I 'the Great' Bagrat III of Iberia 979-1014 1412-1442 Vakhtang IV 1442-1446 Demetrios III 1446-1453 Georgia George VIII 1446-1465 (Abasgia and Iberia together) Bagrat VI 1465-1478 Constantine II 1478-1505 Bagrat III 1008-1014 George I 1014-1027 NB: The kings of Georgia generally ruled in association with a Bagrat IV 1027-1072 junior co-ruler who was often one of their immediate successors.

APPENDIX 1 179 Appendix 2: Patriarchs and

Patriarchs and Popes Constantine II 754-766 I 766-780 Archbishops of Constantinople (324-381) IV 780-784 Alexander 324-337 Tarasios 784-806 Paul I 337-339 Nikephoros I 806-815 339-341 Theodotos 815-821 Paul I (again) 341-342 Anthony I 821-837 Macedonius I 342-346 John VII Grammatikos 837-843 Paul I (again) 346-351 Methodios I 843-847 Macedonius I (again) 351-360 Ignatios 847-858 Eudoxius 360-370 Photios 858-867 Demophilus 370-379 Ignatios (again) 867-877 Gregory I (of Nazianzos) 379-381 Photios (again) 877-886 Stephen I 886-893 Patriarchs (381-1456) Anthony II 893-901 Nectarius 381-397 Nicholas I 901-907 John I Chrysostomos 398404 Euthymios I 907-912 Arsacius 404-405 Nicholas I (again) 912-925 Atticus 406-425 Stephen 11 925-927 Sisiinius I 426-427 Tryphon 927-931 428431 Theophylaktos 933-956 Maximianus 431-434 Polyeuktos 956-970 Proclus 434-446 Basil I 970-974 Flavianus 446449 Anthony III 974-979 449458 Nicholas II 979-991 I 458-471 Interregnum 991-996 Acacius 472489 Sisinnios 11 996-998 Fravitas 489490 Sergios II 1001-1019 Euphemius 490-496 Eustathios 1019-1025 Macedonius II 496-511 Alexios 1025-1043 Timothy I 511-518 Michael I Keroularios 1043-1058 John II the Cappadocian 518-520 Constantine III 1059-1063 Epiphanios 520-535 John VIII Xiphilinos 1064-1075 Anthimos I 535-536 Kosmas 1 1075-1081 Menas 536-552 Eustratios 1081-1084 Eutychios 552-565 Nicholas III 1084-1111 John 111 Scholastikos 565-577 John IX 1111-1134 Eutychios (again) 577-582 Leo 1134-1143 John IV the Faster 582-595 Michael II 1143-1146 Kyriakos 595-606 Kosmas II 1146-1147 Thomas 1 607-610 Nicholas IV 1147-1151 Sergios I 610-638 Theodotos II 1151-1154 Pyrrhos 638-641 Nephytos I 1153-1154 Paul II 641-653 Constantine IV 1154-1157 Pyrrhos (again) 654 Loukas 1157-1170 Peter 654-666 Michael III 1170-1178 Thomas II 667-669 Chariton 1178-1179 JohnV 669-675 Theodosios 1179-1183 Constantine I 675-677 Basil II 1183-1186 Theodore I 677-679 Niketas 11 1186-1189 George I 679-686 Dositheos 1189 Theodore I (again) 686-687 Leontios 1189 Paul III 688-694 Dositheos (again) 1189-1191 Kallinikos I 694-706 George II 1191-1198 Kyros 706-712 JohnX 1198-1206 John VI 712-715 Michael IV 1208-1214 Germanos I 715-730 Theodore II 1214-1216 Anastasios 730-754 Maximos 11 1216

