DOCSLIB.ORG

Al-Ruha (Enc. of Islam Entry)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Al-Ruha (Enc. of Islam Entry) THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF ISLAM NEW EDITION PREPARED BY A NUMBER OF LEADING ORIENTALISTS EDITED BY C.E. BOSWORTH, E. VAN DONZEL, W.P. HEINRICHS AND G. LECOMTE ASSISTED BY PJ. BEARMAN AND MME S. NURIT UNDER THE PATRONAGE OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF ACADEMIES VOLUME VIII NED — SAM LEIDEN EJ. BRILL 1995 This material is presented solely for non-commercial educational/research purposes. RUFUS AL-AFSISI — AL-RUHA 589 they were noted down by "Rufus and other ancient The monarchy in Edessa had ended ca. 242, af- and modern physicians" (ed. Ullmann, Rufus von fected adversely by the appearance on the scene in the Ephesos, Krankenjournale, Wiesbaden 1978). The editor Near East of the aggressive and expansionist Sasanid tried to prove that the 21 pieces form a unity and that Persian empire and the Roman withdrawal from no other physician than Rufus can be considered as an much of the Mesopotamian countryside, although the author. F. Kudlien (in Clio Medica, xiv [1979], 148-9, Romans and the Byzantines retained dominion over and xv [1981], 137-42) is, however, of a different the city until the Arab invasions. Edessa now became opinion. a major centre for Syriac-language literary activity All these writings show Rufus as an all-round physi- and for Christian religious life, becoming, like most of cian, who deals with many pathological questions and Mesopotamia and Syria, Monophysite in theology who attaches special importance to dietetic prescrip- during the course of the 6th century. When the Arabs tions. As can be inferred from many a remark which appeared, there were in the city a small community of he interwove into his representations, he had strong Nestorians, a Melkite hierarchy and community, and cultural-historical interests. Like Galen he stood in the the two ethnic elements of Monophysites, the Syrian tradition of Hippocrates, but in contrast to the former Jacobites (the majority in Edessa) and the Armenians. he was not apparently interested in current 2. The Islamic period up to the Ottomans. philosophical questions. His attitude was less Abu cUbayda in 16/637 sent clyad b. Ghanm to al- speculative, but rather, closer to the facts; yet the Djazlra. After the Greek governor Joannes Kateas, Middle Ages gave preference to Galen's system, who had endeavoured to save the region of Osrhoene which had a philosophical basis. by paying tribute, had been dismissed by the emperor Bibliography: Oeuvres de Rufus d'Ephese, publica- Heraclius and the general Ptolemaius put in his place, tion commencee par Charles Daremberg, continuee al-Ruha5 (Edessa) had to surrender in 18/639 like the et terminee par Charles-Emile Ruelle, Paris 1879 other towns of Mesopotamia (al-Baladhurl, 172-5; (repr. Amsterdam 1963); J. Ilberg, Rufus von Ibn al-Athir, ii, 414-17; Yakut, s.v. al-Djazira; Ephesos, ein griechischer Arzt in trajanischer Zeit, inAbh. Khwarazmi, ed. Baethgen, Fragmente syr. u. arab. d. Sdchsischen Akad. d. Wiss., phil-hist. Kl., xli Historiker, Leipzig 1884, 16, 110 = Abh. KM, viii, no. (1930), no. 1, Leipzig 1930; Sezgin, GAS, iii, 64-8; 3; Theophanes, ed. de Boor, 517, 521). The town M. Ullmann, Die Medizin im Islam, Leiden-Cologne now lost its political and very soon also its religious 1970, 71-6; idem, Die arabische Uberlieferung der significance and sank to the level of a second-rate pro- Schriften des Rufus von Ephesos, in Aufstieg und vincial town. Its last bishop of note, Jacob of Edessa, Niedergang der Romischen Welt, ed. H. Temporini and spent only four years (684-7) and a later period again W. Haase, Berlin, Teilband II, 37, 2 (forth- of four months in his office (708). The Maronite coming). (M. ULLMANN) Theophilus of Edessa (d. 785) wrote a "Chronicle of RUH [see NAFS]. the World" and translated into Syriac the "two Books RUH B. HATIM [see RAWH B. HATIM]. of Homer about Ilion". RUH ALLAH [see KHUMAYNI in Suppl.]