DOCSLIB.ORG

Your Name Here

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Your Name Here PUBLIC AND PRIVATE: PHOENICIAN AND GREEK SETTLEMENT MODELS IN THE 8TH CENTURY B.C.E. by JOHN THOMAS LANIER, JR. (Under the Direction of Naomi Norman) ABSTRACT During 8th-7th centuries B.C.E. the Phoenicians and Greeks embarked upon a period of expansion in the western Mediterranean. While traditionally this movement has been collectively described as “colonization,” the reality of the methods and motives of this western diaspora varied widely. This study uses archaeological evidence from Phoenician and Greek “colonies” of the 8th-7th century B.C.E. to establish two distinct models of settlement in the western Mediterranean. The first two chapters discuss the “Kition” and “Andalusian” settlement models; the third chapter then contextualizes Carthage, a unique settlement among the early Phoenician colonies, within the framework of these models. INDEX WORDS: Colonization, Phoenicians, Greeks, Early Iron Age, Western Mediterranean History, Carthage PUBLIC AND PRIVATE: PHOENICIAN AND GREEK SETTLEMENT MODELS IN THE 8TH CENTURY B.C.E. by JOHN THOMAS LANIER, JR. B.A., University of Georgia, 2005 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS ATHENS, GEORGIA 2007 © 2007 John Thomas Lanier, Jr. All Rights Reserved PUBLIC AND PRIVATE: PHOENICIAN AND GREEK SETTLEMENT MODELS IN THE 8TH CENTURY B.C.E. by JOHN THOMAS LANIER, JR. Major Professor: Naomi Norman Committee: Keith Dix Erv Garrison Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia August 2007 DEDICATION PATRI MATRIQUE MEO iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................................ vii LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................1 “Phoenician”..............................................................................................................2 The Early 1st Millennium B.C.E................................................................................3 The Move West .........................................................................................................6 A Note on Chronologies............................................................................................6 1 THE PHOENICIANS IN THE WEST ........................................................................10 Introduction .............................................................................................................10 Geography and Available Resources ......................................................................16 The Nature of Settlement ........................................................................................20 Motya: A Case Study ..............................................................................................25 The Purposes of Settlement.....................................................................................29 2 THE GREEKS IN THE WEST ...................................................................................35 Introduction .............................................................................................................35 The Sites..................................................................................................................37 Who? .......................................................................................................................41 Where?.....................................................................................................................51 v Greek and Phoenician Models.................................................................................57 3 A MODEL FOR CARTHAGE....................................................................................63 Introduction .............................................................................................................63 Carthage and the Kition Model ...............................................................................67 Carthage and the Andalusian Model .......................................................................74 What was Carthage?................................................................................................83 CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................86 Identifying the Models ............................................................................................86 Industry at Carthage ................................................................................................88 What Role for the Andalusian Model?....................................................................91 Further Research......................................................................................................95 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................112 vi LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1: Foundation Dates of Sites Mentioned in the Text ...........................................................15 Table 2: The Geographic Profiles of Sites Mentioned in the Text ................................................20 Table 3: Settlement Size and Urban Characteristics......................................................................29 vii LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1.1: The major cities of Phoenicia......................................................................................97 Figure 1.2: Phoenician settlements in the Mediterranean..............................................................98 Figure 1.3: A reconstruction of ancient Gadir ...............................................................................98 Figure 1.4: Gadir, Tartessos, and the Phoenician settlements along the Andalusian coast ...........99 Figure 1.5: Motya in its modern topographical setting................................................................100 Figure 1.6: A reconstruction of the topography of ancient Gadir................................................101 Figure 1.7: The metal deposits of the Tartessian region..............................................................102 Figure 1.8: The metal deposits of Sardinia ..................................................................................103 Figure 1.9: The plans of the tripartite buildings ..........................................................................104 Figure 2.1: Ancient Campania .....................................................................................................105 Figure 2.2: Pithekoussai...............................................................................................................106 Figure 2.3: Ancient Sicily............................................................................................................107 Figure 2.4: The distribution of Phoenician and N. Syrian objects...............................................108 Figure 2.5: Phoenician town planning .........................................................................................108 Figure 3.1: The Bir Massouda archaeological site at Carthage ...................................................109 Figure 3.2: The revised map of archaic Carthage........................................................................110 Figure 3.3: Earlier estimates of the size of Archaic Carthage .....................................................111 viii INTRODUCTION Since the middle of the 20th century, archaeological field work has transformed our understanding of the Phoenicians in the first half of the 1st millennium B.C.E., making it possible to discuss their activities in the greater Mediterranean world. Excavations in the Phoenicians’ Levantine homeland as well as important advances in archaeological knowledge at sites in North Africa, Sicily, Iberia, and Sardinia are creating a better understanding of their cultural practices, their impact on the early economy of the Mediterranean, and the reasons behind their western diaspora beginning in the 9th century B.C.E.1 Recent studies on the Phoenicians in the west have generally focused on two topics: the spectacular discovery of numerous 8th-7th century Phoenician settlements in the southern coastal region of the Iberian peninsula2 and the Phoenicians’ pursuit of metal resources in the west during this same time period, specifically in the regions of Tartessos (Spain), Sardinia, and northern Etruria. This study focuses on the specifics of the western colonial ventures as a whole and attempts to identify certain models for 8th century Phoenician settlement which explain the apparent variety of their urban environments and suggest something about the intended functions of these settlements. Specifically, I attempt to make a distinction between those settlement foundations which appear to be state-driven operations and those which appear to be the result of private enterprise. In the first chapter I demonstrate that these two models are evident in the Phoenician sphere; in the second chapter I expand the discussion to look at the 8th century Greek foundations in the west within the framework of these same models. I then provide an in-depth examination of Carthage, perhaps the most important
Load more

Recommended publications
  • T C K a P R (E F C Bc): C P R
    ELECTRUM * Vol. 23 (2016): 25–49 doi: 10.4467/20800909EL.16.002.5821 www.ejournals.eu/electrum T C K A P R (E F C BC): C P R S1 Christian Körner Universität Bern For Andreas Mehl, with deep gratitude Abstract: At the end of the eighth century, Cyprus came under Assyrian control. For the follow- ing four centuries, the Cypriot monarchs were confronted with the power of the Near Eastern empires. This essay focuses on the relations between the Cypriot kings and the Near Eastern Great Kings from the eighth to the fourth century BC. To understand these relations, two theoretical concepts are applied: the centre-periphery model and the concept of suzerainty. From the central perspective of the Assyrian and Persian empires, Cyprus was situated on the western periphery. Therefore, the local governing traditions were respected by the Assyrian and Persian masters, as long as the petty kings fulfi lled their duties by paying tributes and providing military support when requested to do so. The personal relationship between the Cypriot kings and their masters can best be described as one of suzerainty, where the rulers submitted to a superior ruler, but still retained some autonomy. This relationship was far from being stable, which could lead to manifold mis- understandings between centre and periphery. In this essay, the ways in which suzerainty worked are discussed using several examples of the relations between Cypriot kings and their masters. Key words: Assyria, Persia, Cyprus, Cypriot kings. At the end of the fourth century BC, all the Cypriot kingdoms vanished during the wars of Alexander’s successors Ptolemy and Antigonus, who struggled for control of the is- land.
    [Show full text]
  • Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics
    Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics The eighth-century revolution Version 1.0 December 2005 Ian Morris Stanford University Abstract: Through most of the 20th century classicists saw the 8th century BC as a period of major changes, which they characterized as “revolutionary,” but in the 1990s critics proposed more gradualist interpretations. In this paper I argue that while 30 years of fieldwork and new analyses inevitably require us to modify the framework established by Snodgrass in the 1970s (a profound social and economic depression in the Aegean c. 1100-800 BC; major population growth in the 8th century; social and cultural transformations that established the parameters of classical society), it nevertheless remains the most convincing interpretation of the evidence, and that the idea of an 8th-century revolution remains useful © Ian Morris. [email protected] 1 THE EIGHTH-CENTURY REVOLUTION Ian Morris Introduction In the eighth century BC the communities of central Aegean Greece (see figure 1) and their colonies overseas laid the foundations of the economic, social, and cultural framework that constrained and enabled Greek achievements for the next five hundred years. Rapid population growth promoted warfare, trade, and political centralization all around the Mediterranean. In most regions, the outcome was a concentration of power in the hands of kings, but Aegean Greeks created a new form of identity, the equal male citizen, living freely within a small polis. This vision of the good society was intensely contested throughout the late eighth century, but by the end of the archaic period it had defeated all rival models in the central Aegean, and was spreading through other Greek communities.
