ANNEX

Participants

Dr. Ghanim Alnajjar Ambassador Avis Bohlen Professor, University of Kuwait; Public Policy Scholar, Woodrow editor of the Gulf Studies Series Wilson Center, Washington D.C.; Journal. UN Independent Expert former Assistant Secretary of appointed by Kofi Annan on Hu- State for Arms Control, U.S. De- man Rights in Somalia; member partment of State; former U.S. of the Amnesty International De- Ambassador to Bulgaria; former legation and other UN and humanitarian mis- Deputy Chief of Mission at the U.S. Embassy in sions in Iraq since April 2003. Paris; former Deputy Assistant Secretary of State Selected writings: “Human Rights in a Crisis: The for European Affairs; served on the Policy Plan- Case of Kuwait After Occupation,” Human Rights ning Staff and as Executive Director on the U.S. Quarterly (2001); “Challenges Facing Kuwaiti De- Delegation for Nuclear and Space Talks in Ge- mocracy,” Middle East Journal (2002); The Univer- neva. sal Declaration of Human Rights: A Western In- Selected Writings: “The Rise and Fall of Arms Con- vention ? (2003). trol,” Survival (2003). Pages: 39, 40, 50, 77, 89, 115 Pages: 36, 81, 93, 98, 116

Dr. Christoph Bertram Dr. Gerald Chan Born 1937 Senior Fellow and Coordinator of Director, Stiftung Wissenschaft the “China Project,” Centre for und Politik (SWP) — German In- International Studies, Cambridge stitute for International and Se- University; Senior Lecturer in In- curity Affairs, Berlin; former Di- ternational Relations, Victoria rector, International Institute for University of Wellington, New Strategic Studies (IISS), London; former Foreign Zealand; former Visiting Professor at several uni- Policy Editor for DIE ZEIT. versities; numerous publications on China and Selected Writings: Europe in Balance: Securing the Japan in The China Quarterly, International Rela- Peace Won in the Cold War (1995); Inspection Not tions of the Asia-Pacific, etc. Invasion (2003). Selected Writings: Chinese Perspectives on Inter- Pages: 23, 28, 33, 35, 39, 45, 46, 54, 55, 62, 66, 67, national Relations (1999); China’s International 70, 71, 76, 89, 93, 97, 114, 118 Relations in the 21st Century (co-ed., 2000). Pages: 34, 76, 98

123 Dr. Patrick O. Cohrs Dr. Anthony Glees Born 1972 Born 1948 Research Fellow, Humboldt Uni- Professor, Director, Centre for ver sity, Berlin and German His- Intelligence and Security Studies, torical Institute London; former Brunel University, Uxbridge; sen- Post-Doctoral Fellow, Center for ior politics chair; 1988 – 89 adviser European Studies, Harvard Uni- to the UK governments on War versity; D.Phil. at Lincoln and St. Antony’s College, Crimes; 1998 – 99 adviser to BBC Television on in- University of Oxford. telligence and subversion; Board Member Wilton Selected Writings: “The First ‘Real’ Peace Settle- British-German Forum; adviser to City University- ments after the First World War,” Contemporary ESCP-EAP European Management Programme, European History (2003); The Unfinished Peace. publications in The Times, The Daily Mail, The Britain, the United States and the International Observer, regular commentator on intelligence Stabilisation of Europe, 1919 –1932 (2004). matters on BBC TV, BBC Radio (all stations), for Pages: 53 Reuters, Sky TV and Swiss, Austrian and German national and local radio. Dr. Elizabeth Economy Selected Writings: Reinventing Germany: German Born 1962 Political Development Since 1945 (1996); “Britain, Senior Fellow and Director of Germany and the Problem of Russia,” German Asia Studies, Council on Foreign Politics (1999); “Rechtsstaatlichkeit under chal- Relations, Washington D. C.; mem- lenge in the Berlin Republic: The Kohl Affair and ber of the National Committee the Stasi Legacy,” in: E. Kolinsky/M. Dennis, on U.S.-China Relations; former United and Divided — Germany Since 1990 (2002); Co-chair of the Woodrow Wilson Center Working Spinning the Spies: Tony Blair and the Manage- Group on China and the Environment; former ment of British Intelligence (2004). professorial lecturer at Johns Hopkins University, Pages: 40, 78, 91 former research fellow at Columbia University. Selected Writings: The Internationalization of En- Heather Grabbe vironmental Protection (co-ed., 1997); China Joins Deputy Director, Centre for Euro- the World: Progress and Prospects (co-ed., 1999); pean Reform, London; member The River Runs Black: The Environmental Chal- of the Council of the Royal Insti- lenge to China’s Future (2004). tute of International Affairs, the Pages: 50, 68, 97 British Königswinter Committee, the Wilton Park Academic Coun- cil, and the Governing Body of the British Asso- ciation for Central and Eastern Europe.

124 Selected Writings: Enlarging the EU Eastwards Professor Pierre Hassner (with Kirsty Hughes, 1998); Germany and Britain: Senior Research Associate and An Alliance of Necessity (with Wolfgang Mün- Research Director Emeritus, Cen- chau, 2001); The Constellations of Europe: How tre d’Etudes et de Recherches In- Enlargement Will Change the EU (2003). ternationales (CERI-FNSP), Paris; Pages: 57, 87, 111 Visiting professor for Sources of Violence in International Affairs at the Johns Hopkins University School of Ad- Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg, vanced International Studies (SAIS), Bologna MdB Center. Born 1971 Selected Writings: Violence and Peace: From the Member of the German Bun- Atomic bomb to Ethnic Cleansing (1997); United destag, Berlin (CSU — Christian States: The Empire of Force or the Force of Em- Social Union of Bavaria); member pire ? (2002); Visions d’empire: anthologie du dé- of the German Bundestag’s For- bat américain de politique étrangère (2003); eign Affairs Committee and the sub committee Washington et le Monde. Dilemme d’une super- for disarmament and arms control; member of puissance (2003); America and the Use of Force the German Council on Foreign Relations. (forthcoming). Pages: 40, 95 Pages: 33, 49, 63

Dr. Amr Hamzawy Reinhard Hesse Born 1967 Born 1956 Assistant Professor, Department Commissary (“Sherpa”) of the of Political Science and Deputy German Chancellor for the “Pro- Director, Center for European gressive Governance Network” in Studies, University of Cairo; for- the Federal Chancellery, Berlin; mer Assistant Professor, Otto- journalist and editor (taz, Trans- Suhr-Institute for Political Science, Free Univer- Atlantik, Süddeutsche Zeitung, Die Woche, Merian, sity, Berlin; expert on Middle Eastern politics for Geo), columnist (openDemocracy.net); as of 1998 the Federal Ministry for Economic Co-operation head speech writer for Gerhard Schröder. and Development. Selected Writings: Tatort Wort (1983), Reifeprü- Selected Writings: The Tension between Continu- fung — Reformpolitik am Ende des Jahrhunderts; ity and Change in Contemporary Arab Political Und weil wir unser Land verbessern … 26 Briefe Thought: Intellectual Debates of the 1990s für ein modernes Deutschland (1993 and 1998, (2002). with Gerhard Schröder); Der ganz vernünftige Pages: 44, 49, 83, 86, 113, 114 Wahn. Sieben Gegendarstellungen zum Islam-

125 ischen Fundamentalismus (1998), Ground Zero — stitutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding Der Westen, die islamische Welt und der globale of Order after Major Wars (2001); Reinventing the Djihad (2002). Alliance: U.S.-Japan Security Partnership in an Era Pages: 42, 65, 66, 115 of Change (co-ed., 2003). Pages: 34, 60, 118 Ambassador John L. Hirsch Born 1936 Stefan Kornelius Senior Fellow, International Born 1965 Peace Academy, New York; Ad- Foreign Editor, Süddeutsche Zei- junct Professor, Occidental Col- tung, Munich; former political lege, Los Angeles; formerly correspondent in Bonn and cor- United States Ambassador to the respondent in Washington D.C.; Republic of Sierra Leone, Political Advisor to the former Deputy Director of the Commander of UNITAF (Somalia); and U.S. Con- office of Süddeutsche Zeitung in Berlin; co-founder sul General in Johannesburg, South Africa. and chief editor of Medium Magazin, contribu- Selected Writings: Somalia and Operation Restore tions to Stern magazine and BBC. Hope: Reflections on Peacemaking and Peace- Pages: 48, 84, 112 keeping (with Robert Oakley, 1995); Sierra Leone: Diamonds and the Struggle for Democracy Dr. Stephen Krasner (2001). Born 1942 Pages: 43, 82, 110 Professor of International Rela- tions, Stanford University; Senior Dr. G. John Ikenberry Fellow and Deputy Director, Stan- Born 1954 ford Institute for International Professor of Geopolitics and Glo- Studies and Senior Fellow, Stan- bal Justice and Director, Mortara ford Institute for Economic Policy Research Center for International Affairs, (SIEPR). Georgetown University, Washing- Selected Writings: Sovereignty — Organized Hypoc- ton D. C.; former Professor at risy (1999); Exploration and Contestation in the Princeton University and the University of Penn- Study of World Politics (co-ed., 1999). sylvania; former Senior Associate, Carnegie En- Pages: 32, 51, 67, 108 dowment for International Peace; former mem- ber of the Policy Planning Department, U.S. State Department. Selected Writings: New Thinking in International Relations Theory (co-ed., 1997); After Victory: In-

126 Dr. Nico Krisch Peaceful Change of International Order (2001); Hauser Research Scholar and Vis- The End of the American Era (2002). iting Fellow, Institute for Interna- Pages: 33, 73, 112 tional Law and Justice, New York University School of Law; former Lotte Leicht Research Fellow, Max Planck In- Director of Human Rights Watch stitute for International Law in (HRW), Brussels; Member of the Heidelberg, Germany . International Humanitarian Law Selected Writings: “Unilateral Enforcement of the Committee of the Danish Red Collective Will: Kosovo, Iraq, and the Security Cross; former Program Director, Council,” Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations International Helsinki Federation Law (1999); Selbstverteidigung und kollektive for Human Rights; former staff member of the Sicherheit (2001); “More Equal than the Rest ? Danish Center of Human Rights; numerous pub- Hierarchy, Equality and U.S. Predominance in In- lications on human rights issues in Wall Street ternational Law,” in: M. Byers/G. Nolte (eds.), Journal, International Herald Tribune, Libre Belgique, United States Hegemony and the Foundations of Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, DIE ZEIT, Diplo- International Law (2003); “Amerikanische Hege- matic Review, Humanitarian Affairs Review. monie und liberale Revolution im Völkerrecht,” Selected Writings: “Monitoring Human Rights in Der Staat (2004). Europe: Comparing International Standards and Pages: 53, 85 Mechanisms” (co-ed., 1993); “Droit de l’Homme & Démocratie: relativité ou universalité” (1998). Dr. Charles Kupchan Pages: 52, 76, 79, 108 Born 1958 Professor of International Rela- Tod Lindberg tions, Georgetown University, Editor, Policy Review; Research Washington D.C.; Senior Fellow Fellow, Hoover Institution; mem- and Director of Europe Studies at ber of the Council on Foreign the Council on Foreign Relations; Relations; member of the Board former Director for European Affairs on the Na- of Visitors of the Institute on tional Security Council; former member of the Political Journalism, Georgetown Policy Planning Staff of the U.S. Department of University, Washington D.C.; columnist for the State and Assistant Professor of Politics at Princ- Washington Times and contributing editor to the eton University. Weekly Standard; former commentator for Com- Selected Writings: Atlantic Security: Contending mentary, National Review, Wall Street Journal, USA Visions (1998); Civic Engagement in the Atlantic Today, and the Los Angeles Times. Community (1999); Power in Transition: The Selected Writings: “Service and The State,” The

127 Brookings Review (2002); “September 11 & Sep- Dame Pauline Neville-Jones tember 10,” Policy Review (2001). DCMG Pages: 77 Born 1939 Chair, QinetiQ Holdings Ltd., Simon Lunn London; International Governor Secretary General, NATO Parlia- of the BBC with special responsi- mentary Assembly, Brussels; bility for the BBC World Service former Deputy Secretary Gen- and BBC World; Chair, Information Assurance eral, NATO PA; former Head of Advisory Council; former Deputy and then Chef the Policy and Plans Section of de Cabinet to the Budget and Financial Institu- NATO; former advisor on foreign tions Commissioner at the European Commis- policy to the President of the European Parlia- sion; former Head of Defence and Overseas Secre- ment; former Research Fellow, Royal Institute of tariat of the Joint Intelligence Committee; former International Affairs and Research Analyst, Con- Political Director in the Foreign Commonwealth gressional Research Service, Washington D.C. Office; former career member of the Diplomatic Selected writings: “Relations between the Euro- Service with postings in Rhodesia, Singapore, pean Union and NATO,” European Quality Publi- Washington and Bonn. cations (2001); Oversight and Guidance: The Rel- Selected Writings: “Dayton, IFOR and Alliance Re- evance of Parliamentary Oversight for the lations in Bosnia,” Survival (1996). Security Sector and its Reform (co-ed., 2003). Pages: 28, 47, 74, 86 Pages: 95 Vyacheslav Nikonov Ambassador Thomas Matussek President of the Politika Founda- Born 1947 tion, Moscow; President of Unity Ambassador of the Federal Re- for Russia Foundation; Editor-in- public of Germany to Great Brit- chief of “Russia’s Strategy” jour- ain, London; formerly responsi- nal; Dean of History and Political ble for the organization of the Science at International Univer- UN talks on Afghanistan in Bonn sity in Moscow; former Member of the State in 2001; former Head of the Minister’s Office Duma and Chairman of the Subcommittee for under Foreign Ministers Hans-Dietrich Genscher International Security and Arms Control; former and Klaus Kinkel; former Deputy Chief of Mission, political advisor to Moscow Mayor Yury Luzhkov German Embassy Washington; former Director and to former Prime Minister Yevgeny Primakov; General for Political Affairs, Federal Foreign Of- former assistant to the Chief of Staff, Office of the fice, Berlin. President of the USSR; former Senior Fellow of Pages: 32, 70 the “Reforma Foundation.”

