DOCSLIB.ORG

Curiosity Triumphs

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Curiosity Triumphs coverSEP-final-2012_Layout 1 8/10/12 5:46 PM Page 1 8 AMERICA AEROSPACE September 2012 SEPTEMBER 2012 SEPTEMBER Curiosity triumphs Declassifying the space race Aeronautics: Frontiers of the imaginable A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS SPACElayout0912_Layout 1 8/10/12 4:35 PM Page 2 Balance of space launches shifts DURING THE SECOND HALF OF January-June, U.S. rockets (Atlas 2011 there have consistently been Long March V, Delta IV, Falcon 9, and Pegasus more orbital space launches at- XL) accounted for 23% of the mis- tempted than during the first half. sions; Russian/Ukrainian rockets The last exceptions to this pattern (Proton M, Soyuz, and Zenit 3SL), were in 2002 and 2003. In both of 29%; Chinese (Long March), 29%; those years, the number of at- European (Ariane 5 and Vega), tempted launches in January-June 11%; with Japanese (H-2A), In- equaled the number for July-De- dian (PSLV XL), Iranian (Safir 1B), cember: 66 launches in 2002 and and North Korean (Unha 3) rock- 62 in 2003. Since then, except for ets making up the remaining 8%. 2011, the number of launches at- tempted in the first six months of A three-country race each year has accounted for 42- The launch market—in terms of 48% of the total launches each number of missions—is no longer year. dominated by the U.S. and Rus- In 2011, the percentage no- sia; it has definitely become a ticeably dropped to 38, with 30 three-country race, with China launches in the first half of the picking up the pace over the past year and 49 in the second. The year to establish its preeminence. significant increase in activity dur- If we combine the number of ing the second half was fueled Long March vehicles launched largely by 14 Long March rocket during the second half of 2011 missions and 11 Soyuz missions. and the first half of 2012, the Chi- Assuming that the increased nese have launched 24 rockets— launch activity in last year’s sec- an average of two missions per ond half was an anomaly, this month over that period. year’s total number of launches A shift is clearly occurring, could surpass 80. With a total of and it is happening despite 35 launches attempted during the China’s relative handicap when it first six months of this year, and comes to competing for commer- given the launch trends we have cial launch contracts around the observed over most of the past world due to the U.S. govern- decade, it would be reasonable to ment’s ITAR (International Traffic project some 45 launches for July in Arms Regulations) restrictions. through December. On the other These are measures that discour- hand, if we were to assume last year U.S. government or U.S. companies age Western satellite manufacturers was not an aberration, but rather the (Atlas II, Delta II, Delta III, Minotaur I, from securing launch deals with the start of a new pattern, then it is en- Pegasus XL, space shuttle, Taurus I, Chinese. However, this situation is tirely possible that this year’s launch Titan 23G, Titan 4B, and Zenit 3SL) ac- gradually changing: Countries such as total could surpass 90. The last year counted for 36% of the launches; oil-rich Venezuela and Nigeria are there was anything close to this level Russian/Ukrainian rockets (Cosmos, moving to purchase Chinese-built of launch activity was in 2000, with a Dnepr, Proton K, Rockot, Soyuz, Start, satellites and paying to have them total of 87 launch attempts. Tsyklon 3, and Zenit 2), 41%; Euro- launched aboard Long March vehicles, The difference between the kind pean rockets (Ariane 4 and Ariane 5), while other countries are proceeding of launch activity that occurred in 18%; and Chinese launchers (Long to buy ‘ITAR-free’ (carrying no U.S. 2000 versus today is that there was March), 5%. Japan barely registered content) satellites from European much less balance then in the distribu- that year, with only one, unsuccessful, companies and simply thumbing their tion of missions by country. In 2000, launch of its M-5. noses at the de-facto U.S. embargo for example, rockets belonging to the If we look now at launches during against the Long March. 