The Wars of the Roses

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Unit 2: Roman Church and the Rise of the Papal State

Manicheanism was a Gnostic belief that was semi-Christian, but believed in a dualistic cosmology in which Good and Evil were equally powerful – this belief system lasted a long time…eventually almost all Manichean believers assimilated into either more mainstream versions of Christianity, Buddhism, or Islam

© Jason Asbell, 2019  St. Miltiades: First African Pope. First pope after the end of the persecution of Christians through the Edict of Milan (313 AD). Presided over the Lateran council of 313.  St. Sylvester I: 1st Council of Nicaea (325). Built St. John Lateran, Santa Croce in Gerusalemme and Old St. Peter's Basilica. Stated recipient of Donation of Constantine (later shown to be a forgery)

Papal Reigns: St. Miltiades to St. Gregory I "the Great"

MILTIADES INNOCENT I FELIX III (II?) JOHN II (2 JULY 311 – 10 JAN 314) (21 DEC 401 – 12 MARCH 417) (13 MARCH 483 – 1 MARCH 492) (2 JAN 533 – 8 MAY 535) MARK BONIFACE I ANASTASIUS II VIGILIUS (336) (28 DEC 418 – 4 SEP 422) (24 NOV 496 – 19 NOV 498) (29 MARCH 537 – 7 JUNE 555) LIBERIUS SIXTUS III HORMISDAS JOHN III (17 MAY 352 – 24 SEP 366) (31 JULY 432 – 18 AUG 440) (20 JULY 514 – 6 AUG 523) (17 JULY 561 – 13 JULY 574) SIRICIUS HILARIUS FELIX IV PELAGIUS II (17 DEC 384 – 26 NOV 399) (19 NOV 461 – 29 FEB 468) (12 JULY 526 – 22 SEP 530) (26 NOV 579 – 7 FEB 590)

ANASTASIUS I SIMPLICIUS BONIFACE II GREGORY I (THE GREAT) (27 NOV 399 – 19 DEC 401) (3 MARCH 468 – 10 MARCH 483) (22 SEP 530 – 17 OCT 532) (3 SEP 590 – 12 MARCH 604) DAMASUS I LEO I (THE GREAT) JOHN I BENEDICT I (1 OCT 366 – 11 DEC 384) (29 SEP 440 – 10 NOV 461) (13 AUG 523 – 18 MAY 526) (2 JUNE 575 – 30 JULY 579) JULIUS I CELESTINE I SYMMACHUS PELAGIUS I (6 FEB 337 - 12 APR 352) (10 SEP 422 – 27 JULY 432) (22 NOV 498 – 19 JULY 514) (16 APRIL 556 – 4 MARCH 561) SYLVESTER I ZOSIMUS GELASIUS I AGAPETUS I & SILVERIUS (31 JAN 314 - 31 DEC 335) (18 MARCH 417 – 26 DEC 418) (1 MARCH 492 – 21 NOV 496) (<1 YEAR EACH) © Jason Asbell, 2019  St. Mark: Although only Pope for 263 days, commissioned codification of the lives of martyrs and bishops prior to his time. Received gifts of land and furnishings from Emperor Constantine for two churches.  St. Julius I: Presided over the Arian controversy. Divided celebration of Christ’s birth with Epiphany and Nativity as separate feasts

Papal Reigns: St. Miltiades to St. Gregory I "the Great"

ANASTASIUS I SIMPLICIUS BONIFACE II GREGORY I (THE GREAT) (27 NOV 399 – 19 DEC 401) (3 MARCH 468 – 10 MARCH 483) (22 SEP 530 – 17 OCT 532) (3 SEP 590 – 12 MARCH 604) DAMASUS I LEO I (THE GREAT) JOHN I BENEDICT I (1 OCT 366 – 11 DEC 384) (29 SEP 440 – 10 NOV 461) (13 AUG 523 – 18 MAY 526) (2 JUNE 575 – 30 JULY 579) JULIUS I CELESTINE I SYMMACHUS PELAGIUS I (6 FEB 337 - 12 APR 352) (10 SEP 422 – 27 JULY 432) (22 NOV 498 – 19 JULY 514) (16 APRIL 556 – 4 MARCH 561) SYLVESTER I ZOSIMUS GELASIUS I AGAPETUS I & SILVERIUS (31 JAN 314 - 31 DEC 335) (18 MARCH 417 – 26 DEC 418) (1 MARCH 492 – 21 NOV 496) (<1 YEAR EACH) © Jason Asbell, 2019  Liberius: First Pope not canonized by the Western Church (although the Eastern Church reveres him as a saint)  St. Damasus I: Patron of Jerome, commissioned the Vulgate translation of the Bible. Council of Rome (382). First pope to officially use the title “Pontifex Maximus” after Emperor Gratian abdicates that title.

Papal Reigns: St. Miltiades to St. Gregory I "the Great"

ANASTASIUS I SIMPLICIUS BONIFACE II GREGORY I (THE GREAT) (27 NOV 399 – 19 DEC 401) (3 MARCH 468 – 10 MARCH 483) (22 SEP 530 – 17 OCT 532) (3 SEP 590 – 12 MARCH 604) DAMASUS I LEO I (THE GREAT) JOHN I BENEDICT I (1 OCT 366 – 11 DEC 384) (29 SEP 440 – 10 NOV 461) (13 AUG 523 – 18 MAY 526) (2 JUNE 575 – 30 JULY 579) JULIUS I CELESTINE I SYMMACHUS PELAGIUS I (6 FEB 337 - 12 APR 352) (10 SEP 422 – 27 JULY 432) (22 NOV 498 – 19 JULY 514) (16 APRIL 556 – 4 MARCH 561) SYLVESTER I ZOSIMUS GELASIUS I AGAPETUS I & SILVERIUS (31 JAN 314 - 31 DEC 335) (18 MARCH 417 – 26 DEC 418) (1 MARCH 492 – 21 NOV 496) (<1 YEAR EACH) © Jason Asbell, 2019  St. Siricius: First Pope whose letters (decretals) survive to this day; focus on on religious discipline (baptism, consecration, ordination, penance, and continence), including the first papal decree commanding celibacy for priests.  St. Innocent I: First pope to officially promulgate the scripture canon in a directive to a bishop (405). Pope during Visigothic Sack of Rome in 410.