128 Selected Writings: Современная российская поли- Prof. Dr. Thomas Risse тика — Present Russian Policy (co-writer, 2003); Born 1955 Эпоха перемен Россия–х глазами консерватора — Professor, Free University, Berlin; Russia in the 90’s From a Conservative’s Perspec- former Joint Chair in Internatio- tive (1999); “Belarus in Russian Foreign Policy,” in: nal Relations, European Univer- S. Garnett/R. Legvold (eds.), Belarus at the Cross- sity Institute, Florence; former roads (1998). Professor of International Politics, Pages: 35, 71, 96 Konstanz University; former Visiting Professor at Yale and Stanford; member of the Working Group Ambassador Janusz Reiter on Peace and Conflict Research, Planning Staff, Born 1952 German Foreign Office. Head, Center for International Selected Writings: Bringing Transnational Rela- Relations, Warsaw; former Polish tions Back In (1995); Cooperation Among Democ- Ambassador to Germany; regular racies — The European Influence on U.S. Foreign contributor to “Rzeczpospolita”; Policy (1995); Die Macht der Menschenrechte (co- former expert on Germany for writer, 2002), Handbook of International Rela- Solidarnosc and Gazeta Wyborcza. tions (co-ed., 2002). Selected Writings: Die deutsch-polnischen Bezie- Pages: 35, 71, 77, 114 hungen: Eine Interessen- und Wertegemein- schaft ? (co-writer, 1999); Das Weimarer Dreieck. Jan Roß Die französisch-deutsch-polnischen Beziehungen Born 1965 als Motor der Europäischen Integration (2000). Staff Writer, DIE ZEIT, Berlin; Pages: 51, 85 former Staff Writer, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. David Rieff Selected Writings: Die neuen Staats- Senior Fellow, World Policy Insti- feinde (1998); Der Papst: Johannes tute, New York; journalist, writer Paul II, Drama und Geheimnis (2000). and policy analyst. Pages: 117 Selected Writings: Los Angeles: Capital of the Third World (1991); Dr. Michael Schaefer Exile: Cuba in the Heart of Miami Born 1949 (1993); Slaughterhouse: Bosnia and the Failure of Political Director, Federal Foreign the West (1995); Bed for the Night: Humanitarian- Office, Berlin; former Special En- ism in Crisis (2002). voy for Southeast Europe; Head Pages: 46, 55, 88, 91 of the Western Balkans Task Force, Foreign Office; Head of the

129 Political Department, Permanent UN Mission, Royal Historical Society; former member of the Geneva; Head of Training for Senior Civil Serv- Advisory Council of the German Historical Insti- ants, Foreign Office; Permanent Representative, tute, Washington D.C. . Embassy Singapore; Adviser at UN Security Coun- Selected Writings: Austria, Great Britain and the cil Division, Foreign Office; Political Advisor, UN Crimean War: The Destruction of the European Permanent Mission New York; Office of the State Concert (1972); “Did the Vienna Settlement Rest Secretary, Foreign Office. on a Balance of Power ?” American Historical Re- Pages: 37, 69, 93, 101, 107, 116 view (1992); The Transformation of European Politics, 1763 –1848 (1994). Dr. Ulrich Schlie Pages: 23, 53 Born 1965 Advisor on Foreign and European Ambassador Shimon Stein Affairs to the Minister-President Born 1948 of the State of Hessen, Berlin; Israeli Ambassador to Germany, member of the board, Carl Jacob Berlin; former Deputy State Sec- Burckhardt Foundation; Lecturer retary, Foreign Ministry, Jerusa- at Erfurt Uni versity; former Alfred-Grosser-pro- lem; former Director of the De- fessor, Institut d’Etudes Politiques de Paris (Sci- partment for Arms Control and ences Po); former Visiting Fellow Peterhouse/ Disarmament, Foreign Ministry; former Attaché Cambridge. at the Israeli Embassy in Washington D.C.; former Selected Writings: Kein Friede mit Deutschland. Deputy Director, Foreign Ministry, Jerusalem; Die geheimen Gespräche im Zweiten Weltkrieg former member of the Israeli delegation to the (1994); Albert Speer — Alles was ich weiß (ed., CSCE, Mediterranean Section. 2000); Die Nation erinnert sich. Die Denkmäler Pages: 38, 114 der Deutschen (2002); Ulrich von Hassell, Rö- mische Tagebücher und Briefe 1932 –1938 (Hg., Karsten D. Voigt 2004). Born 1941 Pages: 50, 107 Co-ordinator of German-Ameri- can Cooperation, Federal Foreign Professor Paul W. Schroeder Office, Berlin; former President, Professor (emeritus) of History NATO Parliamentary Assembly; and Political Sciences, University former Member of the German of Illinois; former Fellow at the Bundestag and Foreign Policy spokesman of the Woodrow Wilson Center and the Parliamentary Group of the German Social Dem- United States Institute of Peace; ocratic Party (SPD); former Member of the Execu- Corresponding Fellow of the tive Committee of the SPD and of the Social

130 Democratic Parties of the European Union (SPE); Dr. Samuel Wells Member of the Board of the German Council on Associate Director, Woodrow Wil- Foreign Relations (DGAP), Berlin; Member of the son Center, Washington D.C.; Board of Trustees of Atlantik-Brücke e.V. and of former Director of the Wilson the Aspen Institute, Berlin. Center’s Working Group on Glo- Selected Writings: Conventional Defence in Eu- bal Finance and International Se- rope: A Comprehensive Evaluation (1985); Mehr curity Studies Program; former Vertrauen, weniger Waffen (1987). Consultant to the Office of the Secretary of De- Pages: 64, 101 fense; former Associate Professor of History, Uni- versity of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Dr. Richard von Weizsäcker Selected Writings: The Helsinki Process and the Born 1920 Future of Europe (1990); New European Orders, Former President of the Federal 1919 and 1991 (1996); The Quest for Sustained Republic of Germany (1984 –1994); Growth: Southeast Asian and Southeast Euro- former Governing Mayor of West pean Cases (1999). Berlin (1981 –1984); former Vice Pages: 38 President of the German Parlia- ment (1969 –1981); former member of the Federal Dr. Katja Wiesbrock Executive Board of the Christian Democratic Born 1971 Union (CDU); former President of the German Member of the Permanent Mis- Lutheran Church Council; Winner of the Hein- sion of Germany to the United rich-Heine (1991) and Leo-Baeck Awards (1994); Nations, New York; former mem- Chairman of the Bergedorf Round Table of the ber of the Planning Staff, Foreign Körber Foundation. Office, Berlin; former Research Selected Writings: Die deutsche Geschichte geht Assistant, Institute for International Law, Göttin- weiter (1983); Von Deutschland nach Europa gen. (1991); Richard von Weizsäcker im Gespräch Selected Writings: Schutz der Menschenrechte vor (1992); Vier Zeiten. Erinnerungen (1997); Drei Mal Verletzungen durch Privatpersonen (1999); “Test- Stunde Null ? 1949 –1969 –1989 (2001). fall Irak – Von den Vorzügen abgestimmten mul- Pages: 22, 74, 81, 116, 119 tilateralen Verhaltens,” Zeitschrift für die Vere- inten Nationen (2003). Pages: 45, 79, 80

131 Recommended Literature

Arab Human Development Report 2003: Building a Robert Cooper, The Breaking of Nations, London: Knowledge Society 2003. http://www.undp.org/rbas/ahdr/ The European Common Foreign and Security David Armstrong, “Dick Cheney’s Song of Amer- Policy (CFSP). ica,” Harper’s Magazine (October 2002). http://ue.eu.int/cms3_fo/showPage.asp ?id=248&lan g=en&mode=g Coral Bell, “The Normative Shift,” The National Interest (Winter 2002/2003). Gareth Evans/Mohamed Sahnoun, The Responsibil- ity to Protect, Report of the International Commission Tony Blair, Speech on the Threat of Global Terrorism, on Intervention and State Sovereignty, Ottawa: Sedgefield: March 5th, 2004. 2001. http://www.pm.gov.uk/output/Page5461.asp http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/iciss-ciise/report- en.asp John Braithwaite, Peter Drahos, Global Business Regulation, Cambridge: 2000. Niall Ferguson, Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power, Zbigniew Brzezinski, The Choice, New York: 2004. New York: 2004.

Ian Buruma/Avishai Margalit, Occidentalism: The Martha Finnemore, The Purpose of Intervention: West in the Eyes of Its Enemies, New York: 2004. Changing Beliefs About the Use of Force, Ithaca: 2003. George W. Bush, Graduation speech at West Point on the Role of the US in World Politics, 2002: Judith Goldstein et al. (eds.), Legalization and http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/06/ World Politics, Cambridge/Mass.: 2001. 20020601-3.html Pierre Hassner, “Puissance et légitimité,” Com- Michael Byers/Georg Nolte (eds.), United States mentaire (Winter 2002/2003). Hegemony and the Foundations of International Law, New York: 2003. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, New York: 1982.

Charter of the United Nations Human Development Report 2003: Millenium Devel- http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/index.html opment Goals http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2003/ Richard A. Clarke, Against All Enemies, New York: 2004. Michael Ignatieff, Empire Lite, Toronto: 2003.

132 G. John Ikenberry, After Victory, Princeton: 2000. Robert I. Rotberg (ed.), When States Fail: Causes and Consequences, Princeton: 2003. G. John Ikenberry, “Illusions of Empire: Defining the New American Order,” Foreign Affairs (March/ Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract, New April 2004). York: 1993.

Robert Kagan, Of Paradise and Power, New York: Paul W. Schroeder, “Iraq: The Case Against 2003. Preemptive War,” The American Conservative (Octo- ber 21st, 2001). Immanuel Kant, To Perpetual Peace, Cambridge: 2003. Anne Marie Slaughter, A New World Order, Princ- eton: 2004. Charles Kupchan, The End of the American Era, New York: 2003. Joseph Stiglitz, Globalization and its Discontents, New York: 2002 David Landes, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Are Some So Rich and Others So Poor ?, New Ward Thomas, The Ethics of Destruction, Ithaca: York: 1998 2001.

Thierry Meyssan: 9/11: The Big Lie, Chatou: 2002. Richard Tuck, The Rights of War and Peace: Political Thought and the International Order from Grotius to National Security Strategy of the United States Kant, Oxford: 1999. http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss.pdf Paul Wolfowitz, “Bridging the Centuries,” The Joseph S. Nye, The Paradox of American Power, Ox- National Interest (Spring 1997). ford: 2002. Bob Woodward, Plan of Attack, New York: 2004. Richard Perle / David Frum, An End to Evil, New York: 2003.

Pew Global Attitude Survey: http://people-press.org

Francois de la Rochefoucauld, Maximes et Reflex- ions Diverses, Paris: 2001.

