DOCSLIB.ORG

The German Bundestag in the Reichstag Building

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

The German Bundestag in the Reichstag Building The German Bundestag in the Reichstag Building 6 Foreword by the President of the German Bundestag, Wolfgang Schäuble Hans Wilderotter 9 “Here beats the heart of democracy” Structure and function of the Bundestag 10 The ‘forum of the nation’: the Bundestag at the heart of the German Constitution 14 “Representatives of the whole people”: the Members of Parliament 22 “The President shall represent the Bundestag”: the President of the Bundestag, the Presidium and the Council of Elders 32 “Permanent subdivisions of the Bundestag”: the parliamentary groups 40 “Microcosms of the Chamber”: the committees 48 Strategy and scrutiny: study commissions, committees of inquiry, the Parliamentary Oversight Panel and the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Armed Forces 54 “The visible hub of parliamentary business”: the plenary chamber 62 “Federal laws shall be adopted by the Bundestag”: legislation and legislative processes 76 “Establishing a united Europe”: Bundestag participation in the process of European integration Content Hans Wilderotter 83 The long road to democracy Milestones in Germany’s parliamentary history 84 “... the real school of Vormärz liberalism”: parliaments in Germany before 1848 88 “We will create a constitution for Germany”: the German National Assembly in St Paul’s Church, Frankfurt am Main 106 A “written document as the Constitution of the Prussian Kingdom”: the constituent National Assembly and the Prussian House of Representatives in Berlin 122 Democracy without parliamentarianism: the Reichstag in the German Empire 138 “The German Empire is a republic”: the National Assembly and the Weimar Constitution 160 The temporary end of parliamentary democracy: the Reichstag and the Land parliaments in the National Socialist dictatorship 164 “All state authority is derived from the people”: milestones in the Bundestag success story since 1949 Hans Wilderotter 199 Architecture and politics The Reichstag Building then and now 200 “The keystone of German unification”: the planning, construction and significance of the Reichstag Building, 1871 to 1918 238 A Forum of the Republic: the Reichstag Building in the Spreebogen, 1919 to 1933 250 From the Reichstag Fire to the end of the war: the Reichstag Building from 1933 to 1945 256 “A little sense of history”: reconstruction and refurbishment after World War II 262 Wrapped Reichstag – the art project realised by Christo and Jeanne-Claude 264 “A symbol of democracy”: the Reichstag Building since 1991 Andreas Kaernbach 273 Culture and Politics in Dialogue Art in the Reichstag Building 274 The Art Council 278 The artists and their artworks 334 Index of artists “We all know, of course, that a German Parlia- ment will probably never sit there again”. When historian Arnulf Baring made that state- ment about the Berlin Reichstag Building at the start of 1987, such sittings did indeed seem inconceivable to most people. Had the edifice, steeped in history but now standing in the shadow of the Berlin Wall, become a mere symbol in the “fairy-tale forest of the German mind”? Less than three years later the Wall came down, and on 20 December 1990 the first Bundestag for the whole of Germany held its constituent sitting – in the Reichstag Building in Berlin! Foreword by the President of the German Bundestag, Wolfgang Schäuble There is surely no other place in which the highs and lows of Germany’s more recent his- tory are so strikingly visible, so forcefully and dramatically present. Yet it is first and foremost a place of work, for since 1999 it has been the beating heart of our parliamentary democracy. Here, in the most important forum of the na- tion, is where the struggle is waged to find the best solutions to the complex issues of the day; it is where the pivotal choices are made for the This book traces the chequered history of Ger- future of our country. man democracy and parliamentarianism. It in- It is a place of representation of the people vites you to watch the Members of the Bundes- as well as a place of encounter for the people, tag at work, to take a look behind the scenes the Reichstag being one of the most-visited and so to gain insight into the everyday life of parliament buildings in the world. Sir Norman Parliament. You will obtain valuable informa- Foster’s glass dome has now achieved cult sta- tion on the bodies of the Bundestag and the tus among visitors to Berlin. Those who visit complex parliamentary decision-making pro- the building discover a unique ensemble of an cesses but also on the highly charged relation- old efdifice, modern interior design and cele- ship between art and politics. brated works of contemporary art, a place full I wish you a very enlightening read, and I shall of symbolism that surprises, occasionally irri- be delighted if it encourages you to visit the tates and always inspires reflection. Reichstag Building and Parliament. 