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Coal and Oil: the Dark Monarchs of Global Energy – Understanding Supply and Extraction Patterns and Their Importance for Futur
nam et ipsa scientia potestas est List of Papers This thesis is based on the following papers, which are referred to in the text by their Roman numerals. I Höök, M., Aleklett, K. (2008) A decline rate study of Norwe- gian oil production. Energy Policy, 36(11):4262–4271 II Höök, M., Söderbergh, B., Jakobsson, K., Aleklett, K. (2009) The evolution of giant oil field production behaviour. Natural Resources Research, 18(1):39–56 III Höök, M., Hirsch, R., Aleklett, K. (2009) Giant oil field decline rates and their influence on world oil production. Energy Pol- icy, 37(6):2262–2272 IV Jakobsson, K., Söderbergh, B., Höök, M., Aleklett, K. (2009) How reasonable are oil production scenarios from public agen- cies? Energy Policy, 37(11):4809–4818 V Höök M, Söderbergh, B., Aleklett, K. (2009) Future Danish oil and gas export. Energy, 34(11):1826–1834 VI Aleklett K., Höök, M., Jakobsson, K., Lardelli, M., Snowden, S., Söderbergh, B. (2010) The Peak of the Oil Age - analyzing the world oil production Reference Scenario in World Energy Outlook 2008. Energy Policy, 38(3):1398–1414 VII Höök M, Tang, X., Pang, X., Aleklett K. (2010) Development journey and outlook for the Chinese giant oilfields. Petroleum Development and Exploration, 37(2):237–249 VIII Höök, M., Aleklett, K. (2009) Historical trends in American coal production and a possible future outlook. International Journal of Coal Geology, 78(3):201–216 IX Höök, M., Aleklett, K. (2010) Trends in U.S. recoverable coal supply estimates and future production outlooks. Natural Re- sources Research, 19(3):189–208 X Höök, M., Zittel, W., Schindler, J., Aleklett, K. -
~ Coal Mining in Canada: a Historical and Comparative Overview
~ Coal Mining in Canada: A Historical and Comparative Overview Delphin A. Muise Robert G. McIntosh Transformation Series Collection Transformation "Transformation," an occasional paper series pub- La collection Transformation, publication en st~~rie du lished by the Collection and Research Branch of the Musee national des sciences et de la technologic parais- National Museum of Science and Technology, is intended sant irregulierement, a pour but de faire connaitre, le to make current research available as quickly and inex- plus vite possible et au moindre cout, les recherches en pensively as possible. The series presents original cours dans certains secteurs. Elle prend la forme de research on science and technology history and issues monographies ou de recueils de courtes etudes accep- in Canada through refereed monographs or collections tes par un comite d'experts et s'alignant sur le thenne cen- of shorter studies, consistent with the Corporate frame- tral de la Societe, v La transformation du CanadaLo . Elle work, "The Transformation of Canada," and curatorial presente les travaux de recherche originaux en histoire subject priorities in agricultural and forestry, communi- des sciences et de la technologic au Canada et, ques- cations and space, transportation, industry, physical tions connexes realises en fonction des priorites de la sciences and energy. Division de la conservation, dans les secteurs de: l'agri- The Transformation series provides access to research culture et des forets, des communications et de 1'cspace, undertaken by staff curators and researchers for develop- des transports, de 1'industrie, des sciences physiques ment of collections, exhibits and programs. Submissions et de 1'energie . -
Mine Rescue Team Training: Metal and Nonmetal Mines (MSHA 3027, Formerly IG 6)
