PUBLIC AND PRIVATE: PHOENICIAN AND GREEK SETTLEMENT MODELS IN THE 8TH CENTURY B.C.E. by JOHN THOMAS LANIER, JR. (Under the Direction of Naomi Norman) ABSTRACT During 8th-7th centuries B.C.E. the Phoenicians and Greeks embarked upon a period of expansion in the western Mediterranean. While traditionally this movement has been collectively described as “colonization,” the reality of the methods and motives of this western diaspora varied widely. This study uses archaeological evidence from Phoenician and Greek “colonies” of the 8th-7th century B.C.E. to establish two distinct models of settlement in the western Mediterranean. The first two chapters discuss the “Kition” and “Andalusian” settlement models; the third chapter then contextualizes Carthage, a unique settlement among the early Phoenician colonies, within the framework of these models. INDEX WORDS: Colonization, Phoenicians, Greeks, Early Iron Age, Western Mediterranean History, Carthage PUBLIC AND PRIVATE: PHOENICIAN AND GREEK SETTLEMENT MODELS IN THE 8TH CENTURY B.C.E. by JOHN THOMAS LANIER, JR. B.A., University of Georgia, 2005 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS ATHENS, GEORGIA 2007 © 2007 John Thomas Lanier, Jr. All Rights Reserved PUBLIC AND PRIVATE: PHOENICIAN AND GREEK SETTLEMENT MODELS IN THE 8TH CENTURY B.C.E. by JOHN THOMAS LANIER, JR. Major Professor: Naomi Norman Committee: Keith Dix Erv Garrison Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia August 2007 DEDICATION PATRI MATRIQUE MEO iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................................ vii LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................1 “Phoenician”..............................................................................................................2 The Early 1st Millennium B.C.E................................................................................3 The Move West .........................................................................................................6 A Note on Chronologies............................................................................................6 1 THE PHOENICIANS IN THE WEST ........................................................................10 Introduction .............................................................................................................10 Geography and Available Resources ......................................................................16 The Nature of Settlement ........................................................................................20 Motya: A Case Study ..............................................................................................25 The Purposes of Settlement.....................................................................................29 2 THE GREEKS IN THE WEST ...................................................................................35 Introduction .............................................................................................................35 The Sites..................................................................................................................37 Who? .......................................................................................................................41 Where?.....................................................................................................................51 v Greek and Phoenician Models.................................................................................57 3 A MODEL FOR CARTHAGE....................................................................................63 Introduction .............................................................................................................63 Carthage and the Kition Model ...............................................................................67 Carthage and the Andalusian Model .......................................................................74 What was Carthage?................................................................................................83 CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................86 Identifying the Models ............................................................................................86 Industry at Carthage ................................................................................................88 What Role for the Andalusian Model?....................................................................91 Further Research......................................................................................................95 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................112 vi LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1: Foundation Dates of Sites Mentioned in the Text ...........................................................15 Table 2: The Geographic Profiles of Sites Mentioned in the Text ................................................20 Table 3: Settlement Size and Urban Characteristics......................................................................29 vii LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1.1: The major cities of Phoenicia......................................................................................97 Figure 1.2: Phoenician settlements in the Mediterranean..............................................................98 Figure 1.3: A reconstruction of ancient Gadir ...............................................................................98 Figure 1.4: Gadir, Tartessos, and the Phoenician settlements along the Andalusian coast ...........99 Figure 1.5: Motya in its modern topographical setting................................................................100 Figure 1.6: A reconstruction of the topography of ancient Gadir................................................101 Figure 1.7: The metal deposits of the Tartessian region..............................................................102 Figure 1.8: The metal deposits of Sardinia ..................................................................................103 Figure 1.9: The plans of the tripartite buildings ..........................................................................104 Figure 2.1: Ancient Campania .....................................................................................................105 Figure 2.2: Pithekoussai...............................................................................................................106 Figure 2.3: Ancient Sicily............................................................................................................107 Figure 2.4: The distribution of Phoenician and N. Syrian objects...............................................108 Figure 2.5: Phoenician town planning .........................................................................................108 Figure 3.1: The Bir Massouda archaeological site at Carthage ...................................................109 Figure 3.2: The revised map of archaic Carthage........................................................................110 Figure 3.3: Earlier estimates of the size of Archaic Carthage .....................................................111 viii INTRODUCTION Since the middle of the 20th century, archaeological field work has transformed our understanding of the Phoenicians in the first half of the 1st millennium B.C.E., making it possible to discuss their activities in the greater Mediterranean world. Excavations in the Phoenicians’ Levantine homeland as well as important advances in archaeological knowledge at sites in North Africa, Sicily, Iberia, and Sardinia are creating a better understanding of their cultural practices, their impact on the early economy of the Mediterranean, and the reasons behind their western diaspora beginning in the 9th century B.C.E.1 Recent studies on the Phoenicians in the west have generally focused on two topics: the spectacular discovery of numerous 8th-7th century Phoenician settlements in the southern coastal region of the Iberian peninsula2 and the Phoenicians’ pursuit of metal resources in the west during this same time period, specifically in the regions of Tartessos (Spain), Sardinia, and northern Etruria. This study focuses on the specifics of the western colonial ventures as a whole and attempts to identify certain models for 8th century Phoenician settlement which explain the apparent variety of their urban environments and suggest something about the intended functions of these settlements. Specifically, I attempt to make a distinction between those settlement foundations which appear to be state-driven operations and those which appear to be the result of private enterprise. In the first chapter I demonstrate that these two models are evident in the Phoenician sphere; in the second chapter I expand the discussion to look at the 8th century Greek foundations in the west within the framework of these same models. I then provide an in-depth examination of Carthage, perhaps the most important