180 THE PALGRAVE ATLAS OF BYZANTINE HISTORY Manuel I 1217-1222 John 1 523-526 Germanos II 1222-1240 Felix IV 526-530 Methodios II 1240 Boniface II 530-532 Manuel 11 1244-1254 (Dioscorus 530) Arsenios 1255-1259 John 11 533-535 Nikephoros II 1260 Agapetus 1 535-536 Arsenios (again) 1261-1264 Silverius 536-537 Germanos III 1265-1266 Vigilius 537-555 Joseph I 1266-1275 Pelagius 1 556-561 John XI Bekkos 1275-1282 John III 561-574 Joseph I (again) 1282-1283 Benedict 1 575-579 Gregory III 1283-1289 Pelagius II 579-590 Athanasios I 1289-1293 Gregory I the Great 590-604 John XII 1294-1303 Sabinianus 604-606 Athanasios I (again) 1303-1309 Boniface III 607 Niphon I 1310-1314 Boniface IV 608-615 John XIII Glykys 1315-1319 Deusdedit I 615-618 Gerasimos I 1320-1321 Boniface V 619-625 Isaias 1323-1332 Honorius I 625-638 John XIV Kalekas 1334-1347 640 Isidoros I 1347-1350 John IV 640-642 Kallistos I 1350-1353 Theodore I 642-649 Philotheos Kokkinos 1353-1354 Martin I 649-655 Kallistos 1 (again) 1355-1363 I 654-657 Philotheos (again) 1364-1376 Vitalianus 657-672 Makarios 1376-1379 Deusdedit II 672-676 Neilos 1379-1388 Domnus 676-678 Anthony IV 1389-1390 Agatho 678-681 Makarios (again) 1390-1391 Leo II 682-683 Anthony IV (again) 1391-1397 Benedict II 684-685 Kallistos II Xanthopoulos 1397 JohnV 685-686 Matthew 1 1397-1410 Conon 686-687 Euthymios 11 1410-1416 (Theodore 687) Joseph 11 1416-1439 (Pascal 687) Metrophanes II 1440-1443 Sergius I 687-701 Gregory III 1443-1450 John VI 701-705 Gennadios II Scholarios 1454-1456 John VII 705-707 Sisinnius 708 Popes (314-1455) Constantine I 708-715 Sylvester I 314-335 Gregory II 715-731 Mark 336 Gregory III 731-741 Julius 337-352 Zacharias 741-752 Liberius 352-366 (Stephen II 752) (Felix II 355-365) Stephen III 752-757 Damasus 1 366-384 Paul I 757-767 (Ursinus 366-367) (Constantine 767-769) Siricius 384-399 (Philip 768) Anastasius 1 399401 Stephen IV 768-772 Innocent 1 401417 I 772-795 417418 Leo III 795-816 Boniface 1 418422 Stephen V 816-817 (Eulalius 418419) Pascal I 817-824 Celestine I 422432 Eugenius II 824-827 Sixtus III 432440 827 Leo I the Great 440461 Gregory IV 827-844 Hilarius 461468 (John 844) Simplicius 468483 Sergius II 844-847 Felix III 483492 Leo IV 847-855 Gclasius I 492496 Benedict III 855-858 Anastasius II 496498 (Anastasius 855) 498-514 Nicholas I 858-867 (Laurentius 498,501-505) Hadrian II 867-872 Hormisdas 514-523 John VIII 872-882

APPENDIX 2 181 Marinas I 882-884 III 1086-1087 Hadrian III 884-885 Urban II 1088-1099 Stephen VI 885-891 Pascal II 1099-1118 Formosus 891-896 Gelasius II 1118-1119 Boniface VI 896 Calixtus II 1119-1124 Stephen VII 896-897 Honorius II 1124-1130 897 Innocent II 1130-1143 Theodore II 897 Celestine II 1143-1144 John IX 898-900 Lucius II 1144-1145 Benedict IV 900-903 Eugenius III 1145-1153 LeoV 903 Anastasius IV 1153-1154 (Christopher 903-904) Hadrian IV 1154-1159 Sergius III 904-911 Alexander