Ravenna its role in earlier medieval change and exchange Ravenna its role in earlier medieval change and exchange Edited by Judith Herrin and Jinty Nelson LONDON INSTITUTE OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH Published by UNIVERSITY OF LONDON SCHOOL OF ADVANCED STUDY INSTITUTE OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH Senate House, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HU First published in print in 2016 (ISBN 978‑1‑909646‑14‑8) This book is published under a Creative Commons Attribution‑ NonCommercial‑NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY‑ NCND 4.0) license. More information regarding CC licenses is available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Available to download free at http://www.humanities‑digital‑library.org ISBN 978‑1‑909646‑72‑8 (PDF edition) DOI: 10.14296/917.9781909646728 iv Contents Acknowledgements vii List of contributors ix List of illustrations xiii Abbreviations xvii Introduction 1 Judith Herrin and Jinty Nelson 1. A tale of two cities: Rome and Ravenna under Gothic rule 15 Peter Heather 2. Episcopal commemoration in late fifth‑century Ravenna 39 Deborah M. Deliyannis 3. Production, promotion and reception: the visual culture of Ravenna between late antiquity and the middle ages 53 Maria Cristina Carile 4. Ravenna in the sixth century: the archaeology of change 87 Carola Jäggi 5. The circulation of marble in the Adriatic Sea at the time of Justinian 111 Yuri A. Marano 6. Social instability and economic decline of the Ostrogothic community in the aftermath of the imperial victory: the papyri evidence 133 Salvatore Cosentino 7. A striking evolution: the mint of Ravenna during the early middle ages 151 Vivien Prigent 8. Roman law in Ravenna 163 Simon Corcoran 9. The church of Ravenna, Constantinople and Rome in the seventh century 199 Veronica Ortenberg West-Harling v Ravenna: its role in earlier medieval change and exchange 10. Nobility, aristocracy and status in early medieval Ravenna 211 Edward M. Schoolman 11. Charlemagne and Ravenna 239 Jinty Nelson 12. The early medieval naming‑world of Ravenna, eastern Romagna and the Pentapolis 253 Wolfgang Haubrichs 13. San Severo and religious life in Ravenna during the ninth and tenth centuries 297 Andrea Augenti and Enrico Cirelli 14. Life and learning in earlier eleventh‑century Ravenna: the evidence of Peter Damian’s letters 323 Michael Gledhill 15. Culture and society in Ottonian Ravenna: imperial renewal or new beginnings? 335 Tom Brown Index 345 vi Acknowledgements The editors have incurred many debts in completing this volume. We want to thank again Jane Winters and her publications team at the Institute of Historical Research, and in particular Emily Morrell, for expert copy‑ editing and much patience. We also want to thank the Chair and Trustees of the Isobel Thornley Fund at Royal Holloway University of London for a grant that enables us to include some illustrations in colour, as well as in black and white, and Dhwani Patel who compiled the index, thereby enhancing readers’ enjoyment of the book and doing justice to Ravenna. We wish to acknowledge the help of Ken Emond and the British Academy; the Centre for Hellenic Studies and the Department of History at King’s College London; and Professor Miles Taylor, Director of the Institute for Historical Research. In Ravenna, Judith Herrin would like to thank Signor Mingozzi, deputy mayor, and the city’s chief administrator, Signor Cassani; the Fondazione Flaminia; Professor Salvatore Cosentino, Professor Andrea Augenti, and Antonio and Gian Luca Bandini. She also acknowledges with gratitude continuing support and encouragement from the A. G. Leventis Foundation and the Ahmanson Charitable Community Trust. JH and JN vii List of contributors Andrea Augenti is professor of medieval archaeology at the University of Bologna. Recent publications include Città e porti dall’Antichità al Medioevo (Rome, 2010); and Archeologia dell’Italia medievale (Rome/Bari, 2016). Tom Brown is reader in history, School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, and is the author of numerous studies on Ravenna and early medieval Italy. Maria Cristina Carile (Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, University of Bologna) is a Byzantinist specializing in art history and archaeology. Her doctoral dissertation, published as The Vision of the Imperial Palace of the Byzantine Emperors as a Heavenly Jerusalem (Spoleto, 2012), explores the role of the imperial residence and the ways it reflected the heavenly abode of God in the conceptualisation of imperial imagery and palatine architecture in late antiquity and early Byzantium. She currently holds the position of researcher at the Department of Cultural Heritage of the University of Bologna, where she also teaches Byzantine art history as adjunct professor. Enrico Cirelli is attached to the Dipartimento di storia culture civiltà at Ravenna, part of the University of Bologna, and currently holds a Humboldt research post at the University of Munich. His recent publications include Le forme della crisi. Produzione ceramiche e commerci nell’Italia centrale tra