133 Glossary

Afghanistan cluding on passenger trains in Madrid and targets In response to the 9/11 terrorist attacks, an alli- in Iraq. During the US-led invasion of Afghani- ance led by the United States invaded Afghanistan stan, many of its fighters were killed or taken to destroy the radical Islamist Taliban regime and prisoner. Yet according to experts the group re- eliminate the country’s network of Al Qaeda ter- mains viable and, thanks to its decentralized or- rorist training camps. The Taliban was toppled ganization, can survive even without bin Laden. and replaced in January 2002 by the “Afghan Transitional Authority.” UN Resolution 1386 man- Arab League dated the establishment of an international secu- An association of 22 states in Africa and the Mid- rity force (ISAF) for the capital Kabul and environs, dle East founded to promote regional relations so that a grand tribal council or Loya Jirga could and independence for the Palestinians. The Arab safely appoint an interim government, of which League’s work is often obstructed by conflicting Hamid Karzai became interim president. Smaller national interests. Its summit in March 2004 in forces of “International Reconstruction Teams” Tunis was supposed to demand democratic and provide security and promote reconstruction in human rights reforms, as well as an Arab contri- more outlying areas. The rebuilding effort (re- bution to the → Greater Middle East Initiative. form of the police, army, and judiciary; demilita- The meeting was postponed and, after reconven- rization; fighting drugs production) is coordi- ing in May, produced only vague results with nated by the five “lead nations,” Germany, Italy, scaled-down attendance. the US, Britain, and Japan. www.arableagueonline.org www.nato.int/issues/afghanistan/index.html ASEAN Al Qaeda The Association of Southeast Asian Nations Arabic for “the base.” Islamist terrorist network (ASEAN) was founded in 1967 by Indonesia, Ma- founded by Osama → bin Laden during the 1980s laysia, the Philippines, and Thailand. Between in Afghanistan, supported by the US. Expanded 1984 and 1999, the Association was augmented by its structures during the 1990s in weak or failed Brunei, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar and Cambodia. states such as Somalia and Yemen. Fights the US Its purpose is to promote economic, social, and and seeks to remove US military presence in Mus- cultural cooperation among its members, and lim states and overthrow Muslim regimes it con- thereby peace and security in the region. Efforts siders degenerate, such as Saudi Arabia. Al Qaeda toward economic integration on the pattern of is held responsible for the attacks on the World the EU were derailed by the 1997 Asian economic Trade Center of 2001 and 1993, the US embassies crisis. A closer union is also being hindered by in Nairobi and Dar es-Salaam in 1998, and on the deficits in mutual trust, differing values, and Saudi National Training Center in 1995. It is also conflicting national interests. suspected in connection with recent attacks, in- www.aseansec.org

134 Aum Cult the southern and eastern Mediterranean. The On March 20, 1995, members of the cult Aum process seeks to establish a common space of Shinri Kyo (today “Aleph”) carried out a nerve gas democracy, human rights, and free trade, with attack on the Tokyo metro system, killing 12 peo- cultural exchanges and promotion of civil society. ple and injuring 5500. The attack was directed at The unstable situation in the Middle East and the state, the emperor, and the police. As of Feb- stalled democratization in states such as Tunisia ruary 2004, cult leader Shoko Asahara and eleven have laid doubt on the Barcelona Process’ chances cult members have been sentenced to death; for success. none of which have been carried out. The Aum http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/euromed/ cult’s attack was the first extensive terrorist at- tack using weapons of mass destruction, and is Bin Laden, Osama (born 1957) thus considered as having ushered in a new era of Leader of the Islamist terrorist network → Al terrorism. Qaeda. Scion of a wealthy Saudi industrialist fam- http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3504237.stm ily, bin Laden joined the Afghan anti-Soviet resist- ance (→ Taliban) in 1979. He rose to a leadership “axis of evil” position in the US-supported guerrilla conflict Expression used by US President George W. Bush with the Soviets by providing financial support in his State of the Union Address in January 2002 and establishing a chain of camps where thou- to characterize North Korea, Iran, and Iraq as the sands of fighters were trained. These provided countries that most threaten global security by the manpower pool for bin Laden’s subsequent proliferating weapons of mass destruction and terrorist activities. support terrorism. During World War II, Winston http://observer.guardian.co.uk/focus/story/0,, Churchill used the term “Axis” for the alliance of 582138,00.html Germany, Italy, and Japan. US President Ronald Reagan called the Soviet Union “the evil empire” Bolton, John (born 1948) in the 1980s. US Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/01/2002 International Security. He has vehemently op- 0129-11.html posed the → International Criminal Court, which he claims threatens to impair US sovereignty. Barcelona Process Bolton maintains that the US must be able to de- Founded at the 1995 EU Foreign Ministers’ Con- fend its interests in the world in an unrestricted ference in Barcelona, it cemented the partner- and sustainable manner. In 2003, Bolton consid- ship between the EU and Mediterranean states. ered expanding the “axis of evil” to include Syria, The Barcelona Process, as it has come to be Libya, and Cuba. known, is meant to expand political and techni- www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/biog/2976.htm cal cooperation between the EU and ten states in

135 Bush Doctrine → National Security Strategy Council of Foreign Ministers. Institutionalized in 1999 in the Treaty of Amsterdam, the EU’s senior Chechnya diplomat is the High Representative for the Com- Guerrillas in this North Caucasian republic of the mon Foreign and Security Policy (since 1999 Russian Federation have been fighting since 1991 Javier Solana), who is also Secretary-General of for independence, something which Moscow has the Council of the EU. The → European Security refused. Full-scale war broke out in 1994 and Strategy was developed under his leadership, and ended temporarily with a compromise in 1996. within the framework of the European Security Russian troops invaded Chechnya again in 1999 and Defense Policy, he coordinates the expansion and have since been engaged in a low-level con- of the EU’s military capacities (→ Rapid Reaction flict there with Chechen rebels. In recent years, Force). The EU’s foreign policy is also the reponsi- rebels have also carried out terrorist attacks else- bility of the European Commissioner for External where in the Russian Federation, notably in Mos- Relations. Once the European Constitution takes cow, to which the Kremlin has responded with effect in 2007, Solana will become European For- increasing pressure in Chechnya itself. Russian eign Minister with the office’s own diplomatic conduct there has been criticized for its brutality service. and countless human rights violations (esp. tor- http://ue.eu.int ture and rape) that have mostly gone uninvesti- gated. The Russian government, on the other Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty hand, calls Chechnya a → failed state and the 1996 agreement that bans its 71 signatory states rebels part of a network of international Islamist from conducting nuclear tests. It supports and terrorists. The recent hostage taking in a school complements the → Nuclear Non-Proliferation in Beslan, which ended in a massacre, has intensi- Treaty. The CTBT has not yet taken effect because fied both the Kremlin’s rhetoric and international important powers, including the United States criticism of President Vladimir Putin’s policy to- and China, have not yet ratified it. The treaty also ward Chechnya. provides for a watchdog agency, the International http://web.amnesty.org/report2004/rus-summary-eng Monitoring System in Vienna. It has taken up work despite the lack of ratifications. Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) www.ctbto.org of the EU The CFSP, established by the Treaty of Maastricht Congo Conference 1884 – 85 in 1993, coordinated the foreign and security In a conference called by German Chancellor policies of the EU’s member states, promoting an Otto von Bismarck, representatives of the US, increasingly unified European profile and en- Turkey, the European powers, and Russia agreed hanced European influence in foreign policy mat- in Berlin on the division of Africa into colonies. ters. The decision-making body of the CSFP is the The final document, the Congo Act, included the

136 following provisions: Congo became the private of Local and Regional Authorities, and the Secre- property of the Belgian King, the power that first tary General. Its staff comprises some 1800 civil occupied a territory had the right to claim it as a servants. colony, and the slave trade was banned. www.coe.int/DefaultDE.asp

Core Europe CSCE → Helsinki Final Act of 1975 The concept of a “core Europe” refers to a group of states within the European Union pursuing ECOSOC deeper and accelerated integration. Such a Euro- The UN Economic and Social Council coordinates pean avant-garde prevent, say its supporters, eu- the activities of many of the world body’s sub- rosceptic member states from determining the sidiary organizations. The Council is meant to tempo of the integration process. The term first improve living standards, increase employment, appeared in an essay written by the German CDU and find solutions to economic, social, and health- parliamentarians Wolfgang Schäuble and Karl related issues. ECOSOC works closely with univer- Lamers. It gained renewed popularity in 2003 in sities, the economic community, and NGOs. The the wake of the failure to agree a European con- various continents are represented according to stitution. Lands widely considered predestined their populations in the 54-seat Council. for a core Europe include Belgium, France, Ger- www.un.org/esa/coordination/ecosoc/ many, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, the Nether- lands, Portugal, and Spain, since these are all European Security Strategy members of NATO and the Schengen Agreement, Passed by the European Council in December and have adopted the euro as their currency. 2003 in response to terrorism, weapons of mass destruction, regional conflicts, and → failed Council of Europe states. The strategy meets these new threats of Institution based in Strasbourg that monitors and the 21st century with steps to safeguard security promotes the rule of law and human rights in its among Europe’s neighbors and promote a multi- 45 member states. Since the fall of the Berlin lateral global order. One point of emphasis is on Wall, the Council has pursued this goal particu- prevention. Civilian actions have priority, but the larly in Central and Eastern Europe, so as to make military option is not ruled out. The ESS is meant possible the close association of all European to give the → Common Foreign and Security Pol- states in the longer term. The Council of Europe icy a clear direction for the 21st century, and is consists of the Committee of Ministers (foreign understood as an answer to the US → National ministers of member states), the Parliamentary Security Strategy. It also emphasizes the EU’s Assembly (626 parliamentarians from the mem- partnership with the United States and their com- ber states and accession candidates, not identical mon analyses of global threats. The ESS seeks to with the European Parliament), the Congress expand cooperation between the EU and NATO

137 that was decided in the so-called BerlinPlus will have a single foreign minister beginning in Agreement of 1996, which stated that European 2007. military missions such as that in Kosovo can take http://europa.eu.int/abc/index_en.htm advantage of NATO planning capacity. The ESS is considered the work of the EU High Representa- Failed States tive for Foreign and Security Policy and desig- Nominal political entities such as Sierra Leone or nated EU Foreign Minister Javier Solana. Critics Somalia, where fundamental integrating forces point out that it fails to provide approaches to such as governance and education have either resolving conflicts in the Mediterranean, the new ceased to exist or verge on collapse. Additionally, EU states, and the Middle East. multiple and conflicting interest groups, extreme http://ue.eu.int/uedocs/cmsUpload/78367.pdf poverty, high violence thresholds, and ready www.aicgs.org/c/vanham.shtml availability of weapons help create a power vac- www.aicgs.org/c/schroerc.shtml uum in which organized crime and clan-based regimes gain ascendancy. Failed states are often European Union threatened by humanitarian catastrophes. The The European Union emerged from the European UN often intervenes to prevent this from happen- Community for Coal and Steel, founded in 1951 ing. In Somalia in 1995, a three-year UN mission and consisting of Germany, France, Italy, Bel- was abandoned after US soldiers had been killed. gium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. Since its eastward expansion on May 1, 2004, it counts G 8 25 member states. The EU has five organs: The The Group of Eight (G 8) is a forum in which the European Council of state and government heads, heads of state and government of the eight most which meets at least twice annually to lay down powerful industrialized nations meet to exchange political objectives; the European Commission, views on ways to approach global problems. Be- as the “engine of European integration,” promul- sides the annual economic summits of govern- gates legislation and, as the “guardian of the trea- ment heads, foreign, finance, and environmental ties,” implements EU law and treaties throughout ministers also meet within the framework of the the Union. In the European Parliament, 625 di- G 8. Senior government officials (“sherpas”) pre- rectly elected representatives exercise legislative, pare the meetings in a complicated procedure. budgetary, and supervisory rights over the Com- G 8 resolutions are non-binding, yet set the tone mission. Additional organs are the European for member states in other multilateral organiza- Court of Justice and the Court of Auditors. To tions. Founded in 1975 by Germany, France, Brit- enhance its foreign policy effectiveness, the ain, Italy, Japan, and the US, the group added Union established the → Common Foreign and Canada in 1976; Russia became a full member in Security Policy. According to the European Con- 1997. The European Union is also represented in stitution agreed in 2004, the European Union the G 8. The organization is heavily criticized by

138 anti-globalization activists, who staged violent key. → G 8 states, in collaboration with politicians protests at the G 8 summit in Genoa in 2001. and civil society, are to promote transformation www.guardian.co.uk/G 8/0,13365,967228,00.html in this region. Criticism from partners in the re- gion and alternative suggestions (→ Arab League) GATT → WTO led to changes of important passages (e. g. empha- sizing the region’s responsibility for itself). At the Globalization G 8 summit in June 2004, the “Broader Middle This relatively unselective term is used to denote East and North Africa Initiative” was resolved on the expansion of international economic rela- this foundation. Throughout this process, critical tionships and the integration of markets, espe- voices have argued that the geographical defini- cially with the help of modern technologies, tion of a “Greater Middle East” and the Initiative’s which have greatly facilitated the exchange of content are actually detrimental to peace. goods, services, ideas, and people compared with www.meib.org/articles/0407_me2.htm the past. It has been accompanied by growing www.meib.org/documentfile/040213.htm international competition and global problems www.state.gov/e/eb/rls/fs/33375.htm that are causing national governments difficul- www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2004/06/2004 ties in addressing the issues autonomously. Glo- 0609-29.html balization also means the expansion of Western values and lifestyles throughout the world. The Haiti destruction of long-established societal models In 1990, Jean-Bertrand Aristide became the Carib- and the negative economic effects of globaliza- bean country’s first elected president, after dec- tion are considered by some a cause for the fun- ades of dictatorship. In the hope he would en- damentalist tendencies in poorer countries. courage democratization, the US supported his http://observer.guardian.co.uk/global0,10786,52420 election and returned him to power after a coup 8,00.html in 1994. Early in 2004, anti-Aristide unrest in Haiti grew so widespread that he was forced into Greater Middle East Initiative exile in February. The former president of the In November 2003, US President George W. Bush supreme court, Boniface Alexandre, became in- presented a plan to promote freedom, democracy, terim president. The US, France, and Canada sup- and prosperity in the Middle East. Political, social, ported Aristide’s fall; he accuses them of directly and economic reforms would complement the removing him from the country. military war on terrorism (→ National Security Strategy). The initiative expands the definition of Helsinki Final Act of 1975 the Middle East into the “Greater Middle East,” In 1973 the Conference for Security and Coopera- which in addition to the Arab world includes tion in Europe (CSCE) was founded as a forum of Islamic states such as Iran, Afghanistan, and Tur- communication between the Cold War’s two

