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Jamal M H a Al-Zanki Phd Thesis A63 3;7?0A3 =4 20;0@1B@ 7< A63 30?9C 1?B@027<5 >3?7=2! ),,"*)-$&%-*"&&*) 8EPEO ;# 6# 0# 0O"DEQNM 0 ALIUMU @WFPMVVIH JRT VLI 2IKTII RJ >L2 EV VLI BQMXITUMV[ RJ @V# 0QHTIYU &--% 4WOO PIVEHEVE JRT VLMU MVIP MU EXEMOEFOI MQ ?IUIETGL/@V0QHTIYU.4WOOAIZV EV. LVVS.$$TIUIETGL"TISRUMVRT[#UV"EQHTIYU#EG#WN$ >OIEUI WUI VLMU MHIQVMJMIT VR GMVI RT OMQN VR VLMU MVIP. LVVS.$$LHO#LEQHOI#QIV$&%%'($'-(+ ALMU MVIP MU STRVIGVIH F[ RTMKMQEO GRS[TMKLV THE EMIRATE OF DAMASCUS IN THE EARLY CRUSADING PERIOD 488-549/1095-11S4 by Jamal M. H. A. Al-Zanki A thesis submitted to the University of St. Andrews. Department of Arabic Studies for the requirement of Ph.D. Degree. 1989 Copyright Jamal M. H. A. Al-Zanki iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents Declaration v Certification vi Acknowledgements vii Abstract viii Introduction x System of Transliteration xiii CHAPTER I: SYRIA ON THE EVE OF THE CRUSADES 1 CHAPTER II: THE REIGN OF ZAHIR AL-DIN TUGHTEKIN 488- 522/1095-1128 21 CHAPTER III: THE REIGN OF TAJ AL-MULOK BORI IBN ZAHIR _ AL-DIN TUGHTEKIN 522-526/1128-1132 99 CHAPTER IV: THE REIGN OF SHAMS AL-MULOK ISMA'IL IBN TAJ AL-MULUK BGRI 526-529/1132-1135 132 CHAPTER V: THE REIGN OF SHIHAB AL-DIN MAHMOD IBN 154 TAJ AL-MULOK BOR1 529-533/1135-1139 CHAPTER VI: THE REIGN OF JAMAL AL-DIN MUNAmMAD IBN TAJ AL-MULOK BORI 23 SHAWWAL 533-8 SHA 1 BAN 534/24 MAY 1139-10 APRIL 1140 194 iv CHAPTER VII: THE REIGN OF MUJIR AL-DIN AB5 SAgiD ABAO IBN JAMAL AL-DIN MUHAMMAD 534-549/ 1140-1154 204 CHAPTER VIII: THE ARMY OF DAMASCUS 253 Conclusion 290 Chronology 298 Bibliography 318 Appendix 331 Index of Places 334 Index of Persons 343 vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Great thanks are due to Dr. David Jackson, who gave me advice and instruction in the preparation of this work. My thanks are also due to the staff of the Library of the University of St. Andrews who have done their best to provide me with most of the references which I needed. I would like to thank my parents and family who were always of invaluable help, continuous encouragement and sympathy. It is to them that I dedicate this work. VI i i ABSTRACT This study "The Emirate of Damascus During the Early Crusading Period 488-549/1095-1154 deals with this Emirate which was established in 488/1095, after the defeat and the murder of Taj al-Dawla Tutush near Rayy in 488/1095 by his nephew Sultan Berkiyar5q Ibn Sult-an Malik-Sh5h. The dominions of Ti al-Dawla, mainly in Syria and the Jazira divided between his elder sons King Fakhr al-Mullik Ridwan in Aleppo and King Shams al-Muliik Ducfaq in Damascus. The Kingdom of Damascus comprized south Syria and some parts of the Jazira such as al- Rahba and Mayyafäriqin. Zahir. al-Din Tughtekln,. who was Atabek of King Duclaq, became the de facto ruler of Damascus during the reign of King Duqaq 488-497/1095-1104. After the death of Duqaq, Tughtekin was to be the real Amir of Damascus, and his dynasty was to gain control of the Emirate until its fall at the hands of Niir al-Din Mahmild of Aleppo in 549/1154. In this thesis, the following matters are discussed: 1. The conditions which led to the foundation of this Emirate. 2. The role of Tughtekin in establishing his authority in the Emirate. ix 3. The foreign policy of the Emirate, and the factors which shaped this policy. 4. The effects (on the Emirate) of the coming of the Crusaders particularly those of Jerusalem. S. Internal rivalries in the Emirate, and their influence on the stability of the Emirate and its external relations. 6. The policy of alliances adopted by the Emirate and the factors which affected this. 7. The influence of the growing power of Zangi of Aleppo and Mosul (521-541/1127-1146) on Damascus and why he did not succeed in annexing Damascus to his united front in Syria and the Jazira aimed at challenging the power of the Crusaders. 8. The reasons which helped Mir al-Din Mahmüd Ibn Zangi of Aleppo to annex Damascus to his state in 549/1154. 