III 1159-1181 Anastasius III 911-913 Lucius III 1181-1185 Lando 913-914 Urban III 1185-1187 JohnX 914-928 Gregory VIII 1187 Leo VI 928 Clement III 1187-1191 Stephen VIII 928-931 Celestine III 1191-1198 John XI 931-935 Innocent III 1198-1216 Leo VII 936-939 Honorius III 1216-1227 Gregory IX Stephen IX 939-942 1227-1241 Celestine IV Marinus II 942-946 1241 Innocent IV Agapetus 11 946-955 1243-1254 Alexander IV John XII 955-964 1254-1261 Urban IV Leo VIII 964-965 1261-1264 Clement IV Benedict V 964-966 1265-1268 John XIII Gregory X 966-972 1271-1276 Benedict VI Innocent V 973-974 1276 Benedict VII Hadrian V 974-983 1276 John XIV John XXI 983-984 1276-1277 John XV Nicholas III 985-996 1277-1280 Gregory V Martin IV 996-999 1281-1285 Sylvester II Honorius IV 999-1003 1285-1287 John XVII Nicholas IV 1003 1288-1292 John XVIII Celestine V 1004-1009 Sergius IV Boniface VIII 1294 1009-1012 Benedict VIII Benedict XI 1294-1303 1012-1024 John XIX Clement V 1303-1304 Benedict IX 1024-1032 John XXII 1305-1314 Sylvester III 1032-1044 Benedict XII 1316-1334 Benedict IX (again) 1045 Clement VI 1334-1342 Gregory VI 1045 Innocent VI 1342-1352 Clement II 1045-1046 Urban V 1352-1362 Benedict IX (again) 1046-1047 Gregory XI 1362-1370 Damasus II 1047-1048 Urban VI 1370-1378 Leo IX 1048 Boniface IX 1378-1389 Victor II 1049-1054 Innocent VII 1389-1404 Stephen X 1055-1057 Gregory XII 1404-1406 Nicholas II 1057-1058 Martin V 1406-1415 Alexander II 1059-1061 Eugenius IV 1417-1431 Gregory VI1 1061-1073 Nicholas V 1431-1447 1073-1085 1447-1455

182 THE PALGRAVE ATLAS OF BYZANTINE HISTORY Index

Compiled by Sue Carlton

Abasgia 103, 110 Apamaea 41 Bohemond of Tarento 117 Abbasids 102, 103 aplekta 132 130 Acciajuoli family 124 Apokaukos, Alexios 120 Boris I Michael of Bulgaria 62 Achaia 118, 120, 124 apothekai 74 Bosnia 146 Acre 118, 157 Aragon 120 Bulgaria 76, 115, 116, 118, 122, 140, 141, Aden 26 Arcadius 16 143, 146 adiectio sterilium 73 Arianism 48 Bulgars 28, 31-2, 39, 57, 58-9, 62-3, 64, administration 33-8, 85-8, 128-37 48 76,83, 107 civil and fiscal 33, 35, 41-2, 44-7, 734, Armenia 26-7, 59, 1034, 108, 147-8, Buondelmonti, Esau 124 132 150-3 Burgundi 18 finance departments 33, 73, 85, 86, 132, Armeniakon army 68, 77 Burgundy 99 134 Arpads 143 146 military 36 Arslan, Alp 115, 146, 153 Buyids 102-3, 155 palatine 36 art 97 Byzantine empire see East Roman empire postal and transport system 132 Arta 124 (Byzantine empire) provincial 128-31 Artsruni 103 see also mints and coinage; taxation; Ascalon 117 capitatio-iugatio system 73 towns and cities 'Asheba, Kaleb 'Ella 26 6, 54, 153 Adrianople 146 Asot Bagratuni of Armenia 103 Carthage 22, 57, 73 Aegean region 6, 24, 434, 122, 130 Asot II 103 Catalan Grand Company 120, 124 Aghlabids 102 Asot III 103 Celestius 48 agriculture 4—7 Asparuch 