Papal Reigns: St. Miltiades to St. Gregory I "the Great"

ANASTASIUS I SIMPLICIUS BONIFACE II GREGORY I (THE GREAT) (27 NOV 399 – 19 DEC 401) (3 MARCH 468 – 10 MARCH 483) (22 SEP 530 – 17 OCT 532) (3 SEP 590 – 12 MARCH 604) DAMASUS I LEO I (THE GREAT) JOHN I BENEDICT I (1 OCT 366 – 11 DEC 384) (29 SEP 440 – 10 NOV 461) (13 AUG 523 – 18 MAY 526) (2 JUNE 575 – 30 JULY 579) JULIUS I CELESTINE I SYMMACHUS PELAGIUS I (6 FEB 337 - 12 APR 352) (10 SEP 422 – 27 JULY 432) (22 NOV 498 – 19 JULY 514) (16 APRIL 556 – 4 MARCH 561) SYLVESTER I ZOSIMUS GELASIUS I AGAPETUS I & SILVERIUS (31 JAN 314 - 31 DEC 335) (18 MARCH 417 – 26 DEC 418) (1 MARCH 492 – 21 NOV 496) (<1 YEAR EACH) © Jason Asbell, 2019  St. Leo I “the Great”: Convinced Attila the Hun to turn back his invasion of Italy. Instrumental in defining the hypostatic union (doctrine that Jesus was both fully human and fully divine).  St. Simplicius: Pope during fall of Western Roman Empire and establishment of Odoacer as King of Italy (476-493)  St. Gelasius I: Last African Pope. First to use the title “Vicar of Christ”

Papal Reigns: St. Miltiades to St. Gregory I "the Great"

ANASTASIUS I SIMPLICIUS BONIFACE II GREGORY I (THE GREAT) (27 NOV 399 – 19 DEC 401) (3 MARCH 468 – 10 MARCH 483) (22 SEP 530 – 17 OCT 532) (3 SEP 590 – 12 MARCH 604) DAMASUS I LEO I (THE GREAT) JOHN I BENEDICT I (1 OCT 366 – 11 DEC 384) (29 SEP 440 – 10 NOV 461) (13 AUG 523 – 18 MAY 526) (2 JUNE 575 – 30 JULY 579) JULIUS I CELESTINE I SYMMACHUS PELAGIUS I (6 FEB 337 - 12 APR 352) (10 SEP 422 – 27 JULY 432) (22 NOV 498 – 19 JULY 514) (16 APRIL 556 – 4 MARCH 561) SYLVESTER I ZOSIMUS GELASIUS I AGAPETUS I & SILVERIUS (31 JAN 314 - 31 DEC 335) (18 MARCH 417 – 26 DEC 418) (1 MARCH 492 – 21 NOV 496) (<1 YEAR EACH) © Jason Asbell, 2019 Raphael’s The Meeting between Leo the Great and Attila, Stanza di Eliodoro, Palazzi Pontifici, Vatican © Jason Asbell, 2019  St. Hormisdas: Father of Pope St. Silverius  Boniface II: First Germanic Pope. Changed numbering of years in the Julian calendar from Ab Urbe Condita (from the founding of Rome) to Anno Domini (in the year of the Lord)  John II: First pope to not use his personal name (which was Mercurius)  St. Silverius: Deposed/exiled by Byzantine general Belisarius Papal Reigns: St. Miltiades to St. Gregory I "the Great"

ANASTASIUS I SIMPLICIUS BONIFACE II GREGORY I (THE GREAT) (27 NOV 399 – 19 DEC 401) (3 MARCH 468 – 10 MARCH 483) (22 SEP 530 – 17 OCT 532) (3 SEP 590 – 12 MARCH 604) DAMASUS I LEO I (THE GREAT) JOHN I BENEDICT I (1 OCT 366 – 11 DEC 384) (29 SEP 440 – 10 NOV 461) (13 AUG 523 – 18 MAY 526) (2 JUNE 575 – 30 JULY 579) JULIUS I CELESTINE I SYMMACHUS PELAGIUS I (6 FEB 337 - 12 APR 352) (10 SEP 422 – 27 JULY 432) (22 NOV 498 – 19 JULY 514) (16 APRIL 556 – 4 MARCH 561) SYLVESTER I ZOSIMUS GELASIUS I AGAPETUS I & SILVERIUS (31 JAN 314 - 31 DEC 335) (18 MARCH 417 – 26 DEC 418) (1 MARCH 492 – 21 NOV 496) (<1 YEAR EACH) © Jason Asbell, 2019  From 537 to 752, the Byzantine Emperor demanded approval of all papal elections prior to consecration (the Byzantine Papacy)  St. Gregory I “the Great”: Great-great-grandson of Pope Felix III. Formally established titles Servus servorum Dei and Pontifex Maximus. Established Gregorian chant. Known as "the Father of Christian Worship". Known as "St. Gregory the Dialogist" in Eastern Orthodoxy.

Papal Reigns: St. Miltiades to St. Gregory I "the Great"

ANASTASIUS I SIMPLICIUS BONIFACE II GREGORY I (THE GREAT) (27 NOV 399 – 19 DEC 401) (3 MARCH 468 – 10 MARCH 483) (22 SEP 530 – 17 OCT 532) (3 SEP 590 – 12 MARCH 604) DAMASUS I LEO I (THE GREAT) JOHN I BENEDICT I (1 OCT 366 – 11 DEC 384) (29 SEP 440 – 10 NOV 461) (13 AUG 523 – 18 MAY 526) (2 JUNE 575 – 30 JULY 579) JULIUS I CELESTINE I SYMMACHUS PELAGIUS I (6 FEB 337 - 12 APR 352) (10 SEP 422 – 27 JULY 432) (22 NOV 498 – 19 JULY 514) (16 APRIL 556 – 4 MARCH 561) SYLVESTER I ZOSIMUS GELASIUS I AGAPETUS I & SILVERIUS (31 JAN 314 - 31 DEC 335) (18 MARCH 417 – 26 DEC 418) (1 MARCH 492 – 21 NOV 496) (<1 YEAR EACH) © Jason Asbell, 2019  St. Boniface IV: First pope with same regnal name as predecessor. Member of the Order of Saint Benedict.  St. Adeodatus I: The first pope to use lead seals on papal documents, which in time came to be called Papal bulls.  Honorius I: Named a heretic and anathematized by 3rd Council of Constantinople (680), Pope Leo II softened this because he didn’t teach heresy but did not act to oppose Monotheletism.

