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~ Coal Mining in Canada: A Historical and Comparative Overview Delphin A. Muise Robert G. McIntosh Transformation Series Collection Transformation "Transformation," an occasional paper series pub- La collection Transformation, publication en st~~rie du lished by the Collection and Research Branch of the Musee national des sciences et de la technologic parais- National Museum of Science and Technology, is intended sant irregulierement, a pour but de faire connaitre, le to make current research available as quickly and inex- plus vite possible et au moindre cout, les recherches en pensively as possible. The series presents original cours dans certains secteurs. Elle prend la forme de research on science and technology history and issues monographies ou de recueils de courtes etudes accep- in Canada through refereed monographs or collections tes par un comite d'experts et s'alignant sur le thenne cen- of shorter studies, consistent with the Corporate frame- tral de la Societe, v La transformation du CanadaLo . Elle work, "The Transformation of Canada," and curatorial presente les travaux de recherche originaux en histoire subject priorities in agricultural and forestry, communi- des sciences et de la technologic au Canada et, ques- cations and space, transportation, industry, physical tions connexes realises en fonction des priorites de la sciences and energy. Division de la conservation, dans les secteurs de: l'agri- The Transformation series provides access to research culture et des forets, des communications et de 1'cspace, undertaken by staff curators and researchers for develop- des transports, de 1'industrie, des sciences physiques ment of collections, exhibits and programs. Submissions et de 1'energie . will be considered from academicians or professionals La collection Transformation donne acces aux travaux working in areas complementary to curatorial subject pri- de recherche entrepris par les conservateurs et recher- orities of the Collection and Research Branch. Papers are chistes du Musee pour appuyer le developpement de la printed in the language of submission, (French or English) collection, les expositions et les programmes . Les deman- with a bilingual abstract . Enquiries regarding the sub- des presentees par des universitaires ou des specialistes mission of manuscripts may be sent to the Managing d'un domaine sont prises en consideration dans la Editor at the address below. mesure oiu elles apportent des elements nouveaux aux questions de conservation prioritaires pour la Direction To Order de la collection et de la recherche. Les articles parais- sent dans leur langue de redaction (frani;ais ou anglais) Additional copies of this publication are available for avec un resume bilingue. Pour toute demande de rensei- $15.00 (includes GST), while quantities permit. A cheque gnements relative a la soumission de manuscrits, priere or money order payable to the National Museum of d'ecrire au directeur administratif a 1'adresse donnee Science and Technology must accompany all orders and plus loin . should be addressed to: Transformation Series Commandes National Museum of Science and Technology P.O . Box 9724, Station T , On pourra se procurer d'autres exemplaires de cette Ottawa, Ontario publication pour 15 $, TPS comprise, tant que les quan- K1G 5A3 tites le permettront. Toutes les commandes doivent etre accompagnees d'un cheque ou d'un mandat-poste a 1'ordre du Musee national des sciences et de la tech- Disclaimer nologie et acheminees a 1'adresse suivante : The publication format of the Transformation series Collection Transformation precludes extensive copy editing. The contents of con- Musee national des sciences et de la technologic tributions to the series are solely the responsibility of the Case postale 9724, Succursale T individual authors. Ottawa (Ontario) K1G 5A3 Responsabilite La formule de la collection Transformation ne permet pas de proceder a un travail de revision approfondi. La responsabilite du contenu des documents de la collection incombe entierement aux auteurs. C~o~~c~c~~~o~ Coal Mining in Canada: A Historical and Comparative Overview Delphin A. Muise Carleton University Robert G. McIntosh National Archives of Canada Archives nationales du Canada National Museum of Science and Technology Musee national des sciences et de la technologie Ottawa, Canada 1996 Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Muise, D.A. (Delphin Andrew), 1941- Coal mining in Canada: a historical and comparative overview (Transformation series, ISSN 1188-2964 ; 5) Includes an abstract in French. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-660-12024-0 1 . Coal mines and mining - Canada - History. I. McIntosh, Robert G . (Robert Gordon), 1960- . II. National Museum of Science and Technology (Canada). III . Title. IV. Series. TN806.C3M841996 622' .334'0971 C96-980021-9 Cover illustrations/ Illustrations de la page couverture Top, left:/En haut, d gauche : A power shovel loads a waiting 170-tonne hauler. In open-pit mining, loading can also be done using front-end loaders. (Reprinted from Coal Mining 4, Coal Association of Canada) . Une pelle m6canique nernplit un can-don diesel de 170 tonnes . Dans les mines d ciel ouvert, le chargement peut aussi se faire en utilisant des carnions d chargement d 1'avant. (Reprnduit de Coal Mining 4, Coal Association of Canada) Bottom right:/En bas, d droite : ?he coal cutter, operated by electrically driven compressed air pumps, was used to undercut the coal while miners blasted and loaded coal and made 24-hour operation of the mines possible. This coal cutter, the Ingersoll-Sergeant distributed by the James Cooper Company of Montreal, is typical of the type used in Nova Scotia's coalfields. This advertisement first appeared in The Canadian Mining, Iron and Steel Manual in 1897. (Courtesy of the Library, Canadian Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology). La haveuse de charbon, qui fonctionnait grfice d des pompes d air comprim& actionn6es 81'61ectricit6b, servait d faire w-ie saign6e d la. base du charbon, tandis que les mineurs travaUlaient id le faire sauter et d le charger, et rendait possible 1'exploitation des mines 24 heures sur 24. Cette haveuse -1'IngersoU-Sergeant vendue par la James Cooper Company de Montr6al - est typique de celles ernploy6es dans les mines de la NouveUe-&osse. L'annonce que voici est parue pour la premiLane fois en 1897, dans The Canadian Mining, Iron and Steel Manual. (Source : la bibliothPque du Centre canadien de la technologie des min6raux et de l'66nergie) ii Contents/Table des matieres Abstract/Resume . .. .. .. .. .. v Foreword/Avant-propos . .. .. .. .. .. vii Preface . .. .. .. .. .. .. ix Chapter 1 Introduction . .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 Finding New Ways . .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 Chapter 2 Pre-Industrial Coal Mining in Nova Scotia and British Columbia . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 The British Columbia Experience .. .. .. .. .. 8 Technologies Associated with Early Steam-Powered Coal Mining. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9 The Colliery Workforce . .. .. .. .. .. 13 Summary . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14 Chapter 3 The Political Economy of Coal Mining in the National Era . 16 Summary . .. .. .. .. .. .. 20 Chapter 4 Limits of Technology and Labour in Semi-Mechanized Coal Mines, is67-1920 . .. .. .. 21 Ventilation . .. .. .. .. .. .. :. 21 Mining and Underground Haulage . :.. .. .. .. 22 Hoisting . .. .,. .. .. .. .. .. .. 24 Preparation of Coal . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 25 Shipping Coal . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 26 Making Miners. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 27 Boys and Mines . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 29 Life and Death in the Mine . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 32 Class Conflict in the Coal Fields . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 34 Early Miners' Unions in Nova Scotia . .. .. .. .. .. .. 35 British Columbia and Alberta Unions . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 37 Miners and the State .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 39 Summary .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 40 iff Chapter 5 The 20th Century Industry. .. .. .. .. 41 Corporate Structure . .. .. .. .. :. .. 41 The Decline of Coal . .. .. .. .. 42 Beyond Steam: Longwalls and Mechanization . .. 44 Longwall Mining . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 45 Mechanized Coal Cutters . .. .. .. .. .. .. 47 Underground Haulage . .. .. .. .. 48 Loading Coal.. .. .. .. .. .. 50 Cleaning Coal . .. .. .. .. .. .. 51 Implications of Mechanization for Miners . .. .. .. 51 Unions in the 20th Century. .. .. .. .. 52 Nova Scotia . .. .. .. .. .. .. 52 Western Canadian Unions . .. .. .. .. .. 55 Chapter 6 A Century of Underground Coal Mining . ..
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