    [Show full text]
  • European Commission
    C 18/24 EN Offi cial Jour nal of the European Union 20.1.2020 OTHER ACTS EUROPEAN COMMISSION Publication of an application for amendment of a specification for a name in the wine sector referred to in Article 105 of Regulation (EU) No 1308/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council (2020/C 18/08) This publication confers the right to oppose the application pursuant to Article 98 of Regulation (EU) No 1308/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council (1) within two months from the date of this publication. REQUEST FOR AMENDMENT TO THE PRODUCT SPECIFICATION ‘MENFI’ PDO-IT-A0786-AM02 Date of application: 29.9.2014 1. Rules applicable to the amendment Article 105 of Regulation (EU) No 1308/2013 – Non-minor modification 2. Description and reasons for amendment 2.1. Article 1 of the product specification. Designation and wines/Categories. Amendment to the product specification and single document Description a) the category (4) Sparkling wine has been added, comprising: — Spumante bianco, including with indication of one of the following grape varieties: Chardonnay, Grecanico, Chenin Blanc and Moscato Bianco; — Spumante rosato; b) the category (15) Wine from raisined grapes has been extended to cover also: — Bianco passito; — Rosso passito; Reasons The newly introduced categories, sparkling wine and wine from raisined grapes, are well established products in the relevant area. There has been a lot of experimentation in the area where the DOC Menfi is produced over the last 20 years and the intention of this amendment is therefore to reflect the new reality.
    [Show full text]
  • Boone County Fiscal Court Governmental Funds FY14
    Approved (Ord. 13-12) Boone County Fiscal Court Approved (Ord. 13-12) Governmental Funds FY14 Budgeted Expenses 2014 General Fund General Government Judge/Executive 001-5001-101 Salaries-Elected Officials 110,780.00 001-5001-106 Salaries-Office Staff 263,500.00 Total Personnel Services 374,280.00 001-5001-212 HB810 Training Incentive 4,000.00 4,000.00 001-5001-429 Fuel 5,200.00 001-5001-445 Office Materials & Supplies 2,000.00 Total Supplies and Materials 7,200.00 001-5001-551 Memberships 12,000.00 001-5001-565 Printing, Stationary, Forms, Etc. 1,000.00 001-5001-569 Registrations, Conferences, Training, Etc. 11,000.00 001-5001-578 Utilities-General 3,500.00 001-5001-585 Maintenance & Repair 2,500.00 Total Other Charges 30,000.00 Total Judge/Executive 415,480.00 County Attorney 001-5005-101 Salaries-Elected Officials 46,650.00 001-5005-106 Salaries-Office Staff 91,775.00 Total Personnel Services 138,425.00 001-5005-315 Contracted Svs - Commonwealth Litigation Support 10,000.00 Total Contracted Services 10,000.00 Total County Attorney 148,425.00 County Clerk 001-5010-302 Advertising 3,500.00 001-5010-307 Auditing 17,500.00 001-5010-331 Lease Payments 36,500.00 001-5010-565 Printing, Stationary, Forms, Etc. 26,000.00 001-5010-585 Maintenance and Repairs 2,000.00 Total Other Charges 85,500.00 Total County Clerk 85,500.00 County Coroner 001-5020-101 Salaries-Elected Officials 38,100.00 001-5020-106 Salaries-Office Staff 65,950.00 Total Personnel Services 104,050.00 001-5020-308 Autopsies & Attendant Services 20,000.00 Total Contracted Services 20,000.00 Page 1 of 21 Approved (Ord.