139 power blocs. States in East and West Europe, Hobbes, Thomas (1588 –1679) Canada, and the USA discussed three issue com- English philosopher and theorist, presents a pes- plexes (“baskets”): security policy, the economy, simistic view of humanity (“homo homini lupus”) and human rights. CSCE conferences were some- in his main work “Leviathan,” he argued that times the only confidence-building forums be- man is basically a selfishly individualistic animal tween the two camps. In 1975, participants at constant war with others. Fear of violent death signed the Helsinki Final Act, a non-binding dec- is the principal motive for man’s surrender of laration of intent to promote peace and free ex- his natural rights to the absolute sovereign, char- change of ideas. After the end of the East-West acterized as the Leviathan, a mythical monster. conflict, the CSCE committed itself in 1990 in the Hobbes’ political philosophy marked a watershed Charter of Paris to the values of democracy, rule in that it stated that all power is derived from the of law, and the market economy. The conference people instead of by divine right, and that its became an international organization (→ OSCE). arguments were laid out on the basis of reason. www.osce.org/docs/english/1990-1999/summits/ helfa75e.htm House of Saud www.osce.org/docs/german/1990-1999/summits/ Arab aristocratic family that proclaimed the King- helfa75g.htm dom of Saudi Arabia in 1932. King Fahd ibn Abd www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front ?pagename=OpenMark al-Aziz (born 1921) has been official monarch et/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1007029393816 since 1982. In fact, his half-brother Abdallah exercises governmental power. Other important HIV/AIDS; Malaria positions in the country are also filled by members In 2002, nearly 3 million people died of AIDS and of the family, which numbers about 5,000 people 1.2 million of malaria, making both diseases and bases it power on oil revenues. It governs as among the world’s five chief causes of death. In an absolute monarchy on a religious foundation, 2003, nearly 5 million people became infected without parties or a parliament. An advisory body with HIV; by 2010, at least 10 million additional to the king is the Madjlis al-Shura, an assembly of infections are expected in the Asia-Pacific region 120 members appointed by the king. Crown prince alone. Despite the epidemic’s enormous dimen- Abdallah is considered the most reform-friendly sions and its devastating economic toll, the member of the clan, which is often denounced as United Nations’ anti-AIDS program UNAIDS says corrupt. Saudi Arabia has been censured for finan- that governments worldwide have yet to take ad- cially supporting terrorist organizations. However, equate measures for prevention and treatment. Islamists also criticize the ruling family as US pup- Currently, 90 % of all people infected with HIV do pets and decry the stationing of US troops on not receive proper treatment. Saudi territory. Recently the country has been the www.who.int target of repeated terrorist attacks. www.unaids.org/en/default.asp www.guardian.co.uk/suadi/0,11599,641778,00.html

140 International Criminal Court are the US, Japan, Germany, France, and Britain. The statute of the International Criminal Court Anti-globalization activists criticize the IMF, (ICC) was initiated by the UN General Assembly claiming that its criteria for granting credits, i. e. and drawn up by its Human Rights Convention, privatization and spending cuts, cause social up- and passed in 1998. At present, more than heavals in the receiver states. The IMF is also of- 140 states have signed on, but only 94 have rati- ten made partially responsible for the Argentine fied it. The statute came into effect in 2002, and financial and economic crisis since 1991. since 2003, 18 judges have been active at the ICC www.imf.org in the Hague, charged with prosecuting genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. It be- Iraq Conflict comes active when national courts fail to prose- In January 2002, US President George W. Bush cute such crimes or when prosecutors or the UN named Iraq as part of the → “axis of evil.” On Security Council require its investigations. It March 19, 2003, an alliance of US, British, Polish, thereby complements the International Court of Spanish, Danish and Australian troops among Justice in the Hague, which rules on international others (coalition of the willing) invaded Iraq in disputes. Although it is not part of the UN as a “Operation Iraqi Freedom”— the third Iraq war person of international law (in contrast to the after the 1980 – 88 Iraqi-Iranian War and the 1991 tribunals for Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia), US-led liberation of Kuwait from Iraqi occupation the ICC is bound to the UN through an interna- (Operation Desert Storm). The US’ stated war tional treaty. The US refuses to ratify the statute aims were to remove President Saddam Hussein and instead seeks to gain exceptions for its sol- from power, transform Iraq into a democracy and diers. market economy, and to pre-empt the threat of www.icc-cpi.int/ Iraqi weapons of mass destruction (→ also Na- tional Security Strategy). The US government also International Monetary Fund believed Iraq had links with → Al Qaeda. On The Bretton Woods Conference of 1994 founded May 1, 2003, President Bush announced the con- the World Bank and the International Monetary clusion of major combat operations. The UN has Fund (IMF). Under its present managing direc- been taking part in the rebuilding of the country tor, Rodrigo Rato y Figaredo, the IMF includes since June 2003, but pulled out its foreign work- 184 member states. Its purpose is to coordinate ers after a terrorist attack that killed its chief monetary policies and promote global trade, sta- envoy in Iraq. A coalition led by US, British, and bilize exchange rates, and make credits available Polish forces under US supreme command has to member states in financial trouble. Voting been trying to safeguard public security. The within the organization is weighted according to “Coalition Provisional Authority” under US and the wealth of, and membership dues paid by each British leadership provided an interim adminis- member. Presently the wealthiest member states tration in the country until it was replaced in

141 June 2004 by an interim Iraqi government under Kagan, Robert Iyad Allawi. Elections have been scheduled for Neoconservative academic and publicist who January 2005. Terrorist bombings and attacks on calls for the imposition of democracy and human US troops have become commonplace, as have rights by military means throughout the globe. kidnappings of foreigners and intellectuals in His essay “Of Paradise and Power” coined the Iraq. In Spring 2004 it became known that Iraqi phrase that “Europeans are from Venus; Ameri- prisoners had been tortured in US-run jails. US cans are from Mars,” i.e. Europeans use power intelligence services have since concluded that only according to internationally recognized Iraq had no weapons of mass destruction. norms and agreements, while Americans mis- www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2003/iraq/war.tracker/ trust international agreements and recognize the right of the most powerful nations to defend and propagate their own ideas of order and security. ISAF www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/documentaries/profile/ The “International Security Assistance Force” was robert-kagan.shtml established at the Bonn → Afghanistan Confer- ence in 2001. The force under UN mandate was Kant, Immanuel (1724 –1804) meant to establish and safeguard security in German philosopher considered to have both Kabul and its environs while supporting the work consummated and gone beyond the Enlighten- of the “Provincial Reconstruction Teams” under ment, and to have paved the way for German ISAF command elsewhere in the country. The Idealism (see Hegel). His main oevre are the three force was initially under British command until “critiques” (Critique of Pure Reason, Critique of June 2002, then Turkish, then Dutch-German, Practical Reason, Critique of Judgement). In his then NATO, and finally, since August 9, 2004, has smaller work “On Eternal Peace” (1795), currently been under the command of the Eurocorps, con- much discussed in the context of the debate on sisting of German, French, Belgian, Luxembourg, global governance, Kant identifies three essential and Spanish troops. The work of ISAF is supposed conditions for a durable international peace. The to end with the first free elections in Afghanistan. actors must be republics (today mostly inter- The force currently totals about 6500 soldiers. preted as democracies), for sovereign people are Twenty-seven had been killed as of May 2004. Es- less disposed to waging war than are despots. pecially in rural areas, ISAF soldiers are often These republics must establish a league of na- powerless against conflicts between various eth- tions to place international relations on a legal nic groups and private armies. basis, and finally, a world citizenry must be estab- www.afnorth.nato.int/ISAF/index.htm lished. Kant leaves the question of implementa- tion open and refers disparagingly to the “nice dreams” of philosophers.

142 Khan, Abdul Qadeer (born 1935) troops were unable to stop the violence. The Pakistani nuclear scientist and “father of Paki- NATO operation to end the civil war in Kosovo stan’s nuclear weapons program,” which culmi- took place without Security Council backing. nated in successful tests of nuclear devices in May NATO’s activities in Kosovo have sparked a debate 1998. Khan’s work made him a national hero. In over whether NATO’s role as a purely defensive February 2004, Khan admitted to having sold nu- alliance should be reconsidered. clear material and technology for years to North www.guardian.co.uk/Kosovo/Map/0,3942,206602, Korea, Iran, and Libya. President Pervez Musharraf 00.html stripped Khan of all titles and offices, then par- doned him. Many analysts suspect that, from the Kyoto Protocol beginning, Khan’s activities were known to the After their third conference in Kyoto in 1997, the highest Pakistani political and military circles. signatories to the UN Climate Framework Con- http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/ vention approved a protocol that has been called 3343621.stm a “milestone of global climate protection.” The Protocol obligates industrialized nations to cut Kosovo Intervention their CO² emissions between 2008 and 2012 to In February 1998, the government of Serbia five percent below the level of 1990. The docu- launched a crackdown on Kosovo-Albanian guer- ment represents recognition by industrialized rillas (KLA). In response, NATO initiated a military states of their responsibility for global warming campaign from February to June 1999 to prevent and towards developing nations, which are obli- a humanitarian catastrophe in the form of “eth- gated to begin cutting their emissions beginning nic cleansing.” On June 10, 1999, NATO ceased its in 2012. The Protocol can take effect only if 55 bombing campaign and the UN Security Council industrialized nations accounting for at least 55 % passed Resolution 1244, which established the of global greenhouse gas emissions ratify the Kosovo protection force → KFOR and an interim Kyoto Protocol. Yet the decisive countries, the civilian administration, → UNMIK. In 2000 and United States (accounting for 36.1 % of all emis- 2001 elections were held in Serbia and Montene- sions) and the Russian Federation (17.4 %) refused gro; in 2003, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia to ratify, which threatened to prevent the Proto- became the State Union of Serbia and Montene- col from ever taking effect until Russia changed gro. In the province of Kosovo, ethnic Albanians its mind in September 2004. In addition, many predominate both demographically and politi- industrialized nations have failed to reach their cally, and many demand that Kosovo be annexed emissions reduction targets. by Albania. The situation on the ground remains http://unfccc.int/resource/convkp.html tense. Albanian pogroms against Serbs in the Spring of 2004 left 19 people dead and destroyed many Orthodox churches and monasteries. KFOR

143 Land Mine Treaty / Ottawa Convention NATO Treaty concluded in 1997 in Ottawa that 143 states The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a collec- have ratified. Through ratification they obligate tive defense alliance prompted by the perception themselves to stop developing and producing anti- of a direct threat from the Soviet Union, was es- personnel mines and to destroy existing stocks so tablished in 1949 by Belgium, Britain, Canada, that only a small amount remain for research Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the purposes. However, the US, Russia, and China, Netherlands, Portugal, and the United States. three of the world’s biggest producers of land Other states joined in subsequent years. The revo- mines, have yet to sign the treaty. They justify lutions of 1989 caused a strategic transformation their stances by claiming the necessity of deploy- of NATO that continues to this day (e. g. missions ing mines along the border between North and in → Kosovo and → Afghanistan). Its collective ac- South Korea (US), in the Chechen conflict (Russia), tion clause, Article 5, was invoked for the first and along the Russian-Chinese border (China). time after the 9/11 terrorist attacks in 2001. www.icbl.org www.nato.int

National Security Strategy (NSS) Neoconservatives The National Security Strategy of September 2002 School of political thought that emerged during integrates the various foreign- and security policy the Vietnam War. Its exponents gained political priorities of the Bush Administration. Its stated influence during the Reagan Administration objective is to promote freedom and “American and have made a comeback under George W. values” (i. e. human rights and democracy). Bush. The best-known “neocons” include Robert Throughout the world, the US seeks to encourage → Kagan, Michael Gerson, William Kristol, Paul democracies based on the US example while → Wolfowitz, and Richard Perle. They consider fighting international terrorism and tyranny. Pre- the US social and political systems exemplary and emptive use of force is permissible against both, support their dissemination, and that of “Ameri- according to the strategy. Terrorism should be can values,” throughout the world. The emphasis deprived of its social roots by promoting prosper- on a “missionary” US foreign policy in the → Na- ity, health, and education through development tional Security Strategy indicates the strong influ- aid and market economics. The Strategy’s detrac- ence of neoconservative ideas in the Bush Admin- tors criticize its interchangeable use of the terms istration. “preemption” (military action against imminent www.ipsnews.net/focus/neo-cons/index.asp threats) and prevention (action against future threats), as well as its slant toward unilateral ac- NGO tion outside of international institutions. Non-Governmental Organization. Groups from www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss.pdf civil society (as opposed to states and private cor- www.usembassy.de/policy/nss.pdf porations) that are active predominantly in social,