8 “Here beats the heart of democracy” Structure and function of the Bundestag 9 The Bundestag possesses a characteristic that distinguishes it from all of the other constitu- tional organs of the Federal Republic of Germa- ny, for it is the only organ whose legitimacy is directly conferred by a democratic vote. As Article 20 of the Basic Law succinctly states, “All state authority is derived from the people”, and it is those same people who choose the Members of Parliament in “general, direct, free, equal and secret elections”. From this demo- cratic legitimisation of the Bundestag stem its four main functions, namely election (of the Federal Chancellor, for example), legislation, scrutiny of the government and communica- tion. The electoral function of the Bundestag is vis- ible at the start of a legislative term, when it elects the Federal Chancellor. In the parliamen- tary system of government, a parliamentary group (Fraktion) or a coalition of two or more parliamentary groups commanding a majority in the Bundestag forms the Federal Govern- The ‘forum of the nation’: the Bundestag at the heart of the German Constitution 10 ment. The President of the Federal Republic proposes a candidate for the office of Chancel- Within the legislative process, crucial impor- lor to the Bundestag. As a rule, the election tance attaches to budgetary powers. Under takes place at the second sitting of the Bunde- Article 110 of the Basic Law, budgetary powers stag, which follows the constituent first sitting; lie with the Bundestag. It adopts the budget, it is conducted without a debate and by secret in which all items of federal expenditure must ballot. The candidate who obtains the votes be disclosed. Parliamentary deliberation on the of a majority of the Members of the Bundestag, budget, the annual enshrinement in law of the known as a Kanzlermehrheit, or ‘chancellor adopted federal budget and continuous scruti- majority’, is duly elected. Thereafter, the gov- ny by the Budget Committee of the execution ernment is maintained by the confidence and of the budget serve to ensure the sovereignty support of the groups forming the majority of Parliament over government revenue and coalition in Parliament. In principle, coalition expenditure. members may withdraw this support and so de- Another function is scrutiny of the government prive the coalition of its majority, whereupon – a task which is chiefly performed by the op- the House may elect another head of govern- position in a parliamentary system of govern- ment by means of a constructive vote of no ment. Numerous instruments are available for confidence. this scrutiny, committees of inquiry and major Legislation is the parliamentary function with interpellations being but two of these. To ena- the highest public profile. Although the Bun- ble the opposition to use these instruments, the desrat and the Federal Government also partici- Bundestag Rules of Procedure and parliamenta- pate in federal legislation, the ultimate decision ry practice provide for various minority rights. rests with the Bundestag, since no federal law These procedural rights enable a parliamentary can be passed and enter into force without the minority to take certain procedural decisions consent of the Bundestag. even against the wishes of the majority. Pages 8/9: Inside the plenary chamber left: Election of the Head of Govern- ment: Wolfgang Schäuble (CDU/ CSU), President of the Bundestag, administers the oath of office to Federal Chancellor Angela Merkel (CDU/CSU). 11 In addition, the Rules of Procedure define the Importance also attaches to the communicative duties, rights and obligations of Members of function of Parliament, which is why it is Parliament and of parliamentary bodies. The sometimes referred to as the ‘forum of the na- latter include the governing bodies, headed tion’. Time and again, the Bundestag discusses by the President (Speaker) of the Bundestag, issues of great public interest. Particularly in who is the representative of Parliament. The its major debates, the subjects under discussion President of the Bundestag, his or her Vice- have implications that extend far beyond the Presidents and the Rules of Procedure are en- current electoral term. In these public debates, shrined in the Constitution. They are guaran- various potential solutions and future scenarios teed by Article 40 of the Basic Law and are are presented and provoke lively discussions. instruments and symbols of the autonomy To enable itself to accomplish the tasks associ- of Parliament, of its independence from the ated with these main functions, the Bundestag executive. has adopted Rules of Procedure. These rules These bodies also include the parliamentary lay down, for example, the procedures to groups and committees. It is here that the bulk which the Bundestag must adhere in order to of the detailed work of Parliament is performed. arrive at appropriate and legally unimpeacha- The parliamentary groups are the political divi- ble decisions on matters under discussion.
Recommended publications
  • Ernst Reuter