20 AEROSPACE AMERICA/SEPTEMBER 2012 SPACElayout0912_Layout 1 8/10/12 4:35 PM Page 3 WhatChinaoffers (SpaceX) and other startup companies PayloadslaUnChed The truth is that China’s Long March seeking to offer newer low-cost bytype,January-June2012 program has an excellent launch rec- launchers employing reusable tech- total: 52 ord. Its rockets almost never fail and nologies, stimulating new user appli- are priced extremely competitively. In cations and markets. addition, there is a wider degree of di- University Civil versity in the variants of these vehicles Payloadtrends 11 17 than in perhaps any launch program— Along with the shift in the makeup enabling the rocket’s marketer, China and launch rates of the launch services Great Wall Industry, tremendous flexi- providers, there has been a noticeable bility in promoting the vehicle for dif- change since the turn of the century in ferent size satellites and different or- terms of the types of payloads being bital destinations. launched. While Western, Russian/Ukrainian, While there are still more than 100 Japanese, and Indian launch programs payloads launched annually, a greater CommerCial military tend to use no more than two or three proportion of them are military satel- 11 13 variants of their rockets on a regular lites and tiny university spacecraft. Of basis, the Chinese make a habit of us- the 134 payloads launched in 2000, ing a much wider range of Long 38% were civil (government nonmili- March models. For the 10 Long March tary), 34% commercial, 20% military, also because it is very busy launching missions conducted through June and 8% university. By comparison, of so many civil and military payloads. In since the start of the year, seven differ- the 52 payloads launched during the other words, the country already has ent models were used: Long March first half of this year, 33% were civil, its hands full with its government CZ-2D, CZ-2F, CZ-3A, CZ-3B, CZ-3C, 25% military, 21% commercial, and space programs. CZ-4B, and CZ-4C. 21% university. Most of China’s payloads from Jan- This was no fluke. If we look at It is too soon to tell for certain if uary 2011 through June 2012 have the 14 Long March missions launched the relative drop in civil and commer- been satellites weighing less than 3,000 during the second half of 2011, we see cial payloads versus the rise in military kg. Nearly two-thirds of these have that eight models were used: CZ-2C, and university payloads is a changing been launched to LEO and the rest to CZ-2D, CZ-2F, CZ-3A, CZ-3B, CZ- trend. We will have a better sense of geostationary orbit. But there are also 3B/E, CZ-3C, and CZ-4B. whether this shift will hold when we a fair number of payloads with a mass The point is that China is well po- analyze the data for the full year. of over 5,000 kg, including Apstar 7A, sitioned to dominate the international But if we take into account the Chinasat 10, Eutelsat W3C, Nigcomsat- launch market eventually—unless, of payloads launched in 2011, it does 1R, Paksat 1 commercial communica- course, the current launch services seem clear that, at the very least, mili- tions satellites, Shenzhou manned cap- paradigm is changed by pioneers such tary payloads have become more sules, and the 8,500-kg Tiangong-1 as Space Exploration Technologies prominent, commercial ones less so. space module designed to test ren- Of the 130 payloads launched last dezvous and docking capabilities for a year, 41% were civil, 27% commercial, future space station. 25% military, and 8% university. The payloads under 3,000 kg have laUnChmissions The 7% decline in commercial included a wide mix of data relay, byvehicle January-June2012 payloads and the 5% increase in mili- navigation, scientific, meteorological, Long March, China 10 tary, as well as the 3% increase in civil, geological mapping, surveillance and Proton, Russia 5 can be explained, in part, by the spike reconnaissance, asset tracking, disaster Soyuz, Russia 4 in Chinese launches—three-quarters of monitoring, ocean resources, and tech- Atlas V, U.S. 3 which were civil or military payloads. nology development satellites. They Delta IV, U.S. 3 This preponderance of civil and mili- have also come in a wide range of Ariane 5, Europe 2 Falcon 9, U.S. 1 tary payloads by the Chinese has con- sizes, including the 9-kg Tiantuo-1; the H-2, Japan 1 tinued in 2012. Of the 13 payloads 300-kg Chuangxin 1-3 and Tansuo 4; Pegasus, U.S. 1 launched by Long Marches through 1,040-kg Yaogan Weixing 15; 1,200-kg PSLV, India 1 June, 