107 118 Ain Jalut, battle of (1460) 155, 157 Athens 120, 122 ceramics 424, 45, 81 akolouthos 132 sect 77 charistikarios 158 18, 20, 110-11, 155 Athos, Mt, monastic centre 93, 120, 160, charistike grants 158 Alaric 20 161 Charlemagne (Charles the Great) 62, 96, 103, 122, 143 58, 99 97, 100-1, 141 28-9 Avars 18, 224, 27, 28, 65, 68, 100, 141 Charles III (the Fat) 97 16, 18,20,99 al-'Awasim 104 Charles'Martel'99-100 Aleppo 102, 106, 157 Axumite kingdom 26 chartoularata 132 Alexander of Novgorod (Alexander Ayyubids 148, 153, 157 73, 132 Nevsky) 155 102, 150, 153 Childeric III 100 Alexios I Komnenos 64, 67, 115, 117, 128, Chosroes I (Khusru) 22 132, 141, 158 Baghdad 102, 153 Christian Church 16, 48-54, 90-6, 103, Alexios III Angelos 116, 118 Bagrat II 150 120, 158-65 Alexios IV Angelos 118 Bagratuni 1034 administration 49-51, 52, 90, 158-9 Alexios V Doukas 118 Baldwin of Boulogne 117 bishops 51, 158 Ali, fourth Caliph 57, 102 Baldwin I of Flanders 118, 143 charitable foundations 51 allagatores 134 Balik 146 division 160-5 Amastris 77 Balkans 141-6 heretical movements 48-9, 50, 65-6 Amorion 77, 81 Baradaeus, Jacob 48 514, 90, 93-5, 158, 160, Anastasius I 20, 24, 37, 46, 48 Basil I 3940, 62, 67, 77 161 Anatolikon army 68 Basil II 59, 70, 73, 88, 104, 115, 141, 150 and wealth 50, 158, 160 Andronikos I Komnenos 116, 125 Basil, St, ('the Great') 54 Christianity, conversion to 20, 22, 26, 62, Andronikos II Palaiologos 120, 124 58, 99, 100 97, 111, 143 Andronikos III Palaiologos 120 122, 148 64, 153, 157 Angelos, John 120 Bela I of Hungary 143 civil wars 120-2, 147 Angles 18,20 Bela III of Hungary 143 climate 1,2,34,79,83 153 Belisarius 22 Clovis 20, 22 Ankara 77 25, 57, 102 Codex Justinianus 22 battle of (1402) 122, 146, 148 Berengar, 97 coins see mints and coinage annonae 33 Bithynia76, 120, 130 communication routes 9-13 39 Black Huns 18 roads 11-12 Anthony 51 Black Turks (Karakoyunlu) 148 water 12-13 Anti- 1,31, 103 Turks 18,28, 107, 110 Conrad III of 117 Antioch 22, 64, 117, 141, 153 Bogomilism 67, 77 Constans 16, 48

INDEX 183 Constans II 30, 57, 65, 76, 87 armies 24, 68-72, 74-5, 128 117 Constantine I 16, 33, 39, 44, 45, 118 and Balkans 141-6, 147 150, 155 Constantine II 16 beginnings of'Byzantine' empire 29-32 16,25,28,77 Constantine IV 32, 57, 65, 87, 107 conflict and imperial expansion 224 Ostrogoths 18,20,22 Constantine V 58, 62, 65, 67, 68, 76-7, contraction 120-2 Visigoths 18, 20, 22, 57-8, 102 88, 107 crisis management 74-5 Gratian 16 Constantine VI 67 culture 97 Greece 2, 3, 118, 120, 122 Constantine VII 63, 87 decline 115-16, 1224 Guiscard, Robert 141 Constantine VIII 115 defence and strategy 24-6, 68-73, Guy of Lusignan 118 Constantine IX Monomachos 115, 139 128-30 Constantine XI 122 diplomacy and embassies 64—5 157 Constantinople 11, 16, 3940, 