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Theotokis, Georgios (2010) the Campaigns of the Norman Dukes of Southern Italy Against Byzantium, in the Years Between 1071 and 1108 AD

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Theotokis, Georgios (2010) the Campaigns of the Norman Dukes of Southern Italy Against Byzantium, in the Years Between 1071 and 1108 AD Theotokis, Georgios (2010) The campaigns of the Norman dukes of southern Italy against Byzantium, in the years between 1071 and 1108 AD. PhD thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1884/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the Author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] The topic of my thesis is “The campaigns of the Norman dukes of southern Italy to Byzantium, in the years between 1071 and 1108 A.D.” As the title suggests, I am examining all the main campaigns conducted by the Normans against Byzantine provinces, in the period from the fall of Bari, the Byzantine capital of Apulia and the seat of the Byzantine governor (catepano) of Italy in 1071, to the Treaty of Devol that marked the end of Bohemond of Taranto’s Illyrian campaign in 1108. My thesis, however, aims to focus specifically on the military aspects of these confrontations, an area which for this period has been surprisingly neglected in the existing secondary literature. My intention is to give answers to a series of questions, of which only some of them are presented here: what was the Norman method of raising their armies and what was the connection of this particular system to that in Normandy and France in the same period (similarities, differences, if any)? Have the Normans been willing to adapt to the Mediterranean reality of warfare, meaning the adaptation of siege engines and the creation of a transport and fighting fleet? What was the composition of their armies, not only in numbers but also in the analogy of cavalry, infantry and supplementary units? While in the field of battle, what were the fighting tactics used by the Normans against the Byzantines and were they superior to their eastern opponents? However, as my study is in essence comparative, I will further compare the Norman and Byzantine military institutions, analyse the clash of these two different military cultures and distinguish any signs of adaptations in their practice of warfare. Also, I will attempt to set this enquiry in the light of new approaches to medieval military history visible in recent historiography by asking if any side had been familiar to the ideas of Vegetian strategy, and if so, whether we characterise any of these strategies as Vegetian? TABLE OF CONTENTS List of abbreviations Introduction 1 1. Primary sources and the problems of military history. 9 2. Norman military institutions in southern Italy in the eleventh century: problems and comparisons. 46 3. Castle-service and castle-building in Normandy, England and southern Italy: a contextual study. 71 4. The Byzantine Army of the tenth and eleventh centuries. 84 5. The structure and operational role of the Byzantine Navy in the tenth and eleventh centuries. 135 6. The political and military organization of Byzantine Italy before the arrival of the Normans. 147 7. The establishment of the Normans in southern Italy and Sicily (1017-77). 154 8. Robert Guiscard’s invasion of Illyria. The first stage, from the capitulation of Corfu to the victory over the Byzantine army (spring – autumn 1081). 191 9. The second stage of the Norman invasion. From the capture of Dyrrachium to the siege of Larisa (spring 1082 – winter 1083). 231 10. Robert Guiscard’s second invasion of Illyria. From autumn 1084 to Robert Guiscard’s death in the summer of 1085. 249 11. Bohemond of Taranto and the First Crusade. 259 12. Bohemond of Taranto’s invasion of Illyria (1107-8). 280 Conclusions 302 Bibliography 312 Maps, photos and illustrations ABBREVIATIONS Alexiad Annae Comnenae Alexiadis libri XV, annotationes addidit Ludovicus Schopenus, 2 vols., E. Weber, Bonn, 1839-1878. Amatus L'ystoire de li Normant et la Chronique de Robert Viscart par Aimé, moine du Mont-Cassin, ed. by M. Champollion-Figeac, Jules Renouard, Paris, 1835. Anon. Bar. Anonymous Barenses, Chronicon, RIS, v. 151. Attaleiates Michaelis Attaliotae, Historia, CSHB, vol. 47, ed. I. Bekker, E. Weber, Bonn, 1853. Cecaumenos Cecaumenus, Strategicon, ed. B. Wassiliewsky, V. Jernstedt, Hakkert, Amsterdam, 1965. CHBS The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire c. 500-1492, ed. J. Shepard, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008. Chronic. Casin. Chronica monasterii Casinensis, MGH, SS, vol. 34. CSHB Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae, Bonnae, 1828-97. De Ceremoniis Constantinus Porphyrogenitus, De Cerimoniis Aulae Byzantinae, CSHB, vols. 5-6, ed. I. Reiski, E. Weber, Bonn, 1829-30. Gesta Guillaume De Pouille, La Geste de Robert Guiscard, ed. and tr. by Marguerite Mathieu, Instituto Siciliano di Studi Byzantini et Neoellenici, Palermo, 1961. Hill and Hill Raymond D’Aguilers, Historia Francorum Qui