77% were civil or military. Shijian 3; 2,200-kg Beidous and Feng Safir, Iran 1 Unha, North Korea 1 China is launching very few com- Yuns; and 2,630-kg Ziyuan 3. Vega, Europe 1 mercial payloads, because it is still The diversity of China’s launch ac- Zenit Sea Launch, Russia 1 largely locked out of the commercial tivity helps explain the use of so many total 35 launch market as a result of ITAR, but (Continued on page 43) AEROSPACE AMERICA/SEPTEMBER 2012 21 SPACElayout0912_Layout 1 8/14/12 3:09 PM Page 4 Check Out How AIAA Membership Works for You! AIAA Special Benefits and Money-Saving Opportunities In addition to supporting your ( Continued from page 21) professional requirements, AIAA can different models of the Long March ve- Vega also help with your personal, financial, hicle and different launch sites, includ- and health care needs.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Igor AFANASYEV, Dmitry VORONTSOV Cosmonautics | Event
    cosmonautics | event Andrey Morgunov Igor AFANASYEV, Dmitry VORONTSOV AANGARA’SNGARA’S FFIRSTIRST BBLASTOFFLASTOFF At 16.04 hrs Moscow time on 9 July 2014, the Plesetsk space launch centre saw the launching facility in February 2014 to the first launch of the Angara-1.2PP launch vehicle of the advanced space rocket practice its fuelling and the nose fairing was family being developed by the Khrunichev state space research and production fitted on the rocket in March. The successful ground tests were followed by the prelaunch centre. The maiden blastoff conducted as part of the Angara flight test programme preparations. was aimed at testing the solutions embodied in the design of the URM-1 and URM-2 The date of the launch was put off for versatile rocket modules and the Angara’s launch and technical facilities as well. 27 June 2014 due to extra checks required. In this connection, orbiting an actual spacecraft had not been considered, with On 9 June, Khrunichev hosted a session of an inseparable full-scale mock-up used as payload. The flight was suborbital to the Chief Designers Council, dedicated to prevent cluttering near-Earth orbit with space junk. the preparation of the Angara to its flight tests. The session pronounced the rocket fit To say the Angara’s first launch had been In spite of the hurdles, the developer, for the trials. anticipated for a long time would be an nevertheless, got in the stretch with the Angara The LV had been taken out of the assembly understatement: it was slated for 2005 under programme.
    [Show full text]
  • The European Launchers Between Commerce and Geopolitics
    The European Launchers between Commerce and Geopolitics Report 56 March 2016 Marco Aliberti Matteo Tugnoli Short title: ESPI Report 56 ISSN: 2218-0931 (print), 2076-6688 (online) Published in March 2016 Editor and publisher: European Space Policy Institute, ESPI Schwarzenbergplatz 6 • 1030 Vienna • Austria http://www.espi.or.at Tel. +43 1 7181118-0; Fax -99 Rights reserved – No part of this report may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or for any purpose with- out permission from ESPI. Citations and extracts to be published by other means are subject to mentioning “Source: ESPI Report 56; March 2016. All rights reserved” and sample transmission to ESPI before publishing. ESPI is not responsible for any losses, injury or damage caused to any person or property (including under contract, by negligence, product liability or otherwise) whether they may be direct or indirect, special, inciden- tal or consequential, resulting from the information contained in this publication. Design: Panthera.cc ESPI Report 56 2 March 2016 The European Launchers between Commerce and Geopolitics Table of Contents Executive Summary 5 1. Introduction 10 1.1 Access to Space at the Nexus of Commerce and Geopolitics 10 1.2 Objectives of the Report 12 1.3 Methodology and Structure 12 2. Access to Space in Europe 14 2.1 European Launchers: from Political Autonomy to Market Dominance 14 2.1.1 The Quest for European Independent Access to Space 14 2.1.3 European Launchers: the Current Family 16 2.1.3 The Working System: Launcher Strategy, Development and Exploitation 19 2.2 Preparing for the Future: the 2014 ESA Ministerial Council 22 2.2.1 The Path to the Ministerial 22 2.2.2 A Look at Europe’s Future Launchers and Infrastructure 26 2.2.3 A Revolution in Governance 30 3.