Mine Rescue Team Training Metal and Nonmetal Mines U.S. Department of Labor Mine Safety and Health Administration National Mine Health and Safety Academy MSHA 3027 (Formerly IG 6) Revised 2008 Visit the Mine Safety and Health Administration website at www.msha.gov CONTENTS Introduction Your Role as an Instructor Overview Module 1 – Surface Organization Module 2 – Mine Gases Module 3 – Mine Ventilation Module 4 – Exploration Module 5 – Fires, Firefighting, and Explosions Module 6 – Rescue of Survivors and Recovery of Bodies Module 7 – Mine Recovery Module 8 – Mine Rescue Training Activities Introduction Throughout history, miners have traveled underground secure in the knowledge that if disaster strikes and they become trapped in the mine, other miners will make every possible attempt to rescue them. This is the mine rescue tradition. Today’s mine rescue efforts are highly organized operations carried out by groups of trained and skilled individuals who work together as a team. Regulations require all underground mines to have fully-trained and equipped professional mine rescue teams available in the event of a mine emergency. MSHA’s Mine Rescue Instruction Guide (IG) series is intended to help your mine to meet mine rescue team training requirements under 30 CFR Part 49. The materials in this series are divided into self-contained units of study called “modules.” Each module covers a separate subject and includes suggestions, handouts, visuals, and text materials to assist you with training. Instructors and trainers may wish to use these materials to either supplement existing mine rescue training, or tailor a program to fit their mine-specific training needs. -
Part 5 Fires and Explosions
Part 5 Fires and Explosions Subsurface fires and explosions Malcolm J. McPherson CHAPTER 21. SUBSURFACE FIRES AND EXPLOSIONS 21.1 INTRODUCTION 2 21.1.1. The fire triangle and the combustion process 3 21.1.2. Classification of mine fires 4 21.2 CAUSES OF IGNITIONS 4 21.2.1. Mechanized equipment 4 21.2.2. Electrical apparatus 5 21.2.3. Conveyors 5 21.2.4. Other frictional ignitions 6 21.2.5. Explosives 7 21.2.6. Welding 7 21.2.7. Smoking and flame safety lamps 7 21.3. OPEN FIRES 7 21.3.1. Oxygen-rich and fuel-rich fires 8 21.3.2. Effects of fires on ventilation 9 21.3.2.1. The choke effect 9 21.3.2.2. The buoyancy (natural draft) effect 10 21.3.3. Methods of fighting open fires 11 21.3.3.1. Firefighting with water 12 21.3.3.2. High expansion foam 13 21.3.4. Control by ventilation 14 21.3.4.1. Pressure control 14 21.3.4.2. Airflow reversal 15 21.4. SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION 17 21.4.1. The mechanisms of spontaneous combustion in minerals 17 21.4.1.1. The phases of oxidation 17 21.4.1.2. The effects of water vapour 18 21.4.1.3. The path of a spontaneous heating. 19 21.4.2. Susceptibility to spontaneous combustion 19 21.4.3. Precautions against spontaneous combustion 20 21.4.4. Detection of a spontaneous heating 23 21.4.5. Dealing with a spontaneous heating 24 21.4.5.1. -
AC B1678 CN 622.8222 SPO 1976 DA 1976 T1 Spontaneous
Simtars Information Centre 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111 006374 AC B1678 CN 622.8222 SPO 1976 DA 1976 T1 Spontaneous combustion in underground coal mines (general notes for employees Jones~ H (Howard) AC 81678 CN 622.8222 SPa 1976 DA 1976 TI Spontaneous combustion in / underground coal mines - (general notes for employees AU Jones, H (Howard) - .. I OLD. LIBRARY SUPPLIES SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION IN UNDERGROUND COAL MINES (General notes for employees) Compiled by: HOWARD lONES, H.Se., C.Eng., F.G.S., .....------F.I.M.E., M. (Aust.) I.M.M. z onsulting Mining Engineer o ~~ ~t- a: wZ f2U Issued by: Z THE DEPARTMENT OF MINES, QUEENSLAND in conjunction with The Queensland Coal Owners Association and The Queensland Colliery Employees Union ~ionNo {.~2}{. Order No . PSF No . 02te RecelJed ..(;'..1.~.?.!.'- t. .. CtOissiiication ...•.. 1:~.':..~ "}-'}'). 85904-1 No ~f(l . ..........................t·7-·7·6... i CONTENTS Foreword 4 Introduction 6 The Development of a Heating . 7 Mine Gases Associated With Heatings 10 Detection of Heatings . 15 Dangers Associated With the Development of a Spontaneous Heating .. 17 General..... 22 Conclusion 27 3 85904-2 FOREWORD The phenomenon of spontaneous combustion in undergroun4 coal mines is not a new one. Its associated problems have been of great concern wherever and whenever coal mining has been practised. Two unfortunate accidents, at Box Flat in 1972 and at Kianga in 1975, which together claimed thirty-one lives, have focused attention on the need for all associated with the industry in Queensland to gain a full appreciation of the nature of the problems and how they can best be handled. Among the recommendations made by the Board of Inquiry into the Kianga Disaster were- (a) There is a basic need for all members of the coal mining industry in Queensland to improve their knowledge with regard to the funda mentals of spontaneous combustion and the underground mining problems associated therewith. -