Papal Reigns: Sabinian to St. Nicholas I "the Great"

SABINIAN & BONIFACE III EUGENE I GREGORY II STEPHEN IV (604-607) (10 AUG 654 – 2 JUNE 657) (19 MAY 715 – 11 FEB 731) (816-817) ADEODATUS I ADEODATUS II ZACHARY EUGENE II (13 NOV 615 – 8 NOV 618) (11 APRIL 672 – 17 JUNE 676) (3 DEC 741 – 22 MARCH 752) (8 MAY 824 – 27 AUG 827) HONORIUS I LEO II, BENEDICT II, JOHN V, CONON PAUL I SERGIUS II (27 OCT 625 – 12 OCT 638) (320 - 375 DAY EACH) (29 MAY 757 – 28 JUNE 767) (25 JAN 844 – 27 JAN 847) THEODORE I JOHN VII ADRIAN I BENEDICT III (24 NOV 642 – 14 MAY 649) (1 MARCH 705 – 18 OCT 707) (1 FEB 772 – 26 DEC 795) (29 SEP 855 – 7 APRIL 858)

Papal Reigns: Sabinian to St. Nicholas I "the Great"

MARTIN I CONSTANTINE LEO III NICHOLAS I (THE GREAT) (5 JULY 649 – 12 NOV 655) (25 MARCH 708 – 9 APRIL 715) (26 DEC 795 – 12 JUNE 816) (24 APRIL 858 – 13 NOV 867) SEVERINUS & JOHN IV JOHN VI STEPHEN III LEO IV (640 - 642) (30 OCT 701 – 11 JAN 705) (7 AUG 768 – 24 JAN 772) 10 APRIL 847 – 17 JULY 855) BONIFACE V DONUS, AGATHO STEPHEN II GREGORY IV (23 DEC 619 – 25 OCT 625) (676 - 681) (26 MARCH 752 – 26 APRIL 757) (20 DEC 827 – 25 JAN 844) BONIFACE IV VITALIAN GREGORY III PASCHAL I (15 SEP 608 – 8 MAY 615) (30 JULY 657 – 27 JAN 672) (18 MARCH 731 – 28 NOV 741) (25 JAN 817 – 11 FEB 824) © Jason Asbell, 2019  Stephen II: Allied with King of the Franks (Pepin the Short) to protect Rome during conquest of northern Italy by Lombards. Donation of Pepin in 756 confirmed Pope as ruler of Duchies of Rome, Spoleto, Benevento, and Pentapoplis. Forged Donation of Constantine may date to the reign of Stephen II to provide context for the Donation of Pepin. First evidence of Donation of Constantine dates to a letter to Charlemagne from Pope Hadrian I encouraging him to expand on his father’s donation. Papal Reigns: Sabinian to St. Nicholas I "the Great"

MARTIN I CONSTANTINE LEO III NICHOLAS I (THE GREAT) (5 JULY 649 – 12 NOV 655) (25 MARCH 708 – 9 APRIL 715) (26 DEC 795 – 12 JUNE 816) (24 APRIL 858 – 13 NOV 867) SEVERINUS & JOHN IV JOHN VI STEPHEN III LEO IV (640 - 642) (30 OCT 701 – 11 JAN 705) (7 AUG 768 – 24 JAN 772) 10 APRIL 847 – 17 JULY 855) BONIFACE V DONUS, AGATHO STEPHEN II GREGORY IV (23 DEC 619 – 25 OCT 625) (676 - 681) (26 MARCH 752 – 26 APRIL 757) (20 DEC 827 – 25 JAN 844) BONIFACE IV VITALIAN GREGORY III PASCHAL I (15 SEP 608 – 8 MAY 615) (30 JULY 657 – 27 JAN 672) (18 MARCH 731 – 28 NOV 741) (25 JAN 817 – 11 FEB 824) © Jason Asbell, 2019  The Pope began to exert some temporal authority in the Byzantine Duchy of Rome as early as 650  From 730, the Popes tried to reinstitute Rome as a Republic  Political realities across Italy and the rest of Europe forced the solution established by the Donation of Pepin  Dukes of Rome (and other areas) were appointed by the Pope (some times hereditary) rather than the Pope directly ruling © Jason Asbell, 2019  St. Paul I: Brother and successor of Stephen II  Stephen III: Called and presided over Lateran Council of 769, which primarily dealt with whether or not Stephen was the legitimate Pope as opposed to multiple antipopes, and to establish rules by which papal elections would be held. Established that laypersons could not be elected Pope, nor could laypersons participate in an election.

Papal Reigns: Sabinian to St. Nicholas I "the Great"

MARTIN I CONSTANTINE LEO III NICHOLAS I (THE GREAT) (5 JULY 649 – 12 NOV 655) (25 MARCH 708 – 9 APRIL 715) (26 DEC 795 – 12 JUNE 816) (24 APRIL 858 – 13 NOV 867) SEVERINUS & JOHN IV JOHN VI STEPHEN III LEO IV (640 - 642) (30 OCT 701 – 11 JAN 705) (7 AUG 768 – 24 JAN 772) 10 APRIL 847 – 17 JULY 855) BONIFACE V DONUS, AGATHO STEPHEN II GREGORY IV (23 DEC 619 – 25 OCT 625) (676 - 681) (26 MARCH 752 – 26 APRIL 757) (20 DEC 827 – 25 JAN 844) BONIFACE IV VITALIAN GREGORY III PASCHAL I (15 SEP 608 – 8 MAY 615) (30 JULY 657 – 27 JAN 672) (18 MARCH 731 – 28 NOV 741) (25 JAN 817 – 11 FEB 824) © Jason Asbell, 2019  Gregory IV: Rebuilt the atrium of St. Peter’s Basilica and in the newly decorated chapel transferred the body of Gregory I  St. Leo IV: Member of the Order of St. Benedict  St. Nicholas I “the Great”: Strongly encouraged missionary activities, leading to evangelization of portions of Germany and Scandinavia. Strong proponent of supremacy rather than “first among equals” status of Bishop of Rome – lasting effects!