144 humanitarian, ecological, and development pol- trade, and development policies and ensuring icy fields. NGOs differ from citizens’ initiatives price stability and low inflation. The organization and movements in that they have durable, yet also seeks to promote economic growth by ex- often loose organizational structures. Today, panding and liberalizing global trade. Each mem- groups such as Greenpeace and Amnesty Interna- ber state is represented with one seat in the OECD tional operate effectively against human rights Council; its General Secretary since 1996 has been violations and environmental pollution through Donald J. Johnson. The OECD cannot issue bind- public pressure. In development policy they are ing directives, but exercises considerable influ- even sought-after partners for states and corpora- ence through its reports and recommendations. tions because they have expertise and competent www.oecd.org personnel in the field. Organization for Security and Cooperation in Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) Europe (OSCE) International agreement concluded in 1970 and Successor organization to the → CSCE promoting signed by 43 states to prevent the spread of nu- domestic and external security, democracy, and clear weapons and encourage international coop- rule of law in the Eurasian area. Its fields of eration in peaceful uses of nuclear technology. operation include arms control, monitoring hu- The treaty was extended indefinitely by all signa- man rights and peacekeeping missions. With a tory states in 1995. States without nuclear arse- 2000 budget of € 208 million, the OSCE has about nals agree to forego attempts to acquire them. 4000 workers. Decisions are made at summit The US-Soviet arms race during the Cold War, the meetings of government and state heads, ministe- entries of Pakistan and India to the “nuclear club” rial-level talks, in the Senior Council, and in the in the late 1990s and, most recently, threats in- Permanent Council of OCSE ambassadors. The volving North Korea and Iran have raised doubts organization is based on the principle of consen- over the NPT’s effectiveness. North Korea with- sus; therefore it is restricted to taking action drew from the NPT in January 2003. India, Paki- against a member state only in cases of “clear, stan, and Israel have yet to sign the treaty. gross, and ruthless violations” of OSCE agree- www.un.org/Depts/dda/WMD/treaty/ ments. www.osce.org/ OECD The Paris-based Organization for Economic Co- Power — hard and soft operation and Development comprises 30 mem- Distinction coined by Joseph S. Nye. Soft power is ber states in Europe, the Americas, Asia, and a state’s capacity to influence other states and Australia. The OECD seeks to increase employ- political conflicts through the attractiveness and ment and thus improve the standard of living in persuasiveness of its culture, values, and political its member states by coordinating economic, system, often with the help of international or-

145 ganizations. Hard power is conventional military ire, fearing Tutsi reprisals. The role of the inter- might. national community and its representatives in Rwanda shortly before the conflict is still dispu- Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI) ted. Six months before large-scale massacres be- President George W. Bush announced this new gan in April 1994, the United Nations Assistance proposal for international cooperation against Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR) began attempts to proliferation of weapons of mass destruction on stabilize the country, yet remained inactive dur- the seas and in the air. Seventy states have indi- ing the carnage. In 1996 the UN admitted the cated readiness to join this informal agreement mission had failed and disbanded UNAMIR. to train joint operations for seizing suspected www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/rw.html WMD shipments at sea or at airports. Existing laws governing customs regulations remain unaf- Rumsfeld, Donald (born 1932) fected. US Defense Secretary since 2001, held the same www.armscontrol.org/pdf/psi%20at%20a%20glance.pdf office under President Ford (1975 – 77), then worked in the private sector and as US special “Rogue States” envoy to Iraq, co-founded the conservative think Term coined by the Clinton Administration used tank “Project for a New American Century.” to describe those states that violate interna- Rumsfeld is considered a hardliner in the Bush tionally accepted rules of conduct, and support Administration. In January 2003 he famously dif- international terrorism. A rogue state possessing ferentiated between “old” and “new” Europe: Es- weapons of mass destruction is considered a par- sentially, those European states that opposed the ticularly acute threat. Since September 11, 2001, US invasion of Iraq, i.e. Germany, France, Bel- the threats emanating from such regimes are be- gium, etc. belonged to the former. He made clear ing taken so seriously, at least by the United States, that the US would seek stronger ties to “new” that they have been regarded as sufficient cause Europe, which supported the US in Iraq. for military intervention, as in the case of Iraq (→ Iraq Conflict and National Security Strategy). Rapid Reaction Force http://usinfo.state.gov Joint European military force established at the 1999 EU summit in Helsinki as a component of Rwanda the → CFSP. Numbering 60,000 troops, it is sup- From 1990 to 1994, the Rwandan civil war be- posed to take action when NATO either cannot or tween ethnic Hutus and Tutsis claimed the lives will not do so. For financial reasons and to avoid of some 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus. In the impression of undermining NATO, the force 1994, Tutsi rebels overthrew the Hutu regime. uses NATO planning and command staff. Plans to Nearly two million Hutus fled the country to have the Rapid Reaction Force in place by 2003 neighboring Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda, and Za- could not be kept. In February 2004, Germany,

146 France, and Britain announced the planned estab- Taliban lishment of a highly mobile reaction force of Arabic: “students,” literally “seekers of the Islamic seven to nine “battle groups” of 1500 troops each sciences.” Word for “religious students.” The Tali- for deployment in jungle, desert, or mountainous ban were mainly Afghan refugees trained reli- areas, preferably under UN mandate. Even with- giously (and often militarily) in madrasas or Is- out these structures, the first European military lamist schools in Pakistan. During the Soviet operation has already begun: European troops occupation of Afghanistan (1979 – 89) they took have been monitoring the peace agreement in part in the armed Islamic resistance (muhaji- Macedonia since March 2003. deen). After the Soviet withdrawal, the Taliban gained control over increasing parts of Afghani- SFOR (Stabilisation Force) stan, and marginalized the Russian-supported In 1995, NATO received a UN mandate to restore Northern Alliance. They established a radical Is- and safeguard order and security in Bosnia-Herze- lamist regime that welcomed fugitive terrorists govina. In 1996, the Implementation Force there (e. g. Osama → bin Laden and his → Al Qaeda net- (IFOR) was replaced by a Stabilization Force work). After the 9/11 attacks, the US destroyed the (SFOR), which consists today of some 7000 troops Taliban regime through air strikes while the from Europe and elsewhere. At the end of 2004, Northern Alliance reconquered Afghanistan on SFOR is to be replaced by a purely European force the ground. (EUFOR). www.nato.int/sfor/ UNDP The United Nations Development Program was Srebrenica founded in 1965 to advise countries in building The name of this eastern Bosnian city became the up and reforming their governmental systems, in byword for perhaps the worst tragedy of the Bos- fighting poverty, preventing conflicts, and envi- nian War. On July 11, 1995, Bosnian Serb troops ronmental and health care policy. One focus of under General Ratko Mladic (see also SFOR) en- the UNDP and its 1300 staff is to bring together tered the UN-designated safe area of Srebrenica representatives of various sectors. Innovative and massacred approximately 8,000 Bosnian Mus- projects receive financial support. The UNDP lims. Dutch UN troops in the city remained pow- helps developing nations make the best use of UN erless during the massacre because they had only and other aid programs, thereby helping these a limited mandate in which use of their weapons countries to help themselves. The organization is was permitted only in self-defense or after prior financed exclusively through the voluntary con- announcement. tributions of donor countries (2001 budget: $ 672 www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/co_mission/unprof_ million). b.htm www.undp.org www.srebrenica.nl/en/a_index.htm hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2004/

147 UNECE UN Security Council The United Nations Economic Commission for One of a total of six chief UN bodies including the Europe, founded in 1947, is one of five regional General Assembly, the Economic and Social UN commissions (together with ECA, ECLAC, ES- Council (→ ECOSOC), the Trusteeship Council, CAP, ESCWA), which are all part of → ECOSOC. the International Court of Justice, and the Secre- The 55 member states of UNECE include some tariat. The Security Council consists of five per- non-European nations; basically, all states have manent members with veto rights (Britain, China, the right to observer status. Through its seven France, Russia, and the US) and ten non-perma- committees (e. g. for environmental policy or nent members elected every two years by the domestic transportation), UNECE provides a plat- General Assembly. The UN Charter gives the Se- form for European concerns at the UN. More than curity Council primary responsibility for main- 70 nongovernmental organizations (→ NGOs) ad- taining international security. Its resolutions, vise UNECE, which has about 220 staff. The or- which are binding for all states in the UN, require ganization also conducts economic and environ- the approval of all permanent members and at mental analyses. least four non-permanent members. During the www.unece.org/ Cold War, tensions among the Security Council’s permanent members largely paralyzed the or- UNMIK (United Nations Interim Administra- ganization, prompting the US, Britain, France, tion Mission in Kosovo) and other Western states to found → NATO in In 1999, the UN Security Council empowered the 1949. The UN Charter permits member states to Secretary General to establish a UN-led transi- form regional alliances for collective self-defense. tional authority in → Kosovo. The United Nations Since the end of the Cold War, there have been Interim Administrative Departments were foun- repeated calls for a UN reform. International ded in January 2000, regional elections were held military operations by individual or several UN in October, and in May 2001, a framework docu- members without the Security Council’s ap- ment for a new constitution was passed. UNMIK’s proval, including in Kosovo and Iraq, spread four pillars are humanitarian aid, civil adminis- doubt in much of the world regarding the UN’s tration (both under UN leadership), democratiza- effectiveness. Reform recommendations include tion and building up of institutions (in collabora- expanding the number of permanent and non- tion with the → OSCE), and reconstruction and permanent members in the Security Council. economic assistance (in cooperation with the EU). www.un.org/Docs/sc/ Four years after UNMIK began its work, Kosovo is still the scene of attacks and riots. World Bank Special organization of the United Nations based in Washington, founded in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference. The World Bank is a multilat-

148 eral institution that seeks to help poorer coun- Treaty of Westphalia tries develop their economies by providing cheap The Treaty of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years’ loans. Political reforms are often prerequisites for War in 1648 and established a new political sys- such credits. The World Bank is financed through tem for Europe. It confirmed and extended to the membership dues from its 170 member states. It Calvinists the principle “cuius regio, eius religio” has been criticized for not acting in the people’s (“the territorial ruler determines the religion”) of interest in poorer states because its leading con- the Peace of Augsburg. It ended the conflict be- tributors, of whom the United States is by far the tween Catholic and Protestant forces by deter- largest, largely determine its policies. Questions mining the sovereignty of individual states, and regarding the World Bank’s effectiveness and restricted the power of the Holy Roman Emperor, necessity persist to the present day, both from thereby creating a power vacuum in the Empire anti-globalization activists and political conserva- that would last until its final dissolution in 1806. tives in the United States. In the theory of international relations, the www.worldbank.org/ “Westphalian system” signifies an international order based on sovereign states that are solely World Trade Organization (WTO) responsible for their domestic policies (“principle The Geneva-based WTO was founded in 1995 as of non-intervention”). the successor institution to the “General Agree- ment on Tariffs and Trade” (GATT). Its fundamen- Wolfowitz, Paul (born 1943) tal tenet is that free trade promotes economic Deputy US Secretary of Defense since 2001; lead- growth, which, in turn, improves living stand- ing representative of the so-called neoconserva- ards. In 2001 in Doha, the WTO’s member states tives (neocons) in the administration of George W. opened a new round of negotiations meant to Bush. benefit developing nations by abolishing agricul- tural subsidies of the Western industrialized countries. After temporarily stalling at a meeting in Cancun, Mexico, an agreement was reached in Geneva. It was hailed by the “Group of 20” devel- oping nations (G 20), led by Brazil, as the begin- ning of the end for agricultural subsidies. Critics say the WTO largely ignores the development, environmental, and health care policy ramifica- tions of world trade. www.wto.org/

149 Index

9/11 → September 11, 2001 Bush doctrine → National Security Strategy Afghanistan 24 – 25, 38 – 40, 55, 58, 75, 83, 89, Cambodia 109 93 – 97, 108 –109, 110 –111 Chad 38, 68 Albania 50 Chechnya 47 Al Qaeda 39 – 40, 43, 47, 49, 75, 89, 110 Cheney, Dick 63 → glossary Chile 77 Amnesty International 90 China 27, 33, 36, 45, 50, 68 – 69, 97 – 98, 101, Annan, Kofi 31, 83 108, 117–118 Arab Human Development Report 84 Chirac, Jacques 60 Arab League 113, 116, → glossary Churchill, Winston 72 Arab world → Greater Middle East, Islamic world civil society 45 Asia → China, Japan, Taiwan civil war 23 asymmetric warfare 29, 37 – 39, 45, 47 – 48, Clemenceau, Georges 32 51 – 54 climate change as a security threat 46 association / exclusion 26 – 27, 33 Clinton, Bill 41, 43, 57, 73 Aum sect 33 coalitions of the willing 62, 72 Australia 62 Cold War 29, 36, 38, 40, 60 – 61, 75, 81, 102, 104, authoritarian regimes 43, 45, 52 118 Baath Party → Iraq, Baath Party colonialism, renaissance of → imperialism, Balkans 30, 52, 89, 93, 107, 112 renaissance of Belarus 59 communication technology 25, 38, 42, 60 Bell, Coral 63 Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty 73 bin Laden, Osama 49 – 50, 63, → glossary Congo Conference 53 bipolarity → Cold War consensus 30, 54, 76, 78 – 79 Bismarck, Otto v. 28 Cooper, Robert 34 Blair, Tony 22, 28, 40 – 41, 60, 78, 115 – 116 corporations, multinational 26, 60, 71 Bolton, John 61 Council of Europe 59 Bosnia and Herzegovina 94 CSCE 26, 31 Brahimi, Lakhdar 80, 83, 113 Cuba 77 Brazil 36, 56, 66, 106 democracy 22, 26, 44 – 45 Bruyère, Jean de la 63 economic assistance 25, 36, 76 – 77, 83, 87 Brzezinski, Zbigniew 37 ECOSOC 80 – 81, 86, → glossary Bull, Hedley 64 Egypt 39, 45, 106 Bush, George W. 40 – 42, 61 – 62, 78, 115 Enfants de la Terre 92 Bush Administration 23 –24, 31, 38, 57, 61– 62, English School 63 88