    [Show full text]
  • The Poet and His Readers: the Social and Poetic Matrix of Garcilaso De La Vega
    The Poet and His Readers: The Social and Poetic Matrix of Garcilaso de la Vega Casey Robert Eriksen Charlottesville, Virginia MA, University of Virginia, 2012 BA, The College of New Jersey, 2010 A Dissertation Presented to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Virginia in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese University of Virginia April 2016 Eriksen ii Abstract This dissertation examines the social and literary matrix of Garcilaso’s poetry, and, by extension, the forces of canonization that shape and efface poets and poetic works over time. The study explores the circulation and diffusion of Garcilaso’s corpus in humanist circles. The material manipulation of Garcilaso’s poetry has affected reception in significant ways. The presence of numerous editorial hands in the initial compilation and organization of Garcilaso’s work speaks to the ways in which scholars received and commented on the poet in subsequent editions. An attention to material circumstances, including manuscript circulation and published editions, likewise provides insight into early literary histories of Garcilaso from a material perspective. Chapter three formulates an Ovidian analysis of the “Ode ad florem Gnidi,” the Second Elegy, and several Sonnets to outline a new reading on Garcilaso’s engagement with Latin models and humanistic culture at large. The rediscovery of these influences— particularly in the case of the “Ode ad florem Gnidi”—situates the poet within a broader Renaissance world of Ovidian rewriting. Through the interplay of classical models and cancionero tropes, Garcilaso invokes the ambiguous possibilities of euphemism and double-entendre as he draws upon a shared heritage of lexical play and ambiguity.
    [Show full text]
  • A Love Story: God's Enduring Love for an Unfaithful People
    Hosea A Love Story: God’s Enduring Love for an Unfaithful People Introduction •Overview •Context •Language Challenges •Structure •Author/Development •Hosea and Chapter 1:1 – 2:3 •Image of Marriage Overview • Hosea – “YHWH has rescued” • The only writing prophet who was raised in and prophesized in the northern kingdom of Israel (Amos was from Judah) • What we know of Hosea is found in the prophet’s text • Hosea felt deeply - anger and tenderness Context •Prophesized in the 8th century BC: 750s – 710s •Difficult to specifically place the time of the prophet’s message •Political •Economic •Religious Political - Context • Kings (not appointed by God) advanced through seeking opportunity • Less about pleasing God, more about pleasing the king • Sought strength and protection from neighboring kingdoms through alliances and deals • Lack of trust God! Economic - Context • Landowners & Poor: “2 Classes” • Assyrian takeover – Israel had to pay huge tributes to Assyria • Forced the poor into working harder and longer - Poor only getting poorer • Forgot to look out for the poor… • Lack of obedience to God! Religious - Context • Polytheism and syncretism • Baal – bringer of rain, thus the fertility connection; sexual acts performed in Baal’s temple was thought to “contribute” to fertility • Many sought the blessing of both religions • Israel has failed to keep the covenant! Language Challenges • Hebrew text of Hosea offers more problems than any Old Testament book except Job • Dialects distinct from other books • Seemingly a “series of fragments”
    [Show full text]
  • Urban Planning in the Greek Colonies in Sicily and Magna Graecia
    Urban Planning in the Greek Colonies in Sicily and Magna Graecia (8th – 6th centuries BCE) An honors thesis for the Department of Classics Olivia E. Hayden Tufts University, 2013 Abstract: Although ancient Greeks were traversing the western Mediterranean as early as the Mycenaean Period, the end of the “Dark Age” saw a surge of Greek colonial activity throughout the Mediterranean. Contemporary cities of the Greek homeland were in the process of growing from small, irregularly planned settlements into organized urban spaces. By contrast, the colonies founded overseas in the 8th and 6th centuries BCE lacked any pre-existing structures or spatial organization, allowing the inhabitants to closely approximate their conceptual ideals. For this reason the Greek colonies in Sicily and Magna Graecia, known for their extensive use of gridded urban planning, exemplified the overarching trajectory of urban planning in this period. Over the course of the 8th to 6th centuries BCE the Greek cities in Sicily and Magna Graecia developed many common features, including the zoning of domestic, religious, and political space and the implementation of a gridded street plan in the domestic sector. Each city, however, had its own peculiarities and experimental design elements. I will argue that the interplay between standardization and idiosyncrasy in each city developed as a result of vying for recognition within this tight-knit network of affluent Sicilian and South Italian cities. This competition both stimulated the widespread adoption of popular ideas and encouraged the continuous initiation of new trends. ii Table of Contents: Abstract. …………………….………………………………………………………………….... ii Table of Contents …………………………………….………………………………….…….... iii 1. Introduction …………………………………………………………………………..……….. 1 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Poverty, Charity and the Papacy in The