    [Show full text]
  • THINK LOGISTICS – SPACE LOGISTICS ! Florian Loire Strategy for Civil Launchers
    THINK LOGISTICS – SPACE LOGISTICS ! Florian Loire Strategy for civil launchers Space School - 25 June 2019 #spaceenablers 1 DISRUPTION IN THE SPACE MARKET COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE THIS DOCUMENT AND ITS CONTENTS ARE PROPERTY OF ARIANEGROUP. IT SHALL NOT BE COMMUNICATED TO ANY THIRD PARTY WITHOUT THE OWNER’S WRITTEN CONSENT | ARIANEGROUP SAS – ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. SPACE LOGISTICS @ ESTACA - 25/06/2019 Existing Space Economy has real economic value to society Science & Meteorology …. Exploration Navigation/Positioning Earth Observation Telecommunications THIS DOCUMENT AND ITS CONTENTS ARE PROPERTY OF ARIANEGROUP. IT SHALL NOT BE COMMUNICATED TO ANY THIRD PARTY WITHOUT THE OWNER’S WRITTEN CONSENT | ARIANEGROUP SAS – ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. #space- enablers THE GOOD OLD DAYS: A FEW WELL SEGMENTED LAUNCH SERVICE MARKET SEGMENTS THIS DOCUMENT AND ITS CONTENTS ARE PROPERTY OF ARIANEGROUP. IT SHALL NOT BE COMMUNICATED TO ANY THIRD PARTY WITHOUT THE OWNER’S SPACE LOGISTICS @ ESTACA 07/12/2018 WRITTEN CONSENT | ARIANEGROUP SAS – ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. - ARIANE 5 THE EUROPEAN WORKHORSE WITH 104 LAUNCHES PERFORMED ARIANE 5 ES Fairing ARIANE 5 ECA Height: 17 m Launch weight: 760 t Ø 5.4 m Launch weight: 780 t Thrust: 1,340 t Thrust: 1,340 t Dual Launch System (SYLDA) Ø 4 m useful Last HM7B engine Still the Thrust: 6.5 t mission in benchmark 2018 Reignitable Aestus engine for GTO Thrust: 2.7 t missions 2 boosters Vulcain 2 engine Thrust: 136 t * All references to tons (t) are metric tons throughout THIS DOCUMENT AND ITS CONTENTS ARE PROPERTY OF ARIANEGROUP. IT SHALL NOT BE COMMUNICATED TO ANY THIRD PARTY WITHOUT THE OWNER’S WRITTEN CONSENT | ARIANEGROUP SASGMBH – ALL– ALL RIGHTS RIGHTS RESERVED.
    [Show full text]
  • SOYUZ THROUGH the AGES the R-7 Rocket That Led to the Family of Soyuz Vehicles Launching Today Lifted Off for the First Time Onfeb
    RUSSIAN SPACE SOYUZ THROUGH THE AGES The R-7 rocket that led to the family of Soyuz vehicles launching today lifted off for the first time onFeb. 17, 1959. The last launch, on Dec. 27, 2018, was number 1,898. Irene Klotz and Maxim Pyadushkin Vostochny Cosmodrome anufactured by the Progress Rocket Space Center in Sama- Evolution of Soyuz-Family Launch Vehicles ra, Russia, the medium-lift expendable booster originally was used for Soviet-era human space missions and later became the R-7 Soyuz Soyuz-L workhorse for the country’s civilian and military space programs. M 1957 First launch of the ICBM (SS-6 1966-76 (32 launches, 1970-71 (three launches, Sapwood) that served as a basis for including 30 successful, all successful, The first rocket officially named Soyuz was launched in Soviet/Russian launch vehicles from Baikonur) from Baikonur) 1966 and has since flown 1,050 times, of which 1,023 were including the Soyuz family successful. Production of Soyuz rockets peaked in the early Soyuz 1980s at about 60 vehicles per year. Medium-Class Launch Vehicle Russia began offering Soyuz launch services internationally in the mid-1980s through Glavkosmos, a commercial entity set up to sell Soviet rocket and space technologies. Manufacturer: Progress Rocket Space Soyuz-U/-U2 Soyuz-M Center, Samara, Russia In 1996, Russia created Starsem, a joint venture (35% ArianeGroup, 25% Roscosmos, 25% RKTs Progress, 15% 1991 Breakup of the 1973-2017 1971-76 (eight launches, Soviet Union, (859 launches, including all successful, from Plesetsk) Dimensions Arianespace) that had exclusive rights to provide commercial launch services on Soyuz launch vehicles.
