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Events of the Reformation Part 1 – Church Becomes Powerful Institution

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May 20, 2018 Events of the Reformation Protestants and Roman Catholics agree on first 5 centuries. What changed? Why did some in the Church want reform by the 16th century? Outline Why the Reformation? 1. Church becomes powerful institution. 2. Additional teaching and practices were added. 3. People begin questioning the Church. 4. Martin Luther’s protest. Part 1 – Church Becomes Powerful Institution Evidence of Rome’s power grab • In 2nd century we see bishops over regions; people looked to them for guidance. • Around 195AD there was dispute over which day to celebrate Passover (14th Nissan vs. Sunday) • Polycarp said 14th Nissan, but now Victor (Bishop of Rome) liked Sunday. • A council was convened to decide, and they decided on Sunday. • But bishops of Asia continued the Passover on 14th Nissan. • Eusebius wrote what happened next: “Thereupon Victor, who presided over the church at Rome, immediately attempted to cut off from the common unity the parishes of all Asia, with the churches that agreed with them, as heterodox [heretics]; and he wrote letters and declared all the brethren there wholly excommunicate.” (Eus., Hist. eccl. 5.24.9) Everyone started looking to Rome to settle disputes • Rome was always ending up on the winning side in their handling of controversial topics. 1 • So through a combination of the fact that Rome was the most important city in the ancient world and its bishop was always right doctrinally then everyone started looking to Rome. • So Rome took that power and developed it into the Roman Catholic Church by the 600s. Church granted power to rule • Constantine gave the pope power to rule over Italy, Jerusalem, Constantinople and Alexandria. • At least that’s what the “Donation of Constantine” said. • But this document was shown to be a forgery from the 8th century. • For hundreds of years people thought it was genuine. • Used by the church to support right to rule over secular powers. • Eventually church could even punish heretics (Office of Inquisition, 12th c.) with torture, being burned at the stake. Rise of Sacramentalism • Sacraments seen as necessary for salvation. • External grace conferred to receiver through them (regardless of heart). • Must be administered only through priests (sacerdotalism). • In this way, salvation was institutionalized. • No salvation apart from sacraments which can only be distributed through the church. Removal of scriptural checks & balances • Church commissioned Jerome to translate the Bible in Latin (4th c.). • Vulgate was “Latin of the common, ordinary people” (Latin Vulgate). • Became the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church. • Problem was fewer people could read it as Latin disappeared. In 1229 the Council of Toulouse: [the church] “forbids the laity to have in their possession any copy of the books of the Old and New Testament, except the Psalter, and such portions of them as are contained in the Breviary, or the Hours of the Virgin; and most strictly forbids these works in the vulgar tongue.” (14th canon) In 1242 the Council of Tarracone said all non-Latin translations must be burned: “We also decree that no one shall keep the books of the Old or New Testament in the Roman tongue; and should anyone be in possession of such books, he must deliver them up to the bishop of the place TO BE BURNED, within eight days after the publication of this article, and unless he do this, be he a priest or a layman, he shall be suspected of heresy until 2 he shall have cleared himself.” (Giessler’s Text Book of Ecc. History, Vol 2, p. 392) • Note: reading our Bible is an extremely important privilege! Part 2 – Additional Teaching and Practices Were Added Protestants are concerned with Roman Catholic dogma that’s been added over the years. What is “Dogma?” dog·ma Definition: a principle laid down by an authority as incontrovertibly true. Where does it come from? • Dogma is declared through a council or when the pope speaks ex cathedra (“from the chair”). • Anyone rejecting Church dogma is under “anathema” (condemnation and/or excommunication). A quick survey of the councils to see dogmas we’re concerned about… Survey of Dogma from Church Councils 1. The First Council of Nicea (325) • Christ is divine, of the same nature as the Father. • Bishops should only be appointed by other bishops. • Bishops have jurisdiction over their own geographical areas. 2. The First Council of Constantinople (381) • Convened by Emperor Theodosius I to unite the church. • Proclaimed deity of the Holy Spirit. • Heresies and paganism were forbidden. 3. The Council of Ephesus (431) • Christ was one person with 2 natures: fully human and fully divine (condemned Nestorianism). • Said Mary was the “God-bearer” or “the mother of God” (Θεοτόκος) • This doesn’t mean Mary is God, but that baby Jesus was fully God even in the womb (Jesus did not later become God at the baptism). 