. Al-Ruha°, like al-Rakka, Harran and Karkisiya, AL-RUHA or AL-RuHA0, the Arabic name of a city was usually reckoned to Diyar Mudar (Ibn al-Athir, which was in early Islamic times in the province of viii, 218; al-Yackubi, i, 177; M. Hartmann, Bohtdn, Diyar Mucjar [q.v. ] but known in Western sources 88, no. 2 and3=MK4G [1897], i, 28; Canard, as EDESSA (Syriac Orhay, Armenian Urhay). It is now Wamdanides, 91-2). In 67/686-7 al-Ruha3, Harran in the province of Diyarbakir in the southeast of and Sumaysat formed the governorship which modern Turkey and is known as Urfa, a name for the Ibrahim b. al-Ashtar granted to Hatim b. al-Nucman city which is not clearly attested before the coming of (Ibn al-Athlr, iv, 218). the Turks to eastern Anatolia. The "old church" of the Christians was destroyed 1. In pre-Islamic times. by two earthquakes (3 April 679 and 718). In 737 a The city is probably an ancient one, though efforts Greek named Bashlr appeared in Harran and gave to identify it with the Babylonian Erech/Uruk or with himself out to be "Tiberias the son of Constantine"; Ur of the Chaldees cannot be taken seriously. Its site, he was believed at first, but was later exposed and ex- at the junction of ancient highways from Armenia ecuted in al-Ruha3 (Barhebraeus, Chron. syr., ed. Bed- southwards and east-west from the fords across the jan, 119). In 133/750-1 the town was the scene of Euphrates to Mesopotamia and Persia, must have fighting between Abu Djacfar, afterwards the caliph made it strategically valuable when it was founded or al-Mansur, and the followers of the Umayyads, Ishak re-founded by the Seleucids. Orhay now received new b. Muslim al-cUkaylI and his brother Bakkar, who names, such as "Antioch by the Callirrhoe", i.e. "by only gave in after the death of Marwan (Ibn al-Athir, the beautiful, flowing [water]", a reference to its v, 333-4). But continual revolts broke out again in al- famed fish-ponds or to the river of Orhay, and Djazlra (Ibn al-Athlr, v, 370 ff.); in the reign of al- Edessa, originally the name of the Seleucids' own Mansur, for example, the governor of al-Ruha3 of the capital in Macedonia. same name, the builder of Hisn Mansur, was ex- The names of the local rulers, called by the Greeks ecuted in al-Rakka in 141/758-9 (al-Baladhuri, 192). Phylarchs or Toparchs, are known. The early ones When Harun al-Rashld passed through al-Ruha°, an were vassals of the Parthians, in whose political and attempt was made to cast suspicion upon the Christ- cultural sphere Edessa lay, but in the 2nd century ians and it was said that the Byzantine emperor used A.D. it came sporadically under Roman rule, with its to come to the city every year secretly in order to pray kings therefore as Roman vassals. These kings seem in their churches; but the caliph saw that these were to have been of Arabic stock, although their regnal slanders. The Gumaye (from al-Djuma, the valley of names included Iranian as well as Semitic ones. In the cAfrm in Syria), who, with the Telmahraye and early 3rd century they are said to have adopted Chris- Rusafaye, were one of the leading families of al- tianity, and certainly, by the early 4th century the Ruha3, suffered a good deal, however, from his whole of the city was Christian and famed as the first covetousness (Barhebraeus, Chron. syr., 130). In kingdom officially to adopt Christianity as its state 196/812 the Christians were only able to save the un- religion, a prominent role being assigned to King protected town from being plundered by the rebels Abgar