77, 120, 134 eastern frontier 26-8, 104-6, 109 Hamadan 147 capture 1204 39,96, 118, 161 and Islamic expansion 29-30, 57, 58, 65, Harald Hardrada of Norway 70 commerce and trade 43, 83, 137 102-3, 153 Henotikon 48 and Rome 67, 95-6, 122, 161 and Italy 141 Henry I, Saxon king 101 sieges and attacks 39, 57, 59, 122 local elites 134-7 Heraclius 27-8, 29, 33, 47, 65, 68, 87, 103, Constantius II 16,39,48 navy 73, 128, 137 107 Crete 62, 64 and Steppes 106-11 Heruls 18 Crispi family 122 territorial losses and gains 604 hesychasm 120, 122, 160 141-3 threats to 57-8 132 28, 57, 150 and 1034 Het'um I 153 Crusades 1, 115, 116-20, 161 transformation and recovery 58-61 26 First (1095-99) 96, 116-17, 128, 141, 117, 155 Honorius 16, 20 147-8, 153, 155 Egypt 29, 102, 118, 157 Hsiung-Nu confederacy 18 Second (1147-49) 117 Eirene, Empress 67 Humbert, Cardinal 67 Third (1189-92) 118 Ephesos 77 Hungary 116 Fourth (1202-04) 39,96,118-20,122,150 epi ton deeseon 132 Huns 18,28,32, 107 Sixth (1228-29) 157 epi tou kanikleiou 132, 134 Hunyadi, Janos 146 Seventh (1248-54) 157 Epiros 118, 124, 130, 143 (Polovtsy) 128, 143, 153-5 118 Ibas of Edessa 22 curiales 37 77 Iberia 26 customs 75 Euthymios, patriarch 95 iconoclasm 65-6, 90 Cyprus 64, 116, 118 Euthymius 51 idikon 73 idiorrhythmic monasticism 160 Dagobert I 99 Fatimids 102, 155-7 Idrisid emirate 102 Dalmatial43, 150 '' 67 Ignatios 67, 95 102, 117, 155, 157 fortresses 24-5, 77-8, 84, 128, 130, 134 Ikonion () 147, 148 157 20 of Persia 148 Danishmend emirate 147, 148 Frankish kingdom 57-8, 99-101 Imeretia 153 Danube frontier 22, 24, 28, 31-2, 57, 128, 16, 18, 20, 28, 77, 124, 141 Innocent III, Pope 118 143-5 and Crusades 153, 155 124 Daras 24, 64 in Italy 62, 97, 148 Iran 102-3 ad-Daulah, Sayf 106 Frederick, of 118 Iraq 59, 70 David of Tayk'104, 150 Frederick I Barbarossa 118 Isaac I Komnenos 115 Daylamites 102, 150 Frederick II of Germany 118 Isaac II Angelos 116, 118, 143 77 Frisians 58 Islamic world 104-5, 106-7, 155-7 dikaiodotes 132 civil war (658-660) 57, 102 Diocletian 33, 39, 44 Gabrielopoulos, Stephen 124 rise of 29-30, 57, 58, 65, 102-3, 153 dioiketes 73 Gagik Artsruni of Armenia 103 Istvan (Stephen) of Hungary 143 Dobrititsa 146 20 Italy 20, 22, 97-8, 101, 115, 141 Dobrudja 146 Galatal22, 150 and decline of Roman empire 57, 59, 62 Donatist movement 48 Gattilusi of 122 defence 25-6 Dorylaion 117 16, 18,20,22,58 invasion of Lombards 28-9 Doukas, John 124 genikon logothesion 73, 85 reconquest of 59, 70 doux 70 Genoa 57, 118, 120, 122, 137, 150, 151 Ivan I Asen 143 dromos 132 Georgia 26, 1034, 108, 148, 150, 152, 153 Ivan II Asen 143 132 18,28 Dyrrhachion 141 German empire 101-2 Jaffa 118 , migration and invasions Jalayrids 148 East Roman empire (Byzantine empire) 18,20 51 administration 33-8, 41-7, 734, 85-8, Germanikeia 76 Jerusalem 116, 117 128-37 155 John I Tzimiskes 103, 141

