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New Agendas in Remote Sensing and Landscape Archaeology in the Near East Studies in Honour of Tony J New Agendas in Remote Sensing and Landscape Archaeology in the Near East Studies in Honour of Tony J. Wilkinson edited by Dan Lawrence, Mark Altaweel and Graham Philip Archaeopress Archaeology Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Summertown Pavilion 18-24 Middle Way Summertown Oxford OX2 7LG www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978-1-78969-573-1 ISBN 978-1-78969-574-8 (e-Pdf) © Archaeopress and the Authors 2020 Cover illustration: Palaeochannels and archaeological sites north of Nasiriya, Iraq. A. SRTM image B. Landsat Image C. Features visible on SRTM D. Features visible on Landsat. For full explanation see Chapter 18 This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License Contents List of Contributors ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ iii Preface ......................................................................................................................................................................................... iv Eleanor Barbanes Wilkinson List of Principal Publications of Tony J. Wilkinson .......................................................................................................... vi 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................................1 McGuire Gibson 2. The Search for Hidden Landscapes in the Shahrizor: Holocene Land Use and Climate in Northeastern Iraqi Kurdistan ..................................................................................................................................................7 Anke Marsh and Mark Altaweel 3. Social Life and Social Landscapes Among Halaf and Ubaid Communities: A Case Study from the Upper Tigris Area ......................................................................................................................................................................26 Marco Iamoni 4. Funerary Landscapes in the Land of Nineveh: Tracking Mobile Pastoralists in the Transtigridian Piedmont of Northern Iraq �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������41 Daniele Morandi Bonacossi 5. Mapping and Modelling the ‘Invisible Dead’: Reconstructing Demographics in the Ancient Near East ......63 Jennie Bradbury and Graham Philip 6. The Gorgān Wall’s Garrison Revealed Via Satellite Search: Sasanian Fort Design in Northern Iran .............80 Eberhard W. Sauer, Hamid Omrani Rekavandi and Jebrael Nokandeh 7. Investigating Mobile Pastoralist Landscapes in North East Iran: The Contribution of Remote Sensing .....94 Kristen Hopper and Hamid Omrani Rekavandi 8. The View from the Steppe: Using Remote Sensing to Investigate the Landscape of ‘Kranzhügel’ in Its Regional Context ...............................................................................................................................................................109 Stefan L. Smith 9. How the Hollow Ways Got Their Form and Kept Them: 5000 Years of Hollow Ways at Tell al-Hawa............124 Michelle de Gruchy and Emma Cunliffe 10. Hollow Ways in Southern Mesopotamia .....................................................................................................................144 Elizabeth C. Stone 11. Remote Sensing-Based Approaches to Site Morphology and Historical Geography in the Northern Fertile Crescent .......................................................................................................................................................................154 Jesse Casana 12. Extrapolating Ebla: Combining Remote Sensing, Survey and Textual Sources to Define an Early State ..175 Dan Lawrence and Sébastien Rey 13. Carchemish and the Hittite Empire in the Middle Euphrates Valley ..................................................................189 Michael Brown 14. Land of Behemoths: Re-Casting Political Territories of the Middle Bronze Age Jazirah ...............................202 Rune Rattenborg 15. Resurrecting Tello (Ancient Girsu): The Topographical Layout of an Early Dynastic Sumerian City ........213 Sébastien Rey and Camille Lecompte 16. Resilient Landscapes: The Evolution of Riparian Landscape Studies in Southern Iraq .................................228 Carrie Hritz, Nagham Darweesh Al-Hawi, Khaleel J. Al-Sudani, Badir N. Albadran, and Jennifer R. Pournelle 17. Subsistence Stability in Irrigating Societies: A Diachronic Perspective from the Jordan Valley ...............268 Eva Kaptijn i 18. Recognition of Ancient Channels and Archaeological Sites in the Mesopotamian Floodplain Using Satellite Imagery and Digital Topography .......................................................................................................................283 Jaafar Jotheri and Mark B. Allen 19. Early Islamic Water Management in the Hinterland of Raqqa .............................................................................306 Louise Rayne 20. Conclusion ..........................................................................................................................................................................321 Dan Lawrence, Mark Altaweel and Graham Philip ii Early Islamic Water Management in the Hinterland of Raqqa Louise Rayne Introduction and objectives of 30 years (1981–2010, GPCC data) received 200 mm or more of rainfall. Variability indexes show that rainfall This paper presents the results of an investigation into quantities in Northern Mesopotamia vary considerably the spread of water management systems in Northern from year to year (e.g., see Rayne forthcoming). Mesopotamia, during the Early Islamic Period, with a specific case study of the Balikh valley in Syria, an area Proxy data indicate that conditions after the Bronze in which Tony Wilkinson conducted a study during the Age in the Middle East were dry (see Bar Matthews et mid-1990s. Water management was a topic of special al. 1997: 166) compared with the present day, although interest for Tony Wilkinson since his earliest days there have been climatic fluctuations (Bar Matthews et of fieldwork in Iran (Wilkinson 1974), and this paper al. 1997: 166) It is possible, therefore, that variability builds upon his integrative approach to the study of may also have been an issue in the past. Irrigation water within the archaeological landscape. offers an effective mitigation strategy to offset such variability. Early Islamic water management developed from earlier landscape changes and irrigation systems that Materials and methods had been intensifying since at least the Assyrian Period (early 1st millennium BC). By this time, irrigation An interdisciplinary methodology (described in detail systems had been constructed in most of the cultivable in Rayne and Donoghue 2018) was employed in order to areas of Northern Mesopotamia; these comprised facilitate fast mapping across a large area (circa 100,000 land alongside the Tigris and Euphrates, and systems km2). This research adopted the methodological abstracting from tributaries such as the Balikh and approach of the Fragile Crescent Project of Durham Khabur. In some locations, groundwater was extracted University (see Galiatsatos et al. 2009), using remote using qanats and other conduits. sensing techniques along with existing archaeological surveys. The Table 19.1 outlines the main datasets. The aim of this paper is to map this spread of irrigation activity in Northern Mesopotamia and in more detail The main resource used for identifying and mapping in the Balikh. In order to achieve this, specific research water features is historical satellite images (Figure objectives can be outlined: 19.2), which were acquired at a time before the modern large-scale landscape changes had taken place. Dating 1. How irrigation made use of the available water to 1960–1972, and with a resolution of 2–5 m, CORONA supply encompassed several different missions; some of these 2. How water management activity led to the missions produced better quality images than others, imposition of changes on the landscape and some gathered stereo imagery that could be used 3. How irrigation supported and enhanced the for DEM creation using photogrammetry techniques. power of the Early Islamic Empire These properties of the imagery made it an ideal dataset for the present study (Rayne and Donoghue 2018). Water management systems in Northern Mesopotamia developed in a different climatic and geomorphological The majority of images were obtained from the Fragile context to the well-known canal systems of Southern Crescent Project database (see Galiatsatos et al. 2009) Mesopotamia. Based on modern rainfall averages, the and from the CORONA Atlas of the Middle East (see region is generally regarded as being within the zone Casana et al. 2012), and had already been georectified of rain-fed agriculture (above 200–250 mm per annum by these projects. A few other images were obtained — see FAO and UNESCO 1962; Wilkinson 1994: 484). This directly from the U.S. Geological Survey Earth Explorer means that cultivation is possible without irrigation, service. In addition, newer images (see Table 19.1) such which was the norm relatively recently (Beaumont as Landsat were used for control for georectification 1996:
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