V, who was said to have acknowledged Jesus Nasr b. Shabath [q. v. ] and cAmr by a heavy payment; Christ as the Son of God before His crucifixion. Abu Shaykh therefore fortified al-Ruha3 at the ex- 590 AL-RUHA pense of the citizens (Barhebraeus, 136-7). At the be- which the town, which was still inhabited by many ginning of his reign, al-Ma5mun sent his general Christians, was sacked and burned (winter of 1030-1), Tahir Dhu '1-Yammayn [q.v.] to al-Ruha°, where his Maniakes again occupied the citadel and the town Persian soldiers were besieged by the two rebels, but (Ibn al-Athir, ix, 281 bis; Michael Syrus, ed. Chabot, offered a successful resistance supported by the in- iii, 147; Barhebraeus, Chron. syr., 214; Aristakes habitants among whom was Mar Dionysius of Lastivertcci, c. 7, pp. 24-5; Matthew of Edessa, ed. Tellmahre (Barhebraeus, 139). Tahir, who himself 1898, c. 43, pp. 58-62 = tr. Dulaurier, 46-9; hacl fled from his mutinous soldiers to Kallinikos, won Cedrenus-Seylitzes, ed. Bonn, ii, 500; the accounts of the rebels over to his side and made cAbd al-Acla the events preceding the surrender differ very much). governor of al-Ruha°; he oppressed the town very Edessa under Maniakes seems to have enjoyed a cer- much (ibid., 139-40). Muhammad b. Tahir, who gov- tain amount of independence from Byzantium, as he erned al-DjazIra in 210/825, persecuted the Christians sent an annual tribute thither (Cedrenus-Seylitzes, in al-Ruha0, as did the governors under al-Muctasim 502). and his successors. In Radjab 427/May 1036, the Patricius of Edessa In 331/942-3 the Byzantines occupied Diyarbakr, became a prisoner of the Numayri Ibn Waththab and Arzan, Dara and Ras al-cAyn, advanced on Naslbln his many allies; the town was plundered but the for- and demanded from the people of al-Ruha3 the holy tress remained in the hands of the Greek garrison (Ibn picture on linen of Christ called (iav8uXtov (al-Ikona al- al-Athir, ix, 305; Barhebraeus, Chron.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Syrian Orthodox from the Mosul Area Snelders, B
    Identity and Christian-Muslim interaction : medieval art of the Syrian Orthodox from the Mosul area Snelders, B. Citation Snelders, B. (2010, September 1). Identity and Christian-Muslim interaction : medieval art of the Syrian Orthodox from the Mosul area. Peeters, Leuven. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/15917 Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown) Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the License: Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/15917 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). 2. The Syrian Orthodox in their Historical and Artistic Settings 2.1 Northern Mesopotamia and Mosul The blossoming of ‘Syrian Orthodox art’ during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries is mainly attested for Northern Mesopotamia. At the time, Northern Mesopotamia was commonly known as the Jazira (Arabic for ‘island’), a geographic entity encompassing roughly the territory which is located between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, and lies north of Baghdad and south of Lake Van. 1 In ecclesiastical terms, this region is called Athur (Assyria). 2 Early Islamic historians and geographers distinguished three different districts: Diyar Mudar, Diyar Bakr, and Diyar Rabi cah. Today, these districts correspond more or less to eastern Syria, south-eastern Turkey, and northern Iraq, respectively. Mosul was the capital of the Diyar Rabi cah district, which ‘extended north from Takrit along both banks of the Tigris to the tributary Ba caynatha river a few kilometres north of Jazirat ibn cUmar (modern Cizre) and westwards along the southern slopes of the Tur cAbdin as far as the western limits of the Khabur Basin’.