184 THE PALGRAVE ATLAS OF BYZANTINE HISTORY John II Komnenos 115, 128, 153 Lebounion, battle of (1092) 128 mints and coinage 16, 33, 42, 44-7, 83, John II Orsini of Epiros 124 Lemnos 122, 146 87-9, 13940 John III Vatatzes 124 Leo I 24 Mohammed 29 John V Palaiologos 120, 122, 124, 146 Leo II 153 monasteries 514, 90, 93-5, 158, 160, 161 John VI Kantakouzenos 120, 124, 137, Leo III 7, 57, 58, 62, 65, 67, 70, 75, 90 Mongols 120, 125, 146, 148, 149, 153, 146, 150 Leo IV 76, 90 155, 157 John VIII 122, 161 Leo V 67 Monophysite movement 22, 48, 65, 76 Jovian 16 Leo IX, Pope 141 Moravian kingdom 102 Juan Juan 18, 28 Liutprand of 161 Morea 120, 122, 125 Julian 16 local elites 134-7 102 justice system 132 Lombard kingdom 97 Mu'awiya, fifth Caliph 57, 102, 103 26, 48 Lombards 18, 20, 224, 25, 27, 28-9, 57, Murad I 146 Justin II 22, 64-5 62, 141, 148 Murad II 146 Justinian 22, 24-5, 26, 27, 33, 43, 48, 68, Louis Vll of France 117 al-Mu'tamid, Caliph 103 95 Louis IX of France 157 Mylasa 128, 130 Justinian II 31, 57, 76, 107 Myriokephalon, battle of (1176) 115, 128 18,20 3, 122, 128, 130, 141, 143, 146 mystikos 132, 134 magister militum 24, 25, 68 Kalman of Hungary 143 magister officiorum 73 124 Kalojan, Tsar of Bulgaria 118 16 Neokastra 128, 130 Kaloyan Asen 143 16 Nestorianism 22, 26, 48 al-Kamil, Malik 157 Magyars (Hungarians) 63,101, 102, 110-11, Nestorius 48 kanonikon 54, 158 115,143 58, 99 Kantakouzenos, John (John VI) 120, 122 Mahmud of Ghazna 103 Nicaea, empire/emperors 48, 118-20, 124, Kantakouzenos, Manuel 124-5 Malik Shah, Seljuk Sultan 155 132, 134, 143, 150 karabisianoi 68 Mamluks 102, 153, 155, 157 Nicholas I, patriarch 90, 95 Karakhanids 102, 155 Manfred of Sicily 118, 124 Nicholas I, Pope 67, 96 Karakhitai 155 Maniakes, George 115 Nikephoros I 58, 77 148 Mansura, battle of (1249) 157 Nikephoros II of Epiros 124 emirate 148 Manuel I 115-16, 128, 132, 137, 143, 148, Nikephoros II Phokas 64, 87, 95, 139, 141 kastron 77-8, 84 150, 153 Nikomedeia 39 katepanikia 130 Manzikert, battle of (1071)64, 115, 147, Nikopolis, battle of (1396) 122, 146 katepano 70 153 Normans 115, 116, 128, 137, 141, 150 Kay Kusrau II 148 18, 28 Notaras, Loukas 165 Kephalenia 124 18 notitiae 158-9 Keroularios, Michael 67 76 Novgorod 153 (seceders) 102 Martin, Pope 57 Nureddin 117, 155, 157 Khazars 32, 57, 63, 102, 103, 107, 110-11 Maurice 24, 27, 28, 76 Khusru II, King 27-8 megaloi domestikoi 132, 134 Odovacar (Odoacer) 20 Khwarizmians 148, 153, 155, 157 megas doux 132 Oguz 110-11, 115, 153, 155 Kiev 153-5 megas hetaireiarches 132 oikeiaka 132 see also Rus' megas logariastes 132 OlegofKiev 111 kleisourai 70 Mehmet I 148 Olga, Princess of Kiev 111 kleisourarchies 105-6 Mehmet II 39, 122, 125, 127, 146, 165 Olympus, Mt, monastic