Instruction Guide Series IG7
Advanced Mine Rescue Training Coal Mines U.S. Department of Labor Mine Safety and Health Administration National Mine Health and Safety Academy Instruction Guide Series IG7 Revised 2 0 1 3 Visit the Mine Safety and Health Administration website at www.msha.gov CONTENTS Introduction Your Role as an Instructor Overview Module 1 – Surface Organization Module 2 – Mine Gases Module 3 – Mine Ventilation Module 4 – Exploration Module 5 – Fires, Firefighting, and Explosions Module 6 – Rescue of Survivors and Recovery of Bodies Module 7 – Mine Recovery Page Intentionally Left Blank Introduction Throughout history, miners have traveled underground secure in the knowledge that if disaster strikes and they become trapped in the mine, other miners will make every possible attempt to rescue them. This is the mine rescue tradition. Today’s mine rescue efforts are highly organized operations carried out by groups of trained and skilled individuals who work together as a team. Underground coal mine rescue team members must be trained according to the requirements under 30 CFR 49.18. Under Section 49.18(b)(4), this training must consist of advanced mine rescue training and procedures, as prescribed by MSHA's Office of Educational Policy and Development (EPD). This guide is designed to be used with the material in IG-7a, Advanced Skills Training, and both guides are needed to satisfy the advanced mine rescue training requirement. This guide is divided into self-contained units of study called “modules.” Each module covers a separate subject and includes suggestions, handouts, visuals, and text materials to assist you with training. Since regulations, policy and mining technology can change, be sure to check for information that could supersede this material. -
The Composition of Coalbed Gas
Report of Investigations 7762 The Composition of Coalbed Gas By Ann G. Kim Pittsburgh Mining and Safety Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pa. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Rogers C. B. Morton, Secretary BUREAU OF MINES Elburt F. Osborn, Director This publication has been cataloged as follows : * Kim, Ann G The composition of coalbed gas. [washington] U.S. Bureau of Mines [ 19731 9 p. tables. (US. Bureau of Mines. Report of investigations 7762) hcludes bibliography. 1. Gas. 2. Mine gases. L US. Bureau of Mines. 11. Title. Ill. Title: Coalbed gas. (Series) TN23.U7 no. 7762 622.06173 U.S. Dept. of the Int. Library CONTENTS Page Abstract ................................................................. Intrductim .............................................................. Gas in coal: Theory ..................................................... Procedures ............. ................................................... Gases in coal: Data ...................................................... Smv.................................................................. References ............................................................... TABLES 1. Coalbeds sampled ..................................................... 2 . Composition of gas from Pocahontas No . 3 coal ........................ 3 . Hydrocarbons from Pocahontas No . 3 coal ...... ........................ 4 . Composition of gas from Pittsburgh coal . ............................ 5 . Composition of gas from Kittanning coalbeds .......................... 6 . Cmposition of -
Evoluzione Della Rivelazione Antincendio