    [Show full text]
  • New Agendas in Remote Sensing and Landscape Archaeology in the Near East Studies in Honour of Tony J
    New Agendas in Remote Sensing and Landscape Archaeology in the Near East Studies in Honour of Tony J. Wilkinson edited by Dan Lawrence, Mark Altaweel and Graham Philip Archaeopress Archaeology Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Summertown Pavilion 18-24 Middle Way Summertown Oxford OX2 7LG www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978-1-78969-573-1 ISBN 978-1-78969-574-8 (e-Pdf) © Archaeopress and the Authors 2020 Cover illustration: Palaeochannels and archaeological sites north of Nasiriya, Iraq. A. SRTM image B. Landsat Image C. Features visible on SRTM D. Features visible on Landsat. For full explanation see Chapter 18 This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License Contents List of Contributors ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ iii Preface ......................................................................................................................................................................................... iv Eleanor Barbanes Wilkinson List of Principal Publications of Tony J. Wilkinson .......................................................................................................... vi 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • Inscribed Administrative Material Culture and the Development of the Mu Ayyad State in Syria- Palestine 661-750 Ce Tareq Ramadan Wayne State University
    Wayne State University Wayne State University Dissertations 1-1-2017 Inscribed Administrative Material Culture And The Development Of The mU ayyad State In Syria- Palestine 661-750 Ce Tareq Ramadan Wayne State University, Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/oa_dissertations Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, and the History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons Recommended Citation Ramadan, Tareq, "Inscribed Administrative Material Culture And The eD velopment Of The mU ayyad State In Syria-Palestine 661-750 Ce" (2017). Wayne State University Dissertations. 1860. https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/oa_dissertations/1860 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@WayneState. It has been accepted for inclusion in Wayne State University Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@WayneState. INSCRIBED ADMINISTRATIVE MATERIAL CULTURE AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE UMAYYAD STATE IN SYRIA-PALESTINE 661-750 CE by TAREQ RAMADAN DISSERTATION Submitted to the Graduate School of Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 2017 MAJOR: ANTHROPOLOGY Approved By: ________________________________ Advisor Date __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ © COPYRIGHT BY TAREQ RAMADAN 2017 All Rights Reserved DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to the honor and memory of some my very dear friends and mentors who passed away before they could witness the completion of my work and who would have been proud. I miss all of them, dearly and I wish they were all here, today. I will forever be there student. They were all beacons of light and impacted my life in ways that are hard to put into words.
    [Show full text]
  • Catalogue of the Collection of Arabic Coins Preserved in the Khedivial
    i ARABIC COINS AT CAIRO CATALOGUE OF THE COLLECTION OF ARABIC COINS PRESERVED IN THE Khedivial Library CAIRO BY STANLEY LANE-POOLE, M.A. AUTHOR OF THE CATALOGUES OF ORIENTAL AND INDIAN' COINS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM AND IN THE BODLEIAN LIBRARY; "THE ART OF THE SARACENS IN EGYPT;" "CAIRO : HISTORY, MONUMENTS AND SOCIAL LIFE;" " MOHAMMADAN DYNASTIES," "STUDIES IN A MOSQUE," ETC, LONDON BERNARD QUARITCH, 15 PICCADILLY 1897 LONDON TKINTED BY GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, LTD. ST. John's iiousk, clekkenwell, e.c. PREFACE The collection of Arabic coins, numbering some three thousand pieces, preserved in the Khedivial Library at Cairo, was formed by the late Edwai'd Thomas Eogera during his long official residence in Egypt, and was purchased from his executors in November, 1884, by the Egyptian Government, on the recommendaffon of H.E. Yacoub Artin Pasha, Under-Secretary of the Ministry of Public Instruction, himself a numismatist of distinction. A certain number of specimens found in Egypt have since been added, but these constitute an inconsiderable fraction of the whole collection. Edward Thomas Rogers began his official career in the British Consular service in Syria, and afterwards was appointed Consul at Cairo. He then entered the Egyptian service, and became the accredited Agent of H.H. the Khedive Isma'il in England. Returning to Cairo, he held posts first in the Ministry of Public Instruction, and later in that of the Interior. He will, however, be remembered especially for his labours and researches in the province of Saracenic or Mohammadan archaeology. An accomplished Arabic linguist, he took a keen interest in evej-ything relating to the history, art, and antiquities of the Mohammadan East, and especially of Cairo.