    Ernst Reuter

    Ernst Reuter Militante socialista fin dal 1912, durante il primo conflitto mondiale fu fatto prigioniero dai russi. Folgorato dalla rivoluzione bolscevica, aderì al comunismo e fu nominato commissario del popolo per la Repubblica tedesca del Volga. Rientrato in Germania nel 1918, con la piena fiducia dei russi assunse l'incarico di segretario generale del KPD, partito comunista tedesco. Dopo la sua espulsione dal partito comunista per ordine di Mosca nel 1922 (dovuta al suo atteggiamento critico nei confronti dell’egemonia sovietica nella Terza Internazionale), Reuter aderì al partito socialdemocratico e durante la Repubblica di Weimar fu membro del Consiglio municipale di Berlino, sindaco di Magdeburgo e deputato al Reichstag. Odiato dai sovietici, non fu meno odiato dai nazisti e dovette lasciare la Germania dopo l’avvento di Hitler al potere e trovare riparo prima in Inghilterra, poi in Turchia. Al suo ritorno in patria, dopo il 1945, riorganizzò il Partito Socialdemocratico e fu (nominalmente dal giugno 1947, ma di fatto dal dicembre 1948) borgomastro dei tre settori occidentali che formavano la Berlino ovest. Durante il blocco di Berlino, fu animatore della resistenza dei suoi concittadini. Prima di dare il via al Ponte aereo, il generale americano Lucius Clay volle essere certo che i berlinesi avrebbero accettato di affrontare le molte difficoltà di una operazione mai prima sperimentata su quella scala. Nel libro pubblicato da Mondadori nel 1998 (Berlino storia di una metropoli), Alexandra Richie ricorda che Clay convocò Reuter nel suo ufficio e gli chiese quale sarebbe stato l’atteggiamento dei berlinesi; il borgomastro rispose che la posizione dei suoi concittadini era fuori discussione: «Si sarebbero impegnati per la propria libertà e avrebbero accettato con riconoscenza qualsiasi aiuto fosse stato loro offerto».
  • Ernst Reuter Als Kommunalpolitiker, 1922-1953

    Ernst Reuter Als Kommunalpolitiker, 1922-1953

    Ernst Reuter als Kommunalpolitiker, 1922-1953. Berlin: Technische Universität Berlin, Center for Metropolitan Studies , Landesarchiv Berlin, Deutscher Städtetag, Stiftung Checkpoint Charlie, 23.03.2007-24.03.2007. Reviewed by Moritz Feichtinger Published on H-Soz-u-Kult (July, 2007) Ernst Reuter zählt zu den bedeutendsten tern der neuen Rechten und den Nationalsozialis‐ deutschen Politikern der ersten Hälfte des 20. ten gemacht wurden: Er sei als Sowjetkommissar Jahrhunderts, und seine politische Biographie ist für die Erschießung von 200.000 Wolgadeutschen wie kaum eine andere von den Umbrüchen dieser direkt verantwortlich gewesen. Es gelang Barclay Zeit geprägt. Dennoch – vielleicht aber auch des‐ nachzuzeichnen, dass diese Anschuldigungen sich wegen – haben die Medienöffentlichkeit, aber auf nicht ernst zu nehmende Quellen stützten. Er auch eine am Narrativ des Kalten Kriegers orien‐ betonte, dass es für den jungen Reuter eine unver‐ tierte historische Forschung ein hochgradig selek‐ gleichliche Chance gewesen sei, in jungen Jahren tives, ja stereotypes Bild des standhaft-patheti‐ als Sowjetkommissar eine hohe politische Verant‐ schen Berlin-Verteidigers („Völker der Welt ...“) wortung zu tragen. ausgearbeitet und in den Köpfen festgesetzt. Stark Adelheid von Saldern befasste sich in ihrem vernachlässigt wurde in der bisherigen Reuter- Vortrag (Frühe sozialdemokratische Kommunal‐ Biographik vor allem die Tatsache, dass dieser in politik) mit Ansätzen früher sozialdemokratischer seinem Selbstverständnis wie in seiner Praxis ein Kommunalpolitik vom Wilhelminismus bis zur in erster Linie Kommunalpolitiker war. Weimarer Republik. Besonders einflussreich war Eine Konferenz des Centers for Metropolitan das Konzept des Munizipalsozialismus, das auf ei‐ Studies (CMS) der TU Berlin und des Landesar‐ ner breit angelegten Errichtung kommunaler Be‐ chivs Berlin (in Zusammenarbeit mit der Fried‐ triebe beruht.
  • Im Spannungsfeld Von Katholizismus, Welfentum Und Preußisch-Bismarckschem Machtstreben