Ceperunt Iherusalem, tr. J.H. Hill and L. Hill, The American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, 1968. Leo VI, Tactica Tou Sophotatou Basileos Leontos ta eupiskomena panta; Leonis, romanorum imperatoris Augusti, cognomine sapientis, Opera quae reperiri potuerunt omnia, nunc primum in unum corpus collecta, Patrologia Cursus Completus – Series Graeca, vol. 107, ed. J.P. Migne, Paris, 1863. Lupus Protospatharius Lupus Protospatharius, Chronicon rerum in regno Neapolitano gestarum, MGH, SS, vol. 60. Malaterra Goffredus Malaterra, De Rebus Gestis Rogerii Calabriae et Siciliae Comitis et Roberti Guiscardi Ducis Fratris Eius, RIS, vol. 6. MGH, SS Monumenta Germaniae historica inde ab anno Christi quingentesimo usque ad annum millesimum et quingentesimum. Scriptores, auspiciis Societatis Aperiendis Fontibus rerum Germanicarum Medii Aevi ed. G. H. Pertz, Hahn, Hannover, 1826-. OHBS The Oxford handbook of Byzantine studies, ed. E. Jeffreys, J. Haldon, R. Cormack, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2008. On Skirmishing The Anonymous Byzantine Treatise On Skirmishing by the Emperor Lord Nicephoros, in Three Byzantine Military Treatises, tr. G.T. Dennis, Dumbarton Oaks, Washington D.C., 2008. On Strategy The Anonymous Byzantine Treatise On Strategy, in Three Byzantine Military Treatises. On Tactics The Anonymous Book on Tactics, in Three Byzantine Military Treatises. Orderic Vitalis The Ecclesiastical History of Orderic Vitalis, ed. M. Chibnall, (6 vols.), Clarendon Press, Oxford 1969-80. Praecepta Militaria Presentation and Composition on Warfare of the Emperor Nicephoros, in Sowing the Dragon’s Teeth: Byzantine Warfare in the Tenth Century, tr. and ed. by E. McGeer, Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, 1995. Psellus Michael Psellus, Fourteen Byzantine Rulers, tr. E.R.A. Sewter, Penguin, London, 1966. R.H.C. Oc. Recueil des historiens des Croisades, Historiens occidentaux, par les soins de l'Académie royale des inscriptions et belles-lettres, Imprimerie Royale, Paris, 1844-95. RIS Rerum Italicarum scriptores: raccolta degli storici Italiani dal cinquecento al millecinquecento, ordinata da L.A. Muratori, Lapi, Città di Castello, 1900-. Romuald of Salerno Romualdus Salernitatis, Chronicon, RIS, vol. 7. Sewter Anna Comnena, The Alexiad, tr. E.R.A. Sewter, Penguin, London 2003. Skylitzes Ioannes Skylitzes, Georgius Cedrenus, Synopsis Historiarum, CSHB, vols. 34, 35, ed. I. Bekker, E. Weber, Bonn, 1838-39. Vegetius Vegetius: Epitome of Military Science, tr. by N.P. Milner, Liverpool University Press, Liverpool, 2001. Introduction In my thesis The campaigns of the Norman dukes of southern Italy against Byzantium, in the period between 1071-1108 A.D, I intend to examine all the main campaigns conducted by the Normans in the Byzantine Empire’s western Balkan provinces, in the period from the fall of Bari, the capital of Byzantine Longobardia (Italy) and the seat of the Byzantine governor of Italy in 1071, to the Treaty of Devol that marked the end of Bohemond of Taranto’s Illyrian campaign in 1108. It aims to focus specifically on the military aspects of the Norman infiltration in the south, a research area which for this period has been relatively neglected by existing scholarship. Two of the classic publications for this period are Ferdinand Chalandon’s Histoire de la Domination Normande en Italie et en Sicile and his Essai sur le Règne d’Alexis Ier Comnène (1081-1118).1 Even after more than a century of its publication, Chalandon’s Domination Normande remains one of the best accounts of the Norman establishment in southern Italy, with the first volume examining the political and social developments in the dukedom of Apulia up to Roger II’s accession in 1128. Chalandon’s Essai sur le Règne d’Alexis Ier Comnène examines the reign of Alexius Comnenus from his accession to the throne to his death, with the third chapter of this study dealing with Robert Guiscard’s 1081-5 invasion of Illyria. Chalandon’s works, along with R.B. Yewdale’s Bohemond I, Prince of Antioch,2 are two of the oldest and most useful works I was able to use in my research. However, a number of views expressed both by Chalandon and Yewdale on the general social-political context of the events they analyse, such as the relation between Guiscard and his vassal counts, or Bohemond’s dealings with Alexius Comnenus, have been challenged by 1 F. Chalandon, Histoire de la domination normande en Italie et en Sicile, 2 vols., Picard, Paris, 1907; idem, Essai sur le Règne d'Alexis Ier Comnène, 1081-1118, Picard, Paris, 1900. 2 R.B. Yewdale, Bohemond I, Prince of Antioch, Hakkert, Amsterdam, 1970; the most recent study about Bohemond: J. Flori, Bohémond d’Antioch, Chevalier d’Aventure, Payot, Paris, 2007. 1 Graham Loud in his recent The Age of Robert Guiscard.3 Although being undoubtedly an expert in the political, social, economic and religious history of the Italian peninsula in the eleventh century, Loud does not claim to be a military historian of this period.
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