150 equilibrium of powers → international order, Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria 24 unipolarity/multipolarity free trade 67 EU 48, 57, 66, 113 Freud, Sigmund 88 – and Iran 70, 100, 117 fundamentalism 38, 54 – and Iraq 57 G 7/G 8 26, 71–72, 83 – and Libya 30, 59, 63 GATT 67 – and the Middle East 115 –116 genocide 66, 79 – and NATO 95, 104, 107 Germany 40 – 42, 46, 64, 102, 111 – and rules 57, 67 globalization 25, 33, 36, 46, 48, 54, 60, 65, 103 – and Russia 59, 87, 104 –105 – reactions to 33, 46, 48 – and Turkey 60 good governance 44, 68, 44, 68, 76, 87 – and the US → transatlantic relationship Great Britain 31, 40, 62, 78, 81 – core Europe 57 – 58 Greater Middle East 26, 40, 100, 113 –114, 116, – Barcelona process 59, 115 118, also → Middle East, Islamic world – European Security Strategy 33, 95, 104 –105, – Greater Middle East Initiative 46, 84, 100, → glossary 114 –115 – Common Foreign and Security Policy 46, “green zone” 44, 53 100, 103, 107, → glossary Guantanamo Bay 55, 75, 78 – in the Balkans 30, 92 – 94, 107 Guevara, Che 50 – instruments for influencing other states Habsburg monarchy 24 58 – 59, 63 Haiti 38, 42, 51, 84, 108 – instruments for state building 59, 108, Halliburton 89 112 –113 Helsinki Final Act of 1975 26, 31 → glossary: – integration of Middle and Eastern European CSCE states 57, 59, 110 HIV/AIDS 52, 57, 68, 88 – military capacities 38, 46, 67, 69, 103, also Hobbes, Thomas 61 → EU, Common Foreign and Security Policy human/civil rights 26, 30, 49 – 50, 66, 77 – 78, – soft power 48, 87, 103, → glossary 84, 91 – strategic dimension 102 Human Rights Watch 79, 90 – Wider Europe 57, 59, 110 humanitarian relief work 56 Evans, Gareth 66 illegitimate combatant 55 failed states/failing states 23, 30, 32 – 34, 47, 51, IMF 44, 74, 83, 85 53, 60, 73, 93, 108, → glossary imperialism, renaissance of 47, 53 ,56, 61, 64, Ferguson, Niall 35 74, also → protectorates Fischer, Joschka 84, 105 India 25, 36, 56, 106, 118 France 64, 81, 98 – 99, 102, 111

151 International Commission on Intervention and international organizations → IMF, NATO, UN, State Sovereignty 66, 83 WTO International Criminal Court 62, 73, 77–78, 82 intervention International Criminal Tribunal for the Former – in Afghanistan → Afghanistan Yugoslavia 82 – in the Balkans→ Balkans International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 82 – in Iraq → war in Iraq international order – in Kuwait → Kuwait – after the Second World War 61, 86 – humanitarian 29 – 30, 32, 56, 69, 75, 79 – 80, – development of 33 – 34, 55 81– 83, 86, 88 – 89, 91, 99, 106 – international law 47, 51– 52, 54, 63, 65, – models for 91– 93, 110 67– 69, 71, 75, 78 – 80, 85, 105 – preemptive/preventive 23, 29 – 30, 37– 38, 48, – integration of people in the Southern sphere 62, 66, 69 and in the Islamic world 43 – 45, 53, 56, 84, Iraq 87– 88, 110, 113 – Baath party 90 – integration or disintegration ? 50 – civil society 90, 92 – 93 – legitimacy 28 – 30, 33, 60, 63 – 64, 66, 69, 77, – Iraq conflict 24, 26, 28, 32, 36 – 37, 41, 52, 55, 81, 85, 87 57, 66, 69, 75, 77 – 78, 80 – 81, 87, 89, 91– 93, 99, – liberal internationalism 61, 73, 99 107, 109 –110, 116 – norms 46 – 47, 51, 55, 63 – 64, 68 –70 – reconstruction 41, 52, 89 – 91, 109, 111–112 – norms: do they influence reality ? 55, 63, – sanctions against 26, 41, 79 68 –70, 80 Iran 70, 98, 100, 117 – policies 28, 30, 38, 75 – nuclear program 70, 100 – preservation of 27 – 28, 34, 36, 49, 54, 62 ISAF 108 – rule compliance 71 Islamic world 39, 49, also → Middle East, – rules 22, 28, 30, 34, 37 – 38, 46 – 47, 52, 57, Greater Middle East 61– 63, 65 – 67, 69 –70, 76 –77, 79 – 80, 84, 108, – democratization 24, 39, 44, 49 – 50 113 –115 – dialog with the West → international order, – sanctions 26, 30, 41 integration of people in the Southern sphere – suited to the new threats ? 23, 25 – 27, 29, and in the Islamic world 37– 39, 54 – 55, 57, 64, 69, 106 – instability 29 – threat perceptions 22 – 23, 40, 75, 102, 116 – modernization 30, 49 – 50 – unipolarity/multipolarity 34 – 35, 57– 58, – political elites 44 – 45, 50 60 – 62, 64, 84, 101 islamists as agents of democratization 45, 49 – US hegemony 23, 35 – 36, 46, 53, 57, 60 – 64, Israel 59, 62 66, 74 – 85 Israeli – Palestinian conflict 43, 49, 100 –101, – Westphalian Order 61 105, 115

152 Japan 36, 56, 62, 106 – costs 25 Jordan 49 – guerrilla forces 48 Kagan, Robert 36, 58, 100, 102 – laws of war 48, 55 – 56, 63 Kant, Immanuel 35, 40 67, → glossary – privatization of warfare 34, 37, 42, 53, 71 Kellogg – Briand pact 63 – technological innovations 38, 48, 63 Kenya 44 Moldova 50, 105 KFOR 96 monopoly on the use of force, nation states Khan, Abdul Quadeer 43 → sovereignty of nation states Köhler, Horst 83 Muslim world → Islamic world Kosovo 30, 52, 56, 69, 75, 77, 82 – 83, 92, 94, 111 nation building → state building Kuwait 89 nation states Kyoto Protocol 73 – disintegration → failed states Landmines Convention 82 – role of 33, 48, 55, 71 – 73, 85 Latin America 39 – national sovereignty → sovereignty legitimacy → international order, legitimacy National Security Strategy of the US 23 – 24, 29, Leviathan 61 33, 37– 38, 61– 62, 69, 95, → glossary Liberia 51, 100 Nuclear Non – Proliferation Treaty 43, 65, 81, Libya 30 107 Luger, Richard 58 NATO 46, 48, 58, 62, 65 – 66, 71–72, 85, 92, Lula (Luiz Inacio da Silva) 56 94 – 98, 101, 104, 110, 113, 117→ glossary Malaria 52 – and Russia 95 – 97 Malaysia 50 – as a steering mechanism 31 – 32 Macedonia 94 – European caucus → EU and NATO Marshall, Andrew 46 – in Afghanistan 94 – 97 Middle East 41, 44 – 45, 83, 100, 105, also – in Iraq 95, 99, 101, 111 → Greater Middle East, Islamic World – NATO – Russia Council – democracy 84, 105 – “NATO plus China” 95 – 97 – economic integration 113 “New World Order” 23 – 28, 88 – 90, 113, 119 – Middle East Quartet 71 NGOs 26, 68, 77, 90, 92, → glossary – political elites 44, 45 North Korea 50, 98 military force OECD 35 – as an instrument of foreign policy 23, 25, OSCE 59 29, 31, 34, 36, 38, 46, 48, 62 – 64, 65 – 66, 69, Pakistan 25, 39, 43, 45, 95, 112 80, 83 Palestine → Israeli – Palestinian conflict – interoperability with policing and Panama 77 humanitarian forces 55 – 56, 59 Perle, Richard 98

153 piracy 53 sovereignty 29 – 30, 32, 34, 43, 51, 61– 62, 68, 98, Poland 32, 51, 102, 111 108 Powell, Colin 38 Soviet Union 39, 72, 81, 89, 118 power 22, 40, 65, 69 Stalin, Joseph W. 72 power and rules 22 state building 32, 35, 76, 91, 93 – 94, 101, pre – emption/prevention → intervention, 108 –112 premptive/preventive terrorism 23 – 25, 28, 30, 32, 34, 39, 43, 46 – 47, privatization of warfare → military force, 52, 54, 61, 64, 77–78, 88, 105 privatization of warfare – war against 24 – 25, 37, 39, 43, 57, 110 Proliferation Security Initiative 100, → glossary Thailand 50 protectorates 92 threats, new → failed states, rogue states, regime change 24, 26, 41– 42, 59, 90 terrorism, asymmetric warfare, climate Rio Conference 68 change Rockberg, Robert 35 threat perceptions 22, 48 rogue states 23, 47, 79, 88 trafficking 109 Roosevelt, Theodor 72 transatlantic relationship 31– 32, 36 – 38, 40, Rousseau, Jean Jacques 63 46 – 48, 50, 52, 56, 62, 66 – 67, 73, 77–78, 81– 82, Rumsfeld, Donald 34 87– 88, 99 –103, 107, 112, 114, 116, 118 Russet, Bruce 35 unilateralism → United States, unilateralism Russia 33, 36, 45 71–72, 96 – 97, 101, 104 –105, United States 108, 117 – constitution 47 Rwanda 66, 83 – foreign policy 23 – 28, 39, 41, 52, 57, 73, 92, Saudi Arabia 29, 39, 43, 45, 99, 112, 114, 118 98 – 99 self – defense 29, → intervention, preemptive/ – homeland security 86 preventive – image in the Islamic World 49 – 50, 56, 65, September 11, 2001 23 – 24, 28, 32 – 35, 37– 38, 87– 88, 91 40 – 42, 47– 51, 54, 56, 65, 75, 89, 102, 110, 116 – military superiority 36, 46, 57, 63 – 64, 99, – as pretext for suppressing human rights 50, 101 52, 57 – neocons 98 SFOR 96, 104 – unilateralism 27 – 28, 37, 61, 64, 66 – 67, 73, Shell 69 77, 87, 102 Sierra Leone 38, 51, 110 UN slavery 63 – Security Council 29, 32, 36, 41, 44, 50, 51, Somalia 39, 89 56, 62, 64, 69 –76, 79 – 83, 85 – 86, 93, 99, 101, South Africa 106 106 –108, 113, 116, 119 – Charter 31, 38, 66, 69, 74, 86, 106

154 – Universal Declaration of Human Rights 61, 77 UNECE 86 UNMIK 111 Vienna era 28 warlords 42, 108 –109 wars → military force weapons of mass destruction 23 – 24, 33 – 34, 37, 41– 43, 47, 54, 65, 82 – proliferation of 23 – 25, 42, 54, 65, 76 Western values 37, 64 Westphalian Order → international order, Westphalian Order Wilson, Woodrow 22, 35 Wolfowitz, Paul 49, 63 World Bank 44, 68, 74, 74, 83, 85 World War I 22, 24, 32 World War II 69, 86 WTO 27, 67, 74 Yemen 39

155 Previous Round Tables*

Protocol Topic Speakers Chair

1961 1 Schwächen der industriellen Gesellschaft Prof. Dr. F. W. Schoberth Dr. H. B. Tolkmitt

2 Kulturkrise in der Prof. Dr. Erik von Sivers Prof. Dr. Fritz Voigt industriellen Gesellschaft

3 Glanz und Elend der Entwicklungshilfe Prof. Dr. Fritz Baade, MdB Dr. Günther Buch

4 Welche Fragen stellt uns die Prof. D. Helmut Gollwitzer Prof. Dr. Eugen Kogon gesellschaftliche Entwicklung im Osten ?

1962 5 Die Fragwürdigkeit der Bildungspolitik Dr. Rüdiger Altmann Josef Müller-Marein

6 Die Erziehung zum Europäer Stéphane Hessel François Bondy

7 Die Bewältigung des Preis-Lohn-Problems Prof. Dr. Theodor Pütz Prof. Dr. Gottfried Bombach

8 Die Preis-Lohn-Dynamik in der Dr. Hans-Constantin Paulssen Prof. Dr. Fritz Voigt Bundesrepublik Deutschland

1963 9 Maschine — Denkmaschine — Prof. Dr. Pierre Bertaux Prof. Dr. Arnold Gehlen Staatsmaschine

10 Kybernetik als soziale Tatsache Prof. Dr. O. W. Haseloff Dr. h. c. Freiherr von Stackelberg

11 Die westliche Gesellschaft und Winfried Martini Prof. Dr. Th. Eschenburg die kommunistische Drohung

12 Wohin treibt die EWG ? U. W. Kitzinger, Roland Delcour Prof. Dr. Eugen Kogon

1964 13 Planung in der freien Marktwirtschaft Prof. Dr. Edgar Salin Prof. Dr. Gottfried Bombach

14 Wohin Deutschland in Europa ? Prof. Alfred Grosser, François Bondy Karl Theodor Frhr. zu Guttenberg, MdB

15 Entwicklungshilfe — Mittel des Aufstiegs Dr. Walter Rau Prof. Dr. Edgar Salin oder des Verfalls ? Dr. E. F. Schumacher

Industrielle Gesellschaft — Prof. Dr. Raymond Aron Prof. Dr. Ralf Dahrendorf 16 menschlich oder unmenschlich ?