Papal Reigns: Sabinian to St. Nicholas I "the Great"

© Jason Asbell, 2019  St. Anthony “the Great”  Born c. 251 AD (Egypt)  Died 356 AD (Egypt)  Born to wealthy landowners  Upon his parents’ death when he was 20, he gave away or sold all his property, donating the money to the poor and sought an ascetic life in the desert  Eventually attracted other disciples, which he organized into a small community focused on work and prayer, and other similar communities formed in Egypt. For this reason, he is widely considered the “Father of Monasticism”  St. Athanasius’s biography of St. Anthony, written around 356, spread the concept of monasticism to the Greek and Roman world  The Monastery of St. Anthony in Egypt, built at the site of his community in the early 300s, is the oldest monastery in the world, and is currently part of a Coptic Orthodox diocese St. Anthony public domain image

© Jason Asbell, 2019  St. Athanasius  Born c. 298 AD (Alexandria, Egypt)  Died 373 AD (Alexandria, Egypt)  Born into a wealthy but not aristocratic Christian family  Elected Bishop (Patriarch) of Alexandria in 326, a role he accepted unwillingly  Served as bishop over the course of 45 years, 17 of which were spent across five exiles due to his constant opposition of Arianism  Chief defender of the faith as proclaimed at the Council of Nicaea in 325 against the Arian heresy, and is considered the “Father of Orthodoxy”  One of the four “Great Eastern Doctors” of the Church  His letter of 367 is the first known listing of all those books now accepted as the St. Athanasius New Testament, this list formalized in Public domain image (Wikipedia) 383 by Pope St. Damasus I commission to St. Jerome to establish the Latin Vulgate

© Jason Asbell, 2019  St. Ambrose  Born c. 337–340 (Augusta Treverorum, Gallia)  Died 4 April 397 (Mediolanum, Italy)  Born to a Christan Roman family of means – his father was an Imperial official and his mother was from a prominent family  Studied literature, law, and rhetoric in Rome and entered public service, becoming Governor of Aemilia-Liguria in 372, with headquarters in Milan  Following the death of the Bishop of Milan, Auxentius, in 374, Nicene Christians and Arian Christians were deeply divided over election of successor  When Ambrose went to the church to prevent conflict, he was interrupted with a cry of “Ambrose, Bishop!” taken up by the whole assembly  Although Ambrose was a Nicene Christian, he was acceptable to the Arians due to his reputation as Governor  Initially refused the election because he was neither trained in theology nor even baptized  Known for his charity to poor, which began as Governor Late antique mosaic of Saint  His Treatises influenced many others, including Ambrose in the church St. Augustine, and had an impact on Marian theology Ambrogio in Milan – might be an actual portrait, made while Ambrose was living © Jason Asbell, 2019  St. Jerome  Born c. 347 AD (Stridon, Dalmatia)  Died 420 AD (Bethlehem)  Converted to Christianity while a student in Rome.  Prolific writer, theologian, and historian.  One of the Four Great Latin Fathers, named a Doctor of the Church in 1298.  Commissioned by Pope Damasus I to translate the Bible into Latin, he traveled to Jerusalem to improve his Hebrew and to use the Hebrew, rather than Greek translations, for what would become the Vulgate.  Besides the Vulgate, he wrote a vast number of St. Jerome in His Study scripture commentaries, letters, and historical works. Domenico Ghirlandaio, 1480.  Jerome is the second most voluminous writer (after Augustine of Hippo) in ancient Latin Christianity.

© Jason Asbell, 2019  St. Augustine of Hippo  Born 13 November 354 (Thagaste, Numidia) (Algeria)  Died 28 August 430 (Hippo Regius, Numidia)  One of the most important Church Fathers in Western Christianity for his writings in the Patristic Period  The City of God  De doctrina Christiana  Confessions  Mother (St. Monica) was a devout Christian while father (Patricius) was a pagan who converted on his deathbed  Augustine maintained a mistress for 15 years and had a son out of wedlock  Well-known scholar prior to his conversion to Christianity at age 31 Gerhard Seghers’ The Four Doctors of  Began writing immediately, publishing his apologetic the Western Church, Saint Augustine of On the Holiness of the Catholic Church a year later Hippo (354–430), Kingston Lacy  Following deaths of his parents and his son, collection, UK National Trust sold his property and founded a monastic community  Ordained priest in 391, coadjutor bishop in 395, and full bishop not long thereafter  Despite leaving his monastery, lived a monastic lifestyle in the episcopal residence  Died during the Vandals siege of Hippo in 430  Vandals were Arian  Healed a man of illness while on his own deathbed – this miracle supported his later beatification  Body later moved to Cagliari, Sardinia, when Vandals expelled all Catholic bishops from their territory

© Jason Asbell, 2019  St. Benedict of Nursia  Born 2 March 480 (Norcia, Umbria)  Died 21 March 547 (Monte Cassino, Kingdom of the Ostrogoths)  Born into a Roman noble family, had a twin sister (St. Scholastica)  Was sent to Rome to study but did not like life there – abandoned his studies and went into the Simbruini mountains for a simpler life – there he met a monk (St. Romanus of Subiaco), and became an eremitic monk  Established the Rule of St. Benedict in 516 as a model for living a Christocentric life on earth and efficiently running a monastery  Heavily influenced by the Rule of St. Basil composed in the East c. 358-364  Ora et Labora - pray and work  Beginning in 529, founded twelve communities for monks at Subiaco, Lazio, Italy (about 40 miles (64 km) to the east of Rome) St. Benedict of Nursia Public domain image (Wikipedia)  Later established a community at Monte Cassino in the mountains of southern Italy