    TRICLINIUM PAUPERUM: POVERTY, CHARITY AND THE PAPACY IN THE TIME OF GREGORY THE GREAT AN ABSTRACT SUBMITTED ON THE FIFTEENTH DAY OF MARCH, 2013 TO THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE SCHOOL OF LIBERAL ARTS OF TULANE UNIVERSITY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY ___________________________ Miles Doleac APPROVED: ________________________ Dennis P. Kehoe, Ph.D. Co-Director ________________________ F. Thomas Luongo, Ph.D. Co-Director ________________________ Thomas D. Frazel, Ph.D AN ABSTRACT This dissertation examines the role of Gregory I (r. 590-604 CE) in developing permanent ecclesiastical institutions under the authority of the Bishop of Rome to feed and serve the poor and the socio-political world in which he did so. Gregory’s work was part culmination of pre-existing practice, part innovation. I contend that Gregory transformed fading, ancient institutions and ideas—the Imperial annona, the monastic soup kitchen-hospice or xenodochium, Christianity’s “collection for the saints,” Christian caritas more generally and Greco-Roman euergetism—into something distinctly ecclesiastical, indeed “papal.” Although Gregory has long been closely associated with charity, few have attempted to unpack in any systematic way what Gregorian charity might have looked like in practical application and what impact it had on the Roman Church and the Roman people. I believe that we can see the contours of Gregory’s initiatives at work and, at least, the faint framework of an organized system of ecclesiastical charity that would emerge in clearer relief in the eighth and ninth centuries under Hadrian I (r. 772-795) and Leo III (r.
    [Show full text]
  • Alicante, Spain – UNLV Course Approvals
    Alicante, Spain – UNLV Course Approvals 2017 – 2018 USAC Course Title Credits UNLV Equivalent Language of Instruction Spanish Language - All students are required to select a language track during the fall and spring. The courses below are each taught individually during summer however, Spanish language is not mandatory during summer. Track I Prerequisite: None 14 SPAN 187, SPAN 187, SPAN 287, SPAN 287 Track II Prerequisite: 2 semesters of college Spanish 12 SPAN 287, SPAN 287, SPAN 387, SPAN 387 Track III Prerequisite: 4 semesters of college Spanish 9 SPAN 387, SPAN 387, SPAN 487 Track IV Prerequisite: 6 semesters of college Spanish 6 SPAN 487, SPAN 487 Summer Session I 2017 Contemporary Spanish Art 1 SPAN 387 Spanish Economic and Political Institutions of the European 3 PSC 405J English Union Gender and Gaze: Women Behind the Camera 3 WMST 490 English Language, Ideology, and Gender in Cross-Cultural 1 ENG 416C English Perspective Madrid Field Study 1 ANTH 490 English Sailing 1 KIN 499 English Spain in the American Literary Imagination 3 Under Review English Spanish Composition for Heritage Speakers 3 Under Review Spanish Spanish Conversation and Oral Skills 2 SPAN 387 Spanish Spanish Culture and Civilization 1 SPAN 387 Spanish Topics in Spanish Culture (composed of Contemporary Spanish Art, Spanish Culture & Civilization, and Madrid 3 SPAN 387 Spanish & English Field Study) Twentieth-Century and Contemporary Spanish Short 3 SPAN 487 Spanish Story Summer Session II 2017 Cultural Identities through Film 3 FIS 497 English Sailing 1 KIN
    [Show full text]
  • The First Book of the KINGS Commonly Called the Third Book of The
    The First Book of the KINGS Commonly Called the Third Book of the Kings INTRODUCTION [Following is the introduction to both 1 Kings and 2 Kings, which are parts of one whole.] 1. Title. The present two books of Kings were originally one, known in Hebrew as Melakim, “Kings.” In the Hebrew Bible, Kings continued undivided until the time of the printed edition of Daniel Bomberg, 1516–17. The Greek translators of the LXX, who divided the “book of Samuel” into two books, also divided the “book of Kings” into two books, and treated the four as parts 1 to 4 of “Kingdoms.” The title “Kings” indicates the contents of the books; our present first book of Kings gives the history of the Hebrew monarchs beginning with the death of David and the reign of Solomon and closing with the accession of Jehoram in Judah and Ahaziah in Israel. Second Kings begins with a continuation of the account of Ahaziah’s reign and closes with the end of the kingdom of Judah. 2. Authorship. The books of Kings are more in the nature of a compilation of selected materials brought together an editor rather than an original production from a single hand. They contain highly valuable and reliable historical material. Items drawn by inspired from early sources have been brought together and arranged into a framework following a specific pattern, with comments indicating a deep religious purpose. Many items have been taken directly or indirectly from official court or temple records. Archeological research touching many of these items has proved beyond question the striking accuracy of the accounts in Kings.