3 4. The Council of Chalcedon (451) • Reaffirmed three previous councils. • Reaffirmed Christ has 2 natures (not one mixed one like Eutychians/monophysites were teaching) • Said Constantinople (the “New Rome”) has equal privileges (in power) as the old imperial Rome. Protestants begin to disagree with dogma from these… 5. The Second Council of Constantinople (553) • Perpetual virginity of Mary This says Mary was always a virgin—not just before but even after Jesus was born. Mary had no relations in her marriage and no other children besides Jesus (children mentioned in Mk 6:3 and Mt 13:55-56 were from a previous marriage of Joseph, cousins or close to the family.) • Condemned heretical views about Christ’s nature: Arianism, Nestorianism, Eutychianism, monophysitism and adoptionism (we agree). 6. The Third Council of Constantinople (680) • Christ had two wills: a human will and divine will (not one like monothelites). • A pope (Honorius I) was condemned (how an infallible pope can err is a real challenge for Roman Catholic apologetics today) 7. The Second Council of Nicea (787) • Addressed controversy called the iconoclastic controversy. Some (like the Emperor!) were saying it was wrong to venerate icons and images of Jesus, the saints, etc. Conclusion was we must venerate images. • Encouraged prayer to Mary. Example #1 – they said we must venerate images: “…receiving their holy and honourable relics with all honour, I salute and venerate these with honour, hoping to have a share in their holiness. Likewise also the venerable images of the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ, in the humanity he assumed for our salvation; and of our spotless Lady, the holy Mother of God; and of the angels like God; and of the holy Apostles, Prophets, Martyrs, and of all the Saints — the sacred images of all these, I salute and venerate…” (2 Nicea, Session 1) No room for disagreement if that makes a person uncomfortable: “Anathema to those who apply the words of Holy Scripture which were spoken against idols, to the venerable images. Anathema to those who do not salute the holy and venerable images.” (2 Nicea) 4 Meaning of “anathema” is given: “…if anyone does not so believe, but undertakes to debate the matter further… such an one our holy ecumenical council (fortified by the inward working of the Spirit of God, and by the traditions of the Fathers and of the Church) anathematizes. Now anathema is nothing less than complete separation from God.” (The Letter of the Synod to the Emperor and Empress) Example #2 – prayer to Mary encouraged: “If anyone shall not confess the Holy Ever-Virgin Mary, truly and properly the Mother of God, to be higher than every creature whether visible or invisible, and does not with sincere faith seek her intercessions as of one having confidence in her access to our God, since she bore him, let him be anathema.” (2 Nicea, 15) Eastern Orthodox begin to disagree with dogma from these… 8. The Fourth Council of Constantinople (869) • Last council called by an emperor. • Some were challenging the filioque clause of Nicene Creed which said the Holy Spirit proceed from the Father “and the Son” (called the filioque). 9. The First Lateran Council (1123) • First council called by a pope (Lateran means held in the Lateran Palace in Rome). • Made it so secular laypeople could not interfere with election of bishops and abbots. • Emperors could no longer influence papal elections. 10. The Second Lateran Council (1139) • Addressed the problem of two popes elected by different groups of cardinals (had to depose one). • Celibacy of priests and monks (1139 marriages declared invalid). • Condemned a reformer named Arnold of Brescia. • Arnold was a reformer. • Taught people could confess to fellow believers (not required to confess to priests). • He was also upset by wealth of the church. 11. The Third Lateran Council (1179) • Only college of cardinals could elect pope (required a two-thirds majority) • Outlawed simony – the selling of church office or spiritual privilege (widespread in 9th/10th c.) The following is a key turning point in development of Roman Catholicism… 5 12. The Fourth Lateran Council (1215) • Doctrine of transubstantiation. • Primacy of Roman bishop. • Dogma of the seven sacraments. • Creation of Office of Inquisitors (even allowing torture). 13. The First Council of Lyons (1245) • Addressed moral decadence in clergy. • Addressed Great Schism with East. 14. The Second Council of Lyons (1274) • Failed attempt to unite with Eastern Church 15. The Council of Vienne (1311–1312) • Addressed immorality with Templars (a military order of the Church). 16. The Council of Constance (1413–1418) • Failed attempt to unite with Eastern Church. • Addressed problem of 3 simultaneous popes by deposing all and installing new one. • Condemned teachings of John Wycliffe (1324-1384) • Denounced luxury of church. • Wanted to translate Bible into language of the people.
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