1965 17 Vermögensbildung in Arbeitnehmerhand Prof. Dr. Helmut Meinhold Prof. Dr. Eugen Kogon Prof. Dr. H. J. Wallraff

* a complete list of all participants since 1961 is available at www.bergedorfer-gespraechskreis.de

156 Protocol Topic Speakers Chair

18 Hemmen Tabus die Demokratisierung der Prof. Dr. Alexander Mitscherlich Prof. Hellmut Becker deutschen Gesellschaft ?

19 Automatisierung — eine gesellschaftliche Prof. Dr. Gottfried Bombach Prof. Dr. Hans Wenke Herausforderung ? Dr. Günter Friedrichs Dr. Kurt Pentzlin

20 Ein Dilemma der westlichen Demokratien : Prof. Dr. Leo H. Klaassen Prof. Dr. Edgar Salin Kurzfristige Soziallösungen contra langfristige Regionalpolitik

1966 21 Die “unterentwickelten” Prof. Dr. Friedrich Heer Prof. Hellmut Becker hochin dustrialisierten Gesellschaften

22 Muss unsere politische Maschinerie Dr. Rüdiger Altmann Prof. Dr. Eugen Kogon umkonstruiert werden ? Joseph Rovan

23 Wissenschaftliche Experten und politische Prof. Dr. Helmut Schelsky Prof. Hellmut Becker Praxis — Das Problem der Zusammenarbeit Dr. Ulrich Lohmar, MdB in der heutigen Demokratie

24 Ist der Weltfriede unvermeidlich ? Prof. Dr. Carl-Friedrich Prof. Dr. Edgar Salin Frhr. v. Weizsäcker

1967 25 Bedroht die Pressekonzentration Prof. Dr. Helmut Arndt Prof. Hellmut Becker die freie Meinungsbildung ?

26 Neue Wege zur Hochschulreform Prof. Dr. Ralf Dahrendorf, Ph. D. Prof. Hellmut Becker

27 Beherrschen die Technokraten Alfred Mozer Prof. Dr. Eugen Kogon unsere heutige Gesellschaft ?

1968 28 Freiheit als Störfaktor in einer Prof. Dr. Jeanne Hersch Prof. Dr. Carl-Friedrich programmierten Gesellschaft v. Weizsäcker, Frhr.

29 Fördern die Bündnissysteme Prof. Wladimir Chwostow Prof. Alfred Grosser die Sicherheit Europas ?

30 Haben wir im entstehenden Europa noch Dr. Hans von der Groeben Prof. Dr. Hans Peter Ipsen eine Chance für die freie Marktwirtschaft ?

31 Mögliche und wünschbare Zukünfte Dr. Robert Jungk Prof. Hellmut Becker

1969 32 Die Biologie als technische Weltmacht Prof. Dr. Adolf Portmann Prof. Dr. Hoimar von Ditfurth

33 Verstärken oder verringern sich die Prof. Dr. Friedrich Hacker Prof. Dr. Eugen Kogon Bedingungen für Aggressivität ?

157 Protocol Topic Speakers Chair

34 Welchen Spielraum hat die Prof. Alfred Grosser Dr. Theo Sommer Entspannungspolitik ?

1970 35 Zugänge zur Friedensforschung Prof. Dr. Carl-Friedrich Prof. Dr. Karl Carstens Frhr. v. Weizsäcker Prof. Dr. Richard Löwenthal

36 Europäische Sicherheit und Möglichkeit Prof. Alfred Grosser Nikolai E. Poljanow Leningrad der Zusammenarbeit Nikolai E. Poljanow

37 Demokratisierung der Demokratie ? Prof. Joseph Rovan D. Klaus von Bismarck

1971 Arbeitsgespräch : Aufgabenstellung und — Dr. Franz Karasek Verfahrensfragen einer inter natio nalen Konferenz für Europäische Sicherheit

38 Infrastrukturreform als Innenpolitik — Ministerpräsident Dr. Helmut Kohl D. Klaus von Bismarck Möglichkeiten, Grenzen, Prioritäten

39 Globalsteuerung der Wirtschaft ? Prof. Dr. Gottfried Bombach Prof. Dr. Herbert Giersch

40 Der bevollmächtigte Mensch — Kann Prof. Dr. Dennis Gabor D. Klaus von Bismarck sich die freie industrielle Gesellschaft zur Stabilität und Reife entwickeln ?

1972 41 Sprache und Politik Kultusminister Prof. Hellmut Becker Prof. Dr. Hans Maier

Arbeitsgespräch : Prof. Dr. Richard Löwenthal François Bondy Demokratie und Nationalbewusstsein in der Bundesrepublik

42 Das erweiterte Europa Prof. Dr. R. Dahrendorf Bundesaußenminister zwischen den Blöcken Jean-Pierre Brunet Dr. Rudolf Kirchschläger Sir Con O’Neill

43 Wo bleiben die alten Menschen Prof. Dr. Helge Pross D. Klaus von Bismarck in der Leistungsgesellschaft ?

1973 44 Die “neue Mitte” : Dr. Richard v. Weizsäcker, MdB D. Klaus von Bismarck Schlagwort oder Strukturwandel ?

45 Umsteuerung der Industriegesellschaft ? Bundesminister Prof. Dr. Gottfried Bombach Dr. Hans-Jochen Vogel Dr. Hugo Thiemann

158 Protocol Topic Speakers Chair

46 Neutralität — Wert oder Unwert für die Bundesaußenminister Prof. Dr. Olivier Reverdin Vienna europäische Sicherheit Dr. Rudolf Kirchschläger Außenminister Gaston Thorn Vizeaußenminister Jósef Czyrek

1974 47 Revolution der Gleichheit — Prof. Dr. Ralf Dahrendorf D. Klaus von Bismarck Ende oder Beginn der Freiheit ?

48 Rohstoff- und Energieverknappung Prof. Dr. H. B. G. Casimir Prof. Dr. Gottfried Bombach Dr. Manfred Schäfer

49 Entwicklungshilfe — eine Illusion ? Prof. Dr. Peter T. Bauer Dr. Max Thurn Prof. Dr. Karl-Heinz Sohn

1975 Arbeitsgespräch : Prof. Dr. Ralf Dahrendorf Dr. Kurt A. Körber Moscow Entspannungspolitik, wirtschaftliche Dr. H. Ehrenberg, MdB Lew Tolkunow und kulturelle Zusammenarbeit Dr. Theo Sommer Prof. Dr. C.-F. Frhr. v. Weiz säcker Prof. Dr. G. Arbatow Prof. Dr. O. Bogomolow Schalwa Sanakojew Georgij Shukow

50 Kooperation oder Konfrontation — Stürzt Bundeskanzler Helmut Schmidt, Ministerpräsident Gaston Thorn die Wirtschaft in eine weltpolitische Krise ? MdB

51 Welche Zukunft hat die parlamentarische Ministerpräsident Gaston Thorn Prof. Dr. Ralf Dahrendorf Bonn Demokratie westlicher Prägung ?

52 Ordnungspolitik oder Verteilungskampf ? Prof. Dr. Kurt H. Biedenkopf Dr. Theo Sommer

1976 53 Die Berufsgesellschaft und ihre Bildung Staatsminister Prof. Dr. Hans Maier Prof. Dr. Hellmut Becker

54 Nach der Wahl ’76 : Welchen Spielraum hat — Prof. Dr. Ralf Dahrendorf die deutsche Innenpolitik ?

55 Entspannungspolitik nach Helsinki Prof. Dr. G. Arbatow Prof. Dr. Ralf Dahrendorf Leonard H. Marks Dr. Theo Sommer Ryszard Wojna

1977 56 Ein anderer “Way of Life” — Ist der Dr. E. F. Schumacher Prof. Dr. Hans K. Schneider Bonn Fortschritt noch ein Fortschritt ?

57 Europa und die Weltwirtschaft Claude Cheysson Ministerpräsident Gaston Thorn Luxemburg Prof. Dr. Herbert Giersch

159 Protocol Topic Speakers Chair

58 Energiekrise — Europa im Dr. Guido Brunner Prof. Dr. Hans K. Schneider Belagerungszustand ?

1978 59 Terrorismus in der Prof. Walter Laqueur Prof. Dr. Ralf Dahrendorf demokratischen Gesellschaft

Arbeitsgespräch : Joachim Gretz Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner H. Bloss Alternativenergien unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Sonnenenergie

60 Europäische Arbeitslosigkeit als Bundesminister Dr. Volker Hauff, Prof. Dr. Gottfried Bombach Dauerschicksal — oder brauchen wir MdB einen anderen Arbeitsmarkt ? Prof. Dr. Gerhard Fels Prof. Dr. Erich Streissler

61 Wachstum und Lebenssinn — Prof. Dr. Carl-Friedrich Prof. Dr. Ralf Dahrendorf Alternative Rationalitäten ? Frhr. v. Weizsäcker

1979 62 UdSSR und Bundesrepublik Deutsch land — Staatsminister Dr. K. A. Körber Moscow wirtschaftliche und politische Dr. Klaus von Dohnanyi Boris A. Borrissow Perspektiven in den 80er Jahren Alexander E. Bowin

63 Jugend und Gesellschaft. Chronischer Univ.-Prof. Dr. Leopold Rosenmayr Staatsminister Konflikt — neue Verbindlichkeiten ? Prof. Dr. Hans Maier

64 Weltrezession 1980 ? Prof. Dr. Herbert Giersch Prof. Dr. Hans K. Schneider Befürchtungen und Hoffnungen Bundesbankpräsident Karl Otto Pöhl

1980 65 Der Westen und der Nahe Osten — Krise im Dr. Arnold Hottinger Dr. Udo Steinbach Zeichen der islamischen Revolution ? Prof. Dr. Hans A. Fischer-Barnicol M. A. H. Hobohm

66 Europas Sicherheit Dr. Christoph Bertram Dr. Theo Sommer Dr. W. R. Smyser

67 Voraussetzungen und Ziele der W. A. Matweew Prof. Dr. Karl Kaiser Entspannung in den 80er Jahren Prof. Dr. Stanley Hoffmann

1981 68 Der Ausbau des Sozialstaates und das Prof. Dr. R. Dahrendorf Prof. Dr. Armin Gutowski Dilemma des Staatshaushaltes Parl. Staatssekretärin Anke Fuchs

69 Europe and America facing the crises Prof. Dr. R. Dahrendorf Prof. Dr. Karl Kaiser Washington of the 80’s Prof. Dr. Stanley Hoffmann

70 Was bleibt noch vom staatsbürgerlichen Dr. Hans-Jochen Vogel Prof. Dr. Ralf Dahrendorf Grundkonsens ? Prof. Dr. E. Noelle-Neumann

160 Protocol Topic Speakers Chair

1982 71 Repräsentieren die Parteien Minister Dr. Werner Remmers Dr. Hans Heigert unsere Gesellschaft ? Prof. Dr. Richard Löwenthal

72 Wirtschaftspolitik in der Krise ? Zur Prof. J. Tobin Prof. Dr. Herbert Giersch Bonn Situation in den Vereinigten Staaten, Prof. M. Feldstein Großbritannien, Frankreich und der Sir Alec Cairncross Bundesrepublik Deutschland A. A. Walters Prof. P. E. Uri Prof. P. Salin Prof. A. Gutowski Dr. H. Schulmann

1983 73 Die politisch-kulturelle Heraus forderung Präsident Gaston Thorn Prof. Dr. Ralf Dahrendorf Zurich Europas — Ein Weg zur Erneuerung der Industriegesellschaft

74 Die deutsche Frage — neu gestellt Regierender Bürgermeister Prof. Dr. Karl Kaiser Berlin Dr. Richard v. Weizsäcker

1984 75 Zukunft Europas : Probleme der politi schen Ministerialdirektor Horst Teltschik Prof. Dr. Karl Kaiser Moscow und militärischen Entspannung. Wadim W. Sagladin Juri Shukow

76 Ist die Spaltung Europas das letzte Wort ? Franz Kardinal König S. E. Botschafter Prof. Rome Bundeskanzler a.D. Luigi Vittorio Graf Ferraris Helmut Schmidt

1985 77 Neue Strukturen für die soziale Sicherheit ? Prof. Dr. Helmut Meinhold Fides Krause-Brewer Senator Ulf Fink Senator a.D. Olaf Sund