    [Show full text]
  • Sale Price Drives Potential Effects on DOD and Commercial Launch Providers
    United States Government Accountability Office Report to Congressional Addressees August 2017 SURPLUS MISSILE MOTORS Sale Price Drives Potential Effects on DOD and Commercial Launch Providers Accessible Version GAO-17-609 August 2017 SURPLUS MISSILE MOTORS Sale Price Drives Potential Effects on DOD and Commercial Launch Providers Highlights of GAO-17-609, a report to congressional addressees Why GAO Did This Study What GAO Found The U.S. government spends over a The Department of Defense (DOD) could use several methods to set the sale billion dollars each year on launch prices of surplus intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) motors that could be activities as it strives to help develop a converted and used in vehicles for commercial launch if current rules prohibiting competitive market for space launches such sales were changed. One method would be to determine a breakeven and assure its access to space. Among price. Below this price, DOD would not recuperate its costs, and, above this others, one launch option is to use price, DOD would potentially save. GAO estimated that DOD could sell three vehicles derived from surplus ICBM Peacekeeper motors—the number required for one launch, or, a “motor set”—at motors such as those used on the Peacekeeper and Minuteman missiles. a breakeven price of about $8.36 million and two Minuteman II motors for about The Commercial Space Act of 1998 $3.96 million, as shown below. Other methods for determining motor prices, such prohibits the use of these motors for as fair market value as described in the Federal Accounting Standards Advisory commercial launches and limits their Board Handbook, resulted in stakeholder estimates ranging from $1.3 million per use in government launches in part to motor set to $11.2 million for a first stage Peacekeeper motor.
    [Show full text]
  • Third Quarter 2003 Quarterly Launch Report 1
    Third Quarter 2003 Quarterly Launch Report 1 Introduction The Third Quarter 2003 Quarterly Launch Report features launch results from the second quarter of 2003 (April-June 2003) and launch forecasts for the third quarter of 2003 (July-September 2003) and fourth quarter of 2003 (October-December 2003). This report contains information on worldwide commercial, civil, and military orbital space launch events. Projected launches have been identified from open sources, including industry references, company manifests, periodicals, and government sources. Projected launches are subject to change. This report highlights commercial launch activities, classifying commercial launches as one or both of the following: • Internationally-competed launch events (i.e., launch opportunities considered available in principle to competitors in the international launch services market) • Any launches licensed by the Associate Administrator for Commercial Space Transportation of the Federal Aviation Administration under 49 United States Code Subtitle IX, Chapter 701 (formerly the Commercial Space Launch Act) Contents Second Quarter 2003 Highlights . .2 Vehicle Use . .3 Commercial Launch Events by Country . .4 Commercial vs. Non-commercial Launch Events . .4 Payload Use . .5 Payload Mass Class . .5 Commercial Launch Trends . .6 Appendix A: Second Quarter 2003 Orbital Launch Events . .A-1 Appendix B: Third Quarter 2003 Projected Orbital Launch Events . .B-1 Appendix C: Fourth Quarter 2003 Projected Orbital Launch Events . .C-1 Cover: A Zenit 3SL, marketed by Boeing Launch Services and launched by the multina­ tional consortium Sea Launch, sends Thuraya 2 on its way to geosynchronous orbit on June 10, 2003 from the central Pacific Ocean. Third Quarter 2003 Quarterly Launch Report 2 Second Quarter 2003 Highlights U.S.-based Scaled Composites unveiled its entry for the X PRIZE competition during the second quarter of 2003.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Spaceflight Plans of Russia, China and India
    Presentation to the Secure World Foundation November 3, 2011 by Marcia S. Smith Space and Technology Policy Group, LLC and SpacePolicyOnline.com “Civil” Space Activities in Russia “Civil” space activities Soviet Union did not distinguish between “civil” and “military” space programs until 1985 Line between the two can be quite blurry For purposes of this presentation, “civil” means Soviet/Russian activities analogous to NASA and NOAA (though no time to discuss metsats today) Roscosmos is Russian civil space agency. Headed by Army General (Ret.) Vladimir Popovkin Recent reports of $3.5 billion budget, but probably does not include money from US and others 11-03-11 2 Key Points to Take Away Space cooperation takes place in the broad context of U.S.-Russian relations Russia may not be a superpower today, but it is a global power and strategically important to the United States Complex US-Russian relationship, as New START and INKSNA demonstrate Russian space program modest by Soviet standards, but Retains key elements Leverages legacy capabilities for current activities and commercial gain Is a global launch service provider from four launch sites from Arctic to equator Proud history of many space “firsts,” but also tragedies and setbacks U.S.-Soviet/Russian civil space relationship has transitioned from primarily competition to primarily cooperation/interdependence today Cooperation not new, dates back to 1963, but much more intensive today U.S. is dependent on Russia for some things, but they also need us Bold dreams endure as Mars 500 demonstrates 11-03-11 3 Today is 54th Anniversary of First Female in Space 11-03-11 4 Just One of Many “Firsts” First satellite (Sputnik, Oct.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing the Impact of US Air Force National Security Space Launch Acquisition Decisions