9. The importance of the military power of Damascus and Its role in protecting the Emirate. Finally a concluding section sums up the achievement of the Emirate of Damascus in maintaining its Independence during the period and the role of the Emirate in the Counter-Crusade. INTRODUCTION The historical "jund" of Damascus during the early Crusading period (late 5th till mid 6th century after Hijra/late 11th century till mid 12th century A.D.) has not been the subject of close study. Unfortunately, most modern studies of Syria during this period concentrate only on north Syria (the historical "jund" of Aleppo; examples are C. Alptexin The reign of Zang', 1972, 'I. Khalil 'Im5d al-Din Zang!, 1972, N. Elisseef 1,115r al-Din, 1967, C. Hillenbrand, "The Career of Najm al-Din 11- Ghazi a , Der Islam, Vol. 58, 1981. It is hoped that this study "The Emirate of Damascus During the Early Crusading period 488-549/1095-1154" will fill a gap in the specialist treatment of this area and epoch. Researchers in this topic are faced by a paucity of Information, and a scarcity of original historical sources. Syria as a whole, especially Damascus, suffered during the period under discussion, not only politically, and as regards economic and social problems, but from a decline in intellectual life as well. Only two contemporary Muslim historians in Syria appeared during this era. Abt-I'1-05sim 'Ali Ibn 'AsLkir, the writer of Th-rilch Madinat Dimashq and Namza Ibn al- Oalklisi, writer of Dhayl TgrIlch Dimashq. Unfortunately, the great study of Ibn 'As5kir, comprising over forty xi volumes, does not help us very much with political history during the period in question. Ibn 'Asäkir devoted this vast work to the study of scholars, (the 911,mi' and the Rumit of Hadith), he rarely mentions political leaders in detail especially during the period under discussion. Ibn al-Gala-nisi is still the main historian not only for Damascus, but all Syria, and to some extent for the Jazira7 and Iraq during our period. Most later Muslim historians, derive the bulk of their information about Damascus from Ibn al-Gala-nisi, including e Izz al-Din Ibn al-Athir, Kamal al-Din Ibn 'Adim, 'Izz al-Din Ibn Shaddad, Ibn Kathir, Shih ab. al- Din Abli ShAma and Ibn Khaldt-in. The main Crusader historian of this epoch is William of Tyre. His book A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea is one of the main sources for the relationship of Damascus with the Crusaders. Many modern general studies of the Crusades have been consulted in the course of this study particularly K. M. Setton A History of the Crusades. (The first hundred years), London, 1969, S. Runciman, A History of the Crusades, Vol. II, Cambridge, 1952, J. Riley-Smith, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading, 1986, R. Small, Crusading Warfare (1097-1193), Cambridge, 1956 and many others. The study is divided into eight chapters. The first one concerns the situation in Syria before the xii establishment of the Emirate of Damascus. Each chapter from chapter two to seven concentrates on the reign of - - one amir of Damasucs, from Zahir al-Din Tughtekin 488- _ 522/1095-1128 to the last ruler of the emirate Mujir al- Din7 Abaq 534-549/1140-1154. Chapter Eight is devoted to the army of Damascus. In this study, I deal with the major points of interest with regard to this emirate during this problematic period. Furthermore, I shall examine how the emirate managed to survive during the period, and account for its eventual fall. SYSTEM OF TRANSLITERATION CONSONANTS: (medial and final) 41,1. kJ b 3; z 4:it t e 4::; th gh V 6 f t t.1 Li q t kh cii k -% d J 1 ....dh r m -.) Is (n j z Les _, w (S, sh (3- Y (Ps (..;" d -a (-at in construct state) Vowels: Long: 4..s I 5 Short J. a _3 5 y u L.5 1 i " / Doubled: 1.., --f..- IVY (final form, 1) 412.19 UWW Diphthongs: Y aw • - c5 ay CHAPTER I SYRIA ON THE EVE OF THE CRUSADES The Emirate of Damascus in the early Crusading period 488-549/1095-1154 which is the theme of this dissertation requires introduction by way of a brief historical background survey of the situation in Syria in general and the conditions which helped to establish the emirate during the period in particular. Fatimid authority in Syria from the time of their first occupation in 359/969 had wavering fortunes. I The honeymoon of Fatimid rule in Syria did not last long. The people of Syria including the Twelver Shl'Is did not recognize the Fatimid authority willingly. One of the main opposition movements in the fifth century after Hijra/the eleventh Christian century, against the Fatimid supremacy originated among the Twelver Shi'is of Aleppo. Tyre and Tripoli, and the Sunni' s especiall y of Damascus. In 455/began 4 January 1063, the Q5(41 of Tyre, gAYn al-Dawla Muhammad Ibn 'Aq11, the twelver Shi'i, announced his independence from the Fatimids. Tyre's independence would endure until 482/1089 when the Fatimid forces headed by Munir al-Dawla al-Juyashi managed to restore the Fatimid suzerainty over Tyre.
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