EVOLUZIONE DELLA RIVELAZIONE ANTINCENDIO Gianfranco Rocchi Il carbone era così abbondante in Gran Bretagna l nome di Silfax fu una rivelazione per il che l'offerta poteva essere aumentata per vecchio Overman. Era quello dell'ultimo «penitente» della fossa Dochart. Un tempo, soddisfare la domanda in rapida crescita. Nel 1700 prima dell'invenzione della lampada di la produzione annua di carbone era di poco sicurezza, Simon Ford aveva conosciuto inferiore ai 3 milioni di tonnellate; ottant’anni dopo quest'uomo truce, che, a rischio della vita, era raddoppiata, raggiungendo una quantità pari andava ogni giorno a provocare esplosioni a quella che sarebbe stata, circa, la produzione di parziali di gas. Aveva visto questa creatura una settimana e mezza nel XX secolo. I minatori strana vagare per la miniera accompagnata avevano iniziato a formare dei sindacati e da un enorme harfang, una specie di civetta combattere per migliorare delle condizioni di mostruosa, che l'aiutava nel suo pericoloso lavoro a dir poco bestiali. Oltre ai rischi di crollo, mestiere portando lo stoppino acceso dove la mano di Silfax non poteva arrivare. [...] Era una all'ambiente insalubre e ai ritmi e carichi di lavoro specie di selvaggio, che non parlava con nessuno, massacranti, i minatori dovevano fare i conti con la e si diceva che non temesse né l'acqua né il minaccia delle miscele di gas tossiche, infiammabili fuoco! Per puro capriccio aveva scelto il ed esplosive. All'inizio venivano bruciati dei fuochi mestiere di penitente, che pochi amavano, e nella parte inferiore dei pozzi di ventilazione per questa pericolosa professione aveva turbato le creare correnti convettive e far circolare l'aria, ma sue idee. -
Carbon Dioxide - Wikipedia
5/20/2020 Carbon dioxide - Wikipedia Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO2) is a colorless gas with Carbon dioxide a density about 60% higher than that of dry air. Carbon dioxide consists of a carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. It occurs naturally in Earth's atmosphere as a trace gas. The current concentration is about 0.04% (412 ppm) by volume, having risen from pre-industrial levels of 280 ppm.[8] Natural sources include volcanoes, hot springs and geysers, and it is freed from carbonate rocks by dissolution in water and acids. Because carbon dioxide is soluble in water, it occurs naturally in groundwater, rivers and lakes, ice caps, glaciers and seawater. It is present in deposits of petroleum and natural gas. Carbon dioxide is odorless at normally encountered concentrations, but at high concentrations, it has a sharp and acidic odor.[1] At such Names concentrations it generates the taste of soda water in the Other names [9] mouth. Carbonic acid gas As the source of available carbon in the carbon cycle, atmospheric Carbonic anhydride carbon dioxide is the primary carbon source for life on Earth and Carbonic oxide its concentration in Earth's pre-industrial atmosphere since late Carbon oxide in the Precambrian has been regulated by photosynthetic organisms and geological phenomena. Plants, algae and Carbon(IV) oxide cyanobacteria use light energy to photosynthesize carbohydrate Dry ice (solid phase) from carbon dioxide and water, with oxygen produced as a waste Identifiers product.[10] CAS Number 124-38-9 (http://ww w.commonchemistr CO2 is produced by all aerobic organisms when they metabolize carbohydrates and lipids to produce energy by respiration.[11] It is y.org/ChemicalDeta returned to water via the gills of fish and to the air via the lungs of il.aspx?ref=124-38- air-breathing land animals, including humans. -
Gas Testing Refresher
Passion to Inspire GAS TESTING REFRESHER GAS TESTING REFRESHER GAS TESTING REFRESHER Although there is a dispute to who invented the "first" miner's flame lamp that was safe to use in fiery mines. The success of the flame safety lamp was a culmination of the principles discovered by Dr. William R. Clanny, Sir Humphrey Davy, and George Stephenson. All three worked independently on the problem at about the same time, and all had some knowledge of the other's work. GAS TESTING REFRESHER The principle of isolating the flame of the lamp was evolved by Dr. Clanny in 1813. Clanny's first lamp designs involved enclosing the flame, and pressurizing the lamp via bellows that would use water reservoirs to isolate the flame. The lamp was rather clumsy, and saw no practical use in the mines. But the