    C O R P O R A T I O N BONNIE L. TRIEZENBERG, COLBY PEYTON STEINER, GRANT JOHNSON, JONATHAN CHAM, EDER SOUSA, MOON KIM, MARY KATE ADGIE Assessing the Impact of U.S. Air Force National Security Space Launch Acquisition Decisions An Independent Analysis of the Global Heavy Lift Launch Market For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR4251 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-1-9774-0399-5 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2020 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Cover: Courtesy photo by United Launch Alliance. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Preface The U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • 2013 Commercial Space Transportation Forecasts
    Federal Aviation Administration 2013 Commercial Space Transportation Forecasts May 2013 FAA Commercial Space Transportation (AST) and the Commercial Space Transportation Advisory Committee (COMSTAC) • i • 2013 Commercial Space Transportation Forecasts About the FAA Office of Commercial Space Transportation The Federal Aviation Administration’s Office of Commercial Space Transportation (FAA AST) licenses and regulates U.S. commercial space launch and reentry activity, as well as the operation of non-federal launch and reentry sites, as authorized by Executive Order 12465 and Title 51 United States Code, Subtitle V, Chapter 509 (formerly the Commercial Space Launch Act). FAA AST’s mission is to ensure public health and safety and the safety of property while protecting the national security and foreign policy interests of the United States during commercial launch and reentry operations. In addition, FAA AST is directed to encourage, facilitate, and promote commercial space launches and reentries. Additional information concerning commercial space transportation can be found on FAA AST’s website: http://www.faa.gov/go/ast Cover: The Orbital Sciences Corporation’s Antares rocket is seen as it launches from Pad-0A of the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport at the NASA Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia, Sunday, April 21, 2013. Image Credit: NASA/Bill Ingalls NOTICE Use of trade names or names of manufacturers in this document does not constitute an official endorsement of such products or manufacturers, either expressed or implied, by the Federal Aviation Administration. • i • Federal Aviation Administration’s Office of Commercial Space Transportation Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . 1 COMSTAC 2013 COMMERCIAL GEOSYNCHRONOUS ORBIT LAUNCH DEMAND FORECAST .
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Space Agency of Russia Activity of Russian
    FEDERAL SPACE AGENCY OF RUSSIA ACTIVITY OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION ON SPACE DEBRIS PROBLEM 44-th session of the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPOUS) Vienna - February, 2007 1 FEDERAL SPACE AGENCY OF RUSSIA • Federal Space Agency of Russia continues consecutive activity in the field of space debris problems. This work concerns the safety of spacecraft and International Space Station, the latest one in a especial meaning. • The activity on debris mitigation is being carried out within the framework of Russian National Legislation, taking into account the dynamics of similar measures and practices of other space-faring nations. • Since 2000 designers and operators of spacecraft and orbital stages are in charge to follow the requirements of Federal Space Agency Standard "Space Technology Items. General Requirements for Mitigation of Space Debris Population" in all projects of space vehicles being again developed. 2 FEDERAL SPACE AGENCY OF RUSSIA DYNAMICS OF LAUNCHES IN RUSSIA AND IN OTHER STATES AND ORGANIZATIONS 3 FEDERAL SPACE AGENCY OF RUSSIA Totally 25 launches of various purposes were realized by Russia in 2006 The launchers used in 2006 are listed in the table. / Launcher Type Apogee Motor Number of Type of Orbit Launchings 1 “Proton-K" “DM" 2 Circular 2 “Proton-M" “Briz-M" 3 + 1*) MEO 3 “Soyuz-U” 6 Circular 4 "Soyuz-FG" " Fregat" 2 Circular 5 "Soyuz-2 (1a)" " Fregat" 2 Circular 6 "Soyuz-2 (1b)" " Fregat" 1 Circular 7 " Molniya-M" 1 Highly elliptic orbit 8 “Tsiklon-2" 1 Circular 9 " Kosmos-3M" 1 Circular 10 “Start-1" 1 Circular 11 " Dnepr" 1 + 1**) Circular 12 " Shtil" 1 Circular 13 " Rokot " “Briz-" 1 Circular Total: 25 *) – Emergency on February 28, 2006 **) – Emergency on July 28, 2006 4 FEDERAL SPACE AGENCY OF RUSSIA THE NET OF OPTICAL MEANS OF RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND THE OTHER OBSERVATORIES FOR OBSERVATION OF SPACECRAFT AND SPACE DEBRIS IN GEOSTATIONARY REGION Scientific optical network • The net of optical means consists of 12 observatories from Bolivia to Ussuriysk.