    [Show full text]
  • THE RISE of the NORTH ARABIC SCRIPT and ITS KURANIC DEVELOPMENT, with a FULL DESCRIPTION of the KURAN MANUSCRIPTS in the ORIENTAL INSTITUTE Oi.Uchicago.Edu
    oi.uchicago.edu THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ORIENTAL INSTITUTE PUBLICATIONS JOHN ALBERT WILSON and THOMAS GEORGE ALLEN Editors oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu THE RISE OF THE NORTH ARABIC SCRIPT AND ITS KURANIC DEVELOPMENT, WITH A FULL DESCRIPTION OF THE KURAN MANUSCRIPTS IN THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE oi.uchicago.edu THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS THE BAKER & TAYLOR COMPANY NEW YORK THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON THE MARUZEN-KABUSHIKI-KAISHA TOKYO, OSAKA, KYOTO, FUKUOKA, SENDAI THE COMMERCIAL PRESS, LIMITED SHANGHAI oi.uchicago.edu THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ORIENTAL INSTITUTE PUBLICATIONS VOLUME L THE RISE OF THE NORTH ARABIC SCRIPT AND ITS KURANIC DEVELOPMENT, WITH A FULL DESCRIPTION OF THE KURAN MANUSCRIPTS IN THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE By NABIA ABBOTT THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS oi.uchicago.edu COPYRIGHT 1939 BY THE UNIVEHSITY OF CHICAGO ALL HIGIITS KESERVED. PUBLISHED JUNE 1939 COMPOSED AND PHINTKD HY THE IN J V r.TiClTY < >F CHICAGO TRESS CHICAGO. ILLINOIS, l.S.A. oi.uchicago.edu FOREWORD Handwriting as a fine art is no small part of artistic endeavor in the history of Arabic Islam. It has, therefore, received some attention from Western students ever since they be­ came interested in the study of Arabic and Islam. The decipherment of difficult, sometimes intricate, scripts, especially on papyri, state papers, and inscriptions, drew the lion's share of such attention. Fairly extensive studies on the development of Arabic script from Nabataean have appeared. The beauty of fine Kui°ans was given a considerable amount of aesthetic appraisal. The descriptive terminology and nomenclature of a rather extensive literature in Arabic on Km°anic and other calligraphy was scarcely touched.
    [Show full text]
  • The Historical Roots of the Mhallami Arabs in Turkey As a Subject of Debate
    Cilt: 13 Sayı: 70 Nisan 2020 & Volume: 13 Issue: 70 April 2020 www.sosyalarastirmalar.com Issn: 1307 - 9581 Doi Number: http://dx.doi.org/10.17719/jisr.2020.4086 THE HISTORI CAL ROOT S OF THE MHALLAMI ARABS IN TURKEY AS A SUBJECT OF DEBATE Abdülbaki BOZKURT Abstract Mhallami s , who are the significant part of the Arabs of Turkey , constitute a signific ant part of Turkey, predominantly live in Mardin province’s Midyat city and its surroundings. Although the exact date of their settlement in this area is unknown, sources indicate the 5 th century. It is understood that the Mhallami, who apparently descend from Banu Shaybanid branch of Rabi'a tribe, acted with the Arabs following the spread of Islam in the region. Despite describing themselves as Arabs, they have been associated with diff erent ethnic groups such as Kurds or Assyrians from time to time. In this study, ethnic origins, beliefs, the tribe of which they are a member and some cultural characteristics were discussed. Keywords: The Mhallami, Rabi'a, Shaybanid, Midyat, Assyrian, Tur Abdin . INTRODUCTION The Mhallami is among the oldest known ethnic groups in Turkey. It is predicted that their ancestors settled in Anatolia by starting in the early periods of the middle ages. The fact that they did not leave any original writin gs behind that would enlighten the process of settlement and the following early periods made gathering information about them more difficult. It can be assumed that this was historical negligence; however, rather than intentional negligence, it also must have been caused by the nomadic lifestyle of the Mhallami.