centre 160 Knights of St John (Hospitallers) 118, 122 Melanoudion 128, 130 68, 77, 130 Knights Templar 118 Merovingians 99-100 Optimaton 130 koiton 73 132, 134 Orestes 20 kommerkiarioi 74—5 Mesopotamia 102 Orhan I, Sultan 146 kommerkion 75 Messalianism 48 85, 132 Komnenian system 118-20, 128-30 monastic centre 160 Orsini family 124 Grand Komnenoi 124, 125, 127 metochia 95 , Sultan 146 Kosovo, battle of (1389) 122 Michael I 77, 100 Ostrogoths 18,20,22 Kotyaion 77 Michael I Komnenos Doukas (Despot of Otto of Germany 161 krites 73 Epiros) 124 Ottomans 120, 122, 124, 146, 148, 165 Krum of Bulgaria 62 Michael II 87 28, 32, 107 Michael IV 'the Paphlagonian' 87, 115 Pachomius 51 Michael VII Doukas 153 palace guard units 132, 134 land-use 4-7 Michael VIII Palaiologos 120, 124, 134, Palaiologos, Demetrios 122 Laskaris family 118 161 Palaiologos, Thomas Komnenos 124 Laszlo I of Hungary 143 Michael X Doukas 139 Palamas, Gregory 120 Lazar of Serbia 103 Mihail Sisman of Bulgaria 146 143 26, 103 Miletos 77 papacy 62, 67

INDEX 185 130 range 2-3, 11 Sicily 22, 57, 59, 62, 70, 99, 115, 141 134 Richard I of 118 Sigismund of Hungary 122, 146 parathalassites 132 Richard II of England 116 Sinai desert 2, 26 141 Ripuarian Franks 20 28 parrhesia 51 roads 11-12 Siounia 103 Partitio Romaniae 118 Robert, Duke of Normandy 117 Sirmium28, 141 patrimonium 33 Robert II of Flanders 117 Sisinnios, patriarch 158 Paul of Samosata 67 of Sicily 141 , 104 67, 77 Roman army 16 Slavs 18,25,28,57,59,76, 101, 150 Pechenegs 59, 634, 102, 110-11, 115, 128, Justinian's reforms 24 143 143, 153, 155 military supplies 74-5 Soumela monastery 160 48 24, 25 Spain 20, 57, 102 Pelagius 48 and themata 68-72, 73 Stefan Nemanja 143 Pelagonia, battle of (1259) 124 Roman empire Stefan II Nemanja 143 Pepin I 62, 99, 100 circa 400 CE 16 Stefan Uro§ II Milutin 143 Pera 150 frontier 16-18 Stefan Uros III 143 80 migrations and invasions 16-19 Stefan Uros IV Dusan 120, 122, 124, 143, Persarmenia 27 successor kingdoms in West 20-1 146 Persia 22, 26, 27-8, 64, 155 Romanos I 63 Stephen I 102 117 Romanos III Argyros 115 steppe region 63, 106-11 Peter II of Bulgaria 143 Romanos IV Diogenes 115, 153 strategos 73 Philadelphia 130 Romulus (Augustulus) 20 stratiotikon logothesion 73 Philanthropenos, Alexios Angelos 124 Rubenids 153 130 Philaretos Brachamios 153 20 Suania 26 Philip II Augustus of France 118 Rus'63, 64, 67, 83, 102, HI, 141 Suevi 18,20,57 27, 28 153-5 Suzdal 155 Photian schism 67, 96, 161 Svyatopluk of 102 Photios, patriarch 67, 95, 161 Sabas 51 Svyatoslav I of Kiev 111, 141 physical geography 14 Sabiri 28 Symeon the Theologian 160 pilgrimage centres 53, 54 sacrae largitiones 33, 46, 47, 73 Symeon, Tsar of Bulgaria 62-3, 64, 118 Pindos range 2, 11 Saffarids 102 Symeon Uros 124 pinkernes 134 Sagalassos 