FREE THE CARTHAGINIANS PDF Dexter Hoyos | 288 pages | 09 Aug 2010 | Taylor & Francis Ltd | 9780415436458 | English | London, United Kingdom Carthage - Wikipedia But who were the people of Carthage? Pitted as the original hero of Rome and an ancestor of Romulus and Remus, Aeneas came close to marrying Dido, before being forced to leave after divine intervention. Historians today question the veracity of the Dido legend, but it is clear that Carthage was founded as a trading outpost by the Phoenicians — a maritime civilisation originally from The Carthaginians region that today forms part of Lebanon. The city gradually grew to become a major centre of Mediterranean trade, and controlled a network of dependencies in North Africa, Spain, and Sicily. Specialising in the production of fine textiles, perfumes, and household goods such as furniture and cooking implements, in its heyday Carthage was the dominant metropolis in the western Mediterranean, and profited hugely from the merchants passing through its port. The city also served as a hub for the trading of metal, and tin mined in the Middle East was brought to Carthage to be forged into bronze. Carthage was also famous for its highly sophisticated agricultural practices. One of the earliest centres of wine production, evidence of Carthaginian goods, including wine amphorae, have been excavated as far away as the British Isles and the Atlantic coast of West Africa. Ancient sources, most notably the Greek The Carthaginians Polybius, reported that the Carthaginian military was predominantly a mercenary- based force. Rather than develop a fully militarised society akin to that of ancient Sparta, the Carthaginians largely relied on others to fight on their behalf. Given its position as a trading hub and cultural capital, Carthage was a natural target for the emerging power of Rome. Growing tensions first escalated into war in BC, and over the next The Carthaginians years the two states The Carthaginians three debilitating conflicts — the Punic Wars. Initially, these did not provide decisive victory for either side, with both suffering heavily at the hands The Carthaginians the other. Gradually, Rome began to gain the upper hand. After a three year struggle, the city eventually succumbed. The Roman Senate The Carthaginians that The Carthaginians city be burned and the remaining citizens sold into slavery. A brutal end for a once glorious city. Credit: The Elisha Whittelsey Collection. TV A new online only channel for history lovers. Sign Me Up. An 18th century idealisation of Dido attempting to woo Aeneas. Tags: Hannibal. Early Modern. Twentieth Century. Age of The Carthaginians. The The Carthaginians Epidemic in History? The Carthaginians – THE ROMAN TRIALS and CARTHAGINIANS It was more The Carthaginians less under the control of the city-state of Carthage after the fall of Tyre to Babylonian forces. At the height of the city's influence, it held a hegemony over most of the western The Carthaginians. The empire was in a constant state of struggle with the Roman Republic, which led to a series of conflicts known as the Punic Wars. After the third and final Punic War, Carthage was destroyed then occupied by Roman The Carthaginians. Nearly all of the empire fell into Roman hands from then on. In order to provide a resting place for merchant fleets, to maintain a Phoenician monopoly on an area's natural resource, or to conduct trade on its own, the Phoenicians established numerous colonial cities along the coasts of the Mediterranean. They were stimulated to found their cities by a need for revitalizing trade in order to pay the tribute extracted from Tyre, Sidon, and Byblos by the succession of empires that ruled them and by fear of complete Greek colonization of that part of the Mediterranean suitable for commerce. The Phoenicians lacked the population or necessity to establish self-sustaining cities abroad, and most cities had fewer than 1, inhabitants, but Carthage and a few other cities developed into large cities. Some colonies were The Carthaginians in Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria, Iberia, and to a much lesser extent, on the arid coast of Libya. The Phoenicians controlled Cyprus, Sardinia, Corsica, and the Balearic Islands, as well as minor possessions in Crete and Sicily; the latter settlements were in perpetual conflict with the Greeks. The Phoenicians managed to control all of Sicily The Carthaginians a limited time. The entire area The Carthaginians came under the leadership and protection of Carthage, The Carthaginians in turn dispatched its own The Carthaginians to found new cities or to reinforce those that declined with Tyre and Sidon. The first colonies were made on the two paths to Iberia's mineral wealth — along the North African coast and on Sicily, Sardinia and the Balearic Islands. The centre of the Phoenician world was Tyre, serving as an economic and political hub. The power of this city waned following numerous sieges and its eventual destruction by Alexander the Great, and the role as leader passed to Sidon, and eventually to Carthage. Each colony paid tribute to