© Jason Asbell, 2019 “Three Hierarchs” of Eastern Christianity  Doctors of the Church, and the other three of the Four Great Eastern Fathers (after Athanasius)  St Gregory Nazianzen (329-390) , also known as Gregory the Theologian.  Archbishop of Constantinople, a renowned theologian and orator Significant impact on Trinitarian theology  St Basil “the Great” (330-379)  Bishop of Caesarea Mazaca. Influential theologian who opposed the Arian heresy  Established guidelines for monastic life and is considered a father of Eastern communal 17th century icon monasticism. Lipie, Historic Museum in Sanok,  Was lifelong friends with Gregory Nazianzen Poland and shares a feast day with him.  St. John Chrysostom (“golden-mouthed”) (349-407)  Archbishop of Constantinople, very prolific theologian, preacher, and writer. His revision of the Divine Liturgy is still in use by the Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine Rite churches. Died in exile

 St. Patrick (385-431) Romano-British bishop, considered the “Apostle to Ireland”.  Taken to Ireland as a slave as a teen, he returned in later years to evangelize. One of three patron saints of Ireland.  St. Columba ( 521-597) Irish abbot, considered “Apostle to the Picts”.  Founded a monastery at Iona, Scotland. One of the three patron saints of Ireland (with Sts. Patrick and Brigid)  St. David (500-589) Welsh bishop  Renowned teacher and preacher, establishing monastic settlements and churches. Patron saint of Wales.  St. Augustine of Canterbury ( ? – 604) Benedictine monk, considered “Apostle to the English”  Sent by Gregory the Great to evangelize the Anglo-Saxons. Converted the Anglo-Saxon King Æthelberht to Christianity, and established a monastery at Canterbury, eventually becoming the first Archbishop of Canterbury.  St. Boniface (675-754) Anglo-Saxon bishop, “Apostle to the Germans” (Germanic part of Frankish empire) St Boniface Cornelius Bloemaert, 1630.  Converted a number of Germanic peoples before his martyrdom in 754. Established a number of dioceses in what is now Germany. Instrumental figure in the alliance between the papacy and the Carolingian dynasty.

© Jason Asbell, 2019  Other Doctors of the Church (besides the Four Latin and Four Greek Fathers) from this time:  St. Isidore of Seville (560-636)  St. Ephrem the Syrian (306-373)  Hymnographer and theologian  St. Peter Chrysologus (406-450)  St. Leo the Great (400-461)  Doctor of the Church’s Unity  St. Hilary of Poitiers (300-367)  St. Cyril of Alexandria (376-444)  “Doctor of the Incarnation”  First Council of Ephesus, fought for title “Theotokos”  St Cyril of Jerusalem (315-386)  Bishop and theologian, catechetical lectures  St. John Damascene (676-749)  St. Bede the Venerable (672-735)  Benedictine  Doctor of the English

© Jason Asbell, 2019  Synods usually attended only by local bishops, local in scope  Councils were Ecumenical with broad attendance  Synod of Ancyra (314)  First Synod following end of persecutions  Primarily focused on dealing with the lapsi  Also dealt with penances for various types of sexual immorality  Synod of Neo-Cæsaria (315)  Established additional penances for various types of sexual immorality  Established qualifications for clergy © Jason Asbell, 2019  1st Council of Nicæa (325)  Primarily focused on the Arianism and Paulianism heresies  Condemned the Arianism heresy  Paulianism heresy (a form of Monarchianism) had already largely died out, but there was an issue over whether baptisms were valid  Established Symbol of Faith (Nicene Creed)  Determined formula for determining Pascha (Easter)  Condemned mandatory celibacy for all ranks of clergy  Established regulations on moral issues and church discipline  Required Paulianists to be baptised upon entry to Church, even if previously baptised by Paulianists  Determined prayers on Sundays should be offered standing

© Jason Asbell, 2019  1st Synod of Tyre (335)  Primarily focused on evaluating charges against Athanasius, Patriarch of Alexandria, brought by Arius and his followers  Overturned by the Council of Constantinople  2nd (449) and 3rd (514) Synods of Tyre less important  Synod of Gangra (340)  Expelled sectarians who promoted schism, condemned marriage, eating of meat, and obedience to lawful authority, who encouraged women to dress as men (clothes and haircuts), parents to abandon children and children to abandon elderly parents  Condemned fasting on Sunday

© Jason Asbell, 2019  Synod of Antioch (341)  Reinforced Nicæa I’s ruling on Pascha scheduling  Established regulations regarding clergy, the organisation of the local churches, church discipline, and use of canonical letters (used by travelling Christians as proof of being Christians in good standing)  Synod of Sardica (347)  Established canons concerning church order and discipline  Reaffirmed the Symbol of Faith from Nicæa I  Synod of Rimini (359)  Supported Arianism and was universally rejected  Synod of Laodicæa (364)  Established canons concerning church order and discipline © Jason Asbell, 2019  1st Council of Constantinople (381)  Dealt with multiple heresies (Macedonianism, Apollinarians, Eunomians, Eudoxians, Sabellians, Marcellians, Photinian)  Led by St. Gregory the Theologian and St. Gregory of Nyssa  Defined the Holy Trinity as one God in Three Persons, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit each fully God of the same essence  Expanded Symbol of Faith from Nicæa I into what is now commonly labelled ‘Nicene Creed’ (but is more properly known as the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed), which persists to this day  Ranked relative importance of the five patriarchates with Old Rome first and New Rome (Constantinople) second  Established regulations for church discipline, including standing during prayer on Sundays and the days of Pentecost  Established manner in which heretics were to be received into the Church

© Jason Asbell, 2019  Synod of Constantinople (394)  Established various regulations, including the requirement of at least three bishops to ordain a bishop  Synod of Carthage (419-424)  Dealt with Pelagianism and Donatism heresies  Established regulations for clergy, including excommunication for clerics lower than bishop who appealed decisions outside of Africa (specifically mentioning ‘across the sea’, i.e. the pope of Rome)  Denied jurisdiction of pope of Rome in African church  Enumerated canon of Scripture (Old Testament and New Testament)  Established canon requiring baptism where proof of previous baptism was not available © Jason Asbell, 2019  Council of Ephesus (431)  Condemned Nestorianism heresy  Defined that the Lord Jesus Christ was a single person who was fully God and fully human and that since mothers give birth to persons, Mary should be known as ‘Theotokos’, thus insisting on the unity of the two natures in the one person of Christ  Upheld Christology of Saint Cyril of Alexandria  The Symbol of Faith (Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed) was affirmed and changes to it were forbidden with punishment of deposition for clerics and excommunication for laity prescribed  Established that the rights of each province should be preserved and inviolate (i.e. bishops from one province have no rights over other provinces)