77 Syria 2, 22, 153, 155, 157 Pisa 137, 150 St John of Stoudios, Monastery of 160 and population movement 76, 77 polis (city) 33, 77, 78 Sajid emirate 102 reconquest of 59, 70 Polotsk 153 sakellarios 33 Polovtsy (Cumans) 128, 143, 153-5 Saladin (Salah ad-Din b. Ayyub) 117, 118, 18 Pontic 1, 125 157 tagmata (>%, 70, 132 Pontos 118 Salian Franks 20, 22 Tahirids 102 population Samanids 102 Tancred 117 estimates 7 Samuel, Tsar of Bulgaria 141 T'ang dynasty 102 major centres 8, 9, 10 Sanudo, Marco 122 Tatars 127 movement and transfers 76-7 150 Taurus range 1, 6, 31 settlement patterns 7-9, 10 Sardis 77 taxation 33, 37, 41, 59, 734, 95, 158 praetorian 33, 34, 47 Sasanid empire 26, 27-8 Tbilisi 153 primmikerios 132 Satrapies 26 Thamar, Queen of Georgia 125, 153 16 18,20,58,99, 100, 101 122, 146 132, 134 Scyrii 20 Thebes 122 protonotarios 73, 75 Sebasteia () 148 themata 68-72, 73, 105, 128, 130 protoslrator 134 Second Bulgarian Empire 59, 70 Theoderic 20, 22 134 sekreton 73, 132, 134 Theodora, Empress 48 Seljuks 59, 77, 103, 115, 125, 146-8, 153, Theodore of Epiros 124, 143 18 155 Theodore I Laskaris 134 quaestura exercitus 22, 68 and Crusades 116, 117, 118, 120 Theodore of 22, 48 Quinisextum 50, 90 Sennacherib of 153 Theodore of Stoudios 93 Quraysh 29 Septimus Severus 39 of 22 Serbia 116, 140, 143, 146 Theodosius 51 Ravenna 62, 97, 148 Serbs 28, 57, 122, 124 Theodosius I 16 Raymond of 117 Shadaddid emirate 102 Theodosius II 39,48 res privata 33, 73 Shapur, Persian king 16 67 resources 4-7, 81-2 Shi'a 102 Theophilos 67 20 Shirkuh 157 Thessalonica 11,116,118,122,124,130,143 , island of 6, 122 Shirwan, emirate of 102 Thessaly 3, 122, 124, 143

186 THE PALGRAVE ATLAS OF BYZANTINE HISTORY Thrace 18,76,77, 122, 130, 143 typikon 95 vestiaronM, 132, 134 Thrakesion 68, 128, 130 Tyre 118 Vigilius, Pope 22 al-Thughur 104 tzaousioi 134 Visigoths 18, 20, 22, 57-8, 102 Thuringians 18, 99 143 Timur 148, 155 Umayyads 57, 102 Vladimir of Kiev 97, 111, 153 Timur Lenk(Tamburlane) 122 Urban II, Pope 116-17 Vladimir Monomakh 155 Tomislav of Croatia 141 Uthman, third Caliph 57 Totila, king of Ostrogoths 22 Utigurs 28, 32, 107 White Huns (Hephalites) 18 towns and cities 33-8, 40-1, 42, 77-81, White Sheep Turks (Akkoyunlu) 148, 155 83-5, 134, 136 Valens 16 William II Villehardouin 124 trade 424, 81-2, 136, 137-8, 155 Valentinian 16 Witigis 22 Transcaucasia 1034, 108 Vandals 18,20,22,43,44 Transoxiana 18 70, 132, 134 Yaroslav of Kiev 153 Trebizond 118, 124, 125-7, 130, 132, 140, Vardariotai 132, 134 26 148,153 Varna, battle of (1444) 122 2, 57 Vaspurakan 103 Zara 118 2, 6, 18, 102 160 Zengi 117, 155 110 Venice 115, 118, 122, 124, 137, 141, Zeno 20, 48 Turkmen 77, 120, 125, 127, 148, 149 148-50, 151 Zoroastrianism 26 Turks 122, 124 vestiaritai 132 Zvonomir of Croatia 143

INDEX 187