    [Show full text]
  • The Carthaginians Free
    FREE THE CARTHAGINIANS PDF Dexter Hoyos | 288 pages | 09 Aug 2010 | Taylor & Francis Ltd | 9780415436458 | English | London, United Kingdom Carthage - Wikipedia But who were the people of Carthage? Pitted as the original hero of Rome and an ancestor of Romulus and Remus, Aeneas came close to marrying Dido, before being forced to leave after divine intervention. Historians today question the veracity of the Dido legend, but it is clear that Carthage was founded as a trading outpost by the Phoenicians — a maritime civilisation originally from The Carthaginians region that today forms part of Lebanon. The city gradually grew to become a major centre of Mediterranean trade, and controlled a network of dependencies in North Africa, Spain, and Sicily. Specialising in the production of fine textiles, perfumes, and household goods such as furniture and cooking implements, in its heyday Carthage was the dominant metropolis in the western Mediterranean, and profited hugely from the merchants passing through its port. The city also served as a hub for the trading of metal, and tin mined in the Middle East was brought to Carthage to be forged into bronze. Carthage was also famous for its highly sophisticated agricultural practices. One of the earliest centres of wine production, evidence of Carthaginian goods, including wine amphorae, have been excavated as far away as the British Isles and the Atlantic coast of West Africa. Ancient sources, most notably the Greek The Carthaginians Polybius, reported that the Carthaginian military was predominantly a mercenary- based force. Rather than develop a fully militarised society akin to that of ancient Sparta, the Carthaginians largely relied on others to fight on their behalf.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of Phoenician and Greek Expansion on the Early Iron Age
    Ok%lkVlht a, ol a- Pk- c-i--t-S- 'L. ST COPY AVAILA L Variable print quality 3C7 BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbreviations used AJA American Journal of Archaeology AEArq Archivo Espanol de Arqueologia BASOR Bulletin of the American School of Oriental Rese arch Bonner Jb Bonner JahrbUcher BRGK Bericht der R8misch-Germanischen Kommission BSA Annual of the British School at Athens CAH Cambridge Ancient History CNA Congreso Nacional de Arqueologia II Madrid 1951 x Mahon 1967 x]: Merida 1968 XII -Jaen 1971 XIII Huelva 1973 Exc. Arq. en Espana Excavaciones Arqueolo'gicas en Espana FbS Fundberichte aus Schwaben Jb RGZM Jahrbucfi des Rbmisch-Germaniscfien Zentraimuseums Mainz JCS Journal of Cuneiform Studies JHS Journal of Hellenic Studies JNES Journal of Near Eastern Studies MDOG Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft MH Madrider Mitteilungen NAH Noticario Arqueologico Hispanico PBSR Papers of the British School at Rome PEQ Palestine Exploration Quarterly PPS Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society SCE Swedish Cyprus Expedition SUP Symposium Internacional de Prehistoria Peninsular, V Jerez de la Frontera 1968: Tartessos y sus Problemas, Publicaciones Eventuales 13 SPP Symposium de Prehistoria Peninsular VI Palma de Mallorca 1972 Trab. de Preh. Trabajos de Prehistoria 8L \ t 4. ADCOCK FE 1926 The reform of the Athenian State; CAH IV, 'Ch. II, IV and'V, 36-45 ALBRIGHT WF 1941 New light on the early history of Phoenician colonisation, BASOR 83, (Oct. ) 14-22 1942 ArchaeologX and*the Religion of Israel, Baltimore 1958 Was the age of Solomon without monumental art? Eretz-Israel V, lff 1961 The role of the Canaanites in the history of civilization in WRIGHT GE ed.
    [Show full text]