    Im Spannungsfeld Von Katholizismus, Welfentum Und Preußisch-Bismarckschem Machtstreben

    Im Spannungsfeld von Katholizismus, Welfentum und preußisch-bismarckschem Machtstreben. Die Entwicklung Ludwig Windthorsts zum Gegenspieler Bismarcks vor dem Hintergrund des Aufstiegs Preußens zur Großmacht bis zum Beginn des Kulturkampfes Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) durch die Philosophische Fakultät der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Vorgelegt von Georg Arnold aus Mönchengladbach Erstgutachter: Prof. em. Dr. Karl-Egon Lönne Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Hans Hecker Drittgutachter: Prof. Dr. Gerd Krumeich Tag der Disputation: 24. Januar 2006 D 61 Düsseldorfer Philosophische Dissertation 2 Danksagung und zugleich Widmung Es ist mir eine angenehme Pflicht, an dieser Stelle jenen Menschen zu danken, die mich und diese Arbeit begleitet und in vielfältiger Weise unterstützt haben. Mein besonders tief empfundener Dank gilt meinem Doktorvater Herrn Prof. em. Dr. Karl-Egon Lönne, der mir nicht nur bei fachlichen Problemen sehr geholfen hat, sondern mir durch seine persönliche Begleitung eine wertvolle Stütze war. Leider ist Herr Prof. Lönne kurz vor meiner Disputation erkrankt. Ich danke Herrn Prof. Dr. Hans Hecker, dass er an seiner Stelle die Prüfung geleitet hat. Danken möchte ich denjenigen Mitarbeitern in den Bibliotheken und Archiven, die mich freundlich aufgenommen haben und mir mit Rat und Tat zur Seite standen. Namentlich hervorheben möchte ich Herrn Krischanitz aus dem Hauptstaatsarchiv Hannover. Bedanken möchte ich mich ferner bei SKH Prinz Ernst August von Hannover für die Erlaubnis, im privaten Hausarchiv der Welfenfamilie zu arbeiten, und bei Generaloberin Schwester Wiltrudis für den Zugang zum Klosterarchiv des Augustinerinnenklosters in Neuss. Gerne würde ich an dieser Stelle alle erwähnen, die mir in der zurückliegenden Zeit halfen, aber diese Liste wäre zu lang.
  • La Défense Du Paradis Fiscal Suisse Avant La Seconde

    La Défense Du Paradis Fiscal Suisse Avant La Seconde

    CHRISTOPHE FARQUET Il y a un siècle, le secret bancaire suisse était remis en cause pour la première fois sur la scène internationale. LA DÉFENSE DU PARADIS FISCAL SUISSE Ce livre étudie comment les dirigeants helvétiques sont parvenus à faire AVANT LA SECONDE GUERRE MONDIALE : face aux pressions internationales, qui apparaissent après le premier conflit FARQUET CHRISTOPHE mondial, pour empêcher le placement en Suisse des capitaux étrangers en UNE HISTOIRE INTERNATIONALE HISTOIRE fuite. Fruit d’une recherche très vaste sur des sources inédites, issues de nombreux fonds d’archives suisses et européennes, l’ouvrage renouvelle les connaissances sur l’histoire de la place financière helvétique et des relations économiques internationales au cours de la première moitié du XXe siècle. L’analyse démontre que les autorités fédérales, de concert avec le patronat bancaire et industriel, ont élaboré un ensemble de stratégies visant non seulement à écarter les attaques à l’encontre du secret bancaire et des avantages fiscaux, mais encore à renforcer l’attractivité du centreoffshore suisse, notamment par le biais de la signature des premières conventions de double imposition. Si cette politique ne trouve pas d’équivalent à l’étranger, elle a cependant constamment reçu d’importants appuis auprès des élites européennes. En se penchant sur les premiers épisodes de l’histoire de la protection du secret bancaire, La défense du paradis fiscal suisse avant la Seconde Guerre mondiale réintègre ainsi les événements actuels dans une perspective de plus longue durée. OIRE INTERNATIONALE Christophe Farquet est titulaire d’un doctorat en histoire. Il est actuelle- ment maître-assistant à l’Institut Paul Bairoch de l’Université de Genève.
  • Beyond Social Democracy in West Germany?