    [Show full text]
  • Residences, Castles, Settlements
    KARIN BARTL - ABD AL-RAZZAQ MOAZ Residences, Castles, Settlements. Transformation Processes from Late Antiquity to Early Islam in Bilad aI-Sham Proceedings ofthe International Conference held at Damascus, 5-9 November 2006 (Orient-Archaologie Band 24) Stefan Heidemann Settlement'Patterns, Economic Development and Archaeological Coin Finds in Bilad aI-Sham: the Case ofthe Diyar Mudar - The Process of Transformation from the 6th to the 10th Century A.D. 2009 lMDD Verlag Marie Leidorf GmbH· Rahden/Westf. Contents Bassam Jamous Preface . XI Abd al-Razzaq Moaz Preface . XIII Karin Bartl Preface . XV Oleg Grabar Umayyad Art: Late Antique or Early Islamic? . 1 Nasser Rabbat Umayyad Architecture: A Spectacular Intra-Cultural Synthesis in Bilad al-Sham . 13 Tilo Ulbert 50 Jahre Forschungen in Resafa/Sergiupolis. Struktur und Kontinuität . 19 Dorothée Sack Resafa – Sergiupolis/Rusafat Hisham – neue Forschungsansätze . 31 Gérard Charpentier – Maamoun Abdulkarim Une première campagne d’étude sur la mosquée d’al-Bara . 45 Christine Strube Al Andarin/Androna: Site and Setting . 57 Marlia Mango Baths, reservoirs and water use at Androna in late antiquity and the early Islamic period . 73 Michał Gawlikowski Palmyra in the Early Islamic Times . 89 Claudia Bührig Gadara/Jadar/Umm Qays. Continuity and change of urban structures from a Hellenistic hilltop site to an Umayyad scattered settlement . .97 VIII Contents Ian Simpson Market Buildings at Jerash: Commercial Transformations at the Tetrakonion in the 6th to 9th c. C.E. 115 Denis Genequand Trois sites omeyyades de Jordanie centrale: Umm al-Walid, Khan al-Zabib et Qasr al-Mshatta . 125 Ignacio Arce Hallabat: Castellum, Coenobium, Praetorium, Qaßr. The Construction of a Palatine Architecture under the Umayyads (I) .
    [Show full text]
  • Stefan Heidemann Professor of Islamic Studies
    Stefan Heidemann Professor of Islamic Studies Universität Hamburg, Asien Afrika Institut Edmund-Siemers-Allee 1, Ost 20146 Hamburg, Germany W https://www.aai.uni-hamburg.de/voror/personen/Heidemann.html W http://www.islamic-empire.uni-hamburg.de W https://www.islamic-material-culture.uni-hamburg.de E [email protected] T +49 (40) 42838 3181 or 3178, 3180 (administrative office) Private address: Dernburgstr. 15 14057 Berlin, Germany E [email protected] T +1 (347) 537 2535 | +49 (30) 347 27 354 2 STEFAN HEIDEMANN Stefan Heidemann – Curriculum Vitae 1. Personal and Professional Data Academic Affiliation Professor of Islamic Studies, Universität Hamburg, Asien Afrika Institut, Edmund-Siemers-Allee 1, Ost, 20146 Hamburg, Germany T +49 (40) 42838 3181 or 3178 (secretary’s office) E [email protected] W www.aai.uni-hamburg.de/heidemann W http://www.islamic-empire.uni-hamburg.de W https://www.islamic-material-culture.uni-hamburg.de Place/Date of Birth: Strang, Westphalia, Germany, 1961. Academic Appointments Oct. 2011 to date, Professor (chair, W3) of Islamic Studies at Universität Hamburg. Oct. 2010-Sept. 2011, Professor of Islamic History and Artistic and Material Cul- ture at The Bard Graduate Center, New York Oct. 2010-Sept. 2011, Associate Curator of Islamic Art at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Aug. 2009-July 2010, visiting professor at The Bard Graduate Center, New York. Dec. 2004-Sept. 2010, Hochschuldozent (associate professor, C2) at Jena U. Oct. 2002-Dec. 2004, Oberassistent (senior assistant professor, C2) at Jena U. Oct. 2001-Sept. 2002, April-Sept. 2003, visiting full professor (C4) at Leipzig U.