© Jason Asbell, 2019  Synod of Constantinople (448)  Condemned Eutyches for rejecting Christ’s “union” of “two natures” in “one person” (a form of Monophysitism)  Heretical “Robber Council” synod in Ephesus in 449 called by Dioscorus, Patriarch of Alexandria, wrongly exonerated Eutyches and tried to proclaim the orthodox belief as heretical; Pope St. Leo the Great’s representatives were not permitted to participate; St. Flavian, Patriarch of Constantinople, was separated from his own supporters, condemned, beaten, and died shortly thereafter in exile

© Jason Asbell, 2019  Council of Chalcedon (451)  Annulled and invalidated “Robber Council” of 449  Condemned Eutyches and Dioscorus  Affirmed the canons of the three previous Ecumenical Councils  Condemned Monophysitism and Nestorianism heresies  Reviewed the “Tome of Leo” and affirmed it as “the faith of the Fathers”  Affirmed two natures of Jesus Christ, divinity and humanity, as “perfect God and perfect Man”  Condemned simony, reaffirmed prohibitions of bishops acting outside their territory, reaffirmed New Rome (Constantinople) as second in honour (following Old Rome) of the patriarchates

© Jason Asbell, 2019  Synod of Orange (529)  Condemned Pelagianism heresy  2nd Council of Constantinople (553)  Condemned Monophysitism, Nestorianism, Origenism heresies, including condemning the person and writings of several past writers  Some of the outcomes were produced by edict of Emperor Justinian  Pope Vigilus later opposed some of the outcomes of this council, leading to a brief, but major, schism before he relented  Synod of Toledo (589)  Added filioque to the Creed in attempt to combat Arianism – major long-term implications!

© Jason Asbell, 2019  3rd Council of Constantinople (680-681)  Condemned Monotheletism heresy and condemned many as Monothelite heretics, including Pope Honorius I (even though he’d been dead for over 40 years)  Embraced St. Maximus the Confessor’s teachings  Affirmed Jesus Christ as one Person with two Natures (including two natural wills and two natural energies)  Synod of Constantinople (692)  Called by Emperor Justinian II to address the lack of canons promulgated by 2nd and 3rd Councils  Professed faith in all the previous Ecumenical Synods and anathematised those who did not ‘hold and embrace’ the dogmas taught by these Synods  A lot of canons published on MANY topics/issues © Jason Asbell, 2019  2nd Council of Nicæa (787)  Annulled the false council of 754 and condemned Iconoclasm  Affirmed veneration (but not adoration, which was for God alone) of images  Germanus and John of Damascus proclaimed saints  Condemned simony  Decreed that those secretly keeping Jewish customs (e.g. keeping the Sabbath) but pretending to be Christians should live as Jews openly, but be excluded from the Church  Established monastic regulations  Nicæa II was the last truly “Ecumenical” council with equal participation by both East and West

© Jason Asbell, 2019  Synod of Constantinople (861)  Established regulations for monasticism, including necessity of obtaining local bishop’s permission to build monastery  Condemned castration  Established regulations for clergy  Synod of Constantinople (867)  Started as a purely administrative Synod dealing with differences between Rome and Constantinople  Took on doctrinal overtones when bishops from the West and emissaries of Pope Nicolas pushed for acknowledgement of Western practices, including filioque  Excommunicated and anathematised Pope Nicolas for claiming (in 865, first pope to do so) the Pope had authority ‘over all the earth, that is, over every Church’

© Jason Asbell, 2019  4th Council of Constantinople (869)  Although it took place in Constantinople and was sanctioned/attended by Emperor Basil I, is not acknowledged by the Eastern Church  Condemned the Synod of Constantinople of 867 brought together by Photius against Pope Nicholas and Ignatius the legitimate Patriarch of Constantinople; it condemned Photius who had unlawfully seized the patriarchal dignity  Although the Great Schism was still almost two centuries away, the seeds of the schism were deeply sown

© Jason Asbell, 2019  Rise of Monasticism  Eremitic Monasticism, or solitary monasticism  Characterized by a complete withdrawal from society  Began very early in Christianity recalling Christ’s solitary times in the wilderness  Became more and more popular after the 3rd century

 Cenobitic Monasticism  Hermits living close together gradually formed communities – first monastic community formed in 346  Very popular in the East, took a little longer to establish in the West

© Jason Asbell, 2019  Rise of Monasticism  Celtic Monasticism  Began in Wales and Cornwall, then spread to Ireland and Scotland (St. Patrick was actually Welsh…)  Introduced a number of changes to religious practices  Separation of Baptism and Confirmation  Private confession  Rule of St. Columbanus (stricter than St. Benedict’s)

 Benedictine Monasticism  Rule of St. Benedict was the first formalized Western monastic structure (Benedictine “Order” came later)  The Rule was a structured set of regulations and observances describing how to live a Christocentric life in the world, and how to run a monastic community

© Jason Asbell, 2019  Arianism  Nontrinitarian doctrine that asserts that Jesus Christ is the Son of God who was begotten by God the Father at a point in time, a creature distinct from the Father and is therefore subordinate to him, but the Son is also God (i.e. God the Son)  Arius (c. AD 256–336) was a presbyter in Alexandria  Arian concept of Christ is based on the belief that the Son of God did not always exist but was begotten within time by God the Father  Arian heresy was VERY widespread and persisted for years, and to some aspects persist today in Mormon and Jehovah’s Witnesses  Arius’ death in 336 in the Constantinople public forum was seen as God’s judgement upon him for his heresy