    Beyond Social Democracy in West Germany?

    BEYOND SOCIAL DEMOCRACY IN WEST GERMANY? William Graf I The theme of transcending, bypassing, revising, reinvigorating or otherwise raising German Social Democracy to a higher level recurs throughout the party's century-and-a-quarter history. Figures such as Luxemburg, Hilferding, Liebknecht-as well as Lassalle, Kautsky and Bernstein-recall prolonged, intensive intra-party debates about the desirable relationship between the party and the capitalist state, the sources of its mass support, and the strategy and tactics best suited to accomplishing socialism. Although the post-1945 SPD has in many ways replicated these controversies surrounding the limits and prospects of Social Democracy, it has not reproduced the Left-Right dimension, the fundamental lines of political discourse that characterised the party before 1933 and indeed, in exile or underground during the Third Reich. The crucial difference between then and now is that during the Second Reich and Weimar Republic, any significant shift to the right on the part of the SPD leader- ship,' such as the parliamentary party's approval of war credits in 1914, its truck under Ebert with the reactionary forces, its periodic lapses into 'parliamentary opportunism' or the right rump's acceptance of Hitler's Enabling Law in 1933, would be countered and challenged at every step by the Left. The success of the USPD, the rise of the Spartacus move- ment, and the consistent increase in the KPD's mass following throughout the Weimar era were all concrete and determined reactions to deficiences or revisions in Social Democratic praxis. Since 1945, however, the dynamics of Social Democracy have changed considerably.
  • Antrag Der Abgeordneten Klaus Brähmig, Jürgen Klimke, Dr

    Antrag Der Abgeordneten Klaus Brähmig, Jürgen Klimke, Dr

    Deutscher Bundestag Drucksache 16/5906 16. Wahlperiode 04. 07. 2007 Antrag der Abgeordneten Klaus Brähmig, Jürgen Klimke, Dr. Hans-Peter Friedrich (Hof), Ulrich Adam, Otto Bernhardt, Carl-Eduard von Bismarck, Antje Blumenthal, Wolfgang Börnsen (Bönstrup), Helmut Brandt, Anke Eymer (Lübeck), Dr. Hans Georg Faust, Dirk Fischer (Hamburg), Uda Carmen Freia Heller, Ernst Hinsken, Dr. Rolf Koschorrek, Hartmut Koschyk, Ingbert Liebing, Dr. Angela Merkel, Marlene Mortler, Bernward Müller (Gera), Eckhardt Rehberg, Dr. Norbert Röttgen, Anita Schäfer (Saalstadt), Dr. Ole Schröder, Wilhelm Josef Sebastian, Kurt Segner, Gero Storjohann, Marcus Weinberg, Volker Kauder, Dr. Peter Ramsauer und der Fraktion der CDU/CSU sowie der Abgeordneten Annette Faße, Gabriele Hiller-Ohm, Nils Annen, Dr. Hans- Peter Bartels, Dr. Michael Bürsch, Christian Carstensen, Renate Gradistanac, Hans-Joachim Hacker, Bettina Hagedorn, Reinhold Hemker, Iris Hoffmann (Wismar), Brunhilde Irber, Johannes Kahrs, Dr. h. c. Susanne Kastner, Christian Kleiminger, Dirk Manzewski, Hilde Mattheis, Heinz Paula, Sönke Rix, Dr. Ernst Dieter Rossmann, Ortwin Runde, Olaf Scholz, Ludwig Stiegler, Jörn Thießen, Franz Thönnes, Engelbert Wistuba, Dr. Wolfgang Wodarg, Dr. Peter Struck und der Fraktion der SPD Die Tourismusregion Ostsee voranbringen Der Bundestag wolle beschließen: I. Der Deutsche Bundestag stellt fest: Auf keine maritime Region hatten der Zerfall des Ostblocks, die Grenzöffnung und die EU-Osterweiterung 2004 größeren Einfluss als auf die Ostseeregion. Mit den neuen EU-Staaten Polen, Litauen, Lettland und Estland hat sich die Ost- seeregion fast zu einem EU-Binnenmeer entwickelt. Für das Nicht-EU-Land Russland stellt die Ostsee einen wichtigen Verbindungsweg nach Westeuropa dar. Dabei kommt der Region Königsberg/Kaliningrad aufgrund ihrer Lage als Enklave in der EU sowie ihrer Geschichte eine wichtige Brückenfunktion zwischen der EU und Russland zu.
  • KARL MARX Peter Harrington London Peter Harrington London