feature of a glass window would be later a common feature on safety lamps. GAS TESTING REFRESHER GAS TESTING REFRESHER Sir Humphrey Davy was performed several experiments of his own for the development of a safety lamp. In 1815, Davy discovered that if two vessels were filled with explosive gas, they might be connected together by a narrow tube, and the gas in one of the chambers could be exploded without transmitting the explosion to the adjoining chamber. This meant that a flame in a lamp, fed mine air through small orifices, would not ignite the surrounding air of the mine. GAS TESTING REFRESHER Davy's further experiments found that mesh-holes of fine metallic gauze acted the same way as narrow tubes. -
By Kirk V. Cammack Contributions of the Graduate School Indiana
Mine gases and ventilation Item Type Thesis Authors Cammack, Kirk V. Download date 05/10/2021 12:49:25 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10484/4732 MINE GASES ill~D VN~TILATION By Kirk V. Cammack Contributions of the Graduate School Indiana State Teachers College Number 495 Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master of Science Degree in Education 1943 The thesis of .__....:K:;,;;I::::R~K::.-....:V;...,.:.:...-..::C.:.::A:::.:M:;:]'viA::.:;.:oCK=-- , Contribution of the Graduate Sohool, Indiana state Teachers College, Number 495 , under the title MINE GASES AND VENT ILAT ION is hereby approved as counting toward the completion of the Master's degree in the amount of ~ hours' oredit. Committee on thesis: , Chairman Date of Aoceptanoe i3 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. THE PROBLEM • •••• • • • • •• • • • • • •••• • •• • • • • • • •• 1 The problem ............................. 1 Statement of the probLem • •• •• • • ••• • • • • 1 Importance of the study ................. 2 Previous studies relative to the subject .. 3 Organization of material ••••.......••••• 4 Quest ionnaire used •••.•.••••••••.••• o. 5 Sources of materia.l ••••••••••••••••••••• 9 II. NORMAL AIR ·............................... 11 ·Definition of terms • •••••• • • •• • • • •• •• • • • 12 Composition of air ...................... 14 Oxygen • • • • • • ••• • • • • •• • ••• • • •• • • • • •••• • • • 15 Nitrogen •...............•••............. 16 Carbon dioxide •........................ 18 Questions for Chapter II ................ 21 III. MINE GASES -
Office of Mines and Minerals Practical Mining Manual
OFFICE OF MINES AND MINERALS PRACTICAL MINING MANUAL Revised January 2019 New Law Changes Effective January 1, 2017 1) Pre-shirt is 3 hours prior to the beginning of the next shift. 2) Escapeways are made weekly instead of daily. 3) The mine manager cannot act as a mine examiner. 4) On idle shifts, only the areas where men are required to work or travel need be examined. 5) Mines that have a minimum of 120 PSI seals are required to be examined weekly. Mines that have seals less than 120 PSI are required to examine all seals daily. 6) The person receiving the call out from a certified mine examiner, must also be a certified mine examiner, and must sign the books and record his/her number. 7) Before the examination is complete the books must be signed by the mine examiner and the mine manager. If the examination has been called out the books also must be signed by the certified person taking the call out. 2 ILLINOIS MINING LAWS PRACTICAL COAL MINING COURSE LESSON ILLINOIS MINING LAWS (Answers stated in simplified terms) 1. Q. What are the duties of a mine manager as prescribed by “The Coal Mining Act”? A. He shall see that the mine examiner properly performs his duties as follows: (The duties of the mine examiner; Section 6.04-6.11) When performing his duties, he shall carry an approved gas detector in good working order, a sounding rod, an anemometer, a watch, a measure, pencil, paper, and chalk. Within 3 hours before the beginning of the shift, he shall examine all active working places, testing with an approved gas detector for firedamp, and for oxygen deficiency; he shall also test the roof, ribs and faces of active working areas, travel ways, roadways, and the approaches to abandoned workings for any unsafe condition.