© Jason Asbell, 2019  Apollinarism  Belief that Jesus had a human body and lower soul (the seat of the emotions) but a divine mind.  Apollinaris, Bishop of Laodicea, further taught that the souls of men were propagated by other souls, as well as their bodies  Condemned at 1st Council of Constantinople in 381 and did not survive long after Apollinaris’ death  Collyridianism  Belief that the Trinity consists of the Father, Son, and Mary and that the son is a result of marital union between the other two  Existence questioned by many scholars because only refrerenced in the Panarion, written in 376 by Epiphanius of Salamis © Jason Asbell, 2019  Docetism (still around…)  Belief that Jesus was pure spirit and His physical body, crucifixion, death, and resurrection was an illusion  One of the Gnostic beliefs, continually rejected by ecumenical councils but not completely eradicated within Christianity until the Albigensian Crusade (1209 – 1229)  Aspects of Docetism influence Islamic beliefs about Jesus  Luciferianism  Strongly anti-Arian doctrine promulgated by Lucifer Calaritanus, Bishop of Cagliari  Declared heretical because of his teachings against readmittance of heretics after they had recanted © Jason Asbell, 2019  Macedonianism (or Pneumatomachianism)  While accepting the divinity of Jesus Christ as affirmed at Nicea in 325, they denied that of the Holy Spirit which they saw as a creation of the Son, and a servant of the Father and the Son  Condemned at 1st Council of Constantinople in 381 and suppressed by Emperor Theodosius I by 395  Melchisedechians (or Athinganoi)  Small Monarchian sect in Phrygia that considered Melchisedech an incarnation of the Logos (divine Word) and identified him with the Holy Ghost  May have existed as early as the mid-5th century and does not appear to have survived beyond the 9th century

© Jason Asbell, 2019  Monophysitism (or Eutychianism)  Belief that Christ's divinity dominates and overwhelms his humanity, as opposed to the Chalcedonian position which holds that Christ has two natures, one divine and one human or the Miaphysite position which holds that the human nature and pre-incarnate divine nature of Christ were united as one divine human nature from the point of the Incarnation onwards  Eutyches was excommunicated in 448 at a Synod in Constantinople  Monophysitism and Eutyches were rejected at the Council of Chalcedon in 451, Monophysitism is also rejected by the Oriental Orthodox Churches

© Jason Asbell, 2019  Monotheletism  Belief that Jesus Christ had two natures but only one will; this is contrary to the orthodox interpretation of Christology, which teaches that Jesus Christ has two wills (human and divine) corresponding to his two natures  Originated in Armenia and Syria in AD 633 and condemned at the 3rd Council of Constantinople (680 – 681)  Miaphysitism may be seen as a variant that teaches Christ is in one theanthropic (human- divine) nature and is generated from the union of two natures  Miaphysitism was deemed amenable and is the official Christology for Oriental Orthodox churches

© Jason Asbell, 2019  Nestorianism  Belief that Jesus Christ was a natural union between the Flesh and the Word, thus not identical, to the divine Son of God  Advanced by Nestorius (386–450), Patriarch of Constantinople from 428–431  Condemned at the 1st Council of Ephesus in 431 and the Council of Chalcedon in 451, leading to the Nestorian Schism  Many of Nestorius’ supporters relocated outside the Empire, leading to Nestorian viewpoints in the Church in the East persisting until the 10th century

© Jason Asbell, 2019  Psilanthropism (still around…)  Belief that Jesus is "merely human": either that he never became divine, or that he never existed prior to his incarnation as a man  Generally includes denial of the Virgin Birth  Crops up as a tenet of belief within many heresies throughout history, persisting to modern times  Rejected by all of the Ecumenical Councils  Tritheism  Belief that the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are three independent and distinct divine beings as opposed to three persons of one being and one essence  Not an organized heresy, per se, but a theological element arising from other heretical beliefs (e.g., Monophysitism, and several later heresies) © Jason Asbell, 2019  Manichaeism  Taught an elaborate dualistic cosmology describing the struggle between a good, spiritual world of light, and an evil, material world of darkness  Founded in 210-276 by Mani, a Parthian prophet  Condemned by decree of Emperor Theodosius I in 382  Thrived between the 3rd through 7th centuries and appears to have died out some time between the 14th and 16th centuries in southern China  Paulicianism  Adoptionist sect originating in Armenia ~650  Repressed by order of Empress Theodora II in 843  Despite suppression (including military action), continued to exist for centuries and influenced other heresies

© Jason Asbell, 2019 © Jason Asbell, 2019  Antipope St. Felix II  Installed by Emperor Constantius II in 355 after Pope Liberius had been banished for condemning St. Athanasius  Roman laity called for Liberius to be recalled from exile  Constantius II intended for Liberius and Felix to rule jointly  Although Felix existed as an antipope, there was no real schism – the people acknowledged Liberius while the only the Emperor acknowledged Felix, and neither took part in the Council of Rimini in 359

© Jason Asbell, 2019  Antipope Urscinus  An Arian, separately elected at the same time as Pope St. Damasus I in 366  His supporters violently contested the election and many people died in the fighting  Was banished to Gaul, then returned, and continued to intrigue until his death ~384  Antipope Laurence  Elected in opposition to Pope St. Symmachus  Violent clashes between supporters led to request that King Theodoric the Great of the Ostrogoths (an Arian), who supported Symmachus despite Laurence also being Arian  Supporters brought him back to Rome in 501 and Symmachus fled, leaving him as de facto Pope until Theodoric intervened again in 506 or 508

© Jason Asbell, 2019  Schisms related to Heresies  Quartodecimanist Schism (325)  Audianist Schism (325 – 380)  Arian Schism (325 – 381, but persisting in Gothic and Germanic Christianity for much longer)  Macedonian Schism (342 – 381)  Luciferian Schism (355 – 370)  Collyridianist Schism (376)  Appolinarist Schism (381 - 390)  Nestorian Schism (451 – 10th century in the Far East)  Eutychian Schism (451)  Monophysite Schism (451 – now in Oriental Orthodox church)  Acacien Schism (484 – 519)  Schism of the Three Chapters (553 – 681)  Armenian Apostolic Schism (610 – today)  Monothelitist Schism (629 – 681)  Maronite Schism (sort of… 685 – today)  First Iconoclast Schism (730 – 787)  Second Iconoclast Schism (814 – 843)