Romani e Longobardi (III–VIII sec. d. C.) (Bologna, 2015), edited with Francesca Diosono and Helen Patterson. Simon Corcoran is senior research fellow in the Department of History at University College London. He works on Roman legal history in late antiquity and the early middle ages. Recent publications include ‘Hincmar and his Roman legal sources’, in Hincmar of Rheims. Life and Work, ed. R. Stone and C. West (Manchester, 2015), pp. 129–55, and ‘State correspondence in the Roman empire: imperial communication from Augustus to Justinian’, in State Correspondence in the Ancient World from New Kingdom Egypt to the Roman Empire, ed. K. Radner (New York, 2014) pp. 172–209. With his colleague, Benet Salway, he is preparing an edition of the recently discovered fragments of the lost Codex Gregorianus. Salvatore Cosentino is professor of Byzantine civilization at the University of Bologna. His main field of research focuses on late antiquity and early Byzantium. His latest publications include Storia dell’Italia bizantina. Da Giustiniano ai Normanni (Bologna, 2008) and Potere e politica nell’età della ix Ravenna: its role in earlier medieval change and exchange famiglia teodosiana (395–455). I linguaggi dell’impero, le identità dei barbari, together with I. Baldini (Bari, 2013). Deborah M. Deliyannis is associate professor of history, Indiana University, Bloomington. Her most recent book, Ravenna in Late Antiquity, was published by Cambridge University Press in 2010. Her current book project considers the rhetoric used to praise builders of churches, with specific reference to bishops, from late antiquity through the Carolingian period. Michael Gledhill received his PhD from King’s College London in 2012. He currently teaches at Southern New Hampshire University. Wolfgang Haubrichs has been professor for medieval German literature and history of the German language at the University of the Saarland (Saarbruecken, Germany) since 1977. He is a member of the Mainz Academy of Sciences and Literature and of the Austrian Academy of Sciences at Vienna. His research focus is on early medieval literature, hagiography, Middle High German poetry, late medieval prose novels and on the early history of German, particularly in the fields of Romance‑Germanic bilingual contact‑areas and of early medieval onomastics. Peter Heather is professor of medieval history, King’s College London. His most recent book is The Restoration of Rome: Barbarian Popes and Imperial Pretenders (2013). Judith Herrin, professor emerita of King’s College London, holds the Constantine Leventis Senior Research Fellowship attached to the Centre for Hellenic Studies there. In 2013 Princeton University Press published her two volumes, Margins and Metropolis. Power across the Byzantine Empire and Unrivalled Influence: Women and Authority in Byzantium. And in 2015, Fra Oriente e Occidente. Donne e Bibbia nell’Alto Medioevo (secoli VI–XI) Greci, Latini, Ebrei, Arabi, edited with Franca Ela Consolino, was published as volume 6.1 Il Medioevo, in the series La Bibbia e le Donne (Il Pozzo di Giacobbe Trapani). She is now working on a study of Ravenna in the early middle ages. Carola Jäggi was chair for Christian art and archaeology at the University of Erlangen (2002–13) and is now professor of art history and archaeology of the middle ages at the University of Zurich. Her interests cover a wide range of subjects and areas – from early Christian Italy to the architecture of late medieval nunneries in Europe. The title of her latest book is Ravenna. Kunst und Kultur einer spätantiken Residenzstadt (Regensburg, 2013). x Introduction Yuri A. Marano, Dumbarton Oaks. The research leading to the results published here received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013 – MSCA‑COFUND) under grant agreement no 245743 – Post‑doctoral programme Braudel‑IFER‑ FMSH, in collaboration with the Labex RESMED – UMR 8167, Orient & Méditerranée, Paris. Veronica Ortenberg West‑Harling, a research fellow and member of All Souls College, Oxford, has recently published several papers on Post‑ Byzantine Italy and is currently working on her new book, which examines the formation of city identity in Venice, Ravenna and Rome between 750 and 1000. Jinty Nelson is emeritus professor of the Department of History, King’s College London. Among her recent publications are Courts, Elites and Gendered Power in the Early Middle Ages (Farnham, 2007); J. Nelson and D. Kempf (eds.), Reading the Bible in the Middle Ages (2015). Vivien Prigent is chargé de recherché at the CNRS, UMR 8167, Institut d’histoire et de civilisation de Byzance du Collège de France; member, Newton International Fellowship Alumni. His recent publications include ‘Le mythe du mancus et les origines de l’économie européenne’, Revue numismatique, clxxi (2014), 701–28; ‘The mobilisation of fiscal resources in the Byzantine empire (eighth to eleventh centuries)’, in Diverging Paths? The Shapes of Power and Institutions in Medieval Christendom and Islam, J. Hudson and A. Rodríguez (Leyde, 2014), pp. 182–229; J.‑M. Martin, A. Custot‑Peters and V. Prigent (eds.), L’héritage byzantin en Italie (VIIIe- XIIe siècle).