    [Show full text]
  • DEL CASTRO ROMANO AL CASTILLO ÁRABE: Qalcat NA~,UNA FORTIFICACIÓN EN LA FRONTERA DEL ÉUFRATES
    Romanización y Cristianismo en la Siria Mesopotámica, Antig. crist. (Murcia) XV, 1998, págs. 437-464 DEL CASTRO ROMANO AL CASTILLO ÁRABE: QALcAT NA~,UNA FORTIFICACIÓN EN LA FRONTERA DEL ÉUFRATES JosÉ ANTONIOMART~NEZ LÓPEZ Misión Arqueológica Española en Siria (IPOA) RESUMEN Entre los siglos XII y XIII, la arquitectura militar en Siria adquiere especial relevancia sobre todo en aquellos lugares relacionados con las rutas comerciales y las fronteras. Se estudia en este trabajo uno de esos castillos y su entorno inmediato donde destaca una mezquita-monaste- rio. Interpretándose todo el conjunto como un ribat y entendiendo como tal un punto fortificado en la frontera, albergue y refugio de caravanas y lugar donde los piadosos se reunían para defender una frontera del Islam. ABSTRACT In the 12thand 13Ih centuries the military architecture in Syria adquires special relevance, above al1 in those places related to the comercial routes and the frontiers. In this paper a study is made of these castles and their immediate surroundings where there is an outstanding mosque-monastery. The complex is believed to be a ribat, understanding as such a fortified spot, shelter and caravan refuge, and a place where the pious gathered together to defend an Islarnic frontier. Fecha de recepci6n:.15 de noviembre de 1998. A lo largo de los últimos años, entre las labores realizadas por la Misión Arqueológica Española en la República Árabe de Siria, se encuentra un importante programa de prospección y estudio del territorio vecino al área inmediata donde se está excavando. Este proyecto no sólo abarca una amplia zona de terreno sino también un extenso marco cronológico.
    [Show full text]
  • Jamal M H a Al-Zanki Phd Thesis
    A63 3;7?0A3 =4 20;0@1B@ 7< A63 30?9C 1?B@027<5 >3?7=2! ),,"*)-$&%-*"&&*) 8EPEO ;# 6# 0# 0O"DEQNM 0 ALIUMU @WFPMVVIH JRT VLI 2IKTII RJ >L2 EV VLI BQMXITUMV[ RJ @V# 0QHTIYU &--% 4WOO PIVEHEVE JRT VLMU MVIP MU EXEMOEFOI MQ ?IUIETGL/@V0QHTIYU.4WOOAIZV EV. LVVS.$$TIUIETGL"TISRUMVRT[#UV"EQHTIYU#EG#WN$ >OIEUI WUI VLMU MHIQVMJMIT VR GMVI RT OMQN VR VLMU MVIP. LVVS.$$LHO#LEQHOI#QIV$&%%'($'-(+ ALMU MVIP MU STRVIGVIH F[ RTMKMQEO GRS[TMKLV THE EMIRATE OF DAMASCUS IN THE EARLY CRUSADING PERIOD 488-549/1095-11S4 by Jamal M. H. A. Al-Zanki A thesis submitted to the University of St. Andrews. Department of Arabic Studies for the requirement of Ph.D. Degree. 1989 Copyright Jamal M. H. A. Al-Zanki iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents Declaration v Certification vi Acknowledgements vii Abstract viii Introduction x System of Transliteration xiii CHAPTER I: SYRIA ON THE EVE OF THE CRUSADES 1 CHAPTER II: THE REIGN OF ZAHIR AL-DIN TUGHTEKIN 488- 522/1095-1128 21 CHAPTER III: THE REIGN OF TAJ AL-MULOK BORI IBN ZAHIR _ AL-DIN TUGHTEKIN 522-526/1128-1132 99 CHAPTER IV: THE REIGN OF SHAMS AL-MULOK ISMA'IL IBN TAJ AL-MULUK BGRI 526-529/1132-1135 132 CHAPTER V: THE REIGN OF SHIHAB AL-DIN MAHMOD IBN 154 TAJ AL-MULOK BOR1 529-533/1135-1139 CHAPTER VI: THE REIGN OF JAMAL AL-DIN MUNAmMAD IBN TAJ AL-MULOK BORI 23 SHAWWAL 533-8 SHA 1 BAN 534/24 MAY 1139-10 APRIL 1140 194 iv CHAPTER VII: THE REIGN OF MUJIR AL-DIN AB5 SAgiD ABAO IBN JAMAL AL-DIN MUHAMMAD 534-549/ 1140-1154 204 CHAPTER VIII: THE ARMY OF DAMASCUS 253 Conclusion 290 Chronology 298 Bibliography 318 Appendix 331 Index of Places 334 Index of Persons 343 vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Great thanks are due to Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Salah Ad-Deen Al-Ayubi 01