© Jason Asbell, 2019  Schisms of Independent Churches  Nestorian Schism (451 – 10th century in the Far East)  Monophysite Schism (451 – today)  Oriental Orthodox church  Armenian Apostolic Schism (610 – today)  Armenian Apostolic church  Maronite Schism (sort of… 685 – today)  Syriac Maronite Church of Antioch is an Eastern Catholic sui juris particular church in full communion but self-governed under the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches  Has dioceses outside of the Middle East due to the diaspora of Christians

© Jason Asbell, 2019  Battle of Milvian Bridge (28 October 312)  Constantine defeated Tetrarchy opponents and became sole ruler of the Roman Empire  Prior to the battle, Constantine had a vision that was interpreted as a promise of victory by God if his soldiers bore a Christian symbol (Chi-Rho) on their shields  Edict of Milan of 313  Edict of religious tolerance stronger than that previously issued by Emperor Galerian in 311 In hoc signo vinces/ἐν τούτῳ νίκα Circle of Raphael, Apostolic Palace, Vatican City  Until 325, Constantine himself remained an adherent of Sol Invictus

© Jason Asbell, 2019  Foundation of Constantinople (324)  Called 1st Council of Nicæa (325)  Sent his mother, St. Helena to the Holy Land  She identified many holy sites and founded The Baptism of Constantine, Vatican churches, as well as Museums, Vatican City recovered many relics that were brought to Rome and the West  Baptized as a Christian on his deathbed (22 May 337)  Revered as a Saint Constantine and Constantine the Great by Helena, Mosaic in St. most Christian churches Isaac’s Cathedral, St. Petersburg, Russia © Jason Asbell, 2019  Emperor Theodosius I (reigned 379 – 395) was the last Emperor of a unified Roman Empire – East and West ruled separately thereafter  Theodosian Dynasty (West) from Theodosius’ son Honorius lasted until 455  All Emperors from 455 through 476 were puppets of Germanic kings and were often not recognized by the Eastern Empire  Theodosian Dynasty (East) from Theodosius’ son Arcadius lasted until 457  457-518: Leonine Dynasty (6 emperors)  518-610: Justinian Dynasty (7 emperors, 1 empress)  610-695: Heraclian Dynasty (8 emperors)  695-717: Twenty Years’ Anarchy  717–802: Isaurian dynasty (6 emperors, 1 empress)  802–813: Nikephorian dynasty (6 emperors)  820–867: Amorian dynasty (3 emperors)

© Jason Asbell, 2019  As the Empire fell into decline, more and more Gothic, Germanic, and other tribal cultures infiltrated the Empire  Sometimes invited in to provide troops  Sometimes not…  After Flavius Aetius won the Battle of Chalons (Battle of the Catalaunian Plains) and drove back Attila (20 June 451), Emperor Valentenian felt threatened and had him killed in 454 – the last great Roman general  This battle occurred after Pope Leo the Great had convinced Attila not to attack Rome

© Jason Asbell, 2019  Between 535 and 554, the Byzantine Empire fought over regaining control over portions of Italy, regaining control of Rome and establishing the Duchy of Rome  The Ostrogoths were defeated, and the Byzantines were able to repel an invasion in 554 by the Franks and Alemanni  Political and economic realities made it unrealistic for the Byzantines to maintain control, and control was permanently lost to the Lombards in 568  This extended period of war, which followed the repeated Gothic invasions of Italy from 249 through 476, left Italy devastated  This situation of repeated military and political instability led to people trusting in ecclesial authority for stability more than secular authority, which directly led to the formation of the Papal State

© Jason Asbell, 2019  Arab siege of Constantinople (717 – 718)  This was a second attempt by the Caliphate against Constantinople (the first was 674-678 as a loose and largely ineffective naval blockade)  Major effort decisively defeated which had serious political and economic ramifications  First Iconoclast Period in Byzantium (730 – 787)  Battle of Tours stops Muslim advance into France (732)  Stopped spread of Islam across the Pyrenees  Established foundation of the Carolingian dynasty and the ascendance of the Kingdom of the Franks  Muslim Spain secedes from Caliphate (756)  Isolated Muslim Spain, paving the way for success in the Reconquista which had begun in 711

© Jason Asbell, 2019  Battle of Roncevaux Pass (778)  One of Charlemagne’s armies was defeated by Basques in the Pyrenees, ending Charlemagne’s goal of extending his Empire into the Iberian Peninsula – the only significant defeat in his entire military career  Conflict between the Basques and Franks enabled Muslim control of Zaragoza through 11th century  Viking Sack of Lindisfarne (793)  Beginning of the Viking Age  Charlemagne named Holy Roman Emperor (800)  Charlemagne dies in 814 and leaves his Empire to his sons without clear succession plan

© Jason Asbell, 2019 © Jason Asbell, 2019 Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd 1911 edition  Muslims invade Sicily (827) and much of southern Italy (840), leading to Muslim control over until the 11th century  Treaty of Verdun in 843 divides Empire among Charlemagne’s grandsons, permanently establishing Holy Roman Empire and Pink area indicates West Francia France as separate Green area indicates Middle Francia Yellow area indicates East Francia

Histoire Et Géographie - Atlas Général Vidal- © Jason Asbell, 2019 Lablache, Librairie Armand Colin, Paris, 1898  Great Heathen Army arrives in England (865)  Led to revitalization of paganism in Britain  King Alfred the Great won a major victory at the Battle of Edington in 878  By 896, the Vikings had been beaten back to Northumbria and East Anglia

© Jason Asbell, 2019  Bibliography  Crocker, H.W.; Triumph: The Power and the Glory of the Catholic Church; Crown Forum, 2001  Rendina, Claudio; The Popes: Histories and Secrets; translated by Paul McCusker, Pharos Publications, 2002  McBrien, Richard; The HarperCollins Encyclopedia of Catholicism; HarperSanFrancisco, 1995  Noble, Thomas X.; The Republic of St. Peter: The Birth of the Papal State, 680-825; University of Pennsylvania, 1986  Rengers, Christopher; The 33 Doctors of the Church; TAN Books, 2000 (Note: Has been republished with 35 Doctors as of 2014)  Other Reading  Weidenkopf, Steve; Timeless: A History of the Catholic Church; Our Sunday Visitor, 2018  Schreck, Alan; The Compact History of the Catholic Church, Servant, 2009