    KARL MARX Peter Harrington London Peter Harrington London

    KARL MARX Peter Harrington london Peter Harrington london mayfair chelsea Peter Harrington Peter Harrington 43 dover street 100 FulHam road london w1s 4FF london sw3 6Hs uk 020 3763 3220 uk 020 7591 0220 eu 00 44 20 3763 3220 eu 00 44 20 7591 0220 usa 011 44 20 3763 3220 www.peterharrington.co.uk usa 011 44 20 7591 0220 Peter Harrington london KARL MARX remarkable First editions, Presentation coPies, and autograPH researcH notes ian smitH, senior sPecialist in economics, Politics and PHilosoPHy [email protected] Marx: then and now We present a remarkable assembly of first editions and presentation copies of the works of “The history of the twentieth Karl Marx (1818–1883), including groundbreaking books composed in collaboration with century is Marx’s legacy. Stalin, Mao, Che, Castro … have all Friedrich Engels (1820–1895), early articles and announcements written for the journals presented themselves as his heirs. Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher and Der Vorbote, and scathing critical responses to the views of Whether he would recognise his contemporaries Bauer, Proudhon, and Vogt. them as such is quite another matter … Nevertheless, within one Among this selection of highlights are inscribed copies of Das Kapital (Capital) and hundred years of his death half Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei (Communist Manifesto), the latter being the only copy of the the world’s population was ruled Manifesto inscribed by Marx known to scholarship; an autograph manuscript leaf from his by governments that professed Marxism to be their guiding faith. years spent researching his theory of capital at the British Museum; a first edition of the His ideas have transformed the study account of the First International’s 1866 Geneva congress which published Marx’s eleven of economics, history, geography, “instructions”; and translations of his works into Russian, Italian, Spanish, and English, sociology and literature.” which begin to show the impact that his revolutionary ideas had both before and shortly (Francis Wheen, Karl Marx, 1999) after his death.
  • 1 Introduction

    1 Introduction

    Notes 1 Introduction 1. What belongs together will now grow together (JK). 2. The well-known statement from Brandt is often wrongly attributed to the speech he gave one day after the fall of the Berlin Wall at the West Berlin City Hall, Rathaus Schöneberg. This error is understandable since it was added later to the publicized version of the speech with the consent of Brandt himself (Rother, 2001, p. 43). By that time it was already a well known phrase since it featured prominently on a SPD poster with a picture of Brandt in front of the partying masses at the Berlin Wall. The original statement was made by Brandt during a radio interview on 10 November for SFP-Mittagecho where he stated: ‘Jetzt sind wir in einer Situation, in der wieder zusammenwächst, was zusammengehört’ (‘Now we are in a situation in which again will grow together what belongs together’). 3. The Treaty of Prague with Czechoslovakia, signed 11 December 1973, finalized the Eastern Treaties. 4. By doing this, I aim to contribute to both theory formation concerning inter- national politics and foreign policy and add to the historiography of the German question and reunification policy. Not only is it important to com- pare theoretical assumptions against empirical data, by making the theoretical assumptions that guide the historical research explicit, other scholars are enabled to better judge the quality of the research. In the words of King et al. (1994, p. 8): ‘If the method and logic of a researcher’s observations and infer- ences are left implicit, the scholarly community has no way of judging the validity of what was done.’ This does not mean that the historical research itself only serves theory formation.
  • Ştefan Sorin Mureşan the Case of Germany

    Ştefan Sorin Mureşan the Case of Germany

    Ştefan Sorin Mureşan Social Market Economy The Case of Germany Social Market Economy With the kind financial support of: www.Diplomatic-Economist.eu and Dr.-Ing. Mariana Mureșan (b. Popa) (þ) © 2014 Springer Science + Business Media S¸tefan Sorin Mures¸an Social Market Economy The Case of Germany S¸tefan Sorin Mures¸an Bonn, Germany ISBN 978-3-319-09212-6 ISBN 978-3-319-09213-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-09213-3 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014953768 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc.
  • 60 Years German Basic Law: the German Constitution and Its Court