    IN THE NAME OF ALLAH THE ALL-COMPASSIONATE, ALL-MERCIFUL Salah ad-Deen al-Ayubi Volume One Crusades prior to the Rise of the Ayubid State Table of Contents About the word Lord ........................................................................ i Publisher's Note ............................................................................... i Translator's Foreword ..................................................................... ii Introduction ......................................................................................... 1 PART ONE CRUSADES PRIOR TO THE RISE OF THE AYUBID STATE .. 14 CHAPTER I Historical Roots of the Crusades ..................................... 15 The Byzantines ............................................................................... 15 The Spanish .................................................................................... 16 The Crusaders outflanking manoeuvres ........................................ 19 Colonialism ..................................................................................... 20 CHAPTER II The Most Important Causes of the Crusader Invasion . 23 Religious motives ........................................................................... 24 Political motives ............................................................................. 27 Social motives ................................................................................ 29 Economic motives .......................................................................... 31 Tipping the balance of power
    [Show full text]
  • The Harran of the Sabians in the First Millennium Ad; Channel Of
    THE HARRAN OF THE SABIANS IN THE FIRST MILLENNIUM A.D.; CHANNEL OF TRANSMISSION OF A HERMETIC TRADITION? HOW HERMETIC KNOWLEDGE REACHED MEDIEVAL AND RENAISSANCE EUROPE 18th World Congress of the International Association of the History of Religion, Durban/Zuid-Afrika (5-12 augustus 2000). Lecture, abstract and article by Dr. Annine van der Meer HOW HERMETIC KNOWLEDGE REACHED MEDIEVAL AND RENAISSANCE EUROPE It is well known that the Arabs absorbed antique knowledge on philosophy, medicine and the exact sciences in the 9th en the 10th century A.D.1 They assembled a huge library of hermetic texts and some of them reached medieval and renaissance Europe. The Arabic hermetica practica contain more than two thousand texts ascribed to Hermes.2 This means that the Arabs were highly interested in hermetic texts on alchemy, magic and astrology. Most of these texts are not translated yet. The history of Arabic hermetica must be written yet. By transmission of the Arabs we dispose over the famous Tabula Smaragdina and parts of the magical treatise called Ghayat al- Hakim or Picatrix. In this work a lengthy extract of the Nabataean Agriculture was transmitted. This source records the cult of the seven planets and is possibly connected with the Harranians. They were called Nabataeans before they were called Sabians. In this context also the Corpus Gabirianum of the famous Jabir, Gabir or Geber (725-812 A.D.) must be mentioned3. In medieval and renaissance Europe Arabic hermetic texts were translated, studied thoroughly and became very popular. For the study of western esotericism it is important to know how these texts reached the Arabs.
    [Show full text]