    [Show full text]
  • Glossary of Soviet Military and Related Abbreviations
    DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY TECHNICAL MANUAL GLOSSARY OF SOVIET MILITARY AND RELATED ABBREVIATIONS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY FFEBRUARY 1957 TM 30-546 TECHNICAL MANUAL DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY No. 30-546 WASHINGTON 25, D. C., 31 December 1956 GLOSSARY OF SOVIET MILITARY AND RELATED ABBREVIATIONS Page Transliteration table for the Russian language ......................-.. ii Abbreviations for use with this manual .......-.........................- ...... iii Grammatical abbreviations ...----------------------.....- ---- iv Foreword --------------------- -- ------------------------------------------------------- 1 Glossary of Soviet military and related abbreviations-.................-......... 3 TRANSLITERATION TABLE FOR THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE The Russian alphabet has 33 letters, which are here listed together w [th their transliteration as adopted by the Board on Geographic Names. A a AG a P pd C °c C B B 3 e T T cAl/ r rJCT y A D d B cSe ye,et X xZ "s ts ch )K3J G "0 sh 314 C ' shch b b hi bi 'b *i, H H KG 10 10j Oo (90 51 31 1L / p ye initially, after vowel. andl after 'b, b; e e1~ewhere. When written as a in Rusoian, transliterate a5~ yii or e. Use of diacritical marks is. preferred, but such marks may be omitted when expediency (apostrophe), palatalize. a preceding consonant, giving a sound resembling the consonant plus y!, somewhat as in English meet you, did you. 3The symbol " (double apostrophel, not a repetition of the line above. No sound; used only after certain prefixe.- before the vowvel letter: c. e. 91. 10. ii ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS
    [Show full text]
  • An Introduction to Launch Brokerage
    AN INTRODUCTION TO LAUNCH BROKERAGE Presentation to: UCL Space Week May 14th 2019 Alan Webb [email protected] www.commercialspace.co.uk 1 Launcher Brokerage Est. 1983 Representative Consultancy Moscow office Management & Native Russian team Trading CST began as a general Specialising in Russian space consultancy and Ukrainian launch All fields of technical vehicle procurement Facilitate trade of consultancy (except Services include: components from communications) Launcher selection and Western companies to price negotiations International expertise Russia Contract support Extensive report library (drafting and Management of Broad client base: implementation of MOU, LSA, ICD) satellite development Insurance Customs and logistics projects between Space agencies support Government Russia and the West Fit check support departments Pre and post launch (e.g. Kanopus) Private industry campaign support 2 LAUNCH BROKERAGE HISTORY YEAR DATE LAUNCHER (MODE) SATELLITE(S) 1995 August 31 Tsyklon (1 piggy-back) Fasat Alpha 1998 July 10 Zenit (2 piggy-back) Fasat Bravo + TM Sat 1999 April 21 Dnepr (1 dedicated) Uo Sat 12 (first commercial use of SS-18) 2000 June 28 Cosmos (2 piggy-back) Tsinghua 1 +Snap (first SSO flight of Cosmos) 2000 September 26 Dnepr (1 piggy-back) Tiung Sat 2002 November 28 Cosmos (main in cluster) Alsat-first Disaster Monitoring Constellation (DMC) 2003 September 27 Cosmos (3 in cluster) NigeriaSat-1, BilSat-1 and UK-DMC (all DMC) 2004 June 29 Dnepr (main in cluster) Demeter (CNES, first SSO flight
    [Show full text]