    60 Years German Basic Law: the German Constitution and Its Court

    60 Years German Basic Law: The German Constitution and its Court Landmark Decisions of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany in the Area of Fundamental Rights Jürgen Bröhmer, Clauspeter Hill & Marc Spitzkatz (Eds.) 2nd Edition Edited by Suhainah Wahiduddin LLB Hons (Anglia) Published by The Malaysian Current Law Journal Sdn Bhd E1-2, Jalan Selaman 1/2, Dataran Palma, 68000 Ampang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia [Co No 51143 M] Tel: 603-42705400 Fax: 603-42705401 2012 © Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V., Berlin / Germany. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any material form or by any means, including photocopying and recording, or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication, without the written permission of the copyright holder, application for which should be addressed to the publisher. Such written permission must also be obtained before any part of this publication is stored in a retrieval system of any nature. The following parts have been published earlier under the copyright of: © Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, Baden-Baden / Germany Cases no. IV. 2 a) School Prayer, IV. 2 b) Classroom Crucifix, V. 2 d) First Broadcasting Decision and XV. a) and b) Solange I and II. Published in: Decisions of the Bundesverfassungsgericht - Federal Constitutional Court - Federal Republic of Germany, Vol. 1, 2 and 4, Baden-Baden 1993-2007. © Donald P. Kommers Case no. II. 1 a) Elfes, published in: Donald P. Kommers, The Constitutional of the Federal Republic of Germany, 2nd ed.
  • Musekamp on Stangl, 'Risen from Ruins: the Cultural Politics of Rebuilding East Berlin'

    Musekamp on Stangl, 'Risen from Ruins: the Cultural Politics of Rebuilding East Berlin'

    H-Urban Musekamp on Stangl, 'Risen from Ruins: The Cultural Politics of Rebuilding East Berlin' Review published on Friday, September 11, 2020 Paul Stangl. Risen from Ruins: The Cultural Politics of Rebuilding East Berlin. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2018. 352 pp. $65.00 (cloth), ISBN 978-1-5036-0320-2. Reviewed by Jan Musekamp (University of Pittsburgh) Published on H-Urban (September, 2020) Commissioned by Alexander Vari (Marywood University) Printable Version: http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=54596 Beyond Socialist Remodeling: Rebuilding East Berlin, 1945-61 Given its tumultuous history, it is not surprising that numerous scholars focus on postwar Berlin’s changing urban landscape. This is an interdisciplinary endeavor, with architects, urban planners, historians, and art historians looking at the city from markedly different perspectives.[1] Paul Stangl is a geographer by training and adds to this growing body of scholarship on the divided city. His focus is on the twenty-five years between the end of the Second World War and the construction of the infamous Berlin Wall—a time when Germany and the entire European continent “rose from ruins,” as the GDR national anthem put it. However, the Berlin case is unique for a number of reasons. First, the former German capital quickly developed into the front city of the Cold War. Second, as a result of this geopolitical background, both East and West Berlin served as showcases of the ideologies clashing here. Third, Berlin soon became a truly divided city in both spatial and ideological ways. Here, architects and urban planners often had to make decisions that followed not only general trends in urban planning but also ideological guidelines or directives.
  • Travel with the Metropolitan Museum of Art

    Travel with the Metropolitan Museum of Art

    BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB Travel with Met Classics The Met BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB May 9–15, 2022 Berlin with Christopher Noey Lecturer BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB Berlin Dear Members and Friends of The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Berlin pulses with creativity and imagination, standing at the forefront of Europe’s art world. Since the fall of the Wall, the German capital’s evolution has been remarkable. Industrial spaces now host an abundance of striking private art galleries, and the city’s landscapes have been redefined by cutting-edge architecture and thought-provoking monuments. I invite you to join me in May 2022 for a five-day, behind-the-scenes immersion into the best Berlin has to offer, from its historic museum collections and lavish Prussian palaces to its elegant opera houses and electrifying contemporary art scene. We will begin with an exploration of the city’s Cold War past, and lunch atop the famous Reichstag. On Museum Island, we