either Tyre or Sidon, but neither had actual control of the colonies. This changed with the rise of Carthage, since the Carthaginians appointed their own magistrates to rule the towns and Carthage retained much direct control over the colonies. This policy resulted in a number The Carthaginians Iberian towns The Carthaginians with the Romans during the Punic Wars. The government of Carthage was an oligarchal republic, which relied on a system of checks and balances and ensured a form of public accountability. The Carthaginian heads of state were called Suffets The Carthaginians rendered in Latin by Livy Greek and Roman authors more commonly referred to them as "kings". In the historically attested period, the two Suffets were elected annually from among the most wealthy and influential families and ruled collegially, similarly to Roman consuls and equated with these by Livy. This practice might have descended from the plutocratic oligarchies that limited the Suffet's power in the first The Carthaginians cities. The aristocratic families were represented in a supreme council Roman sources speak of a Carthaginian "Senate", and Greek ones of a "council of Elders" or a gerousiawhich had a wide range of powers; however, it is not known whether the Suffets were elected by this council or by an assembly The Carthaginians the people. Suffets appear The Carthaginians have exercised judicial and executive power, but not The Carthaginians. Although the city's administration was firmly The Carthaginians by oligarchs, democratic elements were to be found as well: Carthage had elected legislators, trade unions and town meetings. Aristotle reported in his Politics that unless the Suffets and the Council reached a unanimous decision, the Carthaginian popular assembly had the decisive vote - unlike the situation in Greek states with similar constitutions such as Sparta and Crete. Polybius, in his History book 6, also stated that at the time of the Punic Wars, the Carthaginian public held more sway over the government than the people of Rome held over theirs a development he regarded as evidence of decline. Finally, there was a body known as the Hundred and Four, which Aristotle compared to the Spartan ephors. These were judges who oversaw the actions of The Carthaginians, who could sometimes be sentenced to crucifixion. Eratosthenes, head of the Library of Alexandria, noted that the Greeks had been wrong to describe all non-Greeks as barbarians, The Carthaginians the Carthaginians as well as the Romans had The Carthaginians constitution. During the period between the end of the First Punic War and the end of the Second Punic War, members of the Barcid family dominated in Carthaginian politics. They were given control of the Carthaginian military and all the Carthaginian territories outside of Africa. In BC, a treaty was signed between Carthage and Rome The Carthaginians a division of influence and commercial activities. This is the first known source indicating that Carthage had gained control over Sicily and Sardinia. By the beginning of the 5th century BC, Carthage had become the commercial center of the West Mediterranean region, a position it The Carthaginians until overthrown by the Roman Republic. The city had conquered most of the The Carthaginians Phoenician colonies e. Hadrumetum, Utica, and Kerkouane, subjugated the Libyan tribes with the Numidian and Mauretanian kingdoms remaining more or less independentand taken control of the entire North African coast from modern Morocco to the borders of Egypt not including the Cyrenaica, which was eventually incorporated into The Carthaginians Egypt. Its The Carthaginians had The Carthaginians extended into the Mediterranean, taking control over Sardinia, Malta, the Balearic Islands, and the western The Carthaginians of Sicily, where coastal fortresses such as Motya or Lilybaeum secured its possessions. Important colonies had also been established on the Iberian peninsula. Their cultural influence in the Iberian Peninsula is documented, but the degree of The Carthaginians political influence before the conquest by Hamilcar Barca is disputed. When Carthage fell, its nearby rival Utica, a Roman ally, was made capital of the region and replaced Carthage as the leading center of Punic trade and leadership. It had the advantageous position of being situated on the Lake of Tunis and the outlet of the Majardah River, Tunisia's only river that flowed all year long. However, grain cultivation in the Tunisian mountains caused large amounts of silt to erode into the river. This silt was accumulated in the The Carthaginians until it was made useless, and Rome was forced to rebuild Carthage. The purpose was to obtain arable lands for impoverished farmers. The Senate abolished the colony some time later, in order to undermine Gracchus' power. After this ill-fated attempt, a new city of Carthage was built on the same land, and by the 1st century it had grown to the second largest city in the western half of the Roman empire, with a peak population ofIt was the center of the Roman province of Africa, which was a major breadbasket of the empire.