78 10 Jahre Helsinki — Botschafter R. Burt Prof. Dr. Ralf Dahrendorf Bonn die Herausforderung bleibt Prof. Dr. S. Tichwinskij Dr. M. Szürös Botschafter Prof. L. V. Graf Ferraris Prof. Dr. M. Dobrosielski MinDir. H. Teltschik

1986 79 Findet Europa wieder die Kraft, eine Rolle Präsident Jacques Delors Prof. Dr. Karl Kaiser Brussels in der Weltpolitik zu spielen ? Gen.-Sekr. Lord Carrington Bundeskanzler a. D. Helmut Schmidt

80 Bürger und res publica — Staatsminister Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Ralf Dahrendorf die Zukunft der Verantwortung Hans Maier

161 Protocol Topic Speakers Chair

1987 81 Die Beziehungen zwischen der Volker Rühe, MdB Valentin Falin Moscow Sowjetunion und der Bundesrepublik Wadim W. Sagladin Dr. Theo Sommer Deutschland Egon Bahr

82 Die Modernität in der Industriegesellschaft Prof. Dr. Hermann Lübbe Botschafter Geneva — und danach ? Prof. Luigi V. Ferraris

83 Zusammenarbeit als Mittel zur Dr. M. Szürös Prof. Dr. Karl Kaiser Budapest Vertrauensbildung Bundeskanzler a.D. Helmut Schmidt Prof. Dr. R. Bogdanow Prof. Dr. H. Sonnenfeldt

1988 84 Systemöffnende Kooperation ? Prof. W. Leonhard Jürgen Engert Berlin Perspektiven zwischen Ost und West Prof. Dr. Harry Maier

85 Die ökologische Wende — Dr. H. Frhr. v. Lersner Staatsminister a.D. Munich hat sie noch Chancen ? Staatss. Alois Glück Prof. Dr. Hans Maier

86 Das gemeinsame europäische Haus — Wadim W. Sagladin Prof. Dr. Karl Kaiser Bonn aus der Sicht der Sowjetunion und der MinDir. Horst Teltschik Bundesrepublik Deutschland

1989 87 Globale Umweltproblematik als Prof. W. Mundt Prof. Dr. Max Schmidt Dresden gemeinsame Überlebensfrage Prof. Dr. W. Haber

88 Auf dem Wege zu einem neuen Europa ? Stellvertr. Außenminister Sir Ralf Dahrendorf Bonn Perspektiven einer gemein samen Lawrence Eagleburger westlichen Ostpolitik Bots. Sir Christopher Mallaby MinDir. Horst Teltschik

89 Chancen für die europäische Kultur Dr. Valtr Komárek Dr. Hans Heigert Prague am Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts Prof. Dr. Kurt Biedenkopf

1990 90 Wie geht es weiter mit den Bundeskanzler a.D. Willy Brandt Sir Ralf Dahrendorf Dresden Deutschen in Europa ? Konsistorialpräsident Dr. Manfred Stolpe Ministerpräsident Dr. Lothar Späth

91 Europa im Aufbruch — auf dem Wege zu Wadim W. Sagladin Staatssekretär Moscow einer neuen Friedensordnung MinDir. Horst Teltschik Dr. Andreas Meyer-Landrut

1991 92 Perestrojka : Kontinuität, Prof. W. Wladislawlew Sir Ralf Dahrendorf Moscow Ende oder Wende ? Dr. F. W. Christians

93 Nach dem “Sozialismus” : Ministerpräsident a.D. Prof. Dr. Hans Maier Berlin Wie geht es weiter mit den neuen Tadeusz Mazowiecki Demokratien in Europa ? Sir Ralf Dahrendorf

162 Protocol Topic Speakers Chair

1992 94 Wege zur inneren Einheit Ministerpräsident Dr. Brigitte Seebacher-Brandt Dresden Prof. Dr. Kurt Biedenkopf Wolfgang Thierse, MdB

95 Welche Antworten gibt Europa auf Bundeskanzler a.D. Willy Brandt Prof. Dr. Karl Kaiser Paris die neuen Einwanderungswellen ? Präsident Jacques Delors

96 Zwischen Integration und nationaler Jim Hoagland Staatssekretär Tallinn Eigenständigkeit : wie findet Europa Dr. Krenzler Dr. Andreas Meyer-Landrut zusammen ? Präsident Lennart Meri Botschafter T. Örn Staatsmin. B. Schmidbauer

97 Energiesicherheit für ganz Europa ? Dr. Hermann Krämer Staatssekretär Kiev Min. Prof. W. Skljarow Dr. Andreas Meyer-Landrut Helga Steeg Prof. Dr. Y. Rudenko

1993 98 Orientierungskrise in Politik und Dr. Antje Vollmer Jürgen Engert Berlin Gesellschaft ? Perspektiven der Demokratie Prof. Dr. Wolf Lepenies

99 Will the West survive the Senator Bill Bradley Lord Ralf Dahrendorf Ditchley disintegration of the East ? Dr. W. F. van Eekelen Park Dr. H.-G. Poettering

100 Wieviel Gemeinsinn braucht Ministerpräsident Prof. Dr. Dieter Grimm Dresden die liberale Gesellschaft ? Prof. Dr. Kurt Biedenkopf Prof. Dr. Albert O. Hirschman

1994 101 Russland und der Westen : Internationale Minister A. A. Kokoschin Staatssekretär St. Sicherheit und Reformpolitik BMin. Volker Rühe Dr. Andreas Meyer-Landrut Petersburg Bürgermeister Prof. A. A. Sobtschak

102 Zukunftsfähigkeit von Politik, Dr. Lothar Späth Jürgen Engert Friedrichs roda Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft Leo A. Nefiodow

1995 103 Die Verfassung Europas Prof. Jean-Claude Casanova Lord Ralf Dahrendorf Oxford Timothy Garton Ash Dr. Wolfgang Schäuble

104 Europa — aber wo liegen seine Grenzen ? Prof. Bronislaw Geremek Prof. Dr. Karl Kaiser Warsaw Anders Björck Senator J. François-Poncet

105 Ein neuer Gesellschaftsvertrag ? Bundesminister Horst Seehofer Prof. Dr. Hermann Korte Munich Prof. Dr. Barbara Riedmüller

163 Protocol Topic Speakers Chair

1996 106 Europe and the Future of the Dr. Mahdi F. Abdul Hadi Prof. Dr. Michael Stürmer Jerusalem Middle East — an Agenda for Peace Hanan Bar-On Prof. Leonard Hausman Jean-Paul Jesse Staatsminister Helmut Schäfer

107 Medien — Macht — Politik Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Donsbach Thomas Kielinger Senator Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Hoffmann-Riem Dr. Theo Sommer

108 Was bewegt Russland ? Sergej Baburin Staatssekretär a.D. Moscow Sir Rodric Braithwaite Dr. Andreas Meyer-Landrut

1997 109 At the crossroads of geo-politics — Turkey Ilter Türkmen Prof. Dr. Curt Gasteyger Istanbul in a changing political environment Morton Abramowitz Hans-Ulrich Klose

110 Wege aus der blockierten Gesellschaft Dr. h. c. André Leysen Lord Ralf Dahrendorf Berlin Bundesminister Dr. Jürgen Rüttgers

111 Wie ist Europa zu sichern ? Dr. Ulrich Cartellieri Prof. Dr. Michael Stürmer Amsterdam Sir Christopher Mallaby Wolfgang Ischinger Marten van Heuven Frits Bolkestein Prof. David P. Calleo Max Kohnstamm Elmar Brok

1998 112 Wachsende Ungleichheiten — Ministerpräsident Prof. Dr. Barbara Riedmüller Leipzig neue Spaltungen ? Prof. Dr. Kurt Biedenkopf Prof. Dr. Heinz Bude Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Huber

113 Energie und Geostrategie Dr. Terry D. Adams Staatssekretär a.D. Baku im kaspischen Raum Botschafter Vafa Goulizade Dr. Andreas Meyer-Landrut Paul Haseldonckx Staatssekretär Dr. Hans-Friedrich von Ploetz

1999 114 Welche gesellschaftliche Wertigkeit hat Prof. Dr. Hans Lenk Prof. Dr. Hermann-Anders Korte Magdeburg der Sport ? Herbert Riehl-Heyse Prof. Dr. Jürgen Palm

115 Neue Dimensionen des Politischen ? Prof. Dr. Antonia Grunenberg Prof. Dr. Jutta Limbach Berlin Herausforderungen für die Bundesministerin a.D. Sabine repräsenta tive Demokratie Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger, MdB

164 Protocol Topic Speakers Chair

116 Russland in Europa : Wolfgang Ischinger Dr. Andreas Meyer-Landrut Moscow Zehn Jahre nach dem Kalten Krieg Oleg Morosow Dr. Ulrich Cartellieri Andrej A. Kokoschin Dr. Klaus v. Dohnanyi 2000 117 Modell Deutschland : Dr. Henning Scherf Berlin Reif für die Globalisierung ? Prof. Dr. Carl Christian v. Weizsäcker

118 Ein föderatives Europa ? Sylvie Goulard Prof. Dr. Rudolf von Thadden Berlin Prof. Dr. Klaus Hänsch, MdEP Dr. Jerzy Kranz

119 China : Prof. Yang Qixian Präsident Mei Zhaorong Beijing Partner in der Weltwirtschaft Minister Zheng Silin Prof. Dr. Karl Kaiser Minister Wang Chunzheng Vice Minister Shen Jueren Prof. Dr. Zhu Min Shi Mingde Song Jian Dr. Konrad Seitz Dr. Horst Teltschik Dr. Martin Posth

2001 120 Verhandlungsdemokratie ? Politik des Prof. Dr. Dieter Grimm Prof. Robert Leicht Berlin Möglichen — Möglichkeiten der Politik Dr. Annette Fugmann-Heesing

121 The Baltic Sea — a Region Minister a.D. Bertel Haarder Minister Dr. Jaako Iloniemi Helsinki of Prosperity and Stability ? Botschafter Dr. Artur J. Kuznetsov Alar J. Rudolf Olljum Hans Olsson Timo Summa Außenminister Dr. Erkki Tuomioja Staatsminister Dr. Christoph Zöpel

122 Russia’s European Dimension — Sergej W. Jastrschembskij Moscow Dr. Sergej A. Karaganow

2002 123 The Future of Southeast Europe Andy Bearpark Martti Ahtisaari Belgrade Dr. Erhard Busek Dr. Erhard Busek Nebojša Čović Bozidar Djelić Dr. Alexandra Jovičević Dr. Herwig Kempf Gerald Knaus Dr. Wolfgang Petritsch Goran Svilanović

165 Protocol Topic Speakers Chair

124 Contours of a “New World Order” ? Prof. Dr. Egon Bahr Lord Ralf Dahrendorf Berlin Prof. John L. Hirsch Dr. Peter W. Singer Prof. Paul W. Schroeder Prof. Georges-Henri Soutou Karsten D. Voigt Prof. Dr. Norbert Walter Prof. Samuel F. Wells Jr.

125 Reinventing Europe — Cultural Dimensions Prof. Dr. Hélène Ahrweiler Otto von der Gablentz Hamburg of Widening and Deepening Prof. Dr. Üstün Ergüder Monika Griefahn MdB Prof. Yudhishthir Raj Isar Hywel Ceri Jones Prof. Dr. Karl Schlögel Dr. Gary Smith Gijs de Vries Roger de Weck 126 The Future of Democracy — European Per- Henri de Bresson Florence spectives Prof. Andrea Manzella Prof. Dr. Gesine Schwan Prof. Larry Siedentop Gijs de Vries Prof. Helen Wallace

2003 127 The Middle East and Western Values: A Dr. Gilles Kepel Dr. Christoph Bertram Isfahan Dialog With Iran Dr. Michael McFaul Dr. Homayra Moshirzadeh Dr. Ahmad Nagheebzadeh Giandomenico Picco Dr. Johannes Reissner Dr. Hossein Salimi

166

The Bergedorf Round Table

Chairman Dr. Richard von Weizsäcker, former President of the Federal Republic of Germany

Coordinator Dr. Klaus Wehmeier (Deputy Chairman of the Board of Directors) Dr. Levin von Trott zu Solz (Managing Director until December 31st, 2003)

Managing Director Dr. Thomas Paulsen

Program Assistant Karen Pehla, M. A.

Program Manager Dr. Patrick O. Cohrs Dr. Thomas Weihe

Address Bergedorf Round Table Berlin Office of the Körber Foundation Neustädtische Kirchstraße 8 D -10117 Berlin Phone : +49-30-20 62 67-60 Fax : +49-30-20 62 67-67 E-Mail : [email protected] www.bergedorfer-gespraechskreis.de

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Bibliografische Information Der Deutschen Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http ://dnb.ddb.de abrufbar.

© edition Körber-Stiftung, Hamburg 2004

Editors Julia Steets Horst Rödinger Dr. Thomas Weihe Translations Nicolas Kumanoff Pictures Marc Darchinger, Sandra Ost (cover) Design Groothuis, Lohfert, Consorten | glcons.de Printed in Germany by Offizin Andersen Nexö Leipzig

ISBN 3-89684-357-5 All rights are reserved. These minutes may be reproduced upon request.

The Bergedorf Protocols are also published in German. Both versions